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Subject: Internal Security

  • Controversial hashtags on twitter and their regulation

    The Centre has issued notice to Twitter after the micro-blogging site restored more than 250 accounts that had been suspended earlier on the government’s ‘legal demand’.

    Take this new term “Hashtags Activism”.

    What is the news?

    • Twitter was asked to block accounts and controversial hashtags that spoke of an impending ‘genocide’ of farmers for allegedly promoting misinformation about the protests, adversely affecting public order.
    • Twitter reinstated the accounts and tweets on its own and later refused to go back on the decision, contending that it found no violation of its policy.

    Concerns with the directive

    • This direction presents a clear breach of fundamental rights but also reveals a complex relationship between the government and large platforms on the understanding of the Constitution of India.
    • The specific legal order issued is secret.
    • This brings into focus the condition of secrecy that is threshold objection to multiple strands of our fundamental rights.
    • It conflicts against the rights of the users who are denied reasons for the censorship.
    • Secrecy also undermines the public’s right to receive information, which is a core component of the fundamental freedom to speech and expression.
    • This is an anti-democratic practice that results in an unchecked growth of irrational censorship but also leads to speculation that fractures trust.
    • The other glaring deficiency is the complete absence of any prior show-cause notice to the actual users of these accounts by the government.
    • This is contrary to the principles of natural justice.
    • This again goes back to the vagueness and the design faults in the process of how directions under Section 69A are issued.

    Are platforms required to comply with legal demands?

    • Cooperation between technology services companies and law enforcement agencies is now deemed a vital part of fighting cybercrime and various other crimes that are committed using computer resources.
    • These cover hacking, digital impersonation and theft of data.
    • The potential of the misuse has led to law enforcement officials constantly seeking to curb the ill-effects of using the medium.
    • Therefore, most nations have framed laws mandating cooperation by Internet service providers or web hosting service providers and other intermediaries to cooperate with law and order authorities in certain circumstances.

    What does the law in India cover?

    • In India, the Information Technology Act, 2000, as amended from time to time, governs all activities related to the use of computer resources.
    • It covers all ‘intermediaries’ who play a role in the use of computer resources and electronic records.
    • The term ‘intermediaries’ includes providers of telecom service, network service, Internet service and web hosting, besides search engines, online payment and auction sites, online marketplaces and cyber cafes.
    • It includes any person who, on behalf of another, “receives, stores or transmits” any electronic record. Social media platforms would fall under this definition.

    What are the Centre’s powers, vis-à-vis intermediaries?

    • Section 69 of the Act confers on the Central and State governments the power to issue directions “to intercept, monitor or decrypt…any information generated, transmitted, received or stored in any computer resource”.

    The grounds on which these powers may be exercised are:

    • in the interest of the sovereignty or integrity of India, defence of India, the security of the state,
    • friendly relations with foreign states,
    • public order, or for preventing incitement to the commission of any cognizable offence relating to these, or
    • for investigating any offence

    How does the government block websites and networks?

    • Section 69A, for similar reasons and grounds, enables the Centre to ask any agency of the government, or any intermediary, to block access.
    • Any such request for blocking access must be based on reasons given in writing.
    • Procedures and safeguards have been incorporated in the rules framed for the purpose.

    Obligations of intermediaries under Indian law

    • Intermediaries are required to preserve and retain specified information in a manner and format prescribed by the Centre for a specified duration.
    • Contravention of this provision may attract a prison term that may go up to three years, besides a fine.
    • When a direction is given for monitoring, the intermediary and any person in charge of a computer resource should extend technical assistance in the form of giving access or securing access to the resource involved.
    • Failure to extend such assistance may entail a prison term of up to seven years, besides a fine.
    • Failure to comply with a direction to block access to the public on a government’s written request also attracts a prison term of up to seven years, besides a fine.

    Is the liability of the intermediary absolute?

    • Section 79 of the Act makes it clear that “an intermediary shall not be liable for any third-party information, data, or communication link made available or hosted by him”.
    • This protects intermediaries such as Internet and data service providers and those hosting websites from being made liable for content that users may post or generate.
    • However, the exemption from liability does not apply if there is evidence that the intermediary abetted or induced the commission of the unlawful act involved.

