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  • Scorching Summers: How Do Heatwaves Impact Us and What Can We Do?

    The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has warned of another year of extreme heat and above-normal heatwaves. This comes as Delhi recorded its hottest February in 74 years and Mumbai faced two heatwaves even before mid-March.

    Heatwaves in India are becoming more severe and frequent, posing serious health risks. IMD predicts a rise in maximum temperatures and more heatwaves in eastern and southern India in the coming days. India must stay prepared to handle these recurring heatwaves.

    About Heatwaves

    Heatwaves- Heat waves are prolonged periods of excessively hot weather that can cause adverse impacts on human health, the environment, and the economy.

    Definition of Heatwave- In India IMD defines heatwave based on the following criteria.

    Physiography of regions

    • Plain– The maximum temperature recorded at a station is 40 degrees Celsius or more.
    • Coast- The maximum temperature recorded at a station is 37 degrees Celsius or more.
    • Hills- The maximum temperature recorded at a station is 30 degrees Celsius or more.

    Based on Departure from Normal Temperature

    • Heat Wave- Departure from normal is 4.5°C to 6.4°C
    • Severe Heat Wave- Departure from normal is >6.4°C

    Based on Actual Maximum Temperature

    • Heat Wave- When actual maximum temperature ≥ 45°C 
    • Severe Heat Wave- When actual maximum temperature ≥47°C 

    (*Heat Wave is declared if above criteria are met in at least 2 stations in a Meteorological subdivision for at least two consecutive days.)

    Status of Heatwaves in India

    India has been affected by the Heatwaves since a long time. However, during the last few decades, due to increased instances of climate change, the impact of heat waves has also enhanced quite significantly.

    1. States like Rajasthan, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh have been affected the most by the Heatwaves.
    2. According to IMD, between 1981 and 1990 there were 413 heatwave days in India. However, the heatwave days have increased to 600 days between 2011 and 2020.
    3. The number of deaths from heat-related causes increased from 5,457 between 1981 and 1990 to 11,555 between 2011 and 2020.

    Causes of heatwaves in India

    Heatwaves in India are driven by a mix of natural and human-induced factors. Let’s break them down in simple terms:

    Natural Causes:

    1. Trapped Hot Air – Sometimes, a high-pressure system stalls over a region, acting like a lid that traps hot air near the surface. With no airflow to disperse the heat, the temperature keeps rising. (Example: The 2015 heatwave in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, which killed over 2,000 people, was worsened by a stalled high-pressure system.)
    2. El Niño & Climate Variability – Events like El Niño disrupt weather patterns, making some areas drier and hotter than usual. (Example: In 2019, an El Niño event led to higher-than-normal temperatures across India, worsening heatwaves.)
    3. Drought & Dry Land – When there’s little rain, the soil loses moisture, making it easier for the land to heat up. Dry land absorbs and retains heat more than moist soil. (Example: Rajasthan and Gujarat often face severe heatwaves due to prolonged dry spells.)
    4. Hot Winds & Shifting Patterns – Winds can carry hot air from one place to another, worsening heat conditions in areas that aren’t usually this hot. (Example: In North India, hot ‘Loo’ winds from the Thar Desert increase summer temperatures dramatically.)
    5. Geography Matters – Some areas are naturally prone to heatwaves due to their location. Landlocked valleys and cities surrounded by mountains trap heat, making the temperatures rise even more. (Example: Delhi’s location between the Thar Desert and the Himalayas makes it prone to extreme heat.)

    Human-Induced Causes:

    1. Climate Change & Global Warming – Human activities like burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial pollution have increased global temperatures, making heatwaves more frequent and severe. (Example: In the last century, India’s average temperature has risen by nearly 0.7°C, making summers hotter.)
    2. Urban Heat Island Effect – Cities filled with concrete buildings, asphalt roads, and fewer trees absorb and retain heat, making them much hotter than surrounding rural areas. (Example: Mumbai and Delhi often experience temperatures 3-5°C higher than nearby villages due to the urban heat island effect.)
    3. Deforestation & Loss of Green Cover – Trees and forests naturally cool the environment by providing shade and releasing moisture into the air. Large-scale deforestation for agriculture, urban expansion, and infrastructure projects has reduced this cooling effect, making temperatures rise.
      Example: The loss of forests in Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand for mining has led to rising local temperatures and more frequent heatwaves.
    4. Air Pollution & Heat-Trapping Gases – Industrial emissions, vehicle exhaust, and burning crop residues release greenhouse gases and pollutants that trap heat in the atmosphere, worsening global warming.
      Example: The thick smog over Delhi in summer doesn’t just cause breathing issues—it also contributes to trapping heat, making heatwaves last longer.
    5. Overuse of Air Conditioners & Cooling Systems – Ironically, while ACs cool indoor spaces, they release heat into the outside environment, increasing temperatures in cities. The more people use cooling systems, the hotter it gets outside.
      Example: Cities like Hyderabad and Bengaluru, once known for their moderate climate, now experience hotter summers due to increased AC usage and rapid urbanization.

    In short, while natural weather patterns do play a role, human activities have made heatwaves worse and more common. Addressing climate change and improving urban planning are key to reducing their impact.

    Impact of heatwaves in India

    1. Danger to Human Health – When temperatures rise too fast, our bodies struggle to cool down, leading to heat cramps, exhaustion, heatstroke, and even fatal conditions like hyperthermia. The elderly, children, and outdoor workers are the most vulnerable.
      Example: In 2023, India recorded over 200 deaths due to heatstroke, especially in states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
    2. Strain on Electricity & Power Supply – As people crank up their air conditioners and fans, electricity demand surges, often pushing power grids to the brink of collapse, causing blackouts.
      Example: During Delhi’s extreme heatwaves, power cuts leave people struggling without cooling, worsening the crisis.
    3. Economic Losses & Reduced Productivity – Heatwaves slow down work, especially in outdoor jobs like farming, construction, and factory work. Workers lose energy faster, and businesses see a drop in efficiency.
      Example: A study by the International Labour Organization (ILO) found that at 34°C, workers lose up to 50% of their work capacity, leading to massive economic losses.
    4. Water Shortages & Conflicts – Extreme heat causes rivers, lakes, and reservoirs to dry up, worsening India’s already severe water crisis. This often leads to disputes between states over water-sharing.
      Example: The Cauvery Water Dispute between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu intensifies during heatwaves due to reduced river flow.
    5. Threat to Food Security – Higher temperatures increase the risk of droughts, making it harder for crops to grow. Farmers need more irrigation water, which further strains water resources. This results in lower yields and rising food prices.
      Example: In 2022, wheat production in North India dropped significantly due to an unexpected heatwave, driving up wheat prices nationwide.

