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GS Paper: GS1

  • 13th January 2022| Daily Answer Writing Enhancement(AWE)

    Topics for Today’s questions:

    GS-1    Urbanization, their problems and their remedies

    GS-2    Constitution of India—historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure; Representation of People’s Act

    GS-3    Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.

    GS-4    Case Studies

    Question 1)

     

    Q.1 Whereas the UN Habitat report calls cities “the highest pinnacles of human creation”, the moot question is what form the cities of developing world should take. In context of this statement, examine the contending strategies of urbanisation, with respect to India. (15 Marks)

     

    Question 2)

    Q.2 What is the procedure for the selection of election commissioners and issues with it? Suggest the way forward. (10 Marks)

    Question 3)

    Q.3 The demographic dividend is available for a period of time, ‘the window of demographic opportunity’ and India is in the middle of a demographic transition. In the context of this, suggest the policy changes India need to reap the dividend. (10 Marks)

    Question 4)  

    Q.4 Regulation and procedure of human clinical trials vary from nation to nation. Stem cell research, as an emerging biomedical field, requires approval for human trials and encounters multiple challenges. You are the head of a team of scientists who developed a new Tissue Engineering system, which appears to be a promising means of regenerating heart tissue. Trials of the system have already been conducted on animals and yielded good results. Millions of people suffering from critical heart diseases would benefit immensely if this medication is immediately made available to them. However, you need to conduct human clinical trials before it could be commercialized. It is also known that the stringent regulatory environment in the country will mean that human trials and final approval will take many years before it is made commercially available. On the other hand, regulation of clinical trials in many poor countries is weak and quick approval is possible. Many of your competitors also resort to human trials in these countries, often bribing the officials for getting quick approvals. Given this situation, answer the following questions: (a) Identify the ethical issues which arise during clinical trials. (b) Given the above situation, would you prefer to shift human trials to a third country where regulations are lax? Give reasons in support of your choice. (c) Suggest a framework of standard procedure to minimize ethical conflicts and speedup the approval process of new medicines. (20 Marks)

     

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  • [pib] Harvest Festivals in India

    The President has greeted the people of India on the occasion of Makar Sankranti and Pongal festivals.

    Makar Sankranti

    • Makar Sankranti or Uttarayan or Maghi or simply Sankranti is considered as the transition day of Sun into the Capricorn.
    • Now the sun moves northwards in the Hindu calendar.
    • Dedicated to the deity Surya, many native festivals are organized all over India.
    • It mostly falls at the end of Kharif harvests.

    Statewise festivals celebration

    • Pongal: In South India and particularly in Tamil Nadu, it’s the festival of Pongal which is being celebrated over 4 days at harvest time.
    • Lohri: It is celebrated in North India particularly in Punjab as a traditional winter folk festival or as a popular harvest festival of farmers.
    • Bhogi: In Andhra Pradesh, it is celebrated as a four day festival with a bonfire with logs of wood, other solid-fuels, and wooden furniture at home that are no longer useful.
    • Magha Bihu: In Assam and many parts of the North East, the festival of Magha Bihu is celebrated. It sees the first harvest of the season being offered to the gods along with prayers for peace and prosperity.
    • Uttarayan: Gujarat celebrates it in the form of the convivial kite festival of Uttarayan.
    • Saaji: In Shimla District of Himachal Pradesh, Makara Sankranti is known as Magha Saaji. Saaji is the Pahari word for Sankranti, start of the new month. Hence this day marks the start of the month of Magha.

    Try this question from our AWE initiative:

    Do we have cultural pockets of small India all over the nation? Elaborate with examples. (15 Marks)

     

     

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  • 12th January 2022| Daily Answer Writing Enhancement(AWE)

    Topics for Today’s questions:

    GS-1   Population and associated issues, poverty, and developmental issues

    GS-2    Constitution of India—historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure; Representation of People’s Act

    GS-3    Indian Economy

    GS-4    Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration: Accountability and ethical governance; strengthening of ethical and moral values in governance; ethical issues in international relations and funding; corporate governance.

    Question 1)

     

    Q.1 Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve them in India in detail. (15 Marks)

     

    Question 2)

    Q.2 What are the challenges in curbing hate speech? Suggest the way forward. (10 Marks)

    Question 3)

    Q.3 Tax reform introduced in the form of the GST is still in transition. What are the challenges in the implementation of GST? Suggest the necessary changes. (10 Marks)

    Question 4)  

    Q.4 As an international organisation committed to global peace, has the UN been able to ensure international peace? Illustrate. (10 Marks)

     

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  • 11th January 2022| Daily Answer Writing Enhancement(AWE)

    Topics for Today’s questions:

    GS-1    Role of women and women’s organization

    GS-2    Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting  India’s interests.

