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Subject: International Relations

  • Why are Rohingya refugees risking their lives at sea? | Explained

    Why in the news?

    The recent incident involving a wooden boat carrying nearly 150 Rohingya refugees capsizing off the Indonesian coast last week has once more spotlighted the dire situation faced by these refugees.

    • According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), more than 4,500 Rohingya refugees started risky trips across the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea last year.

    Who are the Rohingya refugees?

    The Rohingya are a group of Muslims who come from the area called Arakan in Myanmar, which used to be called Burma. The word “Rohingya” comes from combining “Arakan” with “ga” or “gya,” which means “from” in the Rohingya language.

    About Rohingya Crises:

    • Labeled as ‘illegal immigrants’: Rohingya claim ancestral ties to Myanmar’s Rakhine State, but successive governments dispute this, labeling them illegal immigrants from Bangladesh.
    • Distinct from the majority: They are culturally and religiously distinct from the majority Buddhist population in Myanmar because Rohingya speak a Bengali dialect, which is different from the common Burmese language.
    • Strict criteria for citizenship: Myanmar has denied Rohingya recognition as an ethnic group and citizenship since 1982. Myanmar’s 1982 citizenship law imposes strict criteria for citizenship, requiring proof of ancestors residing in Myanmar before 1823.
    • World’s largest stateless population: Consequently, Rohingya are considered the world’s largest stateless population, lacking fundamental rights and security.

    Why have Rohingyas fled their homeland?

    • Military crackdown: Decades of discrimination, violence, and persecution by security forces in Myanmar. Significant numbers of Rohingyas began fleeing Myanmar in 2012 after a military crackdown triggered by the rape and murder of a Rakhine woman in a Rohingya-dominated area, leading to tensions between Rohingyas and Rakhine’s Buddhist community.
    • largest exodus: The largest exodus occurred in August 2017 following a massive wave of violence in Rakhine, driving over 750,000 people to seek sanctuary in Bangladesh.
    • UN fact-finding commission: The United Nations described the 2017 violence as “ethnic cleansing” and the humanitarian situation as “catastrophic. In 2018, the UN fact-finding commission concluded that the Myanmar government had “genocidal” intent against the Rohingya

    Why they are choosing sea journeys?

    • Overcrowded refugee Camp: An estimated 9,60,000 Rohingya reside in refugee camps in Bangladesh, particularly near the Myanmar border in Cox’s Bazar, which houses some of the world’s largest and most densely populated refugee camps.
    • Susceptible to weather disasters and outbreaks: The camps are highly susceptible to weather-related disasters and outbreaks of diseases due to unsanitary conditions, as well as security concerns such as gang violence and arson attacks. For example, over 60 Rohingya were killed in Bangladeshi camp clashes in 2023
    • Returning to Myanmar impossible: With the option of returning to Myanmar virtually impossible and worsening conditions in relief camps in Bangladesh, an increasing number of Rohingya are undertaking dangerous sea journeys across the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea.

    The Rohingya Population in India:

    • Groups of Rohingya people are found in Jammu, Hyderabad, and Delhi-NCR, as well as in the states of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan.
    • According to the Ministry of Home Affairs, India hosts over 40,000 Rohingya individuals. Among them, only 14,000 possess United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) refugee ID cards, providing them with protection against random arrest or detention.

     Legal provisions regarding ‘Refugees’ in India:

    • No specific law: In India, there is no specific law enacted solely for refugees. Consequently, Rohingya refugees are frequently categorized alongside illegal immigrants and deported by the Government under the Foreigners Act, 1946, and the Foreigners Order, 1948.
    • Right to deport: Section 3 of The Foreigners Act, 1946 gives the Central government the right to deport a foreign national.

    Conclusion: Rohingya refugees risk sea journeys due to impossible return to Myanmar and dire conditions in overcrowded camps. In India, with no specific refugee law, they face deportation under existing immigration acts.

    Mains PYQ

    Q At the international level, the bilateral relations between most nations are governed on the policy of promoting one’s own national interest without any regard for the interest of other nations. This leads to conflicts and tensions between the nations. How can ethical consideration help resolve such tensions? Discuss with specific examples. (150 words) UPSC IAS/2015

    Source 

  • [28 March 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: WTO’s investment facilitation negotiations are not illegal

    PYQ Relevance:
    Mains: 
    Q) What are the key areas of reform if the WTO has to survive in the present context of the ‘Trade War’, especially keeping in mind the interest of India? (UPSC CSE 2018) 

    Q) “The broader aims and objectives of WTO are to manage and promote international trade in the era of globalization. But the Doha round of negotiations seems doomed due to differences between the developed and the developing countries.” Discuss from the Indian perspective. (UPSC CSE 2016) 

    Prelims:
    Q) India enacted The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 to comply with the obligations to (UPSC CSE 2018)
    (a) ILO (b) IMF (c) UNCTAD (d) WTO

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims: International Organisations;

    Mains: International Organisations; Trades and Practices;

    Mentor comments: WTO members concluded the 13th Ministerial Conference (MC13) in Abu Dhabi on 2 March with the adoption of a Ministerial Declaration setting out a forward-looking, reform agenda for the organization. Over the last decades, many countries have adopted policies aimed at facilitating investment to attract, retain, and expand foreign investment flows. We need to analyze this news thoroughly as MC13 represented a historic opportunity for the first time by addressing the issue of Trade Cooperation for the environment and the associated challenges in industrial policy.