    HEATWAVE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY IN INDIA

    CategoryInstitution/StrategyRole & Key Measures
    Institutional FrameworkIndia Meteorological Department (IMD)Provides real-time weather data, forecasts maximum temperatures, and issues heatwave warnings.
    Heatwave Early Warning Systems (HEWS)Issues timely heat alerts to minimize heat-related health impacts.
    National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)Conducts national workshops and webinars on heatwave preparedness and mitigation.
    National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC)Monitors heat-related illnesses and casualties through the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare.
    National Knowledge Network Programme on Climate Change and Human HealthConducts studies on heat stress and its impact on human health, particularly occupational exposure.
    Heat Action Plans (HAPs)OverviewIntroduced in Ahmedabad (2013); now implemented in 17 heatwave-prone states.
    Measuresearly warning and inter-agency Response plan; undertaking capacity-building activities for the various stakeholders; awareness generation activities; rescheduling of working hours for outdoor workers; creation of drinking water kiosks etc.
    Mitigating StrategiesCool Roof DeploymentUses reflective materials (solar paint, mosaic tiles) to reduce indoor temperatures and lower cooling demand. Implemented in Ahmedabad & Hyderabad.
    Urban ForestationUses techniques like the Miyawaki method to increase green cover and reduce the Urban Heat Island effect.
    Forest Conservation & RestorationEnhances carbon sequestration to reduce temperature extremes and heatwave impacts.
    Regenerative AgriculturePromotes diverse cropping, minimizes chemical use, and improves soil health to enhance climate resilience.

    Way forward: Mitigation measures that can be taken 

    • Providing cool shelters: Similar to cyclone and disaster relief centres, public cooling centres can be built where people can go to cool off during extreme heat.
      • The concept has been explored in Barcelona, Paris and Rotterdam among others. 
    • Improving the built environment: By making them more heat-resilient through the incorporation of better insulation and ventilation systems in buildings, planting more trees etc.
    • Utilising indigenous knowledge: Usage of indigenous protective methods against heat waves and strokes must be tapped, documented, and researched.
    • Inclusion of regulative provisions: For example, making it mandatory for components like passive ventilation and cool roof technologies in the Building bylaws to increase thermal comfort.
    • Capacity building for health care professionals: at the local level to recognize and respond to heat-related illnesses.

    #BACK2BASICS : 

    OTHER DECLARATIONS BY IMD: 

    • Marine Heatwaves (MHW): It is defined when seawater temperatures exceed a seasonally-varying threshold (usually the 90th percentile) for at least 5 consecutive days.
      • MHWs have increased by up to four-fold in the tropical Indian Ocean, aided by rapid warming in the Indian Ocean and strong El Niños.
    • A warm night: It’s declared only when the maximum temperature remains 40°C or more. It is defined based on departures of actual minimum temperatures as follows:
      • Warm night: minimum temperature departure is 4.5°C to 6.4°C
      • Very warm night: minimum temperature departure is >6.4°C.
    • Hot and Humid Weather: When observed maximum temperatures over any station remains 3°C above normal along with the above normal relative humidity, it is termed as Hot & Humid Weather over that station.

    NDMA GUIDELINES ON HEATWAVES

    • Avoid going out in the sun, especially between 12.00 noon and 3.00 p.m.
    • Drink sufficient water as often as possible.
    • Wear lightweight, light-coloured, loose, and porous cotton clothes. Use protective goggles, an umbrella/hat, shoes or chappals while going out in sun.
    • Avoid alcohol, tea, coffee and carbonated soft drinks, which dehydrate the body.
    • Avoid high-protein food and do not eat stale food.
    • Use ORS, homemade drinks like lassi, torani (rice water), lemon water, buttermilk, etc. which helps to rehydrate the body.
    • Keep animals in the shade and give them plenty of water to drink.
    • Keep your home cool, use curtains, shutters or sunshade and open windows at night.
    • Use fans, damp clothing and take bath in cold water frequently.

    Heat Action Plan

    • A Heat Action Plan (HAP) is a comprehensive strategy developed by governments or organisations to mitigate the health risks associated with extreme heat events.
      • It includes measures to protect vulnerable populations, provide information and resources, and coordinate responses during heatwaves.
    • They outline short-term measures, including alerts and inter-departmental coordination, to reduce human casualties. HAPs entail long-term strategies like infrastructure upgrades such as cool roofs and enhanced greenery to prepare for future heat waves based on data analysis.
    • Odisha first developed a Heat Action Plan in 1999 following more than 2,000 Heat Wave deaths in 1998. Following this, the first city-level Action Plan was developed by Ahmedabad in 2013 following the severe Heat Wave in 2010.
    • The NDMA and IMD are working with 23 States to develop HAPs. There is no centralised database on HAPs, but at least 23 HAPs exist at the State and city level, with a few States, such as Odisha and Maharashtra, laying out district-level HAPs.

  • Persian Gulf to be renamed as ‘Arabian Gulf’

    Why in the News?

    Donald Trump plans to announce that the US will officially refer to the Persian Gulf as the “Arabian Gulf” or “Gulf of Arabia”, aligning with the preferences of Arab nations.