    Judicial intervention in this regard

    • In Shreya Singhal Case (2015), the Supreme Court read down the provision to mean that the intermediaries ought to act only upon receiving actual knowledge that a court order has been passed.
    • This was because the court felt that intermediaries such as Google or Facebook may receive millions of requests, and it may not be possible for them to judge which of these were legitimate.
    • The role of the intermediaries has been spelt out in separate rules framed for the purpose in 2011.

    Legislative efforts

    • In 2018, the Centre favoured coming up with fresh updates to the existing rules on intermediaries’ responsibilities, but the draft courted controversy.
    • This was because one of the proposed changes was that intermediaries should help identify originators of offensive content.
    • This led to misgivings that this could aid privacy violations and online surveillance.
    • Also, tech companies that use end-to-end encryption argued that they could not open a backdoor for identifying originators, as it would be a breach of promise to their subscribers.

  • ‘Toolkit’ tweeted by Greta Thunberg

    The Delhi Police filed an FIR on charges of sedition, criminal conspiracy and promoting hatred against the creators of a ‘toolkit’ on farmer protests, which was shared by climate activist Greta Thunberg.

    Q.What do you mean by a social media toolkit? Discuss its potential mis-uses.

    What is a Toolkit?

    • A toolkit is essentially a set of adaptable guidelines or suggestions to get something done. The contents differ depending on what the aim of the toolkit is.
    • For example, the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) has a toolkit for the implementation of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR).
    • This includes basics such as the guidelines to follow when investigating IPR violations, applicable laws, and definitions of terms such as counterfeit and piracy.
    • In the context of protests, a toolkit usually includes reading material on the context of the protest, news article links and methods of protest (including on social media).

    Why have they gained prominence?

    • While toolkits have been around for decades, the accessibility of social media has brought them into the spotlight over the past few years.
    • References to toolkits for protesters can be found in the Occupy Wall Street protests of 2011, in the Hong Kong protests of 2019, several climate protests across the world, anti-CAA protests across India.
    • During the Hong Kong protests, toolkits advised participants to wear masks and helmets to avoid being recognised and ways to put out tear gas shells.
    • During the anti-CAA protests, a toolkit suggesting twitter hashtags to use, places to hold protests, and a guide on what to do and carry with you if you are detained by the police were shared on social media.

    Toolkit tweeted by Greta Thunberg

    • The 18-year-old shared a toolkit on Twitter on the anti-farm law protests in India.
    • This came on the heels of singer-businesswoman tweeting a news article on internet curbs near protest sites in and around Delhi.
    • The toolkit tweeted by Thunberg was later deleted, with the activist saying it was being updated by people on the ground in India.
    • The toolkit asked those interested to start a ‘Twitter storm’ to share solidarity photo/video message by social media users.

    It is being speculated that the document was proof that an international conspiracy is being hatched to defame India and the central government over the ongoing farmers’ protest.

    What is the recent apprehension?

    • The police have said that during the inquiry it appears that the toolkit was created by Poetic Justice Foundation.
    • It says the prior action section delineated the action plan for January 26, when violence was seen at several areas as a group of farmers diverted from the set route and started marching towards the Red Fort.
    • The unfolding of events over the past few days, including the violence of 26th January, has revealed copycat execution of the ‘action plan’ detailed in the tool kit.
    • The intention of the creators of the tool kits appeared to be to create disharmony among various social, religious and cultural groups and encourage disaffection and ill-will against the state and the nation at large.

  • ‘Smart walls’ for Indian Borders

    The new US President has stopped the construction of the much-publicized “border wall” between the U.S. and Mexico.

    Q.Smart fencing along with physical fencing can protect major infiltration areas of Indian borders. Analyse its feasibility for India.

    What is the news?

    • The Mexico–US barrier also known as the border wall is a series of vertical barriers along the border intended to reduce illegal immigration to the US.
    • Biden’s decision was confirmed, however, that an alternative has been offered — a ‘smart’ wall that replaces the physical and armed patrolling with advanced surveillance tech is the proposed future of border security now.

    What is the Smart Wall?

