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  • Interview live | UNHERD: “I took mock tests very seriously..” | Priyank Kishore, AIR 61, UPSC 2019 | Link inside

    Dear students,

    We are pleased to introduce you all to Priyank Kishore. He has secured AIR 61 in UPSC 2019 exams.

    Priyank in conversation with Shweta ma’am discussed his approach which makes him unstoppable. Make a note of the importance that Priyank gives to mock tests. He has a lot of other valuable advice for the aspirants.

    Watch the video to know more.

    Click to fill the form: Samanvaya for IAS 2021

    About Priyank Kishore:

    Priyank has graduated from Ramjas College, DU, and has done his PG from Delhi School of Economics. His optional was Commerce and Accountancy. This was his second attempt, he is currently undergoing training as an IAAS officer in Shimla. Traveling and exploring street food are some of his hobbies.

    We are proud of Priyank. As a young and dynamic officer, he is going to be an asset to the Indian administration and the country. We wish him all the very best for his future endeavors.

    Unherd Topper Talk series is a Civilsdaily’s initiative. We want to highlight what makes these toppers, their approach, and strategy different from the herd. And you will also be getting a sneak peek into the moments of their lives that are unheard of.

    Click to fill the form: Samanvaya for IAS 2021

    Want to see your name in the final list but facing issues like figuring out a successful strategy, or have no guidance, or lack discipline.

    Aspirants, be it at any stage of preparation have a number of questions like: How to start? When to start writing answers? How and from where to cover current affairs? When to start mains? and a lot more of them.

    Well, Don’t keep these questions with you. We are here for you. Let’s talk and discuss.

    Click to fill the form: Samanvaya for IAS 2021 (We’ll call you)

  • Thinking of new recovery path

    Growth and environmental protection are not the polar opposites of each other. The article analyses the issue of balancing the two and using pandemic as an opportunity to evolve novel recovery path.

    Pandemic: opportunity to new recovery path

    • The pandemic presents an opportunity for us to think of a new recovery path, one that can decouple economic growth and environmental degradation.
    • It becomes more important as India sees opportunities on the global call to diversify the supply chain and its internal call for Atmanirbhar Bharat.
    • For that, we need to strengthen our production and manufacturing capabilities.

    Issue of regulatory infrastructure

    • Monitoring and implementing environmental regulations is the biggest challenge we face.
    • Take the municipal solid waste rules.
    • Two decades after the regulations came into effect, their status not in good shape.
    • A comparatively recent regulation, centred around Extended Producer Responsibility, has also posed challenges in monitoring and implementation.
    • In a recent ruling, the judiciary not only ruled against the industry but also blamed officials responsible for implementing the regulations.

    Focus on implementation and monitoring

    •  In the long run, diluting regulatory norms will create more adverse impacts resulting in greater community upsurge.
    • The focus has to be to improve the system’s capabilities to monitor and implement regulatory requirements.
    • There needs to be greater transparency and accountability; there is no dearth of technology to facilitate this.
    • The intention and capacity to take action, rectify and diffuse is critical.
    • The right ecosystem between the industry, community and regulator is crucial.
    • If the three stakeholders remain isolated and get activated only in a crisis, we will not make any progress towards solving the issue.

    Way forward

    • We need to couple growth and environmental protection.
    • Environmental health will be the key enabler of socio-economic growth in the future.
    • Industry needs to realise that it is a part of an ecosystem and not at the centre of it.
    • Communities get impacted, either positively or negatively,  they need to empower themselves through education, so that they are not driven by the agenda of individuals with vested interests.
    • We have a challenge in implementing environmental regulations.
    • The community does not trust that the industry is meeting its compliance requirements, so, the regulatory system’s role is to improve this trust quotient.

    Conclusion

    As we plan our recovery past the pandemic, we have a good chance to create a new normal. We need to align towards a common cause and goals. We should not miss this chance.

  • GST reforms and compensation issue

    The GST compensation issue raises the need for reform in the system. The article discusses this issue and suggests reform.

    Background

    • Three years ago, the Centre and the States of the Union of India struck a grand bargain resulting in GST.
    • The States gave up their right to collect sales tax and sundry taxes, and the Centre gave up excise and services tax. 

