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  • Govt releases pre-draft of National Curriculum Framework

    curriculum

    The Ministry of Education has released a pre-draft version of National Curriculum Framework (NCF) for School Education.

    National Curriculum Framework (NCF)

    Features

    Details
    What is it? A comprehensive framework for school education in India

    Provides guidelines for the development of curricula and syllabi, textbooks, and teaching practices for schools in India
    Developed by National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Education
    Aim To promote a child-centred, activity-based approach to learning that focuses on the development of knowledge, skills, and values
    Development The first NCF was developed in 1986 and subsequently revised in 2000 and 2005.

    The latest pre-draft version of NCF for School Education was released by the Ministry of Education in April 2023.
    Coverage For age groups 3 to 18 years

    Seeks feedback from various stakeholders
    National Steering Committee Set up by the Ministry to undertake and develop NCFs under the chairmanship of K. Kasturirangan.

     

    Salient features of NCF

    (1) Values and Roots

    • A key part of the document is the inclusion of values and its “rootedness” in India.
    • The pre-draft says that the framework is deeply rooted in India in content and learning of languages, in the pedagogical approaches including tools and resources, and in philosophical basis — in the aims and in the epistemic approach.
    • The document further says that it leans towards making students acquainted with true sources of knowledge, which have been a philosophical preoccupation of ancient Indians.
    • These sources focus on six pramanas: pratyaksa, anumana, upamana, arthapatti, anupalabdhi, and sabda.

     

    Six Pramanas

    1.      Pratyaksha: Interpreted as perception through the five senses

    2.      Anumana: Uses inferences to come to new conclusions

    3.      Upamana: Knowing through analogy and comparison

    4.      Arthapatti: Involves knowing through circumstantial implication

    5.      Anupalabdhi: Includes perception of non-existence

    6.      Sabda: Something an individual can only directly know a fraction of all reality through direct experience and inference but must rely on other experts was acknowledged thousands of years ago

     

    (2) Moral Development

    • A part of the document focuses on the moral development of a child through panchakosha vikas or five-fold development.
    • The pre-draft recommends developing moral values for the child through a balanced diet, traditional games, yoga asanas, as well as a wide variety of stories, songs, lullabies, poems, and prayers to develop a love for cultural context.

    (3) Curriculum revamp

    • The pre-draft says that for Grade 10 certification, students will have to take two essential courses from humanities, maths and computing, vocational education, physical education, arts education, social science, science, and interdisciplinary areas.
    • In Grade 11 and 12, students will be offered choice-based courses in the same disciplines for more rigorous engagement.
    • Arts education will include music, dance, theatre, sculpture, painting, set design, scriptwriting, while interdisciplinary areas will include knowledge of India, traditions, and practices of Indian knowledge systems.
    • For Class 11 and 12, the document states that “Modular Board Exams will be offered as opposed to a single exam at the end of the year, and the final result will be based on the cumulative result of each exam.”
    • The framework of the social science curriculum emphasizes understanding and appreciating the feeling of Indianess, ‘bhartiyata,’ by valuing the rich cultural heritage and tradition of the country.
    • It also stresses on identifying and explaining important phases of the Indian national movement against British rule, with special reference to Gandhian and other subaltern movements.

    (4) Social Science Curriculum

    • The pre-draft emphasizes understanding and appreciating the feeling of Indianess, “bhartiyata,” by valuing the rich cultural heritage and tradition of the country.
    • The pre-draft also stresses on identifying and explaining important phases of the Indian national movement against British rule, with special reference to Gandhian and other subaltern movements.
    • It also recommends teaching concepts of Buddhism, Jainism, and Vedic and Confucian philosophies.

    (5) Follow-up processes

    • As a follow-up to the National Education Policy 2020, development of four National Curriculum Frameworks — NCF for School Education, NCF for Early Childhood Care and Education, NCF for Teacher Education, and NCF for Adult Education — have been initiated.
    • The National Steering Committee under the chairmanship of K. Kasturirangan was set up by the Ministry to undertake and develop NCFs.

