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GS Paper: GS2

  • Digital Census and Self-enumeration through NPR Update

    Central Idea

    • The article discusses implementation of a digital Census and the option for citizens to self-enumerate through updating their National Population Register (NPR) details online.

    What is the news?

    • Census 2021, the first digital Census, will allow citizens to “self-enumerate” when it is conducted.
    • The government has not announced the date for the Census yet, and a notification from January 2, 2023, indicates that the exercise is postponed until at least September.

    What is National Population Register (NPR)?

    • The NPR is a register that records the usual residents of the country.
    • It is prepared at various levels, including local, sub-district, district, state, and national.
    • The creation of the NPR is governed by the provisions of the Citizenship Act 1955 and the Citizenship (Registration of Citizens and issue of National Identity Cards) Rules, 2003.
    • It is mandatory for every usual resident of India to register in the NPR.
    • A usual resident is defined as a person who has resided in a local area for the past 6 months or more, or a person intending to reside for next 6 months or more.

    Differences between NPR and Census

    • The census involves a detailed questionnaire, collecting information such as age, sex, marital status, occupation, religion, and more.
    • The NPR collects basic demographic data and biometric particulars.
    • The census is governed by the Census Act, 1948, while the NPR operates under a set of rules framed under the Citizenship Act, 1955.

    Stipulated process for self-enumeration

    • Self-enumeration for the Census will be available only to households that have updated their NPR details online.
    • The Office of the Registrar General of India (ORGI), responsible for the Census, has developed a web-based “self-enumeration (SE)” portal, presently available in English.
    • The mobile-friendly portal, yet to be launched, will allow users to register their mobile numbers in the NPR database, self-enumerate, and fill in Houselisting Operations details.
    • During self-enumeration, the collection of Aadhaar or mobile numbers is mandatory.

    How are NPR and NRC related?

    • According to the Citizenship Rules 2003, the NPR is the initial step in compiling the National Register of Indian Citizens (NRIC/NRC).
    • The NPR was updated in 2015, but new questions were added as part of a trial exercise involving 30 lakh respondents in September 2019.
    • The exercise is seen as a step towards the compilation of the National Register of Indian Citizens (NRC) as per the Citizenship Rules, 2003.

    What about data confidentiality?

    • While similar data is collected through the Census, individual data remains confidential under Section 15 of the Census Act, 1948.
    • Only aggregated data is released at administrative levels.
    • Data collected under the NPR are shared with states and used by the Central government for various welfare schemes at the individual level.

    Way forward

    To ensure the success of the digital Census and self-enumeration process, the government should consider the following:

    • Conduct thorough awareness campaigns to educate citizens about the self-enumeration process and its benefits.
    • Provide multi-language support on the self-enumeration portal to accommodate diverse language preferences.
    • Address concerns regarding data privacy and security to build trust among citizens.
    • Establish a robust support system to assist citizens in case of technical issues or questions during self-enumeration.
    • Regularly update and improve the self-enumeration portal based on user feedback to enhance user experience and ease of use.

     

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  • 73% projects completed under Smart Cities Mission

    Smart Cities Mission

    Central Idea

    • The Union Urban Affairs Ministry announced that significant progress has been made under the Smart Cities Mission, with more than 90% of the allocated funds being utilized and 73% of the projects already completed.

    Why discuss this?

    • The projects were supposed to be completed within five years of the selection of the city.
    • However, in 2021 the Ministry changed the deadline for all cities to June 2023, which was earlier the deadline for Shillong alone.

    What is Smart Cities Mission?

    • The Smart Cities Mission is an initiative of the Union Housing and Urban Affairs Ministry that was launched by PM on June 25, 2015.
    • Cities across the country were asked to submit proposals for projects to improve municipal services and to make their jurisdictions more liveable.
    • Between January 2016 and June 2018 (when the last city, Shillong, was chosen), the Ministry selected 100 cities for the Mission over five rounds.

    How does it work?

    • Each smart city has created a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) responsible for planning, appraising, approving, releasing funds, implementing, and managing, operating, monitoring, and evaluating development projects.
    • The SPV is led by a full-time CEO and includes nominees from the Central and State governments, as well as the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) on its Board.

    Monitoring and Reporting

    • The implementation of the SCM is overseen by an Apex Committee, led by the Secretary of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.
    • The committee utilizes the Real Time Geographical Management Information System (GMIS) to provide regular reports on project progress.

    Features of the mission

    • Smart Infrastructure: Upgrading urban systems, including transportation, water, and waste management.
    • E-Governance: Digital platforms for transparent government services and citizen engagement.
    • Smart Solutions: Integration of IoT and data analytics to optimize urban systems.
    • Sustainability: Green initiatives, renewable energy, and eco-friendly practices.
    • Social and Economic Development: Affordable housing, healthcare, and fostering entrepreneurship.
    • Data-Driven Decision Making: Utilizing data for evidence-based planning and resource allocation.