    Issue of compensation

    • Consent of the states was secured by a promise of reimbursing any shortfall in tax revenues for a period of five years.
    • This reimbursement was to be funded by a special cess called the GST compensation cess. 
    • The promised reimbursement was to fill the gap for an assured 14% year on year tax growth for five years.

    Why is the Centre denying GST compensation

    • As the economy battles a pandemic and recession, the tax collection has dropped significantly.
    • At the same time, expenditure needs are sharply higher at the State level.
    • Using an equivalent of the Force Majeure clause in commercial contracts, the Centre is abdicating its responsibility of making up for the shortfall in 14% growth in GST revenues to the states.

    Why Central government is wrong in denying the compensation

    •  1) The States do not have recourse to multiple options that the Centre has.[like sovereign bond or a loan against public sector unit shares from the Reserve Bank of India]
    • 2) The Centre can get loans at lower rates of borrowing from the markets as compared to the States.
    • 3) In terms of aggregate public sector borrowing, it does not matter for the debt markets, nor the rating agencies, whether it is the States or the Centre that is increasing their indebtedness.
    • 4) Fighting this recession through increased fiscal stimulus is basically the job of macroeconomic stabilisation, which is the Centre’s domain.
    • 5) Using the alibi of the COVID-19 pandemic causes a serious dent in the trust built up between the Centre and States.
    • It will weaken the foundation of cooperative federalism.

    Reforms needed

    • GST is a destination-based consumption tax, which must include all goods and services with very few exceptions.
    • That widening of the tax base itself will allow us to go back to the original recommendation of a standard rate of 12%, to be fixed for at least a five-year period.
    • Some extra elbow room for the States’ revenue autonomy could be allowed by States non VATable surcharges on a small list of “sin” goods.
    • In the long term there are many changes in consumption patterns, production configurations and locations, which cannot be anticipated and hence a static concept of Revenue Neutral Rate cannot be reference.
    • The commitment to a low and stable rate is a must.
    • We must recognise the increasing importance of the third tier of government. 
    • After 28 years of the 73rd and 74th Amendments, the local governments do not have the promised transfer of funds, functions and functionaries.
    • Of the 12% GST, 10% should be equally shared between the States and the Centre, and 2% must be earmarked exclusively for the urban and rural local bodies.
    • Fresh approach also calls for an overhaul of the interstate GST and the administration of the e-way bill.

    Consider the question “Discuss the issue related to GST compensation to the States by the Central government. Suggest the measures changes in the GST regime to deal with flaws.”

    Conclusion

    GST is a crucial and long-term structural reform which can address the fiscal needs of the future, strike the right and desired balance to achieve co-operative federalism and also lead to enhanced economic growth. The current design and implementation has failed to deliver on that promise. A new grand bargain is needed.

  • (urgent) UPSC prelims 2020 Admit Cards released | Special instructions related to COVID | Direct link to download inside.

    Dear students,

    UPSC has released admit cards for Civil Services (Preliminary) examination, 2020. The exam is scheduled to be held on 4th Oct 2020.

    Click here to download your admit card.

    Do read the instructions carefully. In the wake of COVID, special instructions have been issued by UPSC.

    Special instruction related to Covid

    1. Wearing mask/face cover is mandatory for all candidates. Candidates without mask/face cover will not be allowed entry into the Venue.
    2. Candidates have been allowed to carry their hand sanitizer (small size) in a transparent bottle.
    3. Candidates must follow COVID 19 norms of ‘social distancing’ and ‘personal hygiene’ inside the exam hall and the premises of the Venue.

    Nikaalo Prelims 2.0

    Join our Civilsdaily Habitat for super revision in the last lap of your UPSC 2020 prelims preparation.

    Click here for Nikaalo Prelims 2.0

    Click to fill the form: Samanvaya for IAS 2020-21

    Aspirants, be it at any stage of preparation have a number of questions like: How to start? When to start writing answers? How and from where to cover current affairs? When to start mains? and a lot more of them.

    Well, don’t keep these questions with you. We are here for you. Let’s talk and discuss with senior mentors from Civilsdaily.

    Click to fill the form: Samanvaya for IAS 2020-21 (We’ll call you)

     

  • 1st September 2020| Daily Answer Writing Enhancement

    Important Announcement:  Topics to be covered on 2nd September-

    GS-1 Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues. 