    Let’s learn. 

    —

    Why in the News?

    India must reconsider its defensive approach towards Plurilateral Agreements (PA) such as the Investment Facilitation for Development agreement.

    Background:

    • Ministers at the meeting of WTO took several ministerial decisions, including renewing the commitment to have a fully and well-functioning Dispute Settlement System by 2024 and to improve the use of the Special and Differential Treatment (S&DT) provisions for developing and Least Developed Countries (LDCs).
    • India has strongly opposed a China-led proposal for an investment facilitation pact besides pressing for finding a permanent solution to public stock holding of grains for food security and protection of the interests of fishermen at the upcoming WTO ministerial meeting.

    Key Takeaways about Plurilateral Agreement (PA) from MC13:

    • It is critical to recall that while the WTO is a multilateral trade organization.
    • Article II of the WTO Agreement categorically allows for Pas which binds the WTO member countries that accept them and do not create rights or impose obligations on the remaining members.
    • Despite opposition from countries such as India, negotiations for an IFD agreement at the WTO were launched in 2017 on a plurilateral basis by 70 countries. This was done through a process known as the Joint Statement Initiative.
    • Further, 120 countries wanted to include the IFD Agreement as a Plurilateral Agreement (PA) within Annex 4 of the WTO Agreement.
    What is the Agreement on Investment Facilitation for Development (IFD)?

    In the WTO context, the concept of investment facilitation means the setting up of a more transparent, efficient, and investment-friendly business climate, by making it easier for investors to invest, and conduct their day-to-day business.

    It also expands their existing investments (whole-investment-lifecycle approach), as well as for host and home governments to work cooperatively and in mutually beneficial ways to facilitate not only more but also more sustainable investment.

    What are the present concerns of the Indian government regarding the Plurilateral Agreement (PA)?

    • Principle Concerns: India does not seem to be exceedingly concerned about the text of the IFD agreement. India’s principal concerns are two-fold.
      • The question of whether investment can be part of the WTO.
      • The process followed to make the IFD agreement a part of the WTO rulebook.
    • Challenge of Legal Mandate and Mutual Consensus: The IFD Agreement will require states to augment regulatory transparency, and streamline administrative procedures to bolster foreign investment inflows.
      • Since all countries never agreed to launch negotiations on an IFD Agreement, according to India, IFD negotiations and the subsequent text that came up for adoption are illegal. (According to the Article X.9 of the WTO Agreement)
    • On Dispute Resolution: The IFD does not contain provisions on market access, investment protection, and Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS).
      • Given the existing structure of the WTO’s dispute settlement mechanism, where only states can bring legal claims against other states, it is implausible that ISDS can be a part of it.

    Current Dilemma between ‘Investment’ and ‘Trade’: 

    • The current dilemma is whether the investment is part of the WTO or not because investment per se is not trade. However, the recent scenario talks on contrast such as follows:
    • According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), about 70% of international trade occurs through global value chains, which are characterized by trade and investment, thus proving the close relationship between the two.
    • Therefore, several modern-day free trade agreements, such as the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership include detailed investment provisions covering both facilitation and protection.
    • India’s newly minted trade agreement with the European Free Trade Association also contains provisions on investment, though it is restricted to facilitation and promotion measures.

    Conclusion: The PAs such as the IFD agreement are essential for reinvigorating the WTO’s stalemated legislative function. India, which will soon be the third biggest economy, should reconsider its defensive approach towards PAs, as in the proposed IFD Agreement in the WTO.

  • Preventing a China-Taiwan conflict

    Why in the News?

    India, with growing national interests, faces entanglements in disputes like Taiwan. While China claims Taiwan, India is unlikely to engage militarily, focusing on safeguarding its economic and security interests.

    Context:

    • The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) recently achieved an unprecedented third consecutive term in Taiwan’s legislative elections, defying China’s threats and hostilities.
    • Taiwan’s legislative assembly faces a unique scenario with no clear majority for the first time in twenty years, which complicates policymaking and interactions with China.