    Progress status

    (1) Funds Utilization

    • As of May 1, a total of ₹38,400 crore was released for the Smart Cities Mission.
    • Out of this amount, ₹35,261 crore has already been utilized for various projects.
    • The utilization of funds accounts for over 90% of the allocated budget.

    (2) Project Completion

    • The Smart Cities Mission encompasses approximately 7,800 projects, valued at ₹1.8 lakh crore.
    • Among these projects, more than 5,700, valued at ₹1.1 lakh crore, have been completed.
    • The remaining projects are expected to be completed by June 30, 2024.
    • Currently, only 22 out of the 100 designated cities have successfully concluded all projects under the mission.

    Conclusion

    • By emphasizing effective funds utilization and project completion, the government intends to transform cities into smarter, more sustainable, and citizen-centric urban spaces.

     

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  • In news: Krishna Water Dispute

    krishna

    Central Idea

    • The dispute over the water share of the Krishna River between Andhra Pradesh (AP) and Telangana has remained unresolved for nine years since the bifurcation of the combined state.

    About Krishna River

    Explanation
    Origin Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra
    Length Approximately 1,400 km
    States swept Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh
    Tributaries Tungabhadra, Bhima, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, Musi
    Significance Irrigation, hydropower, drinking water
    Basin Approximately 2,59,000 sq km
    Dams Srisailam, Nagarjuna Sagar, Almatti, Koyna
    Delta Forms fertile delta in Bay of Bengal

     

    What is Krishna Water Dispute?

    • The dispute dates back to the formation of AP in November 1956.
    • Before the formation of AP, a Gentlemen’s Agreement was signed in February 1956 by four senior leaders from different regions of Andhra.
    • The agreement aimed to protect Telangana’s interests and ensure equitable distribution of water resources based on global treaties.
    • However, the focus on irrigation facilities favored Andhra, which had existing systems developed by the British at the expense of drought-prone areas in Telangana.

    Resolution achieved till now

    (1) Bachawat tribunal

    • In 1969, the Bachawat Tribunal (KWDT-I) was established to settle the water share dispute among Maharashtra, Karnataka, and AP (before bifurcation).
    • The Tribunal allocated 811 tmcft (thousand million cubic feet) of dependable water to AP.
    • The water was later divided in a 512:299 tmcft ratio between Andhra and Telangana, respectively, based on the command area developed by each region.
    • The Tribunal recommended diverting water from the Tungabhadra Dam to the drought-prone Mahabubnagar area of Telangana, but this recommendation was not implemented, leading to discontent.

    (2) Water-sharing arrangement after bifurcation

    • The AP Reorganisation Act, 2014, did not mention water shares, as the KWDT-I Award was still in force and had not specified region-wise allocations.
    • In 2015, the two states agreed to an ad hoc arrangement of sharing water in a 34:66 ratio (Telangana: Andhra) during a meeting convened by the Ministry of Water Resources.
    • The arrangement was supposed to be reviewed annually.
    • The Act focused on the establishment of the Krishna River Management Board (KRMB) and the Godavari River Management Board (GRMB) for water resource management.

    Claims by each state

    • Telangana argues that it is entitled to a minimum of 70% share in the allocation of the 811 tmcft based on global practices and basin parameters.
    • Telangana highlights how AP diverts around 300 tmcft of water from within the basin, affecting drought-prone areas in Telangana.
    • AP also claims a higher share of water to protect the interests of already developed command areas.

    Centre’s position

    • The Centre convened two meetings of the Apex Council in 2016 and 2020, involving the Union Minister and Chief Ministers of Telangana and AP, but no substantial progress was made.
    • In 2020, following a suggestion by the Ministry of Jal Shakti (MoJS), Telangana withdrew its petition from the Supreme Court with the assurance that the matter would be referred to a Tribunal.
    • However, the Centre has not taken any action on the issue for over two years, while the two states continue to engage in ongoing disputes.

    Way Forward

    Considering the prolonged dispute and the failure to reach a resolution, it is crucial for all stakeholders to take proactive steps. The following measures could be considered:

    • Mediation: Appoint an independent body or mediator to facilitate negotiations between the two states and assist in finding a fair and mutually agreeable solution.
    • Scientific assessment: Conduct a comprehensive scientific assessment of the basin parameters, water requirements, and the impact of existing water utilization practices to inform the allocation of water shares.
    • Public awareness: Raise public awareness about the importance of water conservation, efficient utilization, and sustainable practices to reduce the overall demand for water resources.
    • Implementation of recommendations: Act upon the recommendations of previous tribunals and committees to ensure equitable distribution of water resources and address the grievances of both states.
    • More deliberations: Foster a spirit of cooperation and collaboration between AP and Telangana to jointly manage and sustainably utilize the Krishna River water resources for the benefit of both regions.

    It is crucial for the central government to play an active role in facilitating dialogue, providing necessary support, and expediting the resolution process to ensure a fair and just outcome for all parties involved.