    GS-4 Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world. 

    Question 1)

    Gigantic, strong and affluent buildings of Mughals were nothing but one of the means to get the legitimacy in India. Analyse. 10 marks

     

    Question 2)

    With citizen’s interest at core, the National Digital Health Mission aims to transform India’s health delivery landscape. In light of this, elaborate on the various principle it is based on and its building blocks. 10 marks

     

    Question 3)

    What are the issues with the World Bank’s ‘Ease of Doing Business’ Index? What are the reasons for World Bank halting its publication and why should India be concerned about it? 10 marks

     

    Question 4)  

    Why do ordinary people show negative attitude towards transgender? Examine the reasons and suggest remedies to change their attitude. 10 marks

     

     

     

    Reviews will be provided in a week. (In the order of submission- First come first serve basis). In case the answer is submitted late the review period may get extended to two weeks.

    *In case your answer is not reviewed in a week, reply to your answer saying *NOT CHECKED*. If Parth Sir’s tag is available then tag him.

    For the philosophy of AWE and payment, check  here: Click2Join

  • [Burning Issue] Fiscal Council in India: Certain solution in uncertain times

    The impact of COVID-19 on the economy is devastating and the government is forced to opt to borrow for spending more in order to support vulnerable households and engineer economic recovery due to the after-effects of COVID-19 pandemic on the economy.

    The BI highlights the need for bipartisan, independent Fiscal Council to report and analyse FRBM discrepancies and inaccurate fiscal projections.

    COVID Times: Fiscal situation and its unpredictability

    • The fiscal deficit of the Centre in 2019-20 as estimated by the Controller General of Accounts (CGA) was 4.6%, 0.8 percentage point higher than the revised estimate.
    • For 2020-21, even without any additional fiscal stimulus, the deficit is estimated at about 7% of GDP as against 3.5% estimated in the Budget due to a sharp decline in revenues.
    • The consolidated deficit of the Union and States could be as high as 12% of GDP and the overall debt could go up to 85%.

    What is the Fiscal Council?

    • A Fiscal Council is an independent fiscal institution (IFI) with a mandate to promote stable and sustainable public finances.
    • They aim to provide nonpartisan oversight of fiscal performance and/or advice and guidance — from either a positive or normative perspective — on key aspects of fiscal policy.
    • These institutions assist in calibrating sustainable fiscal policy by making an objective and scientific analysis.

    Important tasks of these IFIs: 

    1. Independent analysis, review and monitoring and evaluating of government’s fiscal policies and programmes
    2. Developing or reviewing macroeconomic and/or budgetary projections
    3. Costing of budget and policy proposals and programmes
    4. Presenting policymakers with alternative policy options

    Voices for a Fiscal Council

    • The 13th Finance Commission recommended that a committee be appointed by the Ministry of Finance which should eventually transform itself into a Fiscal Council.
    • The FC expected it to conduct an annual independent public review of FRBM compliance, including a review of the fiscal impact of policy decisions.
    • The FRBM Review Committee too made a similar recommendation underlining the need for an independent review by the Finance Ministry appointing the Council.

    Tap to read more about the FRBM Act:

    Explained: Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act

    Why need a fiscal council?

    (1) Burgeoning deficits

    • For the current year, even without any additional fiscal stimulus, the deficit is estimated at about 7% of GDP as against 3.5% estimated in the Budget due to a sharp decline in revenues.
    • The consolidated deficit of the Union and States could be as high as 12% of GDP and the overall debt could go up to 85%.
    • Thus, it is necessary that the government must return to a credible fiscal consolidation path once the crisis gets over.

    (2) Transparency issues

    • Besides large deficits and debt, there are questions of comprehensiveness, transparency and accountability in the Budgets.
    • The practice of repeated postponement of targets, timely non-settlement of bill payments and off Budget financing to show lower deficits has been common.
    • The report of the CAG of India in 2018 has highlighted various advances done to keep the liabilities hidden.