    Controversy over curriculum revamp

    • The latest round of textbook rationalisation has resulted in some of the most sweeping changes in the curriculum since the NDA government came to power.
    • These changes include removing all references to the 2002 Gujarat riots, reducing content related to the Mughal era and the caste system, and dropping chapters on protests and social movements.
    • Many of these changes are seen as ‘political’, however, their earlier introduction into curriculum was also a political move.

    The furore over Mughal History

    • While some of the content on the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire has indeed been removed from the history textbook for Class 7, the Mughals have not entirely disappeared.
    • For instance, the chapter ‘The Mughal Empire’ in the Class 7 history textbook, Our Pasts – II, has undergone deletions — including a two-page table on the milestones and achievements of the reigns of the emperors Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb.
    • However, the chapter itself has not been removed.
    • Students of Class 7 will continue to learn about the Mughals, though in lesser detail.

    Significance

    • School textbooks have always been seen as playing a crucial role in shaping national narratives, and as a tool for cultivating a desired national identity.
    • NCERT textbooks are read by more than 5 crore students in 18 states around the country, who are seen by political parties as a large captive audience with impressionable minds.
    • It’s not just school students either — candidates preparing for competitive exams such as the Civil Services Examination, SSC, JEE, and NEET, also rely on these textbooks.

  • Union Cabinet gives nod to Indian Space Policy, 2023

    Central idea: The Union Cabinet has approved the Indian Space Policy, 2023.

    Indian Space Policy, 2023

    • It aims to enhance the role of the Department of Space, boost the activities of ISRO missions, and encourage participation from research, academia, startups, and industry.

    Salient features

    (1) Outlining roles and responsibilities

    • The Indian Space Policy, 2023 outlines the roles and responsibilities of various organizations in the space sector.
    • The policy includes the responsibilities of ISRO, NewSpace India Limited, and private sector entities.
    • This clarity in roles will help in the efficient functioning of the components set up in recent times.

    (2) Multistakeholder participation

    • The policy aims to boost the space sector by enhancing the role of the Department of Space and encouraging participation from research, academia, startups, and industry.
    • This will help in the development of the space segment and create more opportunities for the private sector.

    (3) Boosting ISRO Missions

    • The Indian Space Policy, 2023 aims to boost the activities of ISRO missions.
    • This will help ISRO achieve its objectives more efficiently and effectively.
    • It will also help in the development of new technologies and innovative solutions.

    (4) Involvement of Private Sector

    • The Policy, 2023 recognizes the importance of the private sector in the development of the space sector.
    • It encourages the involvement of private sector entities in various aspects of the space segment.
    • This will create more opportunities for the private sector and help in the growth of the Indian space industry.

    (5) Research and development

    • The policy aims to involve research, academia, and startups in the development of the space sector.
    • This will help in the development of new technologies, innovative solutions, and talent pool.
    • It will also help in the growth of the Indian space industry and create more opportunities for research and development in the sector.

    Conclusion

    • The Indian Space Policy, 2023 is a comprehensive policy that provides clarity in the roles and responsibilities of various organizations in the space sector.
    • The policy aims to boost the space segment, encourage private sector involvement, and involve research, academia, and startups in the development of the sector.
    • The policy will help in achieving the objectives of ISRO more efficiently and effectively, and create more opportunities for the private sector and research and development in the space sector.

     

  • Principles of Natural Justice and Proportionality

    justice

    Central idea

    • The Supreme Court lifted a broadcasting ban on a Malayalam news channel ‘MediaOne’.
    • The court blasted the government for silencing voices in the media who “speak truth to power” by branding them as “anti-establishment”.

    A quick recap of the case

    • The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MIB) has earlier refused to renew broadcast license of a Malayalam news channel.
    • The Ministry of Home Affairs had declined to grant security clearance to the channel’s promoters citing alleged links between radical groups.
    • Hence the news agency approached Kerala High Court, which upheld the ban on February 9, 2022
    • The Supreme Court granted temporary relief and allowed it to resume operations.

