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Subject: International Relations

  • India’s ASEAN Engagement and Upcoming Summits

    asean

    Central Idea

    • Prime Minister departed for Indonesia to participate in the 20th ASEAN-India summit and the 18th East Asia Summit (EAS) in Jakarta.
    • During the visit, he will meet with leaders from the ten ASEAN countries and attend the EAS, including leaders from ASEAN nations, Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea, Russia, and the U.S.

    Why discuss this?

    • India-ASEAN relations have evolved significantly over the years, moving from a distant past to a robust partnership.

    Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
    Established August 8, 1967
    Member Countries Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam
    Objective To promote political and economic cooperation and regional stability among member countries.
    Key Areas of Cooperation – Economic Integration

    – Political and Security Cooperation

    – Social and Cultural Cooperation
    Significance Promotes economic growth, stability, and peace in the Southeast Asian region. It is also a forum for diplomatic dialogue and conflict resolution.
    ASEAN Secretariat Jakarta, Indonesia (The ASEAN Secretariat is the organization responsible for coordinating ASEAN activities.)

     

    Evolution of India-ASEAN Relations

    • 1950s and Early 1960s: During this period, India played a significant role in supporting the decolonization efforts of Southeast Asian countries.
    • 1960s to 1980s: India maintained some distance from the region due to internal issues and viewed ASEAN as a product of the Cold War.
    • 1990s to 2010s: India adopted the ‘Look East Policy,’ leading to a full dialogue partnership with ASEAN in 1995 and becoming a full member of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) in 1996.
    • 2010s to Present: India-ASEAN cooperation intensified with the ‘Act East Policy,’ resulting in the elevation to a Strategic Partnership in 2012 and a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership in 2022.

    Key Areas of Cooperation

    • Trade Relations: The India-ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AIFTA) and substantial trade volumes have strengthened economic ties, with commodity trade reaching $98.39 billion in the period April 2021-February 2022.
    • Business & Investment: ASEAN is a major source of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) for India, with cumulative FDIs from ASEAN to India totaling $117.88 billion between 2000-2021. The ASEAN India-Business Council (AIBC) promotes collaboration between private sector players from India and ASEAN.
    • Socio-Cultural Cooperation: Cultural affinities between ASEAN and India foster people-to-people interactions through initiatives like student exchange programs.
    • ASEAN-India Projects: Collaboration in agriculture, science & technology, environment, renewable energy, and defense promotes mutual growth. The ASEAN-India S&T Development Fund (AISTDF) contributes $1 million to support joint collaborative R&D research projects.
    • Strategic Cooperation: Platforms like the ASEAN Post Ministerial Conference (ASEAN PMC) and ADMM-Plus facilitate dialogue on security issues.
    • Defense Cooperation: India is enhancing arms sales and defense ties with ASEAN countries to promote regional security, such as the recent approval by the Philippines for a USD 374 million purchase of the BrahMos shore-based anti-ship missile system in January 2022.
    • Technological Cooperation: ISRO’s collaboration supports ASEAN countries in space science and technology.
    • Connectivity: Projects like the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway and Kaladan Multimodal Project enhance regional connectivity.

    Why India Needs ASEAN?

    • Significant Trade & Commercial Relations: ASEAN is a major destination for India’s service sectors and a vital source of foreign investments.
    • Development of North East India: ASEAN provides an alternate route for India’s access to North Eastern India, facilitating development and strategic interests.
    • Countering Chinese Expansion: Strengthening ties with ASEAN countries helps India counter Chinese influence in the Indo-Pacific region.
    • Maritime Freedom: Collaboration with ASEAN ensures a free and peaceful Indo-Pacific region based on a rules-based order.
    • Facing Politico-security Challenges: Cooperation in addressing security threats like climate change, terrorism, and refugee crises benefits both sides.
    • Support for Indian Initiatives: ASEAN’s support is crucial for India’s success in regional policies and initiatives.
    • Emerging Market: India benefits from ASEAN’s agricultural and industrial products, while ASEAN relies on India’s demographic dividend.
    • Global Reforms: ASEAN’s global influence aligns with India’s vision for reforms in international forums.
    • Diaspora: Southeast Asia’s significant Indian diaspora fosters cultural ties and people-to-people relations.
    • Elevating India’s Global Status: Partnership with ASEAN enhances India’s geopolitical standing.