    (3) Fiscal discipline

    • Many economists have faulted the government’s fiscal stance, arguing that this is no time for restraint; the government should spend more to stimulate the economy by borrowing as may be necessary.
    • In 2017, the N.K. Singh committee on the review of fiscal rules set up by the finance ministry suggested the creation of an independent fiscal council that would provide forecasts and advise the government on whether conditions exist for deviation from the mandated fiscal rules.
    • Also in 2018, the D.K. Srivastava committee on fiscal statistics established by the National Statistical Commission (NSC) also suggested the establishment of a fiscal council.

    Fiscal Council can be a game-changer. How?

    • Watchdog of public finance: An unbiased fiscal scrutiny will help raise the level of debate and brings in greater transparency and accountability.
    • Highlights populist measures: Accurate costing of various policies and programmes can help to promote transparency over the political cycle to discourage populist shifts in fiscal policy and improve accountability.
    • Public awareness: Scientific estimates of the cost of programmes and assessment of forecasts could help in raising public awareness about their fiscal implications and make people understand the budget.
    • Rule of law maintenance: The Council will work as a conscience keeper in monitoring rule-based policies, and in raising awareness and the level of debate within and outside Parliament.

    Challenges meddling between

    1) Lack of Political Will

    • Back in 2003 when FRBM was enshrined into law, it was thought of as the magic cure for fiscal ills.
    • The FRBM enjoins the government to conform to pre-set fiscal targets, and in the event of failure to do so, to explain the reasons for deviation
    • The government is also required to submit to Parliament a ‘Fiscal Policy Strategy Statement’ (FPSS) to demonstrate the credibility of its fiscal stance
    • However, there is a lack of in-depth discussion in Parliament on fiscal stance and the submission of the FPSS often passes off without even much notice.

    2) Adding up more to the accountability of the Govt.

    • Fiscal council will give macroeconomic forecasts which the Finance Ministry is expected to use for the budget, and if the Ministry decides to differ from those estimates, it is required to explain why it has differed.
    • Besides, forcing the Finance Ministry to use someone else’s estimates will dilute its accountability.
    • If the estimates go wrong, the Finance Ministry will simply shift the blame to the fiscal council.

    3) Fiscal Bias

    • Governments that are unsure of being re-elected may ignore the long-term consequences of fiscal deficits and use generous fiscal policy to increase their chances of re-election.
    • This may be possible because voters tend to see the short term benefits they can gain from a reduction in taxes and an increase in public spending but are not always fully aware of the possible long-term costs of this.
    • This may explain why unsustainable deficits are not systematically punished by voters

    4) Duplication of Work

    • As of now, both the Central Statistics Office (CSO) and RBI give forecasts of growth and other macroeconomic variables, questions will be raised about the need for Fiscal Council’s projections
    • Another argument made in support of a fiscal council is that it will act as watchdog & prevent the government from gaming the fiscal rules through creative accounting.
    • However, there is already an institutional mechanism in form of CAG to do the job of auditing & fiscal watchdog of government spending.

    Way forward

    • When the markets fail, governments have to intervene. Whenever governments seem obstructed, it is here that we need systems and institutions to ensure checks and balances.
    • In that respect, a Fiscal Council is an important institution needed to complement the rule-based fiscal policy.

    Alternatives to the situation

    • We can expect the CAG to scrutinize the budget after it is presented to Parliament for its fiscal stance and the integrity of the numbers, and give out a public report.
    • The CAG’s office will provide the secretarial and logistic support to the committee from within its resources.

    Global examples

    • The Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) is a non-departmental public body funded by the UK Treasury, that the UK government established to provide independent economic forecasts and independent analysis of the public finances.
    • We can have a similar official watchdog at our behest!

    Conclusion

    • Of course, a fiscal council is not a ‘silver bullet’; if there is no political will, the institution would be less effective, and if there is political will, there is no need for such an institution.
    • That is also true of the FRBM Act. While we cannot state that the FRBM Act has been an unqualified success, it has also not been an abject failure either.

     

     

    References

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/india-does-need-a-fiscal-council/article32432565.ece

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/do-we-need-a-fiscal-council/article32046204.ece

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_council

  • Supply Chain Resilience Initiative (SCRI)

    With COVID-19 and trade tensions between China and the US threatening supply chains or actually causing bottlenecks, Japan has mooted the Supply Chain Resilience Initiative (SCRI) as a trilateral approach to trade, with India and Australia as the other two partners.