    Persian Gulf to be renamed as 'Arabian Gulf'

    About Persian Gulf

    • The Persian Gulf is a marginal sea of the Indian Ocean, located in Western Asia.
    • It is connected to the Arabian Sea through the Strait of Hormuz, a critical maritime chokepoint for global oil shipments.
    • The gulf spans an area of approximately 251,000 km².
    • Its average depth is around 50 meters, with a maximum depth of about 90 meters.
    • The total coastline is roughly 5,117 km, with Iran possessing the longest share (~1,536 km).
    • The gulf is bordered by:
      • North: Iran
      • Southwest: Saudi Arabia, Qatar, UAE
      • Northwest: Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain
    • Key islands:
      • Qeshm Island (Iran) — the largest island in the Persian Gulf (~1,491 km²), nearly 2.5 times the size of Bahrain.
      • Bahrain — a sovereign archipelago state with over 50 islands, and home to a major US naval base.
    • It is recognized officially by the International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO) as the “Persian Gulf”.
    [UPSC 2024] Consider the following statements:

    Statement-I: Sumed pipeline is a strategic route for Persian Gulf oil and natural gas shipments to Europe.

    Statement-II: Sumed pipeline connects the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea.

    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

    Options: (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I* (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, but Statement-II does not explain Statement-I (c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II is incorrect (d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-II is correct

     

  • Kosmos 482 Mission

    Why in the News?

    A 500-kg piece of a Soviet spacecraft, part of the Kosmos 482 mission launched in 1972, is expected to crash back to Earth.

    About Kosmos 482 Mission:

    • Kosmos 482 was a Soviet space probe launched on March 31, 1972 as part of the Venera Program, aimed at exploring Venus.
    • It was launched just four days after its twin mission, Venera 8, which successfully landed on Venus 117 days later.
    • The mission’s goal was to:
      • Study Venus’s atmosphere and surface
      • Demonstrate technological and scientific superiority during the Cold War
    • Kosmos 482 was equipped with instruments to measure:
      • Temperature, pressure, and wind speed
      • Atmospheric gases and rock composition
      • Capable of transmitting data back to Earth
    • Venus was a target due to:
      • Speculation about life beneath its thick clouds
      • Its strategic importance in space exploration rivalry
    • Under the broader Venera Program (1961–1984):
      • 28 missions were launched toward Venus
      • 13 probes entered the atmosphere
      • 10 probes landed, but could only function for 23 minutes to 2 hours due to harsh surface conditions
    [UPSC 2014] Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched?

    Spacecraft: Purpose

    1. Cassini-Huygens : Orbiting the Venus and transmitting data to the Earth.

    2. Messenger : Mapping and investigating.

    3. Voyager 1 and 2 : Exploring the outer solar system.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only* (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 only

     

  • [pib] Quad Indo-Pacific Logistics Network (IPLN)

    Why in the News?

    The Quad nations—India, Australia, Japan, and the United States—conducted a Tabletop Exercise (TTX) in Honolulu, Hawaii to simulate the launch of the Indo-Pacific Logistics Network (IPLN).

    About IPLN (Indo-Pacific Logistics Network)

    • The IPLN is a Quad-led initiative focused on coordinating shared logistics for civilian disaster response across the Indo-Pacific region.
    • It aims to enable the rapid deployment of humanitarian aid during natural disasters such as cyclones, tsunamis, and public health emergencies.
    • The initiative strengthens interoperability, resource-sharing, and real-time coordination among the four Quad countries — India, the US, Japan, and Australia.
    • Key features of IPLN include digital logistics mapping, joint resource planning, and real-time tracking capabilities.
    • IPLN was launched through a Tabletop Exercise (TTX) held in Honolulu, Hawaii from April 28 to May 2, 2025.
    • The initiative complements other Quad efforts like the Indo-Pacific Partnership for Maritime Domain Awareness (IPMDA) and the Quad Pandemic Preparedness Workshop.
    • IPLN reinforces the Quad’s broader goal of acting as :a “force for good” in the Indo-Pacific region.

    Back2Basics: QUAD (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue)

    • The QUAD is a strategic forum comprising India, the United States, Japan, and Australia, aiming to promote a free, open, inclusive, and rules-based Indo-Pacific.
    • It does not have a formal structure but functions through summits, ministerial meetings, joint exercises, and policy alignment.
    • Its core objectives include countering China’s influence, and supporting democratic values, human rights, and the rule of law.
    • The group originated in 2004 during the Indian Ocean tsunami relief efforts and was formally proposed in 2007 by Japanese PM Shinzo Abe.
    • Although suspended in 2008, the Quad was revived in 2017 due to emerging regional challenges and cooperation needs.
    • Notable activities include the Malabar Naval Exercises, and initiatives like IPMDA, Quad Fellowship, Open RAN, and AI-ENGAGE, emphasizing humanitarian aid, disaster relief, and emerging technology collaboration.

     

    [UPSC 2023] With reference to India’s projects on connectivity, consider the following statements:

    1. East-West Corridor under Golden Quadrilateral Project connects Dibrugarh and Surat.

    2. Trilateral Highway connects Moreh in Manipur and Chiang Mai in Thailand via Myanmar.

    3. Bangladesh-China -India -Myanmar Economic Corridor connects Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh with Kunming in China.

    How many of the above statements are correct?

    Options: (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three* (d) None

     

  • Centre releases Draft Climate Finance Taxonomy Framework

    Why in the News?

    To channel investments into clean-energy projects and climate-resilient infrastructure, the Finance Ministry has released a draft document titled ‘Framework of India’s Climate Finance Taxonomy’.

    What is a Climate Finance Taxonomy?

    • A CFT is a classification system that defines which economic activities qualify as climate-friendly or sustainable investments.
    • It helps investors, financial institutions, and policymakers channel funds into low-emission and climate-resilient projects.
    • It acts as a safeguard against green-washing, where non-sustainable initiatives are falsely labelled as green.
    • It supports the mobilization of finance necessary to achieve global climate goals, including Net Zero targets.
    • It offers a structured decision-making framework to ensure that investments deliver measurable environmental benefits.