    Three reasons for Indian Government to maintain the Status quo:

    • Firstly, India is interested in maintaining the current state, wherein Taiwan operates as a self-governing territory without asserting independence.
    • Secondly, Chinese aggression against Taiwan would be catastrophically costly for India. A recent Bloomberg study estimates that the costs of a conflict would amount to over 10% of global GDP. India’s economy would suffer a greater shock than the U.S. economy and its most valuable sectors, from electronics to pharmaceuticals, would run dry of components and materials.
    • Thirdly, if China wins, it could become more confident and expand its influence, possibly reaching the Indian Ocean. This could pose significant challenges to India’s strategic interests and territorial integrity, potentially leading to increased tensions, especially in Arunachal Pradesh.

    Scope for Indian Government:

    • Utilize International Law: India can leverage international legal frameworks to advocate for peaceful resolutions and oppose aggression against Taiwan.
    • Narrative Building: India can shape narratives against aggression, highlighting the risks and consequences of military conflict.
    • Diplomatic Coordination: India can work with other nations to coordinate diplomatic efforts aimed at dissuading China from military action.
    • Economic Measures: India can undertake economic de-risking measures to minimize vulnerabilities and reduce dependence on China like economic relations with other countries
    • Information Operations: India can engage in information campaigns to support the Taiwanese people and raise awareness about the situation.
    • Military Support: India can support U.S. forces in the Indian Ocean, enhancing deterrence capabilities and signalling commitment to regional stability.

    Conclusion: India, prioritizing economic and security interests, maintains the Taiwan status quo. To prevent conflict, it leverages international law, builds narratives against aggression, coordinates diplomacy, and considers economic diversification while supporting regional stability.

    Mains PYQ

    Q China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia’, In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbor. (UPSC IAS/2017)

    Q With respect to the South China sea, maritime territorial disputes and rising tension affaire the need for safeguarding maritime security to ensure freedom of navigation and ever flight throughout the region. In this context, discuss the bilateral issues between India and China. ( UPSC IAS/2014)

  • China to develop strategic Hambantota Seaport

    Why in the News?

    Sri Lanka’s PM said that China has pledged to develop the island nation’s strategic Hambantota Seaport and the capital’s airport after talks with his counterpart in Beijing.

    About Hambantota Seaport

    • The Hambantota Seaport, also known as the Magampura Mahinda Rajapaksa Port, is a deep-sea port.
    • It is situated on the southern coast of Sri Lanka and lies strategically along major international shipping routes, particularly connecting Asia with Africa and Europe.
    • The construction of the Hambantota Seaport began in 2007 and was completed in multiple phases in November 2010.
    • Sri Lanka in a controversial move signed an agreement in 2017 wherein a Chinese state-owned enterprise, acquired a 70% stake in the port on a 99-year lease.

    How does this port benefit China?

    • The port is anticipated to assume a crucial role within China’s Belt and Road initiative (BRI), aiming to connect ports and roadways spanning from China to Europe.
    • BRI’s foundation lies in a network of harbors worldwide, positioning China to challenge the United States as the foremost maritime superpower.
    • The port forms part of China’s ‘string of pearls’ strategy, potentially encircling India and accommodating its military vessels.

     

    PYQ:

    2022: Which one of the following statements best reflects the issue with Senkaku Islands, sometimes mentioned in the news?

    1. It is generally believed that they are artificial islands made by a country around South China Sea.
    2. China and Japan engage in maritime disputes over these islands in East China Sea.
    3. A permanent American military base has been set up there to help Taiwan to increase its defence capabilities.
    4. Though International Court of Justice declared them as no man’s land, some South-East Asian countries claim them.

     

    Practice MCQ:

    Which of the following statements regarding important seaports in Asia are correct?

    1. Port of Singapore is the world’s busiest transshipment port and a major hub for global shipping.
    2. Port of Shanghai, located in China, is the busiest container port in the world.
    3. Port of Colombo in Sri Lanka serves as a major transshipment hub in the Indian Ocean region.
    4. Port of Yokohama, situated in Japan, is the largest port in terms of cargo tonnage handled annually.

    Select the correct option:

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1, 2, and 3 only
    4. All of the above
  • [26 March 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: China, a ‘want-to-be’ superpower

    [26 March 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: China, a ‘want-to-be’ superpower

    PYQ Relevance:Mains: 

    Q) The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s larger ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself from the same. (UPSC IAS/2018) 

    Q) ‘China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia’, In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbor. (UPSC IAS/2017) 

    Prelims:

    Southeast Asia has captivated the attention of the global community over space and time as a geostrategically significant region. Which among the following is the most convincing explanation for this global perspective?  (UPSC IAS/2011) 

    a) It was the hot theatre during the Second World War
    b) Its location between the Asian powers of China and India
    c) It was the arena of superpower confrontation during the Cold War period
    d) Its location between the Pacific and Indian Oceans and its pre-eminent maritime character

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims: International Relations;

    Mains: International Relations;