    Challenges to Stronger Cooperation

    • Large Trade Deficit: Trade imbalance and issues with the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) have impacted India’s economic relations with ASEAN, with the trade deficit rising from around $5 billion in FY11 to USD 21.8 billion in FY19.
    • Balancing China: ASEAN countries’ engagement with China and concerns over military capabilities impact the depth of cooperation with India.
    • Delays in Connectivity Projects: Long gestation periods for connectivity projects hinder progress.
    • Issues within ASEAN: Different political systems and human rights issues pose challenges to stronger cooperation.

    Way Forward

    • Enhance Trade Relations: Focus on the blue economy and sustainable development to boost economic ties.
    • Accelerate Connectivity Projects: Expedite the completion of infrastructure projects and build new trade and transport linkages.
    • Strengthen Regional Role: India must play a more prominent role in the region to address geopolitical challenges.
    • Establish Dedicated Departments: Dedicated departments under central ministries can facilitate better cooperation with ASEAN.

    Conclusion

    • India’s commitment to ASEAN signifies its strategic engagement with the Indo-Pacific region.
    • Despite challenges, enhancing cooperation in trade, connectivity, defence, and socio-cultural aspects can pave the way for mutual growth and regional peace.

  • Black Sea Grain Initiative to resume soon: Turkey

    black sea

    Central Idea

    • The Black Sea grain deal lapsed on July 17. Turkey now seeks to resume the treaty.
    • Russia though had not agreed to renew the deal, citing unmet promises and difficulties in its own agricultural exports due to Western sanctions.

    Black Sea Grain Initiative

    • The Initiative eased Russia’s naval blockade and saw the reopening of three key Ukrainian ports.
    • The UN and Turkey brokered the deal in July 2022, allowing cargo ships to travel between Ukrainian ports and undergo inspections to ensure they were not carrying arms.
    • The deal has been extended twice but is set to expire on July 17, 2023.
    • The agreement created procedures to safely export grain from certain ports to attempt to address the 2022 food crisis.
    • It provides a safe maritime humanitarian corridor for Ukrainian exports (particularly for food grains) from three of its key ports: Chornomorsk, Odesa and Yuzhny/Pivdennyi in the Black Sea.

    Outcomes of this deal

    • Approximately 9.8 million tonnes of grains have been shipped so far since the deal was brokered as per International Grains Council (IGC) Projections.
      • The IGC is an intergovernmental organization established in 1949. Its primary purpose is to promote cooperation and consultation on grains trade and related aspects globally.
      • India is an exporting member of the IGC.
    • The initiative has also been credited for having made a huge difference in the global cost of living crisis.

    Why was this deal launched?

    • Ukraine’s Role: Ukraine is a significant exporter of food grains, including wheat and corn, and contributes to the UN’s food aid programs.
    • Impact of Russian Invasion: Russia’s invasion and blockade of Ukrainian ports raised concerns about food security and soaring prices globally.

    Russia’s Opposition and Reasons

    • Claims of Unmet Promises: Russia argues that promises made under the deal have not been fulfilled, affecting its own agricultural exports and fertilizers due to Western sanctions.
    • Obstacles to Agricultural Exports: Russia faces challenges with payment platforms, insurance, shipping, and logistics, even though there are no direct restrictions on its agricultural products.
    • Frustration and Goodwill: Russian President expressed frustration and stated that Russia has shown goodwill in extending the deal but feels enough is enough.
    • Shift in Grain Destinations: Russia claims the deal was meant to ensure global food security, but Ukraine has mainly exported to high- and middle-income countries, while the UN notes that food prices have cooled down, benefiting poorer nations.

    Impact on Grain Exports and Production

    • Russian Wheat Export Dominance: Russia remains the world’s top wheat exporter, primarily targeting the Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia.
    • Ukraine’s Declining Shipments: Ukraine’s grain shipments are projected to more than halve, with production at an 11-year low.
    • Shifting Markets: Ukraine’s grain markets have shifted from Asia and North Africa to Europe, driven by ease of shipment, causing a glut of Ukrainian grain and protests from farmers in Eastern European countries.

    International Grains Council

    • The International Grains Council (IGC) is an intergovernmental organization that oversees the Grains Trade Convention and aims to promote cooperation in the global grain trade. Established in 1949 as the International Wheat Council, it was renamed in 1995 to reflect its expanded scope.
    • India is a member of the International Grains Council (IGC), which is the intergovernmental organization that oversees the global grains trade.