    GS-3    Indian Economy

    GS-4    Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration: laws, rules, regulations and conscience as sources of ethical guidance

    Question 1)

     

    Q.1 Examine the role of ‘Gig Economy’ in the process of empowerment of women in India.(10 Marks)

     

    Question 2)

    Q.2 Examine the factors that explain the increased prominence of the Central Asian region for India. What are the challenges India faces as it seeks to increase its engagement with the region? (10 Marks)

    Question 3)

    Q.3 India is one of the most frequent respondent-states globally in terms of investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) claims. In the context of this, examine the reasons for such frequent disputes and suggest the way forward. (10 Marks)

    Question 4)  

    Q.4 Should impartial and being non-partisan be considered as indispensable qualities to make a successful civil servant? Discuss with illustrations. (10 Marks)

     

    HOW TO ATTEMPT ANSWERS IN DAILY ANSWER WRITING ENHANCEMENT(AWE)?

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    6. If you upload the answer on the same day like the answer of 11th  October is uploaded on 11th October then your answer will be checked within 72 hours. Also, reviews will be in the order of submission- First come first serve basis

    7. If you are writing answers late, for example, 11th October is uploaded on 13th October, then these answers will be evaluated as per the mentor’s schedule.

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  • Places in news: Darvaza Gas Crater

    Turkmenistan President has ordered experts to find a way to extinguish a fire in a huge natural gas crater, the Darvaza gas crater also known as the ‘Gateway to Hell’.

    Darvaza Gas Crater

    • Located in the Karakum desert, 260 kilometres away from Turkmenistan’s capital, Ashgabat, the crater has been burning for the last 50 years.
    • The crater is 69 metres wide and 30 metres deep.
    • While the details of the origin of the crater are contested but it has been said that the crater was created in 1971 during a Soviet drilling operation.
    • In 1971, Soviet geologists were drilling for oil in the Karakum desert when they hit a pocket of natural gas by mistake, which caused the earth to collapse and ended up forming three huge sinkholes.

    Why is it flamed?

    • This pocket of natural gas contained methane, hence to stop that methane from leaking into the atmosphere, the scientists lit it with fire, assuming the gas present in the pit would burn out within a few weeks.
    • The scientists seemed to have misjudged the amount of gas present in the pit, because the crater has been on fire for five decades now.

    A popular tourist attraction

    • The crater has become a significant tourist attraction in Turkmenistan.
    • In 2018, the country’s president officially renamed it as the “Shining of Karakum”.

    Why did Turkmenistan order to extinguish it?

    • Calling it a human-made crater, it has negative effects on both environment and the health of the people living nearby.
    • It also ends up losing valuable natural resources for which could fetch significant profits.

    How harmful are methane leaks?

    • Methane is the primary contributor to the formation of ground-level ozone, a hazardous air pollutant and greenhouse gas, exposure to which causes 1 million premature deaths every year.
    • Methane is also a powerful greenhouse gas. Over a 20-year period, it is 80 times more potent at warming than carbon dioxide.

    Back2Basics: TAPI Gas Pipeline

    • The Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India (TAPI) Pipeline is a natural gas pipeline being developed with the participation of the Asian Development Bank.
    • It will be a 1,814km trans-country natural gas pipeline running across four countries.
    • It will transport natural gas from the Galkynysh Gas Field in Turkmenistan through Afghanistan into Pakistan and then to India.
    • The plan for the TAPI project was originally conceived in the 1990s to generate revenue from Turkmenistan’s gas reserves by exporting natural gas via Afghanistan to Pakistan and India.
    • Construction on the project started in Turkmenistan on 13 December 2015, work on the Afghan section began in February 2018, and work on the Pakistani section was planned to commence in December 2018.
    • Presently, the construction work has been stalled due to terror activities of Taliban in Afghanistan since few years.

     

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  • 10th January 2022| Daily Answer Writing Enhancement(AWE)

    Topics for Today’s questions:

    GS-1     Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India

    GS-2    Appointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions and responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies.