    Mentor comments: The enmity between Iran, a Shia-majority theocracy, and Saudi Arabia, a Sunni-majority absolute monarchy, has been one of the dominant drivers of conflicts in the region. The Saudi-Iran reconciliation in a China-brokered agreement reflects the new reality in West Asia where old rivals are warming up to each other and Beijing is increasingly willing to play a bigger role at a time when the U.S., the region’s traditional great power, is preoccupied with challenges elsewhere. Iran has agreed to prevent attacks against Saudi Arabia, including those from the Houthi-controlled parts of Yemen, and both countries would restore full diplomatic relations, which were severed in 2016. The later years saw the Arab world and Israel, faced with the common Iran challenge, deepening their cooperation, despite Israel’s brutal occupation of Palestine territory. As the U.S. has deprioritized West Asia — it is now heavily focused on Ukraine and countering China’s Indo-Pacific influence — its allies in West Asia have started looking out for solutions for what they see as America’s diminishing security guarantees. This agreement also marks Dragon’s arrival on the Sand as a power broker.

    Let’s learn. 

    —

    Why in the News?

    Chinese strategy in West Asia seems aimed at working steadily to translate its economic clout in the region into geopolitical clout in the medium term.

    Context:

    • On 9 October, two days after the horrific Hamas attack, Chinese foreign ministry spokeswoman, Mao Ning, said China had been “deeply saddened” by the civilian casualties and opposes and condemns acts that harm civilians. She did not refer to Hamas by name and went on to add that it was “essential to restart the peace talks, implement the two-state solution, and settle the Palestine question fully and properly through political means.”
    • However, it has adopted a seemingly neutral stance, refusing to name Hamas in its condemnation of the violence there and reiterating its known positions on the need for a two-state solution to the Palestine issue.
    • It aims to ensure that it maintains its traction with the Arab states of the region, who are once again focused on the Palestinian issue.

    What are the present aims of Beijing?

    • Diplomatic aims: In early 2023, Wang Yi gave his endorsement to a plan to set up a new China-backed International Mediation Organization headquartered in Hong Kong. Countries like Algeria, Belarus, Cambodia, Djibouti, Indonesia, Laos, Pakistan, Serbia, and Sudan were signatories to the initial statement as a preparatory office was launched.
    • Infrastructural Aims: The Chinese establishment hopes to link the mediation initiative to its expansive economic corridor, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The BRI has extensive membership in West Asia as well, with Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE among others being part of China’s economic highways.
    • Exceptional country: Israel, being heavily reliant on the United States for its security, is not a signatory. However, Israel’s embattled Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu aired the fact last year that China had invited him for a state visit.

    Efforts made by the Chinese government in West Asia to be a ‘Superpower’:

    • Multilateral Peace Talks: China has been involved in the Iran nuclear deal (2015) peace talks (from which the U.S. unilaterally withdrew in 2018), but this is the first time Beijing is using its leverage directly to bring conflicting parties to reconciliation.
    • Chinese concern: Stability in West Asia, a major energy source, is essential for China, which is the world’s largest oil importer. And unlike the U.S., which has hostile ties with Iran, Beijing enjoys good ties with Tehran and Riyadh, as a leading oil buyer and trading partner, respectively.
    • West Asian Scenario: Saudi Arabia, which is undergoing rapid changes, wants peace in its neighborhood, while Iran, which is under U.S.-imposed sanctions, wants more diplomatic and economic openings. Hence if this agreement holds towards its capacity, it will have far-reaching implications on regional geopolitics, from peace in Yemen to stability in Lebanon.

    Dilemma on Chinese Government stand: China’s absence in the Red Sea crisis

    • Beijing’s role in the Saudi-Iran agreement: The war in Gaza has drawn strong red lines between China and Israel. This raises interesting questions about the exact role Beijing played in the Saudi-Iran issue. The probability of China being pulled into the process by Riyadh and Tehran, rather than actively brokering a deal, remains high.
    • Efforts made by Western players: China has also been absent through the crisis in the Red Sea, where predominantly Western naval forces have attempted to maintain the free flow of trade in this critical waterway. Contrarily, Yemen-based Houthis were not targeting Chinese and Russian ships.
    • China’s crafty diplomacy: These two incidents show China’s diplomacy was to predominantly protect its interests and not wade into the crisis as an influential power looking to use its position to broker peace or even a ceasefire. Much of this kind of actual heavy lifting remains at the doorsteps of the White House.

    What is China’s actual role in the more challenging geopolitical regions such as West Asia?

    • On the Palestinian Issue: Beijing’s support for the Palestinian cause without criticizing Hamas practically aligns with the larger Arab posture. This stands against U.S. support for Israel, which is increasingly being criticized for its absolutist nature.
    • ‘Mediation’ which is non-existent in high-stake conflicts: Following both aims is to counter long-standing American influence and to take advantage of crevasses in regional diplomacy.
      • It aims to position itself as an antithesis to what Beijing sees as decades worth of Western interventionist policies, specifically in a region such as West Asia, where conflict has a direct correlation with colonial history.
      • It aims to increase its own geopolitical weight as a responsible international actor and power.