    Back2Basics: Black Sea

    • Black Sea is bound by Ukraine to the north and northwest, Russia and Georgia to the east, Turkey to the south, and Bulgaria and Romania to the west.
    • It links to the Sea of Marmara through the Bosphorus and then to the Aegean through the Dardanelles.

    Significance of Black Sea for Russia

    • Black Sea has traditionally been Russia’s warm water gateway to Europe.
    • For Russia, the Black Sea is both a stepping stone to the Mediterranean.
    • It acts as a strategic buffer between NATO and itself.
    • It showcases the Russian power in the Mediterranean and to secure the economic gateway to key markets in southern Europe.
    • Russia has been making efforts to gain complete control over the Black Sea since the Crimean crisis of 2014.

  • The implications of the expansion of BRICS

    What’s the news?

    • The 15th BRICS summit held in Johannesburg recently made headlines with its announcement to expand its membership.

    Central idea

    • The 15th BRICS summit in Johannesburg made waves in international diplomacy when it announced the invitation of six new members: Iran, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Egypt, Ethiopia, and Argentina. This move signifies BRICS’ commitment to challenging the West-dominated world order and building a more representative international system.

    Expanding BRICS: A New Global Landscape

    • The expansion of BRICS to include Iran, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Egypt, Ethiopia, and Argentina
    • It was reported that 40 countries have shown interest in BRICS’ membership, with 22 having submitted formal applications.
    • BRICS has been a platform for emerging economies to voice their dissatisfaction with Western-dominated global institutions like the World Bank, IMF, and UN.
    • At the Johannesburg summit, the UN Secretary General labeled these institutions of yesterday’s world, reflecting the need for change.
    • With the inclusion of new members, BRICS now represents 46% of the world’s population and 37% of the global GDP in PPP terms, surpassing the G-7.
    • This expansion also greatly impacts the energy sector, with the BRICS now accounting for 42% of global oil production.

    Significance of BRICS Expansion

    • Economic Clout: The BRICS’ share of global GDP in PPP terms rises from 31.5% to 37%, surpassing the G-7. This expansion creates a formidable economic bloc with the potential to shape global economic policies and trade dynamics.
    • Demographic Powerhouse: The BRICS now represent 46% of the world’s population, giving them significant demographic weight. This diverse population can influence global consumer markets and labor forces.
    • Energy Dominance: The inclusion of new members from energy-rich regions, especially West Asia, boosts BRICS’ role in global energy markets. It solidifies BRICS as a major player in shaping global energy policies.
    • Geo-Strategic Influence: West Asian members already have strong ties with BRICS countries, contributing to the group’s geo-strategic significance. Egypt and Ethiopia hold key positions in the Horn of Africa and the Red Sea region, adding to BRICS’ strategic reach.
    • Shared Political Views: BRICS members have historically shared political views on global issues. The new members’ alignment with these views strengthens BRICS’ collective stance on the United Nations, Middle East conflicts, and global terrorism.
    • Multipolar Advocacy: BRICS challenges the Western-dominated international order. The expansion reaffirms BRICS’ commitment to advocating for a multipolar world order and reforming global institutions.
    • Cooperative Opportunities: The inclusion of new members opens avenues for increased cooperation in areas such as trade, investment, infrastructure, and technology transfer. This expansion promotes South-South collaboration.
    • Global Balance Shift: BRICS’ expansion further shifts the global balance of power away from Western-dominated institutions. It elevates the influence of emerging economies in shaping global policies.

    BRICS’ Substantial Achievements

    • Consistent Declarations: BRICS leaders have met for over 15 years, consistently overcoming internal divisions and competitions to issue consensual “Declarations” at each summit. These declarations have expanded in content, reflecting the group’s evolving priorities and interests.
    • Focus on Specific Deliverables: The declarations have increasingly focused on specific deliverables, indicating BRICS’ commitment to achieving tangible outcomes. This shift from broad rhetoric to concrete action is a substantial achievement.
    • Intra-BRICS Cooperation: The Johannesburg Declaration emphasizes the importance of intra-BRICS cooperation. Member countries are committed to encouraging the use of local currencies in internal trade and financial transactions, promoting economic integration within the group.
    • Outreach to Developing Nations: BRICS recognizes its role in supporting other developing nations. The group aims to extend its cooperation beyond its borders, reaching out to other countries that share similar development challenges.
    • Shared Political Views: BRICS members have a history of sharing common political views on various global issues. This shared perspective strengthens their collective voice on matters such as the centrality of the United Nations, conflicts in the Middle East, and global terrorism.
    • Promoting Multipolarity: BRICS challenges the Western-dominated international order by advocating for a multipolar world. This advocacy represents a substantial achievement in pushing for reforms and greater representation for emerging economies in global institutions.