     

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  • Forum for India Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC)

    pacific

    Central Idea: The third summit of Forum for India Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC) was recently held at Port Moresby in Papua New Guinea. It was attended by PM Modi.

    What is FIPIC?

    • The FIPIC is an intergovernmental forum that facilitates cooperation and dialogue between India and the Pacific island countries (PIC).
    • It was established by India in 2014 as a platform to enhance engagement and strengthen ties with the countries of the Pacific region.
    • FIPIC serves as a mechanism for mutual collaboration, addressing shared challenges, and promoting development cooperation between India and its Pacific island partners.

    Members of FIPIC:

    • FIPIC consists of 14 member-countries.
    • They are- Fiji, Cook Islands, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu.

    History of FIPIC

    • The establishment of FIPIC reflects India’s commitment to deepening its engagement with the Pacific island nations.
    • The inaugural FIPIC summit was held in November 2014 in Suva, Fiji, where India and the Pacific island countries came together to discuss bilateral and multilateral cooperation.
    • The summit marked a significant milestone in India’s efforts to strengthen relations with the Pacific island states and promote inclusive development in the region.

    Key highlights of the Summit

    (1) Imbibing perception change

    • During the FIPIC-3 summit held in Port Moresby, PM Modi emphasized the importance of recognizing the small island nations of the Pacific Ocean as “large ocean states.”
    • PM reiterated India’s commitment to supporting the development goals of the Pacific island states.

    (2) Advancing development goals

    • India expressed unwavering dedication to supporting Pacific island states in various ways.
    • Acknowledged challenges such as climate change, natural calamities, and disruptions in food and fuel supply chains.
    • India has been a reliable supplier of essential items, including vaccines, medicines, wheat, and sugar.

    (3) Voices to lead Global South

    • Prime Minister James Marape of Papua New Guinea urged India to serve as an advocate for the Global South.
    • Requested India’s representation in key global forums like the G-7 and G-20.

    Why does India need PIC?

    • Geopolitical Significance: Strengthening ties in Indo-Pacific to bolster regional influence, promote stability, and shape regional dynamics.
    • Maritime Trade Routes: Securing access to vital sea-lanes, ensuring smooth trade flow, and protecting maritime interests.
    • Resources: Expanding access to valuable resources such as minerals, hydrocarbons, and fisheries for economic growth and energy security.
    • Economic Opportunities: Exploring untapped markets, attracting investments, and fostering trade partnerships for mutual economic benefits.
    • Climate Change and Disaster Management: Collaborating on climate resilience strategies, sharing expertise in disaster management, and supporting sustainable development.
    • Diplomatic Relations: Establishing strategic alliances, enhancing multilateral cooperation, and strengthening India’s presence in the Pacific region.
    • Indian Diaspora: Supporting and engaging with the Indian diaspora, promoting cultural ties, and leveraging their contributions for bilateral cooperation and understanding.

    Conclusion

    • The FIPIC-3 summit provided a platform for India and Pacific island nations to deepen cooperation and address shared challenges.
    • India’s commitment to supporting development goals and its role as a reliable supplier underscores its dedication to the Pacific island states.
    • India’s active engagement in global forums and advocacy for the Global South aims to amplify voices and advance interests.
    • The summit signifies a strengthened partnership, fostering mutual growth and shared progress.

     

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  • What is PARAKH Program?

    Central Idea

    • The Ministry of Education has organized a workshop in New Delhi to discuss the unification of 60 school examination boards operating across different states and union territories.
    • The key component of this plan is PARAKH, the National Assessment Centre established under the National Council of Educational Research and Training.

    What is PARAKH?

    • PARAKH stands for Performance Assessment, Review, and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development.
    • It is an organization created to bring school boards from various states and union territories onto a unified platform.
    • It has been launched as part of the implementation of the National Education Policy (NEP)-2020.
    • It acts as a constituent unit of the NCERT.
    • It is tasked with holding periodic learning outcome tests like the National Achievement Survey (NAS) and State Achievement Surveys.
    • It will work on three major assessment areas: large-scale assessments, school-based assessment, and examination reforms.

    Key objectives of PARAKH

    • Uniform Norms & Guidelines: Setting comprehensive norms, standards, and guidelines for student assessment and evaluation in all recognized school boards.
    • Enhance Assessment Pattern: Encouraging school boards to adopt assessment patterns aligned with the skill requirements of the 21st century.
    • Reduce Disparity in Evaluation: Establishing uniformity across state and central boards, which currently employ different evaluation standards, resulting in significant score disparities.
    • Benchmark Assessment: Developing a benchmark assessment framework to move away from rote learning and align with the objectives of the NEP 2020.

    Outcomes of the recent workshop

    (1) Establishing Equivalence of Boards

    • The Centre is planning for the equivalence of boards to facilitate seamless transitions for students across different boards or regions.
    • The objective is to align curriculum standards, grading systems, and evaluation methodologies to enhance the credibility and recognition of certificates and grades obtained across boards.