    • The ‘smart wall’ technology could solve border security issues without the need for a physical barrier.
    • The wall would use sensors, radars, and surveillance technology to detect and track border break-ins, and technology capable of performing the most difficult tasks dedicated to border security.
    • The complete system of a virtual wall would consist of a radar satellite, computer-equipped border-control vehicles, control sensors and underground sensors.
    • Along with surveillance towers and cameras, thermal imaging would be used, which would help in the detection of objects.
    • The system would even be capable of distinguishing between animals, humans, and vehicles, and then sending updates to handheld mobile devices of the patrol agents.

    Not a new concept

    • The concept is not new and the novelty of it cannot be directly associated with Biden.
    • Interestingly, the U.S.-Mexico border wall proposed by Donald Trump envisaged this concept.
    • A technology firm was sought to be hired by the Trump administration, and it was indicated that artificial intelligence shall be used at a novel scale to complement the steel barrier (border wall).

    Feasibility for India

    • A question that now arises is whether such a project can be undertaken to secure Indian borders.
    • India has been struggling with the problem of terrorists and smugglers infiltrating into the country and efforts are ongoing to secure our borders and curb cross-border infiltration.
    • Therefore, it is proposed that it is high time we start envisaging the use of technology to help India secure its borders.

    Various challenges

    • A critical factor that must be considered to enable the usage of such a system along Indian borders is that the terrain in the region is rugged, and, furthermore, not even clearly defined.
    • Hence, erecting fences, walls or any physical structures is extremely difficult.
    • A “smart” wall, however, makes use of systems that would be designed in such a way that they can operate even in rugged areas.
    • Imperatively, in the US various other benefits, such as cost-effectiveness, less damage to the environment, fewer land seizures, and speedier deployment are being noted.
    • This gives the concept an edge over traditional borders.

    Benefits that Indian can reap

    • Notably, such a system, even if not feasible for our long boundaries, may still be deployed to enhance critical security establishments of the country and complement the already-existing physical fencing and walls.
    • This can no doubt secure the major infiltration areas.

    Way forward

    • The attack on the Pathankot Airbase highlighted that often, it may become difficult to secure establishments due to their vast size.
    • Further, it is imperative for Indian armed forces to be well-equipped and simultaneously have the latest technological advantage over its enemies.
    • Experts must explore this idea to effectively counter the problem of cross-border infiltration.
    • Is it unfathomable to deploy a security system that clubs technology with traditional set-ups due to terrain and other problematic factors? This is a question for Digital India to answer.

  • Exercise Yudh Abhyas 2021

    The 16th edition of Indo-U.S. joint military exercise ‘Yudh Abhyas’ is set to be held in Rajasthan between February 8 and 21.

    Yudh Abhyas

    • The exercise near the India-Pakistan border aims at enhancing cooperation and interoperability between the two armies and will focus on counter-terrorism operations under the UN mandate.
    • The drill comes days after the air forces of India and France held a five-day joint exercise in Rajasthan in January.
    • Exercise with U.S. Army is significant in terms of security challenges faced by both the nations in the backdrop of global terrorism.
    • The joint military exercise will enhance the level of defence cooperation between both armies which will also foster the bilateral relations between both nations.
    • It reiterates India’s key role as a key partner in the Indo-Pacific region.

  • [pib] Exercise Kavach

    A large scale all-services exercise ‘Exercise Kavach’ will be conducted next week under the aegis of the Andaman and Nicobar Command (ANC), the only Joint Forces Command of the country.

    All-time generic question seeking ‘match the pairs’ can be asked from the news as such.  Click here for more exercises.

    Exercise Kavach

    • The tri-services exercise aims to fine-tune joint war-fighting capabilities and SOPs towards enhancing operational synergy in the Andaman Sea and Bay of Bengal.
    • This exercise would involve assets of Indian Army, Indian Navy, Indian Air Force and Indian Coast Guard.
    • The exercise involves synergized application of maritime surveillance assets, coordinated air and maritime strikes, air defence, submarine and landing operations.
    • Concurrently Joint Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) exercise involving various technical, electronic and human intelligence from three services will be conducted.
    • The ISR exercise will validate the capabilities of intelligence gathering from space, air, land and sea-based assets/ sensors, its analysis and sharing to achieve battlefield transparency.
    • It would carry out amphibious landing operations, air landed operation, helicopters-borne insertion of Special Forces from sea culminating in tactical follow-on operations on land.