    Criticisms directed at the BRICS

    • Talk-Shop with No Vision: Some Western commentators have criticized BRICS as being a talk-shop with no clear shared vision or meaningful achievements. This criticism suggests that BRICS meetings and declarations may lack substance and practical outcomes.
    • Lack of Shared Vision: Critics argue that BRICS members have not demonstrated a cohesive or unified vision for the group’s role in global affairs. This criticism implies that the members may have divergent interests that hinder effective cooperation.
    • Limited Achievements: Some critics have suggested that BRICS has not achieved significant or tangible results in its over 15 years of existence. This criticism questions the group’s ability to translate its discussions into meaningful actions or outcomes.
    • Emerging Global Binary Divide: While not explicitly mentioned in the article, there is an implied criticism that BRICS may contribute to an emerging global binary divide or a new cold war between Western and non-Western nations. This view suggests that BRICS could exacerbate global divisions rather than promote cooperation.

    Outlook for Regional Affairs

    • West Asia:
    • The new BRICS members from West Asia, such as Saudi Arabia and the UAE, have pursued independent foreign policy paths since 2020.
    • Saudi Arabia, for instance, has actively engaged in de-escalation efforts, including ending the Qatar blockade in January 2021, establishing relations with Turkey, and initiating interactions with Iran in April 2021.
    • These diplomatic engagements culminated in a significant China-brokered accord with Iran in March of the following year.
    • Maritime Expansion: The UAE has also normalized ties with Iran and is actively expanding its maritime presence across key strategic regions, including the Gulf, the Gulf of Aden, the Red Sea, and the Horn of Africa. This maritime expansion underscores the UAE’s growing influence in these areas.

    Outlook for Global Affairs

    • Rejecting the Binary Divide:
    • In contrast to Western commentators who perceive an emerging global binary divide or a new cold war, India and other BRICS members reject this view.
    • They insist on asserting their strategic autonomy within a multipolar world order, rejecting the idea of being drawn into simplistic global power struggles.
    • Historical Significance:
    • A recent media report described the Johannesburg summit as a turning point in modern history.
    • This suggests that the expansion of BRICS, combined with its evolving role in global affairs, is seen as a pivotal and historic moment with profound implications for the contemporary international landscape.

    Conclusion

    • BRICS continues to assert its strategic autonomy and push for a multipolar world order, challenging Western-led international institutions. This expansion is a turning point in modern history, reflecting the evolving dynamics of global diplomacy.

  • India-Greece Relations: Bridging Cultures and Commerce

    greece

    Central Idea

    • PM Modi recently visited Greece to elevate bilateral ties to the level of strategic partnership.
    • No Indian PM has visited Greece since 1983.
    • Greece awarded the Indian PM with “The Grand Cross of the Order of Honour” (its second highest civilian award).

    India and Greece Ties: A Historic Backgrounder

    • India’s engagement with Greece spans over 2500 years, marked by trade, literature, and art interactions.
    • Trade links and cultural exchanges existed between Mauryan Kings and Greece, evidenced by coinage and writings.
    • Alexander the Great’s invasion in 326 BC led to interactions with Indian rulers, including battles with Raja Porus and Ambhi.
    • Chanakya’s writings mention Megasthenes, an ambassador, in Chandragupta’s court.
    • The fusion of Greek and Indian influences is visible in Gandhara Art.

    Establishment of Modern Diplomatic Ties

    • Diplomatic relations established in 1950.
    • Embassies set up in Athens and Delhi, reflecting mutual cooperation.
    • Greece respected India’s decisions on various internal matters and the Non-Alignment Movement (NAM).
    • Collaboration on nuclear issues and international platforms showcased strong ties.
    • Greece’s support for India on geopolitical and global matters.

    Key Areas of Collaboration

    (1) Defence and Security

    • Enhancing collaboration in maritime security, counter-terrorism, cyber security, and defence industry.
    • Establishment of an India-Greece dialogue framework at the level of National Security Advisors (NSAs) for comprehensive discussions.