    About India’s Draft ‘Climate Taxonomy’ (May 2025)

    • The Finance Ministry released the draft ‘Framework of India’s Climate Finance Taxonomy’ to help meet India’s Net Zero by 2070 goal while maintaining energy access.
    • It categorizes activities as:
      • Climate Supportive Activities: Those that reduce GHG emissions, enable adaptation, or promote clean tech R&D.
      • Climate Transition Activities: Those that encourage gradual progress, especially in hard-to-abate sectors like steel, iron, and cement.
    • It aligns with the national vision of ‘Viksit Bharat 2047’.
    • It includes key sectors such as power, mobility, buildings, agriculture, food, and water security.
    • The framework was first announced in the Union Budget 2025.

    Global Context and Negotiation Relevance:

    • A standard taxonomy is critical in global forums like the Conference of Parties (COP) to resolve disputes over climate finance commitments.
    • Developing nations, including India, advocate for grants and technology transfers, while developed countries often include private investments in their finance counts.
    • At the Baku Climate Conference, developed countries pledged $300 billion annually by 2035, far below the $1.35 trillion required.
    • India’s taxonomy aims to provide a clear benchmark for climate-related financial flows, promoting transparency, credibility, and trust in international climate funding.
    [UPSC 2015] With reference to ‘Green Climate Fund’ is/are correct?

    1. It is intended to assist the developing countries in adaptation and mitigation practices to counter climate change.

    2. It is founded under the aegis of UNEP, OECD, Asian Development Bank and World Bank.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    Options: (a) 1 only* (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2  (d) Neither 1 nor 2

     

  • [8th May 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Pakistan’s complex web of terror networks

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2023] Give out the major sources of terror funding in India and the efforts being made to curtail these sources. In the light of this, also discuss the aim and objective of the ‘No Money for Terror (NMFT)’ Conference recently held at New Delhi in November 2022.

    Linkage: Pakistan’s terror infrastructure, including ISI funding, Gulf-based private donors, diaspora contributions through charities, business operations, money laundering via hawala networks, narcotics trafficking, and cryptocurrency. This question directly asks about the sources of terror funding, which is a central theme in the source.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  The Soviet-Afghan War in 1979 was a turning point when Pakistan’s intelligence agency (ISI), with support from U.S. funding, started building a network of jihadi groups. This network has since developed into the advanced terrorist groups we see today. Pakistan intentionally supported these fighters, who had various goals, including attacking Kashmir, gaining control in Afghanistan, causing sectarian violence, and fighting ideological battles. Recent data shows that terrorism sponsored by Pakistan has been rising again in the region.

    Today’s editorial looks at Pakistan’s long-standing terrorist network using open-source intelligence, declassified documents, and academic studies. This content would help in GS Paper II (International Relation) and GS Paper III (Internal Security).

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Pakistan’s security forces have supported terrorist groups for a long time, seeing them as useful for their goals. Since 2008, Pakistan has repeatedly been added to and removed from the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) ‘grey list’ because it has not effectively stopped the funding of terrorism.

    What role did the Soviet-Afghan War of 1979 play in the evolution of Pakistan’s terror infrastructure?

    • ISI’s Strategic Empowerment with U.S. and Saudi Funding: During the war, Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) became the main conduit for channeling billions of dollars in U.S. (CIA) and Saudi funds to Afghan mujahideen fighting Soviet forces. Eg: This funding network empowered the ISI to build covert training camps and logistical bases, which later supported outfits like Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Haqqani Network.
    • Creation of a Jihadi Ecosystem and Proxy Network: The war institutionalised jihad as a tool of foreign policy, with ISI actively recruiting, training, and radicalising fighters. These fighters, once trained, were later redeployed for operations in Kashmir, Afghanistan, and elsewhere. Eg: The Harakat ul-Mujahidin (HUM), originally formed to fight in Afghanistan, later became one of the first Pakistani terror outfits to target Indian interests in Kashmir.
    • Spread of Radical Ideology through Madrassas and Seminaries: To support the Afghan jihad, Pakistan encouraged the growth of radical madrassas, often funded by Gulf donors, to indoctrinate youth. These institutions outlived the war and became feeders for future terror groups. Eg: Many madrassas aligned with Ahl-e-Hadith and Deobandi ideologies became recruiting hubs for groups like Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) and LeT.

    Where are the major training camps and headquarters of Pakistan-supported terrorist groups located?

    • Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir (PoK): PoK serves as a key launchpad and training ground for anti-India terror operations, especially focused on Kashmir. Eg: Training camps of Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) have been reported in Muzaffarabad and Kotli, where cadres are prepared for infiltration into India.
    • Punjab Province (Especially Lahore and Bahawalpur): Several extremist groups operate openly or under charitable fronts in Punjab, with strong logistical and financial networks. Eg: The headquarters of Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) is based in Bahawalpur, and Jamaat-ud-Dawa (JuD), the front of LeT, has operated from Muridke near Lahore.
    • Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP): The rugged terrain along the Afghanistan border provides safe havens for jihadist groups with transnational reach. Eg: The Haqqani Network, linked to the Afghan Taliban, has operated out of North Waziristan, conducting cross-border attacks into Afghanistan.

    How is the terror network in Pakistan financed and sustained despite international pressure?

    • State and Deep State Support: Elements within Pakistan’s military and intelligence agencies, particularly the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), have been accused of providing logistical, financial, and strategic support to terrorist groups to serve foreign policy objectives, especially in India and Afghanistan. Eg: The ISI’s backing of Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) was exposed during investigations into the 2008 Mumbai attacks, where LeT operatives received training, funds, and guidance.
    • Charities and Front Organizations: Terrorist groups often operate under the guise of charitable organizations to raise funds both domestically and internationally. These organizations collect donations in the name of humanitarian relief, which are then diverted for militant activities. Eg: The Falah-e-Insaniat Foundation (FIF), a front for Jamaat-ud-Dawa (JuD), raised significant funds until it was banned for links to LeT.
    • Drug Trafficking, Hawala, and Extortion: Illicit economies, including narcotics trafficking, smuggling, extortion, and the hawala system (an informal money transfer network), are widely used by terrorist groups to fund their operations. Eg: The Afghan-Pakistan border region, particularly in Balochistan and former FATA, is a major route for drug trafficking, which provides revenue to groups like the Haqqani Network and TTP.