    (2) Moving away from Rote Examination Culture

    • The workshop highlighted the need to reassess the prevailing rote examination culture in the education system.
    • There is a growing realization that holistic assessments, considering various dimensions of a student’s abilities and potential, are equally important.

    (3) Standardization and Fairness in Assessments

    • The discussion emphasized the importance of well-designed and standardized question papers to ensure fairness and consistency across schools and boards.
    • Striking a balance between formative and summative assessments was identified as a means to reduce the burden of high-stakes examinations while effectively measuring student progress.

    Conclusion

    • PARAKH’s significance lies in its potential to bring about transformative change, facilitating collaboration, and benchmarking assessments.
    • It is an important step towards creating a standardized and equitable assessment system, providing students with a fair platform to demonstrate their abilities and skills.

     

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  • C-20: Preventing the Erosion of Civil Society Independence

    C-20

    Central Idea

    • The civil society process of G-20, known as C-20, which is meant to provide a platform for independent voices and hold governments accountable, has been co-opted by the ruling party in India. Critiques argue that under the guise of civil society representation, C-20 has become a tool to further a politico-religious vision and legitimize neoliberal economic policies. This distortion of C-20 raises concerns about its credibility and ability to serve as a counter-balance to undue business influence.

    What is C-20?

    • C-20 refers to the civil society process of the Group of Twenty (G-20) summit.
    • The C-20 process provides a platform for civil society organizations to engage with G-20 member governments, discuss relevant issues, and advocate for policy changes.
    • It aims to ensure that the voices and concerns of civil society are taken into account in the decision-making processes of G-20.
    • C-20 focuses on economic, social, and cultural issues, and its participants include non-governmental organizations, grassroots movements, and other civil society actors.

    Facts for prelims

    What is U20?

    • A city diplomacy initiative called the “Urban 20” (U20) was launched in December 2017 within G20 ecosystem.
    • It was meant to collectively raise critical urban issues of G20 cities during the G20 negotiations.
    • U20 specifically focuses on climate change, sustainable development, and socio-economic issues in connection with the Sustainable Development Goals.

    What is SAI20?

    • SAI20 stands for Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) of G20 countries.
    • It is a forum where SAIs from G20 countries can engage with each other to share their experiences and expertise in auditing public policies and governance practices.
    • The group meets annually to discuss important issues related to public auditing and to develop joint initiatives to promote good governance and accountability in their respective countries.

    What are the concerns about C-20 ‘s credibility?

    • Politicization: The C-20 process in India has been co-opted by the party in power, using it as a platform to further its own politico-religious vision. This raises questions about the independence and neutrality of the civil society process.
    • Lack of diversity: The composition of C-20 has raised concerns about the overwhelming presence of members from a single religion, which goes against the principle of inclusiveness. The dominance of a particular religious group undermines the diversity and representation of civil society voices.
    • Censorship and suppression: There have been instances of censorship and attempts to control the narrative within C-20. Participants have been asked to refrain from making political statements about G-20 and C-20, limiting their ability to critically address policies and actions that may be detrimental to biodiversity and community interests.
    • Limited influence: The C-20 process, along with other engagement forums of G-20, has not been allowed to play an independent role in holding governments accountable or countering undue business influence. The influence of civil society in shaping G-20 decisions and policies remains limited.
    • Lack of transparency: The selection and decision-making processes within C-20 have been criticized for lacking transparency. The way the C-20 architecture is set up, with its Secretariat housed in a civil society organization linked to a particular political ideology, raises concerns about the independence and fairness of the process.

    Impact of using international engagement forums for political gains?

    • Undermining credibility: When international engagement forums, such as the G-20 and its civil society process, are used for political and electoral gains, it undermines their credibility and purpose. These platforms are meant for meaningful dialogue, collaboration, and decision-making on global issues, and politicizing them for short-term domestic interests erodes their legitimacy.
    • Diminishing trust and cooperation: Political exploitation of international engagement forums can lead to a breakdown of trust and cooperation among participating countries and civil society organizations. It creates an atmosphere of suspicion and undermines the spirit of mutual respect and collaboration that these forums are intended to foster.
    • Weakening global governance: The instrumentalization of international engagement forums for political gains can weaken global governance mechanisms. It hampers the ability of these forums to address pressing global challenges effectively and make informed decisions based on the common good, as decisions may be driven by narrow political considerations rather than sound policy-making.
    • Impact on international reputation: The misuse of international engagement forums can have a negative impact on a country’s international reputation. It may be seen as a breach of trust and an attempt to manipulate global platforms for domestic political purposes, damaging the country’s standing in the international community.
    • Impeding progress on global issues: When international engagement forums are exploited for political and electoral gains, the focus shifts from addressing global issues to advancing narrow domestic agendas. This can hinder progress on crucial matters such as climate change, sustainable development, poverty alleviation, and human rights, which require international collaboration and concerted efforts.
    • Alienating civil society: The politicization of international engagement forums can alienate civil society organizations and undermine their trust in the process. When civil society voices are co-opted or marginalized for political gains, it weakens their role as independent actors, reduces their influence, and stifles their ability to contribute meaningfully to global policy discussions.
    • Loss of long-term benefits: Prioritizing short-term political and electoral gains over the long-term benefits of meaningful international engagement can lead to missed opportunities for economic, social, and diplomatic advancements. It undermines the potential for constructive dialogue, knowledge sharing, and collaboration that can yield positive outcomes for the country and the global community.