    (2) Maritime Security and International Law

    • A shared vision for a free, open, and rules-based Mediterranean Sea and Indo-Pacific.
    • Pledged adherence to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and respect for sovereignty, territorial integrity, and freedom of navigation.

    (3) Culture and Tourism

    • Commitment to promoting art exchanges and cooperation.
    • Joint efforts to preserve and safeguard ancient sites are bolstered through collaboration within UNESCO.

    (4) Trade and Investment

    • The ambitious goal of doubling bilateral trade by 2030.
    • Exploration of opportunities in sectors including renewable energy, infrastructure, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and innovation.

    (5) Mobility and Migration Partnership Agreement (MMPA)

    • Recognition of the mutual benefits of an early finalization of the MMPA.
    • Aims to facilitate the free movement of the workforce between the two nations.

    Recent Visit: An In-depth Analysis

    • PM Modi’s visit marked the first by an Indian Prime Minister in 40 years.
    • Collaborative efforts focused on military cooperation, counter-terrorism, and cybersecurity.
    • National Security Advisor-level dialogue was held to facilitate comprehensive discussions on mutual concerns.
    • Both nations committed to maritime security, promoting free and open seas in the Mediterranean and Indo-Pacific.
    • Adherence to UNCLOS, sovereignty, territorial integrity, and navigation freedom are emphasized.
    • Strengthening cooperation across defence, science, culture, tourism, and agriculture sectors.
    • Greek membership in the International Solar Alliance and Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure.

    Future Outlook

    • Both leaders stressed cultural exchanges and people-to-people connections.
    • PM Modi invited PM Mitsotakis to India, highlighting further deepening of relations.
    • India-Greece ties play a significant role in the broader India-Europe commercial corridor plans.
    • Shared vision for progress and commitment to diplomatic resolutions.
    • Strengthening civilizational bonds through cultural interactions.

    Conclusion

    • The historical and modern India-Greece relations exhibit a strong foundation and evolving collaboration.
    • Recent joint efforts underscore a robust partnership across various domains and a positive outlook for the future.

  • Tibetan Democracy Day: A Legacy of Struggle and Resilience

    tibet

    Central Idea

    • Tibetan Democracy Day on September 2 marks the founding of the Tibetan government-in-exile in Dharamshala.
    • It signifies the establishment of Tibetan democracy after forced displacement.

    Tibetan Govt in Exile: Historical Genesis

    • In 1960, a year after Tibetans were displaced, the first elected representatives of the Tibetan Parliament-in-exile were sworn in.
    • His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama’s influence led to the enactment of the Tibetan constitution in 1963, emphasizing democracy.

    Role of Central Tibetan Administration (CTA)

    • The CTA, based in Dharamshala, manages over 100,000 Tibetan refugees globally.
    • It is the heart of Tibetan self-governance and resilience.
    • CTA’s Evolution:
    1. The first women representatives were elected in 1963 under the Tibetan constitution.
    2. In 1975, the CTA declared September 2 as the founding day of Tibetan democracy.
    3. The Charter of the Tibetans in exile was adopted in 1991, followed by the Tibetan Supreme Justice Commission in 1992.

    CTA’s Functioning

    • The CTA, led by the President (Sikyong), operates through departments: Religion and Culture, Home, Finance, Education, Security, Information and International Relations, and Health.
    • The Tibetan Parliament-in-exile has 45 members representing various aspects of the Tibetan community.

    Leadership Transition

    • The Dalai Lama’s shift to semi-retirement led to direct elections of the executive head, Kalön Tripa.
    • In 2011, His Holiness delegated political authority to Sikyong, the President of the CTA.

    Bodh Gaya’s Role

    • In 1960, the first elected Tibetan representatives took their oaths in Bodh Gaya, marking the inception of the democratic system.
    • Bodh Gaya played a pivotal role in the early days of Tibetan democracy.

    India’s perception of Tibet

    • India respects the Dalai Lama as a spiritual leader but does not officially recognize the CTA as a government.
    • It balances diplomatic considerations while supporting Tibetan refugees.

    Global Recognition

    • The US stands as a vocal supporter, with bipartisan backing and specialized coordinators for Tibet.
    • While global recognition is limited, Tibetans value India’s consistent support.