    Why has Pakistan repeatedly appeared on the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) grey list rather in black list?

    • Partial Compliance and Political Commitments: Pakistan has often shown partial compliance with FATF action plans, such as enacting anti-terror financing laws or prosecuting select terror operatives. These steps, while often symbolic or limited, provide just enough movement to avoid blacklisting. Eg: After being grey-listed in 2018, Pakistan passed laws to regulate charitable donations and froze some accounts linked to UN-designated terrorists like Hafiz Saeed.
    • Geopolitical Considerations and Diplomatic Shielding: Global powers, especially China, Turkey, and Saudi Arabia, have used their influence within FATF to shield Pakistan from being blacklisted due to strategic and political interests, including Pakistan’s role in regional stability and Afghanistan. Eg: In several FATF meetings, China and Turkey have openly opposed efforts to blacklist Pakistan, arguing that it has made progress.

    How did the Indian government execute OPERATION SINDOOR? 

    • Response Triggered: Launched in retaliation to the April 22, 2025, Pahalgam attack that killed 26 civilians. Eg: The attack by a group linked to LeT prompted the operation.
    • Precision Airstrikes: Executed 24 missile strikes on nine targeted sites in Pakistan’s Punjab and administered Kashmir regions, lasting about 23 minutes. Eg: Sites in Bahawalpur and Muzaffarabad were among those hit.
    • Advanced Military Assets: Deployed Rafale jets with precision-guided SCALP missiles and AASM bombs to ensure accurate targeting with minimal collateral damage. Eg: The use of advanced munitions highlighted India’s operational efficiency.
    • Disruption of Terror Infrastructure: Targeted key terrorist facilities such as training camps, recruitment centers, and armories linked to groups like LeT and JeM. Eg: A strike in Bahawalpur reportedly affected close aides of a major terror leader.
    • Aftermath and Escalation: The operation led to heightened tensions, with Pakistan condemning the strikes and both sides engaging in artillery exchanges along the Line of Control. Eg: The subsequent border clashes underscored the operation’s significant impact on regional stability.

    Way forward: 

    • Global Accountability and Financial Sanctions: Strengthen FATF enforcement and international cooperation to impose targeted sanctions on Pakistan-based terror networks and their sponsors. Eg: Revive monitoring mechanisms to ensure closure of front charities like JuD and FIF.
    • Regional Counter-Terror Framework: India and like-minded nations should push for a South Asia-focused multilateral counter-terrorism initiative with intelligence sharing and cross-border coordination. Eg: Build on QUAD and SCO platforms to diplomatically isolate state-sponsored terrorism.

  • A step up: On India and the 2025 Human Development Report

    Why in the News?

    India ranks 130th out of 193 countries in the 2025 Human Development Index (HDI), up from 133rd in 2022.

    What is the Human Development Index (HDI)?

    The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic developed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

    • Composite Measure of Development: The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite index that measures a country’s overall development based on three key factors: life expectancy (health), education (mean and expected years of schooling), and standard of living (GNI per capita).
    • Ranking and Insights: HDI ranks countries on a scale from 0 to 1, where a higher value indicates better human development.

    Why has India’s HDI improved?

    • Health (Life Expectancy at Birth): HDI measures the average number of years a person can expect to live, reflecting the overall health conditions in a country. Eg: In 2023, India’s life expectancy increased to 72 years, marking a significant improvement since 1990, when it was just 58.6 years.
    • Education (Mean Years of Schooling and Expected Years of Schooling): HDI considers the average number of years adults aged 25 and older have spent in school (mean years of schooling) and the number of years a child of school-entry age can expect to receive (expected years of schooling). Eg: In 2023, children in India are expected to stay in school for 13 years on average, up from 8.2 years in 1990.
    • Standard of Living (Gross National Income per Capita): HDI includes the per capita income adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP), which gives a sense of the country’s economic prosperity and standard of living. Eg: India’s GNI per capita increased from $2,167 in 1990 to $9,046 in 2023, reflecting a growth in economic well-being.
    • Inequality Adjustments: HDI adjusts for inequality in each of its three dimensions—health, education, and standard of living—through the Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI). The more inequality there is in a country, the lower the adjusted HDI score will be. Eg: India’s HDI value of 0.685 in 2023 was influenced by inequalities, including gender and income disparities, which the report highlighted as a key challenge.
    • Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI): HDI is indirectly linked to the MPI, which measures poverty beyond income, including deprivations in health, education, and living standards. Eg: India has made significant progress in reducing multidimensional poverty, with 13.5 crore people escaping poverty between 2015-16 and 2019-21.

    How has the pandemic affected India’s HDI recovery?

    • Health Impact: The pandemic strained India’s healthcare system, leading to higher mortality rates and disruptions in healthcare services, which affected life expectancy. Eg: The pandemic slowed India’s progress towards improving life expectancy, though it rebounded in the subsequent years, reaching 72 years in 2023.
    • Education Disruptions: School closures and lack of access to online education hindered educational outcomes, especially for underprivileged children. Eg: While the expected years of schooling improved, the pandemic delayed educational progress, particularly in rural areas.
    • Economic Setbacks: The lockdowns and economic disruptions due to the pandemic led to a sharp contraction in economic activities, affecting income levels and jobs, particularly in the informal sector. Eg: India’s GNI per capita growth faced a slowdown, though it eventually rebounded, reaching $9,046 in 2023.

    What challenges remain in improving India’s HDI?

    • Income Inequality: Despite progress, income disparity remains a major challenge, with the rich benefiting disproportionately from economic growth, while the poor remain marginalized. Eg: India’s HDI is impacted by a 30.7% loss due to income inequalities, which continues to drag down overall development outcomes.
    • Gender Disparities: The gender gap in labor force participation and political representation limits progress in improving India’s HDI. Women’s workforce participation remains low, and the gender wage gap is significant. Eg: The female labor participation rate stood at 41.7% in 2023-24, but a supportive ecosystem for women’s work retention and political representation is still lacking.