  • [pib] Exercise Desert Knight-21

    Indian Air Force and French Air and Space Force will conduct a bilateral Air exercise, Ex Desert Knight-21 at Air Force Station Jodhpur.

    All-time generic question seeking ‘match the pairs’ can be asked from the news as such.  Click here for more exercises.

    Ex. Desert Knight-21

    • The French side will participate with Rafale, Airbus A-330 Multi-Role Tanker Transport (MRTT), A-400M Tactical Transport aircraft and approximately 175 personnel.
    • The IAF aircraft participating in the exercise will include Mirage 2000, Su-30 MKI, Rafale, IL-78 Flight Refuelling Aircraft, AWACS and AEW&C aircraft.
    • The exercise marks an important milestone in the series of engagements between the two Air forces.
    • As part of Indo-French defence cooperation, Indian Air Force and French Air and Space Force have held six editions of Air Exercises named ‘Garuda’, the latest being in 2019.
    • Presently, the French detachment for Ex Desert Knight-21 is deployed in Asia as part of their ‘Skyros Deployment’ and will ferry in forces to Air Force Station Jodhpur.

    Why it is special?

    • The exercise is unique as it includes fielding of Rafale aircraft by both sides and is indicative of the growing interaction between the two premiers Air Forces.
    • It will put into practice operational experience gained across terrains and spectrums and endeavour to exchange ideas and best practices to enhance interoperability.

  • [pib] IAF to induct LCA Tejas

    The Union Cabinet has approved procurement of 73 LCA Tejas Mk-1A fighter aircraft and 10 LCA Tejas Mk-1 Trainer aircraft for Indian Air Force.

    Try this PYQ from CSP 2018:

    Q.What is “Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD)”, sometimes seen in the news?

    (a) An Israeli radar system

    (b) India’s indigenous anti-missile programme

    (c) An American anti-missile system

    (d) A defence collaboration between Japan and South Korea

    LCA Tejas

    • The Tejas is an Indian single-engine, fourth-generation, multirole light fighter aircraft.
    • It is designed by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) in collaboration with the Aircraft Research and Design Centre (ARDC) of Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).
    • It came from the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) programme, which began in the 1980s to replace India’s ageing MiG-21 fighters.
    • The indigenous content of the Tejas was 59.7% by value and 75.5% by a number of lines replaceable units.

    Which are the procured variants?

    • Light Combat Aircraft Mk-1A variant is an indigenously designed, developed and manufactured state-of-the-art modern 4+ generation fighter aircraft.
    • It is the first “Buy (Indian-Indigenously Designed, Developed and Manufactured)” category procurement of combat aircraft.

    Significance

    • Tejas enable IAF to handle repairs or servicing at their base depot so that the turnaround time would get reduced for mission-critical systems.
    • This would enable IAF to sustain the fleet more efficiently and effectively due to the availability of repair infrastructure at respective bases.
    • It will give a further push to Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative and boost indigenization of defence production and the defence industry in the country.

  • India’s efforts in increasing Maritime domain awareness

    The article analyses India’s efforts in increasing the maritime domain awareness while increasing the cooperation with the neighbourhood and other countries.

    Indian Navy improving domain awareness

    • The enemy at sea is often unrecognisable — a terrorist, a pirate, a criminal or a sea robber.
    • Of late, the Indian Navy has been on a drive to improve domain awareness in the Indian Ocean.
    • The Indian Navy’s efforts seem focused primarily on monitoring Chinese activity in the Eastern Indian Ocean, particularly in the seas around the Andaman and Nicobar islands.
    • The Navy is seeking to expand India’s surveillance footprint by setting up radar stations in the Maldives, Myanmar and Bangladesh.
    • Mauritius, the Seychelles and Sri Lanka have already integrated into the wider coastal radar chain network.

    Increasing international cooperation

    • Seven Indian Ocean countries — Bangladesh, Myanmar, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, Mauritius and the Seychelles — will soon post Liaison Officers at the Indian Navy’s Information Fusion Centre-Indian Ocean Region in Gurugram.
    • France already has an officer at the IFC.
    • Four other Indo-Pacific navies — Australia, Japan, the U.K and the U.S. — have also agreed to position officers at the centre.
    • As a result of such cooperation, IFC is fast emerging as the most prominent information hub in the Eastern Indian Ocean.
    • India is increasing engagement in the Western Indian Ocean by positioning a Liaison Officer at the Regional Maritime Information Fusion Centre (RMIFC) in Madagascar.
    • India has also posted an officer at the European Maritime Awareness in the Strait of Hormuz (EMASOH) in Abu Dhabi to assist in the monitoring of maritime activity.