    Back2Basics: Tibetan Buddhism

    Description
    Origin and Development Form of Vajrayana Buddhism; emerged in Tibetan Plateau and Himalayan regions
    Tantric Practices Emphasizes rapid spiritual awakening through rituals, visualizations, and energy transformation
    Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso) is spiritual leader; Panchen Lama is also significant
    Monastic Traditions Strong monastic presence; monks and nuns preserve teachings and meditate
    Deity Pantheon Diverse deities representing enlightenment qualities; depicted in mandalas and thangkas
    Prayer Flags and Wheels Flags convey prayers; wheels accumulate merit and blessings
    Reincarnation and Tulku System Belief in reincarnation; system to identify tulkus (reincarnated lamas)

     

  • Armenia and Azerbaijan Conflict

    Central Idea

    • Three Armenian soldiers have been killed in firing from Azerbaijan as tensions between the two countries persist.

    Consider this PYQ:

    Q.The area is known as ‘Golan Heights’ sometimes appears in the news in the context of the events related to: (CSP 2015)

    a) Central Asia
    b) Middle East
    c) South-East Asia
    d) Central Africa

    [wpdiscuz-feedback id=”ppzqldwmt2″ question=”Please leave a feedback on this” opened=”1″]Post your answers here.[/wpdiscuz-feedback]

    What is the dispute?

    • Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh, a breakaway region that is inside Azerbaijan but is run by ethnic Armenians, declared martial law and mobilized their male populations.
    • Armenia said Azerbaijan had carried out an air and artillery attack on Nagorno-Karabakh.

    Epicentre: The Nagorno-Karabakh region

    • Nagorno-Karabakh broke away from Azerbaijan in a conflict that broke out as the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991.
    • A ceasefire was agreed in 1994 after thousands of people were killed and many more displaced.
    • Azerbaijan and Armenia frequently accuse each other of attacks around Nagorno-Karabakh and along the separate Azeri-Armenian frontier.

    Economics behind the clashes

    • The clashes prompted a flurry of diplomacy to prevent a new flare-up of a decades-old conflict between majority Christian Armenia and mainly Muslim Azerbaijan.
    • Pipelines shipping Caspian oil and natural gas from Azerbaijan to the world pass close to Nagorno-Karabakh.
    • The clashes have raised concerns about instability in the South Caucasus, a corridor for pipelines transporting oil and gas to world markets.

  • Evolution of G20: A Catalyst for Global Economic Cooperation

    g20

    Central Idea

    • The upcoming G20 summit in Delhi marks the culmination of a year-long series of meetings involving heads of state/government from G20 members.
    • As a crucial platform for international economic cooperation, the G20 has transformed into a pivotal force in shaping global economic governance.

    Origins and Composition of G20

    Origin Formed in 1999 in response to the financial crises of the late 1990s, with the aim to bring together major economies for international financial stability.
    Composition Comprises 19 individual countries: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, UK, US, and the European Union.
    Purpose Serves as a platform for major economies to discuss and coordinate on international financial, economic, and social issues.
    Significance Represents around 85% of global GDP, 75% of global trade, and covers two-thirds of the world population.
    Leadership Operates without a permanent secretariat or staff.

    Presidency rotates among its members on an annual basis.
    Current Presidency India holds the G20 Presidency for the period December 2022 to November 2023.

     

    Emergence of G20

    • Unplanned Emergence: The G20’s formation was not meticulously orchestrated but emerged due to a combination of circumstance and necessity.
    • Adapting to Global Dynamics: The decline of the North-South divide and the rise of economically potent nations in the Global South underscored the requirement for a more inclusive and representative global economic forum.

    From G22 to G20

    • Response to Crisis: The Asian financial crisis in the late 1990s exposed vulnerabilities in the existing global economic governance framework.
    • Genesis of G22: The G20’s precursor, the G22, was established in 1998 as a crisis-response mechanism.
    • Evolving to G20: Dissatisfaction with the ad hoc nature of the G22 and G33 meetings led to the establishment of the G20 in 1999, aiming for a more structured platform.

    Global Economic Crisis of 2008: Catalyst for Change

    • The idea of a G20 leaders’ forum was proposed by Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin in 2005, yet it faced resistance, particularly from the US.
    • The global economic crisis of 2008, comparable to the Great Depression, accelerated the establishment of the G20 leaders’ summit.
    • Recognizing the complexity and magnitude of the crisis, the G20 emerged as a suitable platform to address and mitigate the crisis’s repercussions.

    First G20 Leaders’ Summit

    • Washington DC Summit (2008): The inaugural G20 leaders’ summit, titled ‘Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy,’ took place in November 2008.
    • Extended Participation: Alongside G20 member nations, heads of institutions including the IMF, World Bank, and UN were invited. Spain and the Netherlands also attended.