    How can India use AI to address development while avoiding inequality? (Way forward)

    • AI in Public Service Delivery: AI can streamline public services, making them more efficient, transparent, and accessible, especially to marginalized communities. Eg: AI-driven systems can help in targeted welfare distribution, ensuring resources like food and healthcare reach those most in need, reducing administrative inefficiencies.
    • Inclusive Education and Skill Development: Leveraging AI for personalized learning can bridge gaps in educational access and quality, particularly for underserved areas. Eg: AI-based platforms like Byju’s and other ed-tech initiatives provide tailored education, improving learning outcomes for students in rural and remote areas.
    • AI for Job Creation and Economic Inclusion: AI can be used to create new job opportunities and enhance existing ones, especially in sectors like agriculture, healthcare, and manufacturing. Ensuring that AI adoption leads to inclusive economic growth can help reduce inequality. Eg: AI-driven agricultural technologies can optimize crop yields and provide real-time data to farmers, increasing productivity and income, especially for those in rural areas.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2019] Despite Consistent experience of High growth, India still goes with the lowest indicators of human development. Examine the issues that make balanced and inclusive development elusive.

    Linkage: The paradox of economic growth not translating into high human development indicators, which is a central theme when discussing India’s HDI rank and the challenges despite improvements. It also touches upon inclusive development, another concept related to the HDR’s focus on reducing inequalities

  • The building blocks of an India-U.S. energy future

    Why in the News?

    U.S. Vice-President J.D. Vance recently mentioned that the U.S. is ready to work more closely with India on energy and defense.

    What are the main areas of India-U.S. cooperation?

    • Energy Security: Strengthening access to sustainable, reliable, and affordable energy resources is central to India-U.S. ties. Eg: In 2024, both countries signed an MoU to diversify supply chains for critical minerals like lithium and rare earths, crucial for clean energy and EV technologies.
    • Defence and Technology Cooperation: Enhancing strategic and technological collaboration helps address common security challenges and promote innovation. Eg: Under the iCET framework, India and the U.S. are collaborating on defence co-production and advanced systems, including Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) for civilian nuclear use.
    • Mobility and Innovation Exchange: Facilitating people-to-people ties and high-tech partnerships boosts economic growth and shared innovation ecosystems. Eg: India and the U.S. are working to ease skilled labor mobility and co-develop innovation corridors in areas like semiconductors and AI.

    Why is a minerals partnership vital for both countries?

    • Strategic Resource Security: Critical minerals are essential for clean energy, electronics, and defence, and current supply chains are overly dependent on China. Eg: China controls nearly 90% of global rare earth processing, creating a strategic vulnerability for both India and the U.S.
    • Economic and Technological Collaboration: Joint exploration and processing of minerals supports cross-sector innovation and economic resilience. Eg: India and the U.S. signed an MoU in 2024 to co-invest in third-country mineral projects in Africa and South America.
    • Supply Chain Diversification: A minerals partnership helps build resilient, transparent, and traceable supply chains to withstand geopolitical shocks. Eg: Proposal for an India-U.S. Mineral Exchange and blockchain-based traceability standards to ensure secure mineral sourcing.

    How can nuclear energy help India meet its energy goals?

    • Low-Carbon Energy Source: Nuclear energy provides a firm, low-emission alternative to fossil fuels, aiding in decarbonisation efforts. Eg: Nuclear power contributes just over 8 GW currently but is crucial for India’s net-zero by 2070 targets.
    • Base Load Power Stability: It ensures continuous electricity supply, complementing the intermittency of solar and wind sources. Eg: Nuclear plants provide uninterrupted power, stabilising the grid as renewable sources fluctuate.
    • High Energy Output with Small Land Use: Nuclear energy offers high output per unit of land, which is vital in land-scarce regions. Eg: Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) have lower land requirements and are suitable for water-scarce areas due to air-cooling.
    • Industrial Decarbonisation Support: Nuclear power can drive clean energy transitions in sectors like steel and AI-based data centres. Eg: SMRs can power green steel manufacturing and meet rising energy needs of AI infrastructure.
    • Strategic Energy Independence: Reducing reliance on fossil fuel imports enhances national energy security. Eg: With a 100 GW nuclear target by 2047, India aims to lower its dependence on imported oil and coal.

    Which reforms are key to expanding India’s nuclear capacity?

    • Faster Deployment and Standardisation: Accelerate construction timelines and adopt standardized reactor designs to lower costs and ensure quick scaling of nuclear energy capacity. Eg: Reducing construction time from 9 to 6 years could reduce electricity costs by 8%, helping India meet its 2047 nuclear capacity goal.
    • Private Sector Involvement: Facilitate private investments by providing clear incentives and long-term purchase commitments, especially for Small Modular Reactors (SMRs). Eg: SMRs, with lower capital expenditure and land requirements, become financially viable when supported by private capital and stable offtake agreements.
    • Legislative and Policy Reforms: Amend existing laws to encourage private investment in nuclear energy and enhance the ease of doing business in this sector. Eg: Amending the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010, would allow private companies to participate in nuclear projects, boosting investment and technological growth.

    What are the steps taken by the Indian government? 

    • Expansion of Nuclear Power Infrastructure: The government has set a target to achieve 100 GW of nuclear power by 2047, and is working on commissioning new plants to achieve this, including collaborations with international partners. Eg: The Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant and new reactors under construction are key initiatives to expand nuclear capacity.
    • Regulatory and Policy Reforms: India has been reforming nuclear energy laws, including the amendment of the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, to attract private sector participation and investment in nuclear projects. Eg: The approval for the transfer of Small Modular Reactor (SMR) technology by Holtec International to Indian companies.
    • International Collaborations and Technology Transfer: India is fostering strategic partnerships with global nuclear technology leaders to enable technology transfer, co-production, and joint ventures for nuclear power development. Eg: India’s collaboration with the U.S. on advanced nuclear technology and the approval of SMRs to meet energy goals.