    Way ahead: Addressing the concerns over C-20

    • Enhance transparency and inclusiveness: There should be greater transparency in the selection processes of C-20 members and the decision-making mechanisms. Efforts should be made to ensure diverse representation from different religions, ideologies, and sectors, fostering inclusivity and avoiding the dominance of any particular group.
    • Safeguard independence: Measures should be taken to ensure the independence of C-20 from government influence. The Secretariat and coordination should be entrusted to neutral and independent organizations or institutions that have a proven track record of upholding the principles of civil society engagement.
    • Strengthen civil society networks: Civil society organizations should strengthen their networks, collaborations, and solidarity to amplify their voices and advocate for meaningful engagement in the C-20 process. This can involve building alliances with other organizations, sharing information and resources, and collectively advocating for the principles of inclusiveness and accountability.
    • Promote critical dialogue: Open and constructive dialogue should be encouraged within C-20, allowing for diverse perspectives and critical analysis of G-20 policies and actions. Participants should have the freedom to raise concerns, offer alternative viewpoints, and contribute to the discourse without fear of censorship or reprisal.
    • Advocate for policy coherence: Civil society organizations should actively engage in advocacy and policy dialogue with both the government and international bodies like the G-20. They should highlight the need for policy coherence that integrates social, environmental, and economic dimensions, ensuring that biodiversity conservation, sustainability, and the rights of marginalized communities are prioritized.
    • Strengthen public awareness: Efforts should be made to increase public awareness about the G-20 and its civil society process, including C-20. This can involve disseminating information, organizing awareness campaigns, and facilitating public participation in discussions and decision-making processes.
    • International solidarity: Civil society organizations in India should foster collaborations and exchanges with international civil society networks and organizations working on similar issues. Sharing experiences, strategies, and best practices can strengthen the collective voice of civil society globally and exert pressure for more accountable and inclusive processes.

    Conclusion

    • The co-optation of C-20 by the ruling party in India has undermined its credibility as an independent civil society platform. Civil society organizations participating in C-20 must reflect on whether they will legitimize this distortion or challenge it, as their decisions will shape the future of this crucial platform for global dialogue and accountability.

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    Also read:

    G20: India at Urban20 (U20)

     

  • Strengthening India-Australia Relations: A Dynamic Partnership

    India-Australia

    Central Idea

    • Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s upcoming visit to Australia highlights the significance India attaches to its bilateral relationship with Australia, despite the cancellation of the Quad Summit meeting in Sydney. The transformation of this relationship over the past decade, coupled with its broad bipartisan support in Australia, demonstrates the establishment of a new chapter in India-Australia ties.

    India-Australia Relations: A Backgrounder

    • The India-Australia bilateral relationship has undergone evolution in recent years, developing along a positive track, into a friendly partnership.
    • The two nations have much in common, underpinned by shared values of a pluralistic, Westminster-style democracies, Commonwealth traditions, expanding economic engagement etc.
    • Several commonalities include strong, vibrant, secular and multicultural democracies, free press, independent judicial system and English language.

    Historical Perspective

    • The historical ties between India and Australia started immediately following European settlement in Australia from 1788.
    • All trade, to and fro from the penal colony of New South Wales was controlled by the British East India Company through Kolkata.
    • India and Australia established diplomatic relations in the pre-Independence period, with the establishment of India Trade Office in Sydney in 1941.
    • The end of the Cold War and simultaneously, India’s decision to launch major economic reforms in 1991 provided the first positive move towards development of bilateral ties.

    What is the Significance of this upcoming visit?

    • Strengthening Bilateral Relations: The visit reaffirms the commitment of both India and Australia to further strengthen their bilateral relationship. It provides an opportunity for high-level engagements, discussions, and collaborations on various issues of mutual interest.
    • Enhancing Economic Cooperation: The visit can pave the way for boosting economic cooperation between India and Australia. It provides a platform to explore new avenues for trade, investment, and technological collaboration, benefiting both economies and creating business opportunities.
    • Showcasing Commitment to the Indo-Pacific Region: Prime Minister’s visit to Australia will demonstrates the commitment of both countries to the Indo-Pacific region’s peace, stability, and development. It reinforces the role of India and Australia as significant stakeholders in the region.
    • Collaboration on Strategic and Security Issues: The visit presents an opportunity to discuss and collaborate on strategic and security issues, including maritime security, counterterrorism, cybersecurity, and defense cooperation. This will contribute to regional stability and address common security challenges.
    • Promoting People-to-People Connections: People-to-people interactions and cultural exchanges are crucial for fostering closer ties between nations. Prime Minister Modi’s visit will promote people-to-people connections, strengthen the Indian diaspora’s engagement, and enhance cultural understanding between India and Australia.