    GS-3    Indian Economy

    GS-4    Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration: Status and problems; ethical concerns and dilemmas in government and private institutions

    Question 1)

     

    Q.1 Bring out the reasons behind growing mental health related issues in India. Also, suggest some steps which can be further taken by India in this regard. (10 Marks)

     

    Question 2)

    Q.2 The relationship between the Governor and Chief Minister has, even at the best of times, not been absolutely simple and tension free. What are the factors responsible for confrontation? Suggest the way forward. (10 Marks)

    Question 3)

    Q.3 The Indian economy is expected to expand at 9.2 per cent in 2021-22 as per the first advance estimate (FAE). What does the GDP data tell us about the state of the economy that could influence budget priorities for FY 22-23? (10 Marks)

    Question 4)  

    Q.4 Administration discretion can be a blessing if used correctly, however its misuse can prove to be a curse. Discuss with examples. (10 Marks)

     

    HOW TO ATTEMPT ANSWERS IN DAILY ANSWER WRITING ENHANCEMENT(AWE)?

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  • Punishing Online Abusers of Women

    Taking cognizance of multiple complaints that photographs of women had been posted on a mobile app (with a very informal slang name) for fake auctions, the police in Delhi and Mumbai have registered cases.

    What is the controversy?

    • Hundreds of women in India including journalists, social workers, and other prominent personalities found their images and derogatory content about them on a new app.
    • The app was created on hosting platform Github, offered an online “auction” of women (esp from a particular community).
    • This controversy is part of the routine harassment women faced on social media in an increasingly polarized communal environment.

    Online Abuse of Women

    • Online abuse includes a diversity of tactics and malicious behaviors ranging from:
    1. Sharing embarrassing and cruel content about a person to impersonation
    2. Stalking and electronic surveillance
    3. Nonconsensual use of photography
    4. Violent threats and hate speech
    5. Defamation
    6. Flaming- use of vitriolic and hostile messages including threats, insults
    7. Trolling
    • The online harassment of women, sometimes called Cybersexism or cybermisogyny, is specifically gendered abuse targeted at women and girls online.
    • It incorporates sexism, racism and religious prejudice.

    Recent controversy: A critical case of abuse

    • The app is clearly an example of online trolling where the dignity and modesty of a woman is highly downgraded.
    • This has not been the very first time. Earlier, no arrests were ever made showing Police inaction.
    • The authorities were using the Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (MLAT) to obtain information about the creators of such apps from California-based GitHub.

    Legal provisions against such Crimes

    For making arrests, the police have invoked Sections 153A, 153B, 295A, 354D, 500 and 509 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and Section 67 of the Information Technology Act.

    • Section 153A pertains to the offence of promoting enmity between different groups on grounds of religion, etc., and doing acts prejudicial to the maintenance of harmony
    • Section 153B relates to imputations, assertions prejudicial to national-integration
    • Section 295A provides punishment for deliberate and malicious acts intended to outrage religious feelings
    • Section 354D provides that any man who monitors the use by a woman of the internet, email or any other form of electronic communication with malintent, commits the offence of stalking.
    • Section 500 defines the punishment for defamation
    • Section 509 addresses the offence of word, gesture or act intended insulting the modesty of a woman
    • Section 67 of the IT Act lays down the punishment for publishing or transmitting obscene material in electronic form

    Penalty for such crime

    • The first conviction attracts imprisonment up to three years and fine up to ₹5 lakh and the second or subsequent conviction may lead to imprisonment up to five years and fine that may extend to ₹10 lakh.

    What are the other provisions related to cybercrimes?

    • Section 66E of the IT Act prescribes punishment for violation of privacy.
    • Also, sections 354A (sexual harassment and punishment for sexual harassment) and 354C (voyeurism) of the IPC were introduced along with sections 354B and 354D in 2013.
    • These may also be applied in conjunction with the relevant IT Act provisions, based on the nature of the offence.

    What are the responsibilities of intermediaries like social media platforms?

    • As of now, the intermediaries are not liable for any third-party data or communication link hosted or stored by them.
    • They are required to retain the requisite data for duration as prescribed by the Government and supply the same to the authorities concerned, as and when sought.
    • Any contravention attracts punishment as prescribed under the IT Act.

    Additional steps been taken

    • The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology notified the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021.
    • Its provision —“Due diligence by intermediaries and grievance redressal mechanism” —requires them to inform their users not to host, display, upload, modify, publish, transmit, store, update or share any illegal information.
    • They include contents that are defamatory, obscene, pornographic, paedophilic, invasive of another’s privacy, insulting or harassing on the basis of gender, libellous, racially or ethnically objectionable, etc.
    • The intermediaries, on the direction of the court or appropriate government agency, are prohibited from hosting, storing or publishing any information declared unlawful.
    • Within 24 hours from the receipt of a complaint from, or on behalf of, an individual about any offensive content, they are required to take all reasonable and practicable measures to remove or disable access to it.