    In Global perspective:

    • West Asia (or the Middle East) is emerging as a premier playground for these new geopolitical fissures as Arab states look to renegotiate their historical relations with the United States.
    • Beyond these regional trends, the global order is also under duress. The US today is increasingly discussed, in the words of former US Secretary of Defense Robert M Gates, as a “dysfunctional superpower”.
    • The frameworks of Multipolarity, Multilateralism, and Minilateralism are being re-shaped and re-constructed amid issues of climate change, food security, and global health.

    Conclusion: In all of these, Beijing’s role is not insular nor is it avoidable as it continues to be an economic and military power, the world’s biggest factory and consumer, and more than often the refiner of natural resources.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/china-a-want-to-be-superpower/article67991729.ece#:~:text=The%20war%20in%20Gaza%20colours,Beijing%20stand%20out%20as%20hollow.

    https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/chinas-long-game-in-west-asia

    https://www.orfonline.org/research/the-dragon-in-the-sands-unpacking-china-s-presence-in-contemporary-west-asia

  • [23 March 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Two wars, the consequences for America’s standing

    Relevance: GS II (International Relations)

    Prelims- Conflict zone with geographical location

    Mains- Impact of conflict over world 

    Why in the news? 

    The extent to which the Ukraine and Gaza wars will be influenced by U.S. election-year politics versus following their own course remains uncertain.

    The U.S. and the Ukraine War /  Ukraine War influenced by US election- 

    • Global Issues and U.S. Elections: The conflicts in Ukraine and between Israel and Hamas are unfolding amidst the lead-up to the U.S. presidential elections in November 2024. The extent to which these conflicts will be influenced by election-year politics versus their own course is unclear, but the U.S. plays a significant role in both.
    • U.S. Assistance to Ukraine: The U.S. has provided substantial military and civil aid to Ukraine, totaling $75 billion since February 2022. However, an additional $60 billion in assistance has been held up in the U.S. Congress, potentially impacting Ukraine’s military capabilities.
    • Uncertainty Surrounding Further U.S  Military Aid: There is uncertainty about whether the U.S. will provide further military aid to Ukraine in 2024, as a new package approved by the Senate needs to pass the House of Representatives.
    • U.S. Position on Ukraine Conflict: The U.S. aims to prevent a Russian victory in Ukraine but also wants to avoid further escalation or prolongation of the conflict.
    • Political Dynamics in the U.S. Congress: Speaker Mike Johnson faces challenges in passing the Senate bill for further military aid to Ukraine in the House of Representatives, as it may lead to divisions within the Republican Party.

    Israel and its Gaza actions/ criticism of Israel action by USA-

    • U.S. Concerns and Criticisms: President Joe Biden and Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer have publicly raised concerns about Israeli strategy in the conflict with Hamas, signaling a shift in public sentiment within the Democratic Party and the liberal Jewish-American community.
    • Criticism of Netanyahu’s Leadership: Former U.S. official Richard N. Haass, along with others, criticizes Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s handling of the conflict, suggesting it has damaged Israel’s relationship with the U.S. and caused harm to innocent Palestinians.
    • Israeli Military Actions in Gaza: The destruction in Gaza due to Israeli military operations is highlighted, with concerns about potential further civilian casualties if Israeli forces target Rafah.
    • Netanyahu’s Political Motivations: Netanyahu’s motivations are questioned, with suggestions that his actions are primarily driven by his own political survival rather than strategic considerations.

    The Trump factor/ Trump’s potential impact on the situation are-

    • Potential Disruption with Trump Victory: A victory for Mr. Trump in the upcoming U.S. election could lead to significant disruptions in U.S. policy, particularly regarding Ukraine. Trump’s policies towards Ukraine are expected to differ from those of the current administration.
    • Continued Support for Israel: Trump is likely to maintain strong support for Israel, as evidenced by his decision to recognize Jerusalem as the Israeli capital.
    • Implications for NATO and European Security: A Trump victory may lead to uncertainty and shifts in U.S. commitment to NATO and European security. European allies are concerned about filling potential gaps left by a change in U.S. policy.
    • Potential Ukrainian Collapse: The momentum in the conflict is currently with Russia, and if Ukraine is unable to regain it and the U.S. decides to step aside, there is a possibility of a Ukrainian collapse.
    • Wider Consequences: American unreliability in European security matters could have broader consequences, impacting alliance relationships in the Indo-Pacific region, including with countries like South Korea, Japan, the Philippines, and India.