    Supreme Court’s ruling

    • The Supreme Court set aside earlier ban orders and upheld the channel’s appeal on two procedural grounds, namely
    1. Principles of natural justice and
    2. Proportionality

    Articles invoked in the judgment

    • The Court stated that the burden shifts on the Centre to prove that the procedure followed was reasonable and in compliance with the requirements of Articles 14 and 21 of the Constitution.
    • The Court used the standard of proportionality to test the reasonableness of the procedure in the present case and assessed the validity of public interest immunity claims based on the “structured proportionality standard”.
    • The Court found that the reasons for denying security clearance to the channel were not legitimate purposes for the restriction of the right of freedom of speech protected under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution.

    Key concepts involved

    (1) Principles of natural justice

    • The principles of natural justice are a set of procedural rules that ensure fairness and justice in administrative and legal proceedings.
    • These principles are based on the fundamental idea that everyone is entitled to a fair hearing, and they are aimed at preventing arbitrary or biased decisions by decision-makers.
    • The SC bench allowed the challenge to the MHA order and judgment of the High Court on account of the principles of natural justice constitutionalized by its judgment in its 1978 ruling in “Maneka Gandhi vs Union of India”
    • Actions which violate procedural guarantees can be struck down even if non-compliance does not prejudice the outcome of the case.

    (2) Proportionality

    • The principle requires that the decision or action must be proportionate to the objective it seeks to achieve.
    • In other words, the means employed to achieve the objective must be no more than necessary to achieve it, and the harm caused by the decision or action must not be excessive in relation to the benefit gained.
    • The validity of the claim of involvement of national security considerations must be assessed on the test of whether there is material to conclude that the non-disclosure of information is in the interest of national security.
    • Courts can assess the validity of public interest immunity claims based on the “structured proportionality standard”, said the SC.
    • The SC observed that sealed cover proceedings infringe the principles natural justice and open justice.

    Conclusion

    • The Court’s ruling has been welcomed by media organizations and civil society groups as a victory for freedom of speech and expression
    • The Court observed that the duty to act fairly derived from common law is not exhaustively defined in a set of concrete principles, and the concept of natural justice “cannot be put into a ‘straitjacket formula’.
    • The ruling has been hailed as a victory for freedom of speech and expression, and a blow to attempts to stifle dissent and critical voices in the media.

  • Artform in news: Bidri Crafts

    bidri

    Bidri craft artist from Karnataka Shah Rasheed Ahmed Quadri has been conferred with the prestigious Padma Shri Award.

    Bidri Crafts

    • Bidri ware is a traditional form of handicraft that originated in Bidar, Karnataka.
    • It involves the crafting of metal wares using a unique technique that incorporates zinc and copper.

    Its history

    • Bidri ware has a long history that can be traced back to the 14th century.
    • It was introduced to Bidar by Persian artisans during the reign of the Bahmani Sultans.
    • The craft flourished under the patronage of the Mughal emperors, and it became a symbol of wealth and status.

    Crafting process

    • The process of making Bidri ware involves several stages. First, a mould is made of the object to be crafted.
    • Next, the object is cast in an alloy of zinc and copper.
    • The cast object is then filed and polished to remove any rough edges.
    • The design is then etched onto the surface of the object using a sharp chisel.
    • The etched areas are then filled with a blackened paste made from a mixture of copper sulphate and mud.
    • Finally, the object is polished again to remove any excess paste and to create a smooth finish.

    Designs and motifs

    • Bidriware is known for its intricate designs and motifs, which are often inspired by nature, Islamic art, and Persian calligraphy.
    • Common motifs include flowers, leaves, and geometric patterns.
    • Many pieces also feature verses from the Quran or other Islamic texts.

    Recognition and awards

    • Bidri ware has received several awards and recognition for its craftsmanship and cultural significance.
    • In 2006, it was awarded the Geographical Indication status by the Indian government, which recognizes its unique origin and traditional crafting techniques.
    • Bidriware has also been recognized by UNESCO as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

     

     

     

  • Coastal Aquaculture Authority (Amendment) Bill, 2023

    aqua

    The Coastal Aquaculture Authority (Amendment) Bill 2023 was introduced in the Lok Sabha.

    What is Aquaculture?

    • Aquaculture essentially means, breeding, raising, and harvesting fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants.
    • In a nutshell, it’s farming in water.
    • Saline water along the coast has been found to be suitable for practising aquaculture which produces shrimp, majorly.
    • If aquaculture is not practised on this land, it will be left idle and uncultivated as it is not suitable for the cultivation of crops.
    • Aquaculture can be practised on about 12 lakh hectares in the country along the coast, of which only 14% has been utilized so far.