    The growing partnership between India and Australia

    • Enhanced Bilateral Engagements: The frequency of high-level visits and interactions between the leaders of India and Australia has increased, showcasing the importance both countries place on their bilateral relationship.
    • Multilateral Collaboration: India and Australia collaborate closely in various multilateral forums such as the Quad, G7, East Asia Summit, G20, and the Indian Ocean Rim Association. They address important regional issues, including maritime domain awareness, supply chain resilience, climate change, and food and energy security.
    • Strategic Cooperation: Both nations recognize the need to build secure and resilient supply chains. They focus on strategic areas such as clean energy, electric vehicles, semiconductors, aerospace, and defense, fostering collaboration and joint initiatives.
    • Space Collaboration: Space cooperation has gained prominence in the India-Australia partnership. Australia participates in India’s Gaganyaan Space Programme, and the International Space Investment grants program encourages collaboration in the space sector.
    • Educational Ties: Australia is a preferred destination for Indian students, with a large number of Indian students studying there. Efforts are being made to address challenges related to student mobility, visa backlogs, and research collaboration, strengthening educational ties between the two countries.
    • People-to-People Linkages: Cultural exchanges, diaspora connectivity, and people-to-people contacts play a crucial role in strengthening the partnership. Initiatives like the opening of a new consulate in Bengaluru and the establishment of a center for Australia-India relations in Sydney contribute to fostering cultural linkages.
    • Economic Cooperation: The focus is on expanding economic ties and trade relations. Efforts are being made to increase the current trading partnership, setting clear targets to elevate it by 2030. Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Trade Agreement discussions are underway to deepen economic cooperation.
    • Regional Stability: India and Australia, along with other Quad members, work together to ensure peace, stability, and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific region. They address regional challenges and maintain a rules-based order.
    • Counterbalance to China: The India-Australia partnership is seen as a counterweight to China’s non-rules-based approach in the region. It provides a strategic balance and promotes a free and open Indo-Pacific.

    The India-Australia partnership: Opportunities for further collaboration and growth

    • Trade and Investment: There is immense potential to expand bilateral trade and investment between India and Australia. Both countries can explore new sectors and avenues for collaboration, including technology, renewable energy, infrastructure, agriculture, healthcare, and manufacturing. Initiatives like the Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) can further facilitate trade and investment flows.
    • Innovation and Technology: India’s thriving tech ecosystem and Australia’s advanced research and development capabilities present opportunities for collaboration in innovation and technology-driven sectors. Joint research projects, technology transfer, and startup collaborations can foster mutual growth and innovation.
    • Defense and Security: The defense and security collaboration between India and Australia can be further strengthened. Opportunities exist for joint military exercises, defense equipment co-production, technology-sharing, and intelligence cooperation. Collaborative efforts can contribute to maritime security, counterterrorism, and regional stability.
    • Education and Research: The education sector offers opportunities for deeper collaboration, including student exchanges, joint research programs, and faculty exchanges. Strengthening academic ties can enhance cultural understanding and promote knowledge sharing between institutions in both countries.
    • Sustainable Development and Climate Change: Both India and Australia face significant challenges related to sustainable development and climate change. Collaborative efforts in renewable energy, climate adaptation, and environmental conservation can address common concerns and promote sustainable development practices.
    • Regional Engagement: India and Australia can leverage their partnership to enhance regional engagement and cooperation in the Indo-Pacific. By working together in multilateral forums such as the Quad, ASEAN, and the Indian Ocean Rim Association, they can promote a rules-based order, regional stability, and prosperity.
    • Health and Biotechnology: The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of collaboration in health and biotechnology. Joint research on vaccines, healthcare innovations, and disease prevention can strengthen public health systems and contribute to global health security.

    Conclusion

    • India and Australia have transcended past misperceptions and established a promising partnership that holds tremendous potential in the 21st century. As Prime Minister Menzies’ decision in 1955 remains a relic of the past, India and Australia are committed to nurturing a vibrant and enduring partnership, solidifying their place as key actors in the global arena.

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    Also read:

    What India gains from FTA with Australia?

     

  • Plight of Single-Teacher Schools: A Call for Urgent Action

    Single-Teacher Schools

    Central Idea

    • The presence of single-teacher schools in India, particularly in Jharkhand, continues to persist despite the Right to Education Act mandating a minimum of two teachers in every school. The prevalence of such schools poses significant challenges, hampering the quality of education and depriving children of their right to a proper education. The alarming situation of single-teacher schools, calls attention to recent findings, and emphasizes the need for urgent action to address this issue.