    Conclusion

    • The evolution of the G20, from its spontaneous beginnings to the imminent Delhi summit, epitomizes its role as a responsive mechanism for fostering global economic cooperation.

  • Kashi Culture Pathway: G-20 Consensus on Cultural Heritage

    Central Idea

    • The G-20 Culture Ministers’ meeting held in Varanasi resulted in the unanimous endorsement of the ‘Kashi Culture Pathway’ document.

    Kashi Culture Pathway

    • Under this, G20 nations aims to address the preservation of cultural heritage, curbing illicit artifact trafficking, restitution of cultural property, and protection of living heritage, particularly that of indigenous communities.
    • The document’s key aspects and implications highlight the united stance of G-20 countries towards cultural preservation.

    Key Features

    • Protection amid Conflict: The ‘Kashi Culture Pathway’ document accentuates the collective commitment of G-20 nations to protect cultural heritage from intentional and unintentional destruction, particularly in times of conflict.
    • Combating Illicit Trade: G-20 member nations underscored the necessity to establish a robust global coalition to counter the illicit trafficking of cultural artifacts, with special attention to bolstering law enforcement collaboration.
    • Enhanced Cooperation and Tools: Collaboration among nations and strengthening of enforcement tools were identified as essential to heighten the effectiveness of combatting cultural property trafficking. This includes voluntary data exchange to support investigations and law enforcement.
    • Empowerment of Cultural Professionals: The document emphasizes enhancing research, documentation, and capacity-building for cultural professionals, legal authorities, and law enforcement personnel to better counter the trafficking of cultural property.
    • Prevention and Regulation: Preventive measures were stressed, including regulatory actions against the unlawful export of cultural artefacts, particularly within the realm of online trade.

  • BRICS inducts 6 new members to become BRICS Plus

    brics plus

    Central Idea

    • The BRICS alliance, consisting of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, has extended invitations to six additional countries, namely Iran, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Argentina, Egypt, and Ethiopia.
    • This move aims to bolster the collective voice of the Global South and foster multipolarity in the international arena.

    Why discuss this?

    • As BRICS broadens its membership, it strengthens its claim to represent nearly half the world’s population and includes key oil-producing nations.
    • However, concerns also arise regarding China’s increasing influence within the alliance.

    BRICS Plus: Emerging Role

    • Heft and Influence: The inclusion of new members enhances BRICS’s position as a spokesperson for the developing world. The alliance currently represents 40% of the global population and over a quarter of the world’s GDP. With the addition of new members, it will encompass almost half the world’s population and include major oil-producing nations.
    • Global Solidarity: BRICS’s growth is driven by anti-US sentiment and a desire for multipolarity among countries in the Global South. It serves as a platform where nations can express solidarity and challenge Western-dominated narratives.

    BRICS: Evolution and Geopolitical Context

    • Emergence of BRICS: Established in 2009, BRICS initially comprised Brazil, Russia, India, and China, with South Africa joining in 2011. The alliance aimed to showcase the economic potential of these emerging markets.
    • Challenges and Opportunities: While BRICS’s economic performance has varied, geopolitical shifts like the Ukraine conflict have propelled it into a bloc with the potential to challenge Western influence and provide an alternative viewpoint.

    Dynamics of New BRICS Members

    • Unanimous Decisions: BRICS decisions require unanimous agreement from all members. While Russia and China face geopolitical challenges with the West, Brazil, South Africa, and India maintain significant partnerships with the US and Europe.
    • China’s Role: China is driving BRICS’s expansion, making membership expansion a core agenda item.
    • Inclusion of Iran: China and Russia’s influence is evident in the inclusion of Iran, highlighting their collaboration. This move brings together regional rivals Saudi Arabia and Iran within the same alliance, reflecting China’s mediation efforts.
    • Saudi Arabia’s Shift: Saudi Arabia’s inclusion marks its pursuit of a more independent foreign policy, diverging from its traditional US alliance.
    • Global Significance for Iran and Russia: For Iran and Russia, BRICS membership signifies their global partnerships and challenges to Western dominance.