    Q.Discuss the efficacy of the idea of Supply Chain Resilience Initiative (SCRI) initiaited by Japan.

    What is Supply Chain Resilience (SCR)?

    • In the context of international trade, SCR is an approach that helps a country to ensure that it has diversified its supply risk across a clutch of supplying nations instead of being dependent on just one or a few.
    • Unanticipated events whether natural or man-made that disrupt supplies from a particular country or even intentional halts to trade, could adversely impact economic activity in the destination country.

    What is Japan proposing?

    • The pandemic has brought into sharp focus the assembly lines which are heavily dependent on supplies from one country.
    • While Japan exported $135 billion worth of goods to China in 2019, it also imported $169 billion worth from the world’s second-largest economy, accounting for 24% of its total imports.
    • So, any halt to supplies could potentially impair economic activity in Japan.
    • In addition, the U.S.-China trade tensions have caused alarm in Japanese trade circles for a while now.
    • If the world’s two largest economies do not resolve their differences, it could threaten globalisation as a whole and have a major impact on Japan.
    • It is heavily reliant on international trade both for markets for its exports and for supplies of a range of primary goods from oil to iron ore.

    Japan eyeing India as a partner for the SCRI

    • Japan is the fourth-largest investor in India with cumulative FDIs touching $33.5 billion in the 2000-2020 periods.
    • It accounts for 7.2% of inflows in that period, according to quasi-government agency India Invest.
    • Imports from Japan into India more than doubled over 12 years to $12.8 billion in FY19. Exports from India to the world’s third-largest economy stood at $4.9 billion that year, data from the agency showed.
    • It is a clear reflection that the two countries are unlikely to allow individual cases to cloud an otherwise long-standing and deepening trade relationship.

    Where does Australia stand?

    • Australia, Japan and India are already part of another informal grouping, the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, or the Quad, which includes the U.S.
    • Media reports indicate that China has been Australia’s largest trading partner and that it counts for 32.6% of Australia’s exports, with iron ore, coal and gas dominating the products shipped to Asia’s largest economy.
    • But relations including trade ties between the two have been deteriorating for a while now.
    • China banned beef imports from four Australian firms in May and levied import tariffs on Australian barley.

    India’s stand to gain or lose

    • Following the border tensions, partners such as Japan have sensed that India may be ready for dialogue on alternative supply chains.
    • Earlier, India would have done little to overtly antagonize China. But an internal push to suddenly cut links with China would be impractical.
    • China’s share of imports into India in 2018 stood at 14.5%. It supplies dominate segments of the Indian economy.
    • Sectors that have been impacted by supply chain issues arising out of the pandemic include pharmaceuticals, automotive parts, electronics, shipping, chemicals and textiles.
    • Over time, if India enhances self-reliance or works with exporting nations other than China, it could build resilience into the economy’s supply networks.

  • What is Carbon-14 (C14) Battery?

    A California-based company has made a self-charging battery, which can run for 28,000 years on a single charge, by trapping carbon-14 (C14) nuclear waste in artificial diamond-case.

    Try this PYQ:

    Q.The known forces of nature can be divided into four classes, viz. gravity, electromagnetism, weak nuclear force and strong nuclear force. With reference to them, which one of the following statements is not correct?

    (a) Gravity is the strongest of the four

    (b) Electromagnetism act only on particles with an electric charge

    (c) Weak nuclear force causes radioactivity

    (d) Strong nuclear force holds protons and neutrons inside the nuclear of an atom.

    What is C14?

    • Carbon-14 (14C), or radiocarbon, is a radioactive isotope of carbon with an atomic nucleus containing 6 protons and 8 neutrons.
    • There are three naturally occurring isotopes of carbon on Earth: carbon-12, which makes up 99% of all carbon on Earth; carbon-13, which makes up 1%; and carbon-14, which occurs in trace amounts.
    • Its presence in organic materials is the basis of the radiocarbon dating method pioneered by Willard Libby and colleagues (1949) to date archaeological, geological and hydrogeological samples.