    Single-Teacher Schools

    Plight of Single-Teacher Schools in India

    • Even after 14 years since the implementation of the Right to Education Act, the proportion of single-teacher schools in India remains high at 14.7%.
    • In Jharkhand alone, nearly one-third of primary schools fall under the single-teacher category, significantly impacting the quality of education.
    • While Jharkhand is a poor performer, a few States had a similar or even higher proportion of single-teacher schools such as Andhra Pradesh (34%), Telangana (30%) and Karnataka (29%).
    • In nine of India’s 21 major States, the share of children studying in single-teacher schools was well above 10%, rising to 25% in Jharkhand.
    • A recent report titled Gloom in the Classroom sheds light on the severity of the situation in Jharkhand.
    Did you know?

    ·       The Right to Education Act states that every school must have at least two teachers.

    Reasons attributed to the presence of Single-Teacher Schools in certain states

    • Low Population Density and Scattered Settlements: In states with low population density and scattered settlements, such as Himachal Pradesh, it becomes challenging to establish multiple schools in close proximity. Limited resources and logistical difficulties make it economically unviable to have multiple teachers in such areas. As a result, single-teacher schools are often the only feasible option to provide education to children in remote locations.
    • Low Fertility Rates: States with low fertility rates, such as Himachal Pradesh and Kerala, may have a smaller number of students in schools. In these cases, single-teacher schools serve as a more efficient and cost-effective arrangement to cater to the relatively smaller student population. With fewer students, consolidating them into larger schools may not be practical or necessary.
    • Viability of Mini-Schools: In some states, single-teacher schools are a result of the viability and historical existence of mini-schools. Mini-schools were established in sparsely populated areas before the Right to Education Act came into force. Some states, like Kerala, have successfully managed to merge mini-schools, while others continue to have single-teacher schools as separate entities.
    • Staffing Challenges and Budget Constraints: State governments facing staffing challenges and budget constraints may opt for under-staffing schools in underprivileged areas, leading to the prevalence of single-teacher schools. Limited resources and difficulties in recruiting and retaining teachers, especially in remote or economically disadvantaged regions, contribute to the staffing issues.
    • Resistance to Remote Postings: Remote areas often lack basic amenities and facilities, making it challenging for teachers to adjust to such environments. Reluctance to accept postings in remote locations can lead to a shortage of teachers, resulting in single-teacher schools as a temporary solution.

    Measures to tackle the challenges associated with single-teacher schools

    • Infrastructure and Resources: Adequate investment in infrastructure, including the establishment of additional classrooms, is crucial to accommodate more teachers and reduce the burden on existing staff. Providing schools with sufficient teaching resources, such as textbooks, learning materials, and technological tools, can enhance the teaching-learning process.
    • Recruitment and Retention: State governments must prioritize the recruitment of qualified teachers, ensuring a sufficient number of professionals in underprivileged areas. Encouraging and incentivizing teachers to accept postings in remote areas can help overcome the resistance to such assignments.
    • Policy Reforms: The Right to Education Act needs to be rigorously implemented, emphasizing the requirement for a minimum of two teachers in each school. State governments should allocate adequate funds to address staffing needs and enforce compliance with the act. Policy reforms should focus on promoting equity and inclusivity, targeting marginalized communities and ensuring access to quality education for all children.
    • Community Engagement: Building awareness among parents and communities about the importance of education and the impact of single-teacher schools is crucial. Encouraging community participation in school management committees and fostering collaboration between schools, parents, and local organizations can drive collective efforts to improve the educational environment.

    Way forward: Revitalizing the Education Movement

    • It is imperative to revive the momentum for the right to education that once echoed across the nation.
    • A renewed movement is necessary to advocate for quality education, raise awareness about the persisting challenges, and hold authorities accountable for ensuring children’s right to education.
    • The recent protests in Jharkhand, which highlighted the unmet demand for quality education, serve as a reminder of the urgent need to address the plight of single-teacher schools.

    Conclusion

    • The prevalence of single-teacher schools in Jharkhand and several other states indicates a systemic failure in fulfilling the right to education. Immediate action is required to improve infrastructure, recruit qualified teachers, implement policy reforms, and foster community engagement. By prioritizing education and addressing the challenges associated with single-teacher schools, we can ensure that every child has access to quality education and the opportunity to thrive.

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  • Rasht-Astara Railway Link

    rasht

    Russia and his Iran has signed a deal to finance and build the 162 km Rasht-Astara Iranian railway, the main connection in the emerging North-South Transport Corridor.

    Rasht-Astara Railway Link

    • The Rash Astra Railway is a 162-kilometer railway connecting Rasht (Iran) and Astara (Azerbaijan) on the border.
    • It is part of the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) and will significantly diversify global traffic flows.
    • The railway will facilitate connections between Russian ports on the Baltic Sea and Iranian ports in the Indian Ocean and the Gulf.