    Way forward

    • The government can take action beyond passing and enforcing platform regulations.
    • It can promote digital education to recognize and report inappropriate online conduct and to communicate respectfully online.
    • Social media companies have the primary responsibility to prevent the amplification of online abuse and disinformation.

    Conclusion

    • Gender-based harassment is marked by the intent of the harasser to denigrate the target on the basis of sex.
    • But this proliferation of online harassment of women has now incorporated religious polarization.
    • This is very harmful for the existing communal harmony of the nation in the long run.

     

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  • Veer Baal Diwas to be observed on December 26

    Prime Minister has declared that December 26 shall henceforth be marked as Veer Baal Diwas to pay homage to the courage of the Sahibzades, four sons of Guru Gobind Singh, the last Sikh guru.

    What is the legend of Sahibzades?

    • The word “Sahibzada” means “son” in Punjabi and is a term commonly used to refer to the 4 sons of Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh Guru.
    • The week of 21 to 27 December is celebrated as the Sacrificial Week in memory of the four Sahibzadas who made sacrifices for the protection of Sikhism and Hinduism.
    • Sahibzada Ajit Singh, Jujhar Singh, Zorawar Singh and Fateh Singh got martyrdom while saving their religious faiths against forceful conversion.

    Their martyrdom: A backgrounder story

    • After the establishment of the Khalsa Panth, Guru Gobind Singh left the fort of Sri Anandpur Sahib with his family on 20-21 December 1704 to fight the invasion by Aurgangzeb.
    • The elder sahibzade Ajit Singh, Jujhar Singh stayed with Guru ji, while the younger sons Zorawar Singh and Fateh Singh were with Mata Gujri ji.
    • Subedar Wazir Khan of Sirhind arrested the two Sahibzades subsequently and lured them for religious conversion.
    • In the end, it was announced to get them elected in the living walls.
    • The rest two sahibzades got assassinated in the battle of Chamkaur (1705).

    Implications of their martyrdom

    • When the news of this reached Guruji, he wrote a zafarnama (letter of victory) to Aurangzeb, in which he warned Aurangzeb that the Khalsa Panth was ready to destroy your empire.
    • Baba Banda Singh Bahadur took revenge for the martyrdom of Guruji’s Sahibzadas.
    • He punished Wazir Khan for his deeds in Sirhind and established Sikh hegemony over the entire area.
    • The result of this sacrifice was that later a large Sikh empire emerged under the leadership of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

    A historic event in Indian History

    • This event is an important part of Indian history and the occasion of their martyrdom is remembered and commemorated both with great vigor and sorrow.
    • The names of Sahibzades are reverently preserved and are recalled every time Ardas (prayer) of supplication is recited at a congregation or privately by an individual.

     

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  • 7th January 2022| Daily Answer Writing Enhancement(AWE)

    Topics for Today’s questions:

    GS-1    History of the world will include events from 18th century such as industrial revolution, world wars, redrawal of national boundaries, colonization, decolonization, political philosophies like communism, capitalism, socialism etc.- their forms and effect on the society

    GS-2     Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting  India’s interests.

    GS-3    Indian Economy, Money-laundering and its prevention. 

    GS-4    Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world.

    Question 1)

     

    Q.1 Explain how culmination of the Second World War resulted in decolonisation across many parts of the world. (10 Marks)

     

    Question 2)

    Q.2 How border crisis with China aggravated the political, economic and diplomatic challenges for India? What are the options with India? (10 Marks)

    Question 3)

    Q.3 What are the GLoBE rules? What are the challenges in its implementation? (10 Marks)

    Question 4)  

    Q.4 Virtue theory of ethics is one of the oldest normative traditions in Western philosophy, having its roots in ancient Greek civilization. Discuss.(10 Marks)

     

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  • India’s first open Rock Museum in Hyderabad

    The Ministry of Science & Technology has inaugurated India’s first open rock museum displaying different types of rocks gathered from different States of ages ranging from 3.3 billion years to around 55 million years.

    Rock System in India

    Based on this complex and varied geological history, the Geological Survey of India has classified rock systems of the country into 4 major divisions:

    1. Archaean Rock System
    2. Dravidian Rock System
    3. Purana Rock System
    4. Aryan Rock System

    [I] Archaean Rock System:

    The Archaean group of rocks consists of two systems-(a) Achaean granites and gneisses, and (b) Dharwarian sedimentary:

    Archaean Gneisses and Schists (pre-2500 million years)

    • The Archean System contains the first formed rocks of the earth.
    • The rocks are primarily gneisses and granites, having no marks of fossils.
    • They often underlie the strata formed subsequently and the system is generally known as the basement complex or fundamental gneisses.
    • The Archaean rocks cover two-thirds of peninsular India. They also occur in the roots of the mountain peaks all along the Greater Himalayas, trans-Himalayan ranges of Zaskar, Ladakh and Karakoram.