    Impact of Gaza crises on Ukraine war –

    • Diverting attention- The conflict in the Middle East, particularly the Israel-Hamas war, is diverting attention away from Russia’s war in Ukraine, benefiting Russia by shifting focus from its aggression against Ukraine
    • Support from Africa and Latin America- Russia is seeking allies globally to support its interests, especially in Africa and Latin America, as part of a strategy that started under Vladimir Putin’s leadership
    • Decline in Moscow’s influence Israel-Hamas conflict serves as a distraction from the war in Ukraine but poses risks for Russia, potentially leading to a decline in Moscow’s influence in the Middle East regardless of the conflict’s outcome

    Conclusion-

    The conflicts in Ukraine and Israel’s actions in Gaza are intertwined with U.S. politics, especially the upcoming presidential elections. U.S. assistance to Ukraine faces uncertainty, while criticism of Israel’s actions and concerns about a potential Trump victory add complexity to the situation.

    Prelims PYQ-

    Southeast Asia has captivated the attention of the global community over space and time as a geostrategically significant region. Which among the following is the most convincing explanation for this global perspective? (UPSC IAS/2011)

    a) It was the hot theatre during the Second World War

    b) Its location between the Asian powers of China and India

    c) It was the arena of superpower confrontation during the Cold War period

    d) Its location between the Pacific and Indian oceans and its pre-eminent maritime character

    Mains PYQ-

    Q-There arose a serious challenge to the Democratic State System between the two World Wars.” Evaluate the statement. (UPSC IAS/2021)

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/two-wars-the-consequences-for-americas-standing/article67981473.ece#:~:text=the%20Ukraine%20war-,The%20Israel%2DHamas%20and%20the%20Ukraine%20wars%20are%20two%20important,own%20future%20course%20is%20unclear.

  • China objects to US recognizing Arunachal as Indian Territory

    Why in the news? 

    China on Thursday said it firmly opposes the US recognition of Arunachal Pradesh as part of Indian territory

    Context-

    • China’s strong reaction came hours after US State Department Principal Deputy Spokesperson Vedant Patel’s remarks that the United States “recognises Arunachal Pradesh as Indian territory.
    • US representative strongly oppose any unilateral attempts to advance territorial claims by incursions or encroachments, military or civilian, across the Line of Actual Control.

    Border Issues between Indian and China-

    • Aksai Chin: China administers it as part of Xinjiang, while India claims it as part of Ladakh.Aksai Chin holds strategic importance due to its proximity to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and its potential as a military route.
    • Arunachal Pradesh: China claims the entire state as “South Tibet,” while India administers it as a northeastern state.
    • Lack of Clear Demarcation: The border between India and China lacks clear demarcation throughout. The Line of Actual Control (LAC) was established after the 1962 Indo-China war, contributing to the complexity of the situation.Absence of a mutually agreed Line of Actual Control (LAC) along certain stretches leads to ambiguity and potential for conflicts.

    Military Standoffs between India and China- 

    • 1962 Sino-Indian War– It was a conflict over border disputes, primarily centered around Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh, resulting in a decisive victory for China.
    • Confrontations have escalated since 2013-The most serious  conflict were in Galwan Valley in Ladakh in 2020 and in Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh in 2022.

    Border Dispute Settlement Mechanisms between India and China-

    • Panchsheel Agreement of 1954: The Panchsheel doctrine distinctly expressed a commitment to respect each other’s sovereignty and territorial integrity.
    • Peace and Tranquility Agreements1993: Both countries have signed several agreements aimed at maintaining peace and tranquility along the border, such as the Agreement on the Maintenance of Peace and Tranquility along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in the India-China Border Areas signed in 1993.
    • The Agreement on Confidence Building Measures in the Military Field along the LAC- It was signed in 1996, which laid down pledges on non-aggression, prior notification of large troop movements, and exchange of maps to resolve disagreements over the LAC.
    • Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India-China Border Affairs (WMCC): This mechanism, established in 2012, aims to address day-to-day management of the border, enhance communication, and prevent misunderstandings or conflicts.
    • Joint Military Exercises: India and China occasionally conduct joint military exercises aimed at improving mutual understanding and cooperation, which indirectly contributes to confidence-building measures. For example Hand in Hand.

    Suggestive measures to resolve the border dispute between India and China:

    • Diplomatic Dialogue: Both countries should engage in sustained diplomatic negotiations at various levels to address the underlying issues causing the dispute.
    • Bilateral Agreements: Continuation and reinforcement of existing bilateral agreements aimed at maintaining peace and tranquillity along the border.
    • Border Management Mechanisms: Strengthening and enhancing border management mechanisms such as Border Personnel Meetings (BPMs) and the Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India-China Border Affairs (WMCC) to effectively manage and resolve disputes.
    • Clarification of LAC: Work towards mutual clarification and delineation of the Line of Actual Control (LAC) to reduce ambiguity and prevent misunderstandings.
    • Disengagement and De-escalation: Prioritize efforts to disengage troops and de-escalate tensions in disputed areas along the border.
    • Conflict Prevention: Implement measures aimed at preventing confrontations and conflicts, such as prior notification of military exercises and troop movements.
    • Third-Party Mediation: Consider the involvement of neutral third-party mediators or international organizations to facilitate dialogue and negotiation.
    • People-to-People Contacts: Promote cultural and people-to-people exchanges to foster better understanding and trust between the two nations.