    Key highlights of the amendment

    • Decriminalisation of certain offences: The Bill aims to decriminalize the offences under the Coastal Aquaculture Authority Act.
    • Fine-tuning operational procedures: It seeks to promote ease of doing business and to fine-tune the operational procedures of the authority.
    • Promotion of environment-friendly coastal aquaculture: The Bill also aims to promote newer forms of environment-friendly coastal aquaculture, such as cage culture, seaweed culture, marine ornamental fish culture, and pearl oyster culture.
    • Create employment opportunities: These newer forms of coastal aquaculture have the potential to create additional employment opportunities.
    • Prevention of use of harmful substances in coastal aquaculture: The Bill also includes a provision to prevent the use of antibiotics and pharmacologically active substances that are harmful to human health in coastal aquaculture.

    About the Coastal Aquaculture Act

    • This Act was enacted in the year 2005 for the establishment an authority to regulate activities in this sector.
    • It is a parliamentary act that establishes the Coastal Aquaculture Authority (CAA) for the regulation and registration of coastal aquaculture farms in India.

    Overview

    • The CAA Act, of 2005 mandates the Central Government to take measures to regulate coastal aquaculture and ensure that it does not cause any harm to the coastal environment.
    • The guidelines prescribed by the government aim to promote responsible coastal aquaculture practices that protect the livelihood of various coastal communities.

    Key features

    • The CAA Act, 2005 provides for the establishment of the Coastal Aquaculture Authority to regulate the activities related to coastal aquaculture.
    • The Central Government is responsible for prescribing guidelines to regulate coastal aquaculture activities and ensure responsible practices.
    • The guidelines aim to protect the livelihood of coastal communities and prevent any harm to the coastal environment.
    • The Act also mandates the registration of coastal aquaculture farms to ensure their compliance with the guidelines.
    • The CAA is a strong force in enforcing the regulations and registration of coastal aquaculture farms in India.

    Significance

    • The Coastal Aquaculture Authority Act, of 2005 is significant in promoting responsible coastal aquaculture practices and protecting the livelihood of coastal communities.
    • The act ensures that coastal aquaculture activities are regulated and registered, which helps prevent harm to the coastal environment.

  • Tribes in news: Idu Mishmis

    mishmi

    Central idea

    • The National Tiger Conservation Authority has proposed to notify Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary in Arunachal Pradesh as a tiger reserve, causing concerns among the Idu Mishmi community.
    • The Idu Mishmi community has a unique cultural relationship with the forest, particularly with tigers.
    • This article explains who the Idu Mishmis are, their relationship with the forest, the move to propose a tiger reserve, and the community’s resistance.

    Who are the Idu Mishmis?

    • The Idu Mishmi community is a sub-tribe of the larger Mishmi group, primarily living in the Mishmi Hills bordering Tibet in Arunachal Pradesh.
    • The tribe has strong ties with the flora and fauna of the region, particularly tigers, which are considered their “elder brothers” in their mythology.
    • Despite traditional hunting practices, the tribe follows a belief system of myths and taboos that restrict them from hunting many animals, including a complete prohibition on killing tigers.
    • This belief system has led to a unique model of wildlife conservation, according to anthropologists and researchers.

    Overturning Dibang WLS into Tiger Reserve

    • Plans to declare Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary as a tiger reserve have been ongoing for a while now.
    • The sanctuary, home to rare Mishmi takin, musk deer, goral, clouded leopards, snow leopards, and tigers, was notified in 1998.
    • The Wildlife Institute of India carried out a survey in 2014 to determine the presence of tigers in the area based on photographic evidence via camera trapping.
    • The study recorded the presence of tigers in the highest reaches of the Mishmi Hills, forming the basis of the proposal to declare the sanctuary as a tiger reserve.

    Why are the Idu Mishmis resisting the move?