    Dharwar System (2500-1800 million years ago)

    • The weathering of the Archaean rocks yielded the earliest sediments and formed the oldest sedimentary strata, the Dharwar system.
    • These are found today in metamorphic forms and do not contain fossils.
    • These rocks occur in scattered patches in parts of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, central and eastern parts of Chotanagpur plateau, Meghalaya plateau, Aravalis, Himalayan region etc

    Mineral contents:

    • They contain gneisses (which range from granite to gabbro) and schists (crystalline rocks such as mica, talc etc.).
    • These rocks have metallic and non-metallic minerals like copper, tin, graphite, lead, zinc, etc.

    [II] Dravidian Rock System:

    • This is also known as carboniferous rock system and formed during the Paleozoic era, i.e., from 600- 300 million years ago.
    • They are not much abundant in India.
    • They have plentiful fossils and beginning of coal formation can be seen in this period. The quality of carboniferous coal is high.
    • They are found in extra- Peninsular regions of the Himalayas and the Gangetic plains.

    Mineral content

    • This type of rock system comprises of limestones, shale and quartzite and Mount Everest is formed of upper Carboniferous limestones.
    • Most of the coal is not of the Carboniferous period, which is found in India.
    • The meaning of Carboniferous in geology is coal-bearing.

    [III] Purana Rock System:

    The Purana rock system has two divisions: Cuddapah system and Vindhyan system. The word ‘Purana’ was used in place of a Proterozoic era in India.

    Cuddapah Rock system:

    • They are observed in Cuddapah districts of Andhra Pradesh.
    • The non-fossiliferous clay, slates, sandstones and limestones were accumulated in the depression between two-fold mountains which is known as synclinal basins.
    • They also have a large accumulation of building purpose cement grade limestones and quartzites.
    • This type of rock contains ore of iron, cobalt, nickel, manganese etc.

    Vindhya Rock System:

    • This type of rock system is also ancient or old sedimentary rocks which are superimposed on the Archaean rock base and derived its name from Vindhya mountains.
    • The recognition of fossils is negligible, only traces of few animal and plant life were found.
    • This rock system has diamond-bearing regions from which Golconda and Panna diamond mined.

    [IV] Aryan Rock System

    The Aryan rock system in India has the following four subsystems:

    1. Gondwana rock system
    2. Jurassic Rock System
    3. Cretaceous system/ Deccan Trap
    4. Tertiary rock system

    (1) Gondwana Rock System:

    • These are found mainly in Raniganj, Jharia regions of Jharkhand, Damodar valley, Pench valley in Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh.
    • They are called so after the name of Gondwana tribe (indigenous people especially residing in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh region).
    • In this type of rock system, you found metallic minerals like iron, manganese, uranium etc. other than coal.
    • They have low carbon content as it is much younger than Carboniferous coal. These rocks have nearly 98% of India’s coal reserve.

    (2) Jurassic Rock System

    • During the latter part of Jurrasic when sea level rises as compared to land and shoreline moves towards ground or land which result in a flood. In geology, this phenomenon is called marine transgression.
    • This gives rise to a thick series of shallow-water deposits kin Rajasthan and Kutch. Between the Guntur and Rajamundry, another transgression in the east coast of Peninsula.
    • In Kuchchh, coral limestone, shales and conglomerates are found.

    (3) Deccan traps

    • These are formed by the flow of magma over the solidified rock system in layers.
    • Deccan trap gets rise due to volcanic outburst over a major area of Peninsular India from the end of Cretaceous till the beginning of Eocene.
    • The meaning of trap is “stair” or “step” in Swedish and called due to deposition of the volcanic outburst which has a flat top and steep sides.
    • It is mainly found in parts of Kuchchh, Saurashtra, Maharashtra, the Malwa plateau and Northern Karnataka and presently cover near 5 lakh sq. Km.
    • Regur, which is black soil, is formed due to the weathering of these rocks for a long time.

    (4) Tertiary rock system

    • The formation of this type of rock system occurs from 60 to 7 million years ago.
    • It is the most noteworthy period in India’s geological history as the Himalayas were born and recent form came in this period.

    Also read:

    The Geological Structure of India

     

     

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