    Implications for India

    • Balancing Act: India’s participation in the G7 summit and Quad summit reflects its multifaceted foreign policy approach. While engaging with Western alliances, India also places importance on its “anti-Western” stance within BRICS.
    • BRICS as a Non-Western Bloc: India views BRICS as a “non-Western” group and strives to maintain its independent voice within the alliance.
    • Concerns for India: Amid expansion, there are concerns that BRICS could tilt more toward China, potentially side-lining India’s interests.

    Conclusion

    • BRICS’s expansion signifies a step toward global multipolarity, providing a platform for diverse countries to unite against Western-centric narratives.
    • As the alliance grows, it gains greater representation and influence, strengthening the collective voice of the Global South.
    • However, with China’s increased influence, there are also legitimate concerns about the balance of power within BRICS and its impact on individual member states.

  • India backs BRICS expansion: PM

    Central Idea

    • India, a key member of the BRICS group (Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa), has affirmed its endorsement for the bloc’s expansion based on consensus.

    BRICS Group
    Full Form Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa
    Formation Originally “BRIC” in 2001, South Africa joined in 2010 to become BRICS
    Economic Significance Represents significant portion of global population, land area, and economic output
    Objectives Enhance cooperation, dialogue on political, economic, social issues
    Principles Mutual respect, equality, non-interference in internal affairs
    Summits Holds annual summits for leaders to discuss economic, trade, development issues
    Cooperation Areas Finance, trade, investment, technology, energy, agriculture, health, education
    New Development Bank (NDB) Established in 2014, finances infrastructure and sustainable projects
    Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) Established in 2015, provides financial assistance during currency crises
    Political Dialogue Advocates for peace, security, stability, coordinates positions on global issues

    Embracing BRICS Expansion

    • Indian Support: PM Modi reiterated India’s full support for the expansion of BRICS membership, emphasizing the need for consensus.
    • Collaborative Approach: Modi highlighted the potential for increased collaboration between BRICS countries in fields like space, education, and technology, using India’s expertise as a basis.
    • Shared Platforms: Modi offered to share India’s technological platforms with other BRICS members, fostering a cohesive and future-ready organization.

    BRICS’ Evolution and Vision

    • BRICS Progress: Modi recalled BRICS’ journey, from being defined as “Building Responsive, Inclusive and Collective Solutions” during India’s chairmanship in 2016 to its current vision of “Breaking barriers, Revitalising economies, Inspiring innovation, Creating opportunities, and Shaping the future.”
    • Chinese Perspective: Chinese President expressed support for speedy expansion to enhance global governance’s fairness and equity. He emphasized the enthusiasm of developing nations in joining BRICS cooperation.

    Ongoing Deliberations on Expansion

    • South African Insight: South African President Cyril Ramaphosa noted that discussions on BRICS expansion are ongoing, suggesting that a clear solution will be reached collectively among BRICS leaders.
    • Indian Initiative: India’s approach to BRICS expansion was guided by the inclusion of strategic partners as new members, emphasizing consensus and unstructured discussions during leaders’ retreats.

    Ensuring Equitable Growth

    • Diverse Candidates: Approximately 20 to 30 nations expressed interest in joining BRICS, with leading candidates like Argentina, Egypt, Indonesia, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE. India aims to prevent a China-centric grouping.
    • Counterpoint to the West: China aims to expand BRICS as a counterpoint to Western dominance, gaining support from Russia due to diplomatic isolation linked to the Ukraine conflict.

    Enhancing BRICS Cooperation

    • Modi’s Proposals: Modi emphasized collaboration in space, technology, digital infrastructure, and education among BRICS members.
    • BRICS Space Exploration Consortium: Modi proposed creating a Brics space exploration consortium for research and weather monitoring.
    • Education and Technology: Modi cited India’s innovative solutions like Diksha and Bhashini for education and the CoWIN platform for vaccination, offering to share these platforms with BRICS partners.
    • Skill Mapping and Conservation: Modi proposed skill mapping and cooperation for the preservation of various species of big cats found in BRICS countries.
    • Support for African Union: Modi sought BRICS states’ endorsement for India’s proposal to grant the African Union full membership in the G20, reflecting shared commitment and unity within the group.

    Conclusion

    • As India reaffirms its backing for BRICS expansion, the group’s shared vision of inclusive growth and equitable global governance is reinforced.
    • PM Modi proposals highlight the potential for collaboration in diverse domains, harnessing India’s technological prowess to foster a forward-looking and cohesive BRICS organization.
    • Amid evolving global dynamics, BRICS’ united stance and collaborative efforts stand to reshape the landscape of international cooperation and equitable development.