    C14 battery

    • The battery works by generating electricity on its own from a shower of electrons as a result of radioactive decay scattered and deposited in the artificial diamond-case.
    • The battery can be used in electric vehicles, mobile phones, laptops, tablets, drones, watches, cameras, health monitors and even sensors.
    • It is also said to be extremely safe and tamper-proof as it is coated with a non-radioactive diamond which prevents radiation leaks.

    Best example of nuke waste recycling

    • It is estimated that 33 million cubic metres of global nuclear waste will cost over $100 billion to manage and dispose of.
    • And a lot of this waste is graphite that is one of the higher risks of radioactive waste and one of the most expensive and problematic waste to store.

    Its applications

    • The company says its battery can be used to powerhouses, and that any excess electricity generated can be sold to the grid.
    • As the new battery need not be replaced, it can be installed in hard to reach places like pacemakers and implants, where a regular change of battery is not possible.
    • Another area of use is space electronics. The battery is said to power space equipment in rockets.
    • It can power the electrical needs of space crafts, like providing power to cockpits and assisting launch into the upper atmosphere.

  • Renati Chola Era Inscription

    A rare inscription dating back to the Renati Chola era has been unearthed in a remote village of Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh.

    Try this PYQ:

    Q.In the context of the history of India, consider the following pairs:

    Term: Description

    1. Eripatti: Land revenue from which was set apart for the maintenance of the village tank
    2. Taniyurs: Villages donated to a single Brahmin or a group of Brahmins
    3. Ghatikas: Colleges generally attached to the temples

    Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

    (a) 1 and 2

    (b) 3 only

    (c) 2 and 3

    (d) 1 and 3

    Who are the Renati Cholas?

    • The Telugu Cholas of Renadu (also called as Renati Cholas) ruled over Renadu region, the present-day Kadapa district.
    • They were originally independent, later forced to the suzerainty of the Eastern Chalukyas.
    • They had the unique honour of using the Telugu language in their inscriptions belonging to the 6th and 8th centuries.
    • The earliest of this family was Nandivarman (500 AD) who claimed descent from the family of Karikala and the Kasyapa gotra.
    • He had three sons Simhavishnu, Sundarananda and Dhananjaya, all of whom were ruling different territories simultaneously.
    • The family seems to have had its origin in Erigal in the Tunmkur district, situated in the border between Pallava and Kadamba regions.

    About the inscription

    • The inscription so found was engraved on a dolomite slab and shale.
    • The inscription was written in archaic Telugu which is readable in 25 lines — the first side with eleven lines and the remaining on the other side.
    • It was assigned to the 8th Century A.D. when the region was under the rule of Chola Maharaja of Renadu.
    • The inscription seems to throw light on the record of a gift of six Marttus (a measuring unit) of land gifted to a person Sidyamayu, one of the Brahmins serving the temple at Pidukula village.
    • It says the people who safeguard this inscription for future generations will acquire the status of conducting Aswamedha Yajna and those destroying it will incur sin equivalent to causing death in Varanasi.

  • Exercise Kavkaz 2020

    India has turned down Russia’s invitation to participate in the multilateral defence exercise Kavkaz 2020.

    Go through the list for once. UPSC may ask a match the pair type question asking exercise name and countries involved.

    https://www.civilsdaily.com/prelims-spotlight-defence-exercises/

    Exercise Kavkaz 2020

    • The Kavkaz 2020 is also referred to as Caucasus-2020.
    • The exercise is aimed at assessing the ability of the armed forces to ensure military security in Russia’s southwest, where serious terrorist threats persist and preparing for the strategic command-staff drills.
    • The main training grounds that will be involved are located in the Southern Military District.
    • The invitation for participation has been extended to at least 18 countries including China, Iran, Pakistan and Turkey apart from other Central Asian Republics part of the SCO.

    Why didn’t India participate?

    • While it is learned that China has confirmed its participation, Pakistan is also likely to send its troops for the exercise.
    • In the response communicated to Russia, New Delhi cited Covid-19 as the official reason to skip ‘Exercise Kavkaz 2020’.
    • The move comes in the backdrop of a border standoff with China in eastern Ladakh.

    Earlier instances

    • Exercise Tsentr last year had the participation of India, Pakistan and all Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) member-nations.
    • India had participated in SCO peace mission exercise in 2018, and in 2019, for the first time, was involved in a strategic command and staff exercise as part of Exercise Tsentr.

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