    Stronger partnership with France

    • Delhi’s moves in the Western and South-Western littorals have been facilitated by France.
    • Two countries have signed a logistics agreement in 2019.
    • France is keen for a stronger partnership in the maritime commons.
    • France has been instrumental in securing ‘observer’ status for India at the Indian Ocean Commission and is pushing for greater Indian participation in security initiatives in the Western Indian Ocean.
    • However, the Indian Navy’s priority remains South Asia, where the naval leadership remains focused on underwater domain awareness in the Eastern Indian Ocean.

    Concerns over increasing Chines presence

    • There is concern that the Chines navy may be poised to develop a generation of quieter submarines that would be hard to detect.
    • As a result, India has moved to expand its underwater detection capabilities in the Eastern chokepoints. 
    • India might also partner Japan in installing an array of undersea sensors near the Andaman Islands to help detect Chinese submarines.

    India as a security provider: Manifestation of SAGAR

    • India’s initiatives in the maritime domain are motivated by more than just strategic considerations.
    • Shipping agreements with 21 countries in the Indian Ocean have enabled a comprehensive picture of maritime traffic.
    • Efforts are under way to help smaller island states build capacity to combat regional threats.
    • India’s military satellite (GSAT-7A) may soon facilitate a real-time sharing of maritime information with partners.
    • These endeavours are a manifestation of Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) that advances the idea of India as a ‘security provider’ and ‘preferred partner’ in the Indo-Pacific region.

    Challenges

    • Indian initiatives, however, are yet to bring about an alignment of objectives and strategies of regional littoral states.
    • While cooperative information sharing allows for a joint evaluation of threats, countries do not always share vital information timeously.

    Conclusion

    To bring real change, India must ensure seamless information flow, generating operational synergy with partners, and aim to expand collaborative endeavours in shared spaces.

  • Carrying out transformational reforms in military

    The article examines issues of national security like the recent creation of a Department of Military Affairs (DMA) and a Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) and also some focus areas like Threatre Command. 

    Understanding the significance of  DMA and CDS

    • Through the creation of Chief of Defence Staff (CDS), the management of the armed forces, so far which was assigned to the civilian Defence Secretary, was brought under a military officer, the CDS.
    • The designation of CDS as Secretary DMA made him the first military officer to be recognised as a functionary of the Government of India (GoI).
    • With the DMA is now a part of the GoI, it would aid the resolution of organisational, hierarchical and financial issues faced by the military.

    Recent steps taken by DMA

    • The responsibility for accruing savings to fund defence expenditure has been placed on the DMA.
    • DMA has floated two schemes aimed at reducing the defence pensions bill.
    • One penalises officers seeking early release from service and another envisages a three-year “Tour of Duty” for jawans.
    • Issues with these ideas:
    • Penalising officers for early release is likely to harm morale.
    • “Tour of Duty” will degrade the military’s combat-capability in today’s technology-intensive battle-space.
    • The need here is that DMA must focus on military matters and leave the plans of financing national defence to finance ministry or the Niti Aayog. It will better serve it’s purpose.

    Another area of needed reform – Theatre Command

    • Theatre Commands stands for jointness and integration in the Indian military are varying degrees of synergy and cross-service cooperation between the military wings of Indian armed forces.
    • Objectives of the creation of theatre command should be:
    • To hand over the military’s warfighting functions to the Theatre Commanders, while retaining the support functions with service HQs.
    • To combine India’s 17 widely-dispersed, single-service Commands into four or five mission/threat-oriented, geographically contiguous “Joint” or “Theatre Commands”.
    • To place the appropriate warfighting resources of all three services directly under the command of the designated Theatre Commanders; and
    • To achieve efficiency/economy by pooling of facilities and resources of the three services.