    About INSTC

    • The INSTC is a 7,200-kilometer Multi-Mode Transit System connecting India, Iran, Azerbaijan, Russia, Central Asia, and Europe.
    • It promotes transportation cooperation among member states and includes ship, rail, and road routes.
    • Membership has expanded to include additional countries, and observer states and Baltic countries have expressed interest in joining.

    Significance of INSTC for India

    • Central Asia trade: India has invested in the Chabahar Port in Iran, which serves as a doorway for trade with Central Asian countries.
    • Extended connection: INSTC offers potential connections to the Baltic, Nordic, and Arctic regions.
    • Bypassing Pakistan: INSTC provides an alternate route for India to connect with Central Asia, bypassing obstacles in Pakistan.
    • Fastest freight: It reduces transit time by 40% and freight costs by 30% compared to the Suez Canal route.
    • Alternative to Suez: Russia claims the project could ultimately rival the Suez Canal in terms of trade flows.

    Challenges of INSTC

    • Challenges include limited financial support from major international institutions due to US sanctions on Iran.
    • Harmonization of tariffs and customs, increased private sector involvement, and improved informational connectivity are necessary for success.

    Conclusion

    • More financing, cooperation, political will, and strategic planning are required to realize the full benefits of INSTC.
    • Addressing demand deficits and enhancing informational connectivity are crucial.
    • Collaboration and the establishment of industrial parks and special economic zones can contribute to the corridor’s development and commercial value.

     

    Key terminologies

    Multi-Mode Transit System: A system that integrates multiple modes of transportation, such as ship, rail, and road, for efficient movement of goods.

    Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA): An agreement reached in 2015 between Iran and world powers regarding Iran’s nuclear program.

    Suez Canal: A major global trade route connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea.

    Chabahar Port: A port in Iran’s Sistan-Balochistan province, providing India with access to Central Asian countries.

    Baltic Countries: Countries located in the Baltic region of Northern Europe, including Latvia and Estonia.

     

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  • 25 years of Kudumbashree Scheme

    kudumbashree

    Central Idea: President Droupadi Murmu inaugurated the silver jubilee celebrations of Kudumbashree.

    What is Kudumbashree?

    • Kudumbashree is a poverty eradication and women empowerment program implemented by the State Poverty Eradication Mission (SPEM) in Kerala, India.
    • The program was established in 1997 based on recommendations from a task force appointed by the state government.
    • It was created in the context of devolving powers to the Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs) and the People’s Plan Campaign in Kerala.
    • Membership in Kudumbashree is open to all adult women, with one membership allowed per family.
    • In 2011, the Centre recognized Kudumbashree as the State Rural Livelihoods Mission (SRLM) under the National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM).

    Working mechanism

    • Kudumbashree operates through a three-tier structure:
    1. Neighbourhood Groups (NHGs),
    2. Area Development Societies (ADS), and
    3. Community Development Societies (CDS).
    • The community network was gradually expanded to cover the entire state between 2000 and 2002.

    Evolution and Contributions of Kudumbashree

    • Kudumbashree has transformed significantly over the past 25 years.
    • During the Kerala flood, Kudumbashree donated a substantial amount to the Chief Minister’s relief fund, surpassing contributions from tech giants and foundations.
    • The organization was initially conceptualized as an all-women poverty alleviation program.
    • Despite being flood victims themselves, Kudumbashree members showed resilience and contributed generously to help others.

    Role during the COVID-19 Pandemic

    • Kudumbashree played a crucial role in responding to the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic.
    • They manufactured and distributed masks and sanitisers.
    • The organization set up COVID treatment centres and worked as the nodal agency for COVID management in several local bodies.
    • ‘Janakeeya Hotels’ provided affordable meals to those in need, including those in home quarantine.

    Empowerment and Social Impact

    • Kudumbashree has empowered women and facilitated grassroots planning for employment generation, poverty alleviation, and women’s empowerment.
    • It mobilized women for community activities and increased their participation in local bodies.
    • Kudumbashree’s initiatives include micro-enterprises, agricultural projects, rural development, and compassion programs.
    • The organization has made significant strides in empowering Dalit and tribal women.

    Challenges and Future Directions

    • Critics highlight the need for Kudumbashree to evolve gender perspectives and alternative development models.
    • Despite criticism, Kudumbashree’s contribution to poverty reduction is unparalleled.
    • The organization aims to address gender-based crimes and eliminate social evils.
    • Mental and cultural empowerment are deemed crucial for overcoming the ‘gender paradox’ in Kerala.

    Conclusion

    • Kudumbashree success in reducing poverty is widely recognized.
    • Continued efforts are needed to combat gender-based crimes and challenges.
    • Kudumbashree aims to be a force for positive societal change and women’s empowerment.

     

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