    Way forward: 

    • Enhanced Public-Private Partnerships: Encourage greater private sector participation through incentives, policy clarity, and long-term contracts, especially for emerging technologies like Small Modular Reactors (SMRs). This will drive innovation, investment, and rapid scaling of nuclear energy.
    • Strengthen International Collaboration and Technology Transfer: Expand partnerships with global leaders in nuclear technology to accelerate the adoption of advanced reactors and improve operational efficiency, positioning India as a global leader in clean nuclear energy.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2013] With growing scarcity of fossil fuels, the atomic energy is gaining more and more significance in India. Discuss the availability of raw material required for the generation of atomic energy in India and in the world.

    Linkage: Nuclear energy as a “next frontier” for India-U.S. linkages and a reliable source complementing renewables. This question directly addresses the significance and resources for atomic/nuclear energy in India.

  • Justice for All: Is the Right to Access Justice Truly Accessible in India?

    NOTE4STUDENTS:

    This article discusses the fundamental right to access justice and the barriers many face in exercising it. It highlights various challenges such as social, economic, and legal obstacles, while also addressing the steps taken by the government to ensure this right is upheld. UPSC often explores such topics in GS-II or GS-I, focusing on legal rights, reforms, and the government’s role in ensuring equitable justice. A common mistake during preparation is focusing only on legal terms without considering real-world implications. Many overlook the social, economic, and cultural barriers that hinder people’s access to justice. This article bridges that gap by highlighting these barriers and the efforts to address them. It provides a clear understanding of how laws and policies function to ensure justice for all citizens, particularly the underprivileged. A standout feature of this article is the comprehensive “Back2Basics” section, which ties fundamental rights with real-life examples. It simplifies complex legal concepts and offers clarity on how justice can be accessed in practice.

    PYQ ANCHORING & MICROTHEMES:

    1. GS 2: Right to privacy is intrinsic to life and personal liberty and is inherently protect ed under Article 21 of the Constitution. Explain. In this reference discuss the law relating to D.N.A. testing of a child in the womb to establish its paternity. [2024]
    2. GS 2: Does the right to clean environment entail legal regulations on burning crackers during Diwali? Discuss in the light of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution and Judgement(s) of the Apex Court in this regard. [2015]

    Microthemes: Fundamental Rights

    The Supreme Court fined Rs. 1 Lakh on a dishonest person who kept filing unnecessary and baseless cases. The Court said that while everyone has the right to go to court, it should be used responsibly.

    ‘Right to Access to Justice’

    • The Right to Access to Justice refers to the fundamental principle that individuals should have the ability to seek and obtain remedies through formal or informal institutions of justice for grievances.
    • This right is rooted in the rule of law and ensures that all citizens, regardless of their background, can effectively resolve their legal issues and hold decision-makers accountable.
    • Without access to justice, individuals may be unable to exercise their rights, challenge discrimination, or seek redress for wrongs they have suffered.

    BARRIERS TO ACCESS TO JUSTICE

    Barrier TypePointExample
    Social BarriersCaste DiscriminationDalits historically barred from drawing water from common wells in rural India.
    Lack of AwarenessVillagers unaware of the Legal Services Authority Act, 1987, which provides free legal aid.
    Lack of EducationIlliterate farmers failing to understand the rights under land acquisition laws.
    Gender DiscriminationRural women being discouraged from filing domestic violence cases due to stigma.
    Economic BarriersCost of Legal RepresentationUndertrials unable to hire competent lawyers and depending on overburdened legal aid lawyers.
    Court ExpensesWorkers unable to afford transportation to distant courts to resolve wage disputes.
    CorruptionPaying police officials for FIR registration in cases of theft.
    Undertrial DelaysOver 75% of undertrials belong to economically weaker sections, as per NCRB reports.
    Legal BarriersProcedural DelaysDelayed issuance of summons in civil disputes under Order V of the Code of Civil Procedure.
    Inefficiency of the PoliceForensic delays where samples are sent to distant state laboratories for basic testing.
    Corruption within Legal InstitutionsBribes sought for simple tasks such as retrieving certified copies of judgments.
    Lack of Skilled Legal AidPoor representation of bonded laborers leading to the denial of justice in the Bandhua Mukti Morcha case.

    STEPS TAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENT TO ENSURE THE RIGHT 

    CategoryInitiativeDescription
    Legislative MeasuresLegal Services Authorities Act, 1987Establishes Legal Services Authorities to provide free legal aid to the poor and marginalized.
    Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008Sets up village-level courts to ensure accessible, affordable, and quick justice for rural populations.
    Prohibition of Untouchability Act, 1955Criminalizes untouchability and discrimination, enabling equitable justice for marginalized groups.
    SC/ST Prevention of Atrocities Act, 1989Provides protection and expedited legal remedies for Scheduled Castes and Tribes against discrimination.
    Judicial MeasuresLok AdalatsFacilitates informal dispute resolution for pending and pre-litigation cases, saving time and costs.
    Mobile CourtsEnables justice delivery in remote and underserved areas through traveling judicial services.
    Free Legal Aid in CourtsProvides state-appointed lawyers to indigents who cannot afford legal representation.
    Technological Effortse-Courts Mission Mode ProjectDigitizes court processes, allowing online case status tracking, e-filing, and virtual hearings.
    Electronic FIR RegistrationSimplifies filing of First Information Reports to reduce delays and improve transparency.
    Awareness CampaignsStreet Plays and Public Education ProgramsRaises awareness on rights, alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, and access to legal aid.
    Digital and Media OutreachUses TV, radio, and digital platforms to inform citizens of legal rights and available government schemes.

    WAY FORWARD

    The right to access to justice is an integral component of the rule of law and a key aspect of ensuring social equity and accountability. Enhancing these elements through targeted policies and judicial reforms can significantly improve justice delivery systems, especially for vulnerable and disadvantaged communities.