    Advantages of Theatre Commands

    • The Theatre Commanders and their staff will be trained and groomed in jointness.
    • With that jointness, they will be able to plan operations and to employ land, maritime and air forces, regardless of the service to which they belong.
    • For this to happen, radical changes are required in the content of our system of professional military education.
    • The Theatre Commander will also have the benefit of advice from commanders representing each service.

    Issues with Theatre Commands

    • Two thorny issues are the chain of command of the Theatre Commanders and the relationship of the CDS (or his equivalent) with the service Chiefs.
    • To avoid over-concentration of power in any single military functionary, the system followed by the US ensures that the chain of command runs from the President to the Secretary (Minister) of Defence and then, directly to the Theatre Commander.
    • In India, the peacetime management of the armed forces is left to the MoD and the Chiefs of Staff Committee (COSC).
    • However, during war, strategic guidance to the military,  has always come from the PM.
    • In the system of higher defence under implementation, ideally, the Defence Minister needs to be brought into the command/operational chain of the Theatre Commanders, with the CDS acting as his adviser.
    • Due to frequency of elections and intensity of politics in India that no Defence Minister has had the time or inclination to devote his/her undivided attention to complex national security issues.

    Consider the question “Examine the implications of the creation of Theatre Commands. What are the challenges in its creation.”

    Conclusion

    India’s military reforms are complex, the GoI needs to seriously consider the constitution of a Parliamentary Committee, with military advisers, to oversee and guide this transformational process.

  • The possibility of a two-front war

    The possibility of a two-front war has been debated for long in the Indian security establishment. However, the Galwan valley incident has added an urgency to that possibility. 

     

    Two front situation

    • In the Indian military’s thinking, while China was the more powerful, the chance of a conventional conflict breaking out was low.
    • The Chinese intrusions in Ladakh in May this year, the violence that resulted from clashes have now made the Chinese military threat more apparent and real.
    • This comes at a time when the situation along the Line of Control (LoC) with Pakistan has been steadily deteriorating.
    • Between 2017 and 2019, there has been a four-fold increase in ceasefire violations.
    • The larger challenge for India’s military would come if the hostilities break out along the northern border with China.
    • In such a situation, it is unlikely that Pakistan would initiate a large-scale conflict to capture significant chunks of territory as that would lead to a full-blown war between three nuclear-armed states.

    China-Pakistan relationship

    • China has always looked at Pakistan as a counter to India’s influence in South Asia.
    • There is a great deal of alignment in their strategic thinking.
    • Military cooperation is growing, with China accounting for 73% of the total arms imports of Pakistan between 2015-2019.
    • It would, therefore, be prudent for India to be ready for a two-front threat.

    The dilemma for India: In resources and strategy

    • It is neither practical nor feasible to build a level of capability that enables independent warfighting on both fronts.
    • A major decision will be the quantum of resources to be allocated for the primary front. This is the dilemma of resources.
    • If a majority of the assets of the Indian Army and the Indian Air Force are sent towards the northern border, it will require the military to rethink its strategy for the western border.
    • This is the second dilemma.
    • Even though Pakistan may only be pursuing a hybrid war, should the Indian military remain entirely defensive?
    • Adopting a more offensive strategy against Pakistan could draw limited resources into a wider conflict.

    Way forward

    • We need to develop both the doctrine and the capability to deal with this contingency.
    • Capability building also requires a serious debate, particularly in view of the country’s economic situation.
    • We need to focus on future technologies such as robotics, artificial intelligence, cyber, electronic warfare, etc.
    • The right balance will have to be struck based on a detailed assessment of China and Pakistan’s war-fighting strategies.
    • Diplomacy has a crucial role to play.
    • India would do well to improve relations with its neighbors so as not to be caught in an unfriendly neighborhood.
    • The engagement of the key powers in West Asia, including Iran, should be further strengthened.
    • Relationship with Moscow should not be sacrificed in favor of India-United States relations given that Russia could play a key role in defusing the severity of a regional gang up against India.
    • Political outreach to Kashmir aimed at pacifying the aggrieved citizens would help in easing the pressure from the western front.

    Consider the question “India faces the possibility of a two-front war. What strategy India should follow to deal with such a challenge?” 

    Conclusion

    A politically-guided doctrine, comprehensive military capability, and exploring other options will help to deal with the China-Pakistan threat.