    How USA can help to resolve border dispute between India and China- 

    • Facilitate Diplomatic Dialogue: The USA can encourage and facilitate diplomatic dialogue between India and China to resolve the border dispute peacefully.
    • Mediation Role: Offer to mediate or provide assistance as a neutral third-party mediator if both parties consent to such involvement.
    • Provide Strategic Support: Offer strategic support and expertise in conflict resolution to help address the complex issues underlying the dispute.
    • Pressure for Peaceful Resolution: Use diplomatic channels to exert pressure on both India and China to prioritize peaceful resolution of the dispute.
    • Regional Stability: Emphasize the importance of resolving the border dispute for regional stability and economic development.
    • Support Existing Mechanisms: Support existing border dispute settlement mechanisms, such as the Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India-China Border Affairs (WMCC), through funding or technical assistance.

    Conclusion-

    China’s objection to the US recognizing Arunachal Pradesh as Indian territory underscores the need for diplomatic dialogue. The US can play a constructive role by facilitating negotiations and supporting existing mechanisms for peaceful resolution. 

  • [pib] India to co-chair of its ITU Digital Innovation Board

    What is the news-

    • Neeraj Mittal, Secretary of the Department of Telecommunications, Government of India was unanimously elected as co-chair of the Digital Innovation Board of International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

    About ITU Digital Innovation Board

     

    • This board is established under the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Alliance for Digital Development.
    • It comprises of Ministers and Vice Ministers of Telecom/ICT of 23 Member Countries.
    • The Alliance establishes the Board to provide strategic guidance, expertise and advocacy regarding its mission of building critical local enablers.

     

    Innovation and Entrepreneurship Alliance

     

    • ITU has started this Alliance to respond to significant unmet needs of ITU Membership in the area of innovation.
    • It is based on the Kigali Action Plan adopted at the World Telecommunication Development Conference 2022 (WTDC-22) and the Outcomes of the ITU Plenipotentiary Conference 2022 (PP-22).
    • The Alliance has three main vehicles: –
    1.     Digital Transformation Lab
    2.     Network of Acceleration Centres
    3.     Digital Innovation Board

    What is the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)?

    • The ITU is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) responsible for issues related to information and communication technologies (ICTs).
    • It was established in 1865 as the International Telegraph Union, making it one of the oldest international organizations.
    • In 1932, the organization was renamed the International Telecommunication Union to reflect its broader mandate.
    • It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
    • Its functions include:
    1. Allocate global radio spectrum and satellite orbits,
    2. Develops the technical standards that ensure networks and technologies seamlessly interconnect, and
    3. Strives to improve access to ICTs to underserved communities worldwide.

    Membership:

    • ITU’s membership includes 193 member states (countries) and over 900 private sector entities, including telecommunications companies, equipment manufacturers, research institutions, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
    • India has been an active member of the ITU since 1869 and has been a regular member of the ITU Council since 1952.

    PYQ:

    2020: In India, the term “Public Key Infrastructure” is used in the context of

    1. Digital security infrastructure
    2. Food security infrastructure
    3. Healthcare and education infrastructure
    4. Telecommunication and transportation infrastructure

     

    Practise MCQ:

    The global telecom body International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has recently elected India as the co-chair of the Digital Innovation Board. Which of the following statements about ITU is/are correct?

    1. It is the United Nations specialised agency for Information and Communication Technologies.
    2. Its entry is open to all countries, Private Companies as well as institutions.
    3. India has been a member of ITU since 1869.

    Select the correct option:

    1. All are correct
    2. Only 3
    3. 1 and 3
    4. 1 and 2

  • World Happiness Report, 2024: Key Highlights

    What is the news-

    • India was ranked 126th out of 143 nations in the World Happiness Report 2024, a global happiness index which was released, March 20 to mark the UN’s International Day of Happiness.

    About the World Happiness Report

    • The WHR is an annual publication of the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network.
    • It is released in partnership by Gallup, the Oxford Wellbeing Research Centre, the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN), and the World Happiness Report’s Editorial Board
    • It measures three main well-being indicators: life evaluations, positive emotions, and negative emotions (described in the report as positive and negative affect).
    • The report considers six key factors: social support, income, health, freedom, generosity, and the absence of corruption.
    • It was adopted by the UN General Assembly based on a resolution tabled by Bhutan.

    Key Highlights of the 2024 Report

    • Top: For the seventh successive year, Finland topped the list of the happiest countries in the world.
    • Runner-ups: The other countries in the top ten were Denmark, Iceland, Sweden, Israel, the Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg, Switzerland and Australia.
    • Bottom: Afghanistan was at the bottom of the list.