    • The community’s access to the Dibang forests has not been impacted as a wildlife sanctuary, but many believe a tiger reserve would increasingly restrict access.
    • The upgrade to a tiger reserve would feature stricter security measures, such as a ‘Special Tiger Protection Force,’ which would hinder the community’s access to their forest lands.
    • The community has declared part of its forest land as a ‘Community Conserved Area,’ governed entirely by local populations, where they ban hunting, felling trees, and implement other conservation measures.
    • The community alleges that the Dibang WLS was created without their consent or knowledge.

    Back2Basics: Mishmi Tribe

    Information
    Name and Location Mishmi people, an indigenous group living in the northeastern Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam, as well as parts of Tibet and Myanmar
    Subgroups Idu Mishmi, Digaru Mishmi, and Miju Mishmi
    Migration and Language Believed to have migrated from the Mongoloid race, their languages belong to the Tibeto-Burman family
    History Rich and complex history dating back several centuries, involved in conflicts with neighboring tribes and states, affected by British colonialism and creation of McMahon Line, played important role in Sino-Indian War
    Culture Rich cultural heritage and traditional knowledge, unique customs and practices related to birth, marriage, and death, known for craftsmanship skills in weaving, woodcarving, and metalwork, rich mythology
    Religion Primarily animists, believe in spirits in nature, worship ancestors and spirits of forests and mountains, rich tradition of shamanism
    Livelihoods Primarily agriculturists, with rice as staple crop, engage in animal husbandry, fishing, beekeeping is an important source of income, hunting restricted
    Challenges Struggling to protect ancestral lands from outsiders, culture and way of life threatened by modernization and globalization, vulnerable to effects of climate change

     

     

  • What is Dhawan II Engine?

     

    dhawan

    In Telangana, private space vehicle company Skyroot Aerospace has test-fired its 3D-printed Dhawan II engine.

    Dhawan II Engine

    • The Dhawan II engine is a cryogenic engine developed by Skyroot Aerospace for use as the upper stage of the updated version of their Vikram II rocket.
    • The engine was recently test-fired for a duration of 200 seconds and demonstrated impressive performance results.
    • Cryogenic engines use extremely cold liquid propellants, which can provide greater thrust and enhance the payload-carrying capacity of a rocket.
    • The engine was developed using advanced technologies like 3D printing and green propellants.
    • Its successful testing marks a significant milestone for Skyroot Aerospace in their efforts to become the first private launcher from South Asia.

    Stipulated use

    • The Dhawan II engine will be used as the upper stage of the updated version Vikram-2.
    • Using a cryogenic upper stage instead of a solid fuel stage enhances the payload carrying capacity of a rocket.
    • The updated Vikram II rocket is scheduled to become launch-ready by next year, making Skyroot the first private launcher from South Asia.

    Skyroot’s other sub-orbital and orbital flights

    • Skyroot carried out its first sub-orbital flight in November 2021, using a single-stage solid fuel Vikram S rocket.
    • The company plans to carry out its first orbital flight by the end of this year using the updated Vikram II rocket.
    • The Vikram-1 rocket, the first in the series of rockets being developed by Skyroot, will use three solid-fuel stages to take satellites to orbit.

    Impressive performance results and advanced technologies

    • The endurance test of Dhawan-II demonstrated impressive performance results.
    • The company is proud to be at the forefront of developing cutting-edge cryogenic technologies in the private space sector of India.

     

  • What are Performer’s Rights?

    Central idea

    • This article discusses a recent case involving Bollywood actor and producer, in which the Bombay High Court ruled that sales tax cannot be levied on the transfer of copyright.
    • The ruling has implications for the entertainment industry, particularly in terms of taxation and copyright protection as well as performer’s rights.

    What are Performer’s Rights?

    • It refer to the legal rights granted to performing artists or performers in relation to their performances.
    • These rights generally include the right to control and protect their performances from unauthorized use, reproduction, distribution, and public performance.
    • Performer’s rights may include the right to control the following:
    1. Recording: Performers have the right to prevent others from recording their live performances without their consent.
    2. Broadcasting and Communication to the Public: Performers have the right to control the broadcasting, communication, and distribution of their performances to the public, including radio, television, and online streaming platforms.
    3. Reproduction: Performers have the right to control the reproduction of their performances in any media format.
    4. Adaptation: Performers have the right to control the adaptation of their performances into other forms, such as musicals or films.
    5. Attribution: Performers have the right to be identified as the performers of their works, and to prevent others from falsely claiming authorship of their performances.