    1. Strengthening Legal Aid Mechanisms
    • Expand the outreach and efficiency of existing legal aid services, including the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA).
    • Introduce village-level paralegal volunteers to bridge the gap between marginalized groups and formal judicial systems.
    1. Digitization of Justice Systems
    • Implement comprehensive e-Court initiatives for faster case processing and accessibility to case updates.
    • Ensure widespread availability of online filing, virtual hearings, and digital grievance redressal mechanisms.
    1. Capacity Building for Legal Professionals
    • Provide regular training and skill enhancement programs for judges, lawyers, and legal aid counsels to ensure efficient delivery of justice.
    • Introduce mandatory courses on social justice and case management for legal practitioners.
    1. Awareness and Education Campaigns
    • Conduct widespread campaigns to educate citizens about their constitutional rights and access to justice avenues, especially for rural and underprivileged communities.
    • Utilize schools, community centers, and social media to inform individuals about legal aid, Lok Adalats, and grievance redressal forums.
    1. Reducing Procedural Delays
    • Introduce stricter timelines for case resolution, with provisions for penalty in cases of undue delay.
    • Increase judicial infrastructure by appointing more judges, improving case management systems, and deploying AI tools for data-driven decisions.

    #BACK2BASICS: ELEMENTS OF THE RIGHT TO ACCESS TO JUSTICE

    ElementDefinitionSubstantiation (Data/Examples)
    Availability of Legal RemediesIndividuals must have access to effective legal mechanisms to address grievances and seek redress.– Vishaka vs. State of Rajasthan (1997): Guidelines for workplace sexual harassment.
    – Habeas Corpus: Ensures individuals can contest wrongful detentions.
    AffordabilityLegal services should be economically accessible, with free legal aid for marginalized groups.– Article 39A of the Constitution mandates free legal aid to ensure justice for all.
    – Data: Over 21 lakh beneficiaries received free legal assistance via NALSA in 2021-2022.
    Awareness and InformationCitizens must be informed about their rights and available legal processes.– Know Your Rights campaigns by NALSA educate citizens on legal remedies.
    – Example: Awareness campaigns by the National Commission for Women educate women on domestic violence and harassment laws.
    Fair ProceduresJudicial processes should be transparent and equitable, ensuring equal opportunities for all.– Maneka Gandhi vs. Union of India (1978): Emphasized the right to a fair hearing as part of Article 21.
    – Implementation of live-streaming proceedings ensures transparency.
    Physical and Legal AccessIncludes physical ability to approach courts and adequate legal representation.– Gram Nyayalayas provide access to justice for rural populations; over 400 operational Gram Nyayalayas have settled 25,000+ cases (2023 data).
    – Legal aid clinics in law colleges offer representation to those in need.

    CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS

    CategoryArticleKey Features
    Fundamental RightsArticle 14 – Right to EqualityGuarantees equality before the law and prevents discrimination in access to justice.
    Article 21 – Right to Life and Personal LibertyDeclares access to justice a fundamental right, including fair trials, legal aid, and speedy justice.
    Article 22 – Protection in Cases of Arrest and DetentionEnsures legal safeguards for detained individuals, like the right to legal representation.
    Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)Article 39A – Equal Justice and Free Legal AidMandates the state to provide free legal aid and equal opportunities to access justice.
    Article 41 – Right to Public Assistance in Certain CasesDirects the state to support marginalized individuals in accessing legal remedies.
    Article 39 – Justice in Socio-Economic MattersPromotes equal opportunity in the operation of the legal system.
    Other Constitutional ProvisionsArticle 32 – Right to Constitutional RemediesAllows individuals to approach the Supreme Court directly to enforce fundamental rights.
    Article 226 – Writ Jurisdiction of High CourtsEmpowers High Courts to issue writs for the protection of rights and access to justice.
    Article 136 – Special Leave Petition (SLP)Enables the Supreme Court to hear appeals in cases of justice denial.
    Article 300A – Right to PropertyProtects against deprivation of property without legal process.

  • [pib] Cabinet approves Revised SHAKTI Policy 

    Why in the News?

    The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) has approved a proposal under the Revised SHAKTI (Scheme to Harness and Allocate Koyla Transparently in India) Policy to enhance coal availability for Central/State Sector Thermal Power Plants and Independent Power Producers (IPPs).

    About the SHAKTI Policy:

    • The SHAKTI Policy, launched in 2017 by the Ministry of Power, created a transparent mechanism to allocate coal linkages to thermal power plants lacking Fuel Supply Agreements (FSAs).
    • It replaced the earlier nomination-based system with auction-based and tariff-based bidding, enhancing fairness and transparency.
    • While government-owned plants continue receiving coal through nominations, private power producers must obtain coal via competitive bidding.
    • The policy aimed to reduce coal imports, promote the domestic coal industry, and improve energy self-sufficiency.
    • It also intended to revive stressed assets in the power sector, indirectly supporting public sector banks and infrastructure growth.

    Key Features of the Revised SHAKTI Policy (2024):

    • The revised 2024 policy simplifies the system by merging eight criteria into just two windows, enhancing the ease of doing business.
    • Window-I allocates coal at notified prices to central and state government utilities, their joint ventures, and subsidiaries, including those with PPAs under Section 62 of the Electricity Act.
    • Window-II permits coal and imported coal-based producers to acquire coal through premium-based auctions for 12 to 25 years, without requiring a PPA.
    • The policy encourages pithead plants, supports new capacity planning, and allows Imported Coal-Based (ICB) plants to transition to domestic coal, reducing import reliance.
    • Existing FSA holders can now purchase coal beyond 100% of their Annual Contracted Quantity (ACQ) during periods of peak demand.
    • Unrequisitioned surplus electricity can be sold on power exchanges, boosting plant utilization.
    • The policy imposes no additional financial burden on coal companies.
    • Beneficiaries include thermal power plants, Coal India, SCCL, railways, state governments, and end consumers.
    [UPSC 2023] With reference to coal-based thermal power plants in India, consider the following statements:

    1. None of them uses seawater.

    2. None of them is set up in water-stressed district.

    3. None of them is privately owned.

    How many of the above statements are correct?

    Options: (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None*

     

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