    Indian Scenario

    • Ranking: India maintains its position at 126th in the happiness index. Surprisingly, it is behind Pakistan, Libya, Iraq, Palestine and Niger.
    • Neighbourhood: China was ranked 60th, Nepal at 93, Pakistan at 108, Myanmar at 118, Sri Lanka at 128 and Bangladesh at 129th spots.
    • Influencing Factors: Marital status, social engagement, physical health, and satisfaction with living arrangements influence life satisfaction among older Indians.
    • Gendered Happiness: Older Indian women tend to report higher life satisfaction despite facing more stressors and health challenges.
    • Key Predictors: Factors like education level, social caste, social support, perceived discrimination, and self-rated health significantly impact life satisfaction among older Indians.

    PYQ:

    2018: “Rule of Law Index” is released by which of the following?

    1. Amnesty International
    2. International Court of Justice
    3. The Office of UN Commissioner for Human Rights
    4. World Justice Project

     

    Practice MCQ:

    With reference to the World Happiness Report, 2024, consider the following statements:

    1. The report is an annual publication of the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network.
    2. It was adopted by the UN General Assembly based on a resolution tabled by Bhutan.
    3. India’s ranking has been consistently improved in this report in last two years.

    How many of the given statements is/are correct?

    1. One
    2. Two
    3. Three
    4. None

  • India pursues Lowering Cost of Cross Border Remittances at WTO

    What is the news-

    • India is strongly pursuing its proposal for lowering the cost of cross-border remittances, which it presented at the WTO’s 13th Ministerial Conference in Abu Dhabi last month.
    • It has now requested the WTO’s general council (GC) to initiate a work program to make recommendations for reducing remittance costs.

    Why discuss this?

     

    • In 2023, India witnessed the highest remittance inflows globally, amounting to USD 125 billion.
    • Lowering the costs of remittances would primarily benefit low and middle-income countries, which accounted for 78% of remittances flow in 2023, according to estimates.
    • India’s draft proposal at MC13 highlighted that the global average cost for sending remittances remained high at 6.18%, more than twice the SDG target.

     What is Cost of Remittances?

    • Remittances are financial transfers sent by migrant workers to their families or relatives in their home countries.
    • The cost of remittances refers to the expenses incurred by individuals or businesses when sending money from one location to another, typically across international borders.
    • The cost components of cross-border payments can include:
    1. Bank fees,
    2. Intermediary fees,
    3. Compliance fees,
    4. Operational costs, and
    5. FX (foreign exchange) rate margin
    • Innovative technologies like DeFi payment rails are emerging to reduce the total cost of payments for cross-border transactions.

    About World Trade Organization (WTO)

    Details
    Establishment 1995, replacing GATT
    Objective To regulate international trade
    Headquarters Geneva, Switzerland
    Members
    • 164
    • India is a Founding Member.
    Objectives
    • Formulate rules for trade
    • Negotiate further liberalization
    • Settle disputes
    • Assist developing countries
    • Cooperate with major economic institutions
    Principles
    • Non-Discrimination
    • Most Favored Nation
    • National Treatment
    • Reciprocity
    • Predictability through Binding Commitments
    • Transparency
    • Encourage Development and Reforms
    Important Trade Agreements
    • Agreement on Agriculture (AoA),
    • Agreement on TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights),
    • Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS),
    • Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT),
    • Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMS),
    • General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) etc.
    WTO Agreement on Agriculture (AoA)
    • Negotiated during Uruguay Round (1995)
    • Aims to reform trade in agriculture
    • Allows support for rural economies with fewer trade “distortions”
    • Focuses on improving market access, reducing subsidies, and eliminating export subsidies

    Subsidies Types:

    1. Green Box – No distortion in trade
    2. Amber Box – Can distort production and trade (subject to limits)
    3. Blue Box – Subsidies linked to production-limiting programs
    Most Favoured Nation Clause
    • Ensures non-discriminatory trade
    • Prevents discrimination among trade partners
    • First clause in GATT
    • Special trade statuses extended to all WTO members

     

    PYQ:

    Q.The terms ‘Agreement on Agriculture’, ‘Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures’ and Peace Clause’ appear in the news frequently in the context of the affairs of the: (2015)

    1. Food and Agriculture Organization
    2. United Nations Framework Conference on Climate Change
    3. World Trade Organization
    4. United Nations Environment Programme

     

    Q.Which of the following constitute Capital Account? (2013)

    1. Foreign Loans
    2. Foreign Direct Investment
    3. Private Remittances
    4. Portfolio Investment

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

    1. 1, 2 and 3
    2. 1, 2 and 4
    3. 2, 3 and 4
    4. 1, 3 and 4

     

    Practice MCQ:

    Consider the following statements:

    1. India is the highest recipient of remittances globally.
    2. UAE is the largest source of remittances to India.
    3. The current cost of remittances meets the SDG target.

    How many of the given statements is/are correct?

    1. One
    2. Two
    3. Three
    4. None