    Legal protection of performer’s right

    Legal protection of performers’ rights has evolved over time through international treaties and national laws.

    • The Rome Convention in 1961 was the first significant development in the protection of performers’ rights.
    • Performers’ rights are protected under various international treaties such as the Rome Convention and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty.
    • In 1996, WIPO Performance and Phonogram Treaty (WPPT) recognized the moral rights of performers for the first time in any international treaty.
    • In India, performer rights were recognized under the Copyright Act of 1957 in 1994.
    • The Copyright Act is in conformity with the WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT), both concluded in 1996.
    • The protection of performers’ rights in India lasts for 50 years from the end of the year in which the performance was fixed or took place.

  • Places in news: Nathu La

    nathu la

    Several people have been killed and many others are feared trapped under snow after a massive avalanche near Sikkim’s Nathu La Mountain pass.

    Nathu La Pass

    Location Sikkim, on the border between India and China
    Altitude 4,310 meters (14,140 ft)
    Importance Historical Silk Route
    Trade Reopened in 2006 for border trade between India and China
    Restrictions Only for Indian and Chinese nationals with a valid visa
    Connectivity Connects the Indian state of Sikkim with the Tibet Autonomous Region of China
    Military importance Strategic importance in the Sino-Indian War of 1962
    Tourism Restricted due to the sensitive nature of the region
    Weather Harsh and unpredictable, with heavy snowfall in winter months
    Border dispute The pass was closed by China after the 1962 war and was reopened only after the Chinese president visited India in 2003.

     

    How has it been at the centre stage of India-China disputes?

    • Sino-Indian War: In 1962, Nathu La pass was a battleground between the Indian and Chinese armies during the Sino-Indian War. The conflict resulted in casualties on both sides, with China ultimately capturing the pass.
    • Skirmishes in 1967: In 1967, there were several minor skirmishes between the Indian and Chinese armies near Nathu La pass. The conflict was resolved through diplomatic negotiations.
    • Standoff in 2017: In 2017, there was a 73-day-long standoff between the Indian and Chinese armies near the Doklam plateau, which is close to Nathu La pass. The dispute was over the construction of a road by China in the disputed area. The standoff ended with both sides agreeing to disengage.

  • GI art in news: Basohli Paintings

    basohli

    The famous Basohli Painting, known for its miniature art style from Kathua district, has received the Geographical Indication (GI) Tag.

    Basohli Paintings

    • Basohli Paintings are a form of miniature paintings that originated in the town of Basohli in the Kathua district of Jammu and Kashmir.
    • They are known for their vibrant color, intricate details, and depictions of Hindu mythology and legends.
    • Basohli Paintings date back to the 17th and 18th centuries and are considered to be the earliest examples of Pahari paintings.

    Key features 

    Description
    Miniature art Known for their miniature art style, characterized by intricate and detailed work
    Bold and vibrant color Made from natural dyes and pigments
    Depiction of Hindu mythology Life of Lord Krishna and stories from the Ramayana and Mahabharata
    Elaborate compositions Multiple figures and scenes depicted in a single painting
    Fine detailing Intricate patterns and designs that are often difficult to replicate
    Gold and silver accents Such accents add to their ornate and intricate appearance

     

    Other GI products from J&K

    • The UT of Jammu and Kashmir has included 33 products on the list that have received the GI tag on 31 March 2023.
    • The products that received the GI tags include Basohli Pashmina Woolen Products (Kathua), Chikri Wood Craft (Rajouri), Bhaderwah Rajma (Doda), Mushkbudji Rice (Anantnag), Kaladi (Udhampur), Sulai Honey (Ramban), Anardana (Ramban), and Ladakh Wood Carving (Ladakh).

    Back2Basics: Geographical Indication (GI)

    • A GI is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation that are due to that origin.
    • Nodal Agency: Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry
    • India, as a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), enacted the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 w.e.f. September 2003.
    • GIs have been defined under Article 22 (1) of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement.
    • The tag stands valid for 10 years.