In 1961, MIT computer science professor Fernando Corbato introduced the world to digital passwords, an innovation designed for research purposes. Little did he know the profound societal impact his creation would eventually wield.
Why discuss this?
Passwords have become nearly synonymous with cybersecurity in the 21st century, albeit with an unsavory connotation.
Despite efforts to promote robust password practices, “password” and “123456” continue to dominate the list of common passwords, underscoring the pervasive vulnerability of most accounts.
Passkeys: Need for Change
Ineffectiveness of Passwords: The prevailing authentication method, based on passwords, falls short in ensuring adequate security.
Big Tech Solution: In response to this predicament, major tech companies propose a solution – passkeys.
Understanding Passkeys
Web Authentication Standard: Passkeys are a security feature built on the WebAuthentication (WebAuthn) standard.
Public-Key Cryptography: Passkeys employ public-key cryptography, a potent technique employing a public key (server-side) and a private key (user-side).
Authentication Process: When users log in, a challenge is sent to their device, which utilizes the private key to solve it and respond. The server then validates the response with the public key, all without storing any secrets, enhancing security.
Getting Started with Passkeys
Wide Compatibility: Leading tech companies, including Microsoft, Google, and Apple, have collaborated to make passkeys accessible to most recent phones and PCs.
Operating Systems: Passkeys are available on iOS 16+, iPadOS 16+, macOS Ventura, Android 9+, Windows 10, and Windows 11.
Web Browsers: Passkeys are supported on popular browsers like Chrome, Edge, Safari, and Firefox.
Creating and Using Passkeys
Account Requirement: Users need an account with a provider supporting passkeys, such as Microsoft, Google, or Apple.
Activation Process: To enable passkeys, sign in to a compatible app or website, activate the passkey option, and obtain a unique passkey linked to your account and device.
Usage: Passkeys can be used with biometrics (e.g., Touch ID, Face ID), QR codes, or device verification.
Future of Passwords
Inevitable Evolution: While passkeys offer notable advantages over traditional passwords in terms of security and user-friendliness, they still face challenges related to compatibility and user adoption.
Industry Push: Notably, Google, Apple, and Microsoft are driving the passkey agenda strongly, suggesting that passwords may eventually become obsolete.
Conclusion
A Security Evolution: The emergence of passkeys as an alternative to traditional passwords marks a significant shift in the realm of cybersecurity.
Ongoing Transition: As passkeys gain momentum and garner support from tech giants, they may gradually pave the way for a password-free future, promising enhanced security and user convenience in the digital realm.
The Supreme Court has issued an order for maintaining the current state of affairs regarding the appointment of archakas (priests) in Agamic temples in Tamil Nadu.
The reforms introduced by the ruling government, aiming to change the hereditary system of appointing archakas, have faced opposition from the association of archakas.
Why discuss this?
Such appointments violated religious rights protected under the Constitution, emphasizing the need for rigorous training under experienced Gurus to comprehend the significant religious practices of the Agamas.
Government and Judicial Actions
The debate over temple priest appointments in Tamil Nadu has evolved over the years, with several key actions shaping its course:
1971 Amendment: In 1971, the DMK government, led by Chief Minister M Karunanidhi, amended the Tamil Nadu Hindu Religious & Charitable Endowment (HR & CE) Act. This amendment abolished hereditary priest appointments and allowed individuals from all castes to become priests.
2006 Declaration: In 2006, the government declared all qualified individuals eligible to be priests. However, this move was challenged in the Supreme Court, which, in 2015, emphasized the importance of adhering to Agama Sastras while safeguarding constitutional rights.
Gender Equality: In a landmark ruling in 2009, the Madras High Court favored a woman priest from Usilampatti, Madurai, who faced opposition from male priests regarding her inherited right to conduct puja at a temple. The court underscored the need to eliminate gender bias from temples to fulfill constitutional mandates.
Inclusivity: The Supreme Court’s rulings in the Guruvayoor Devaswom Case (2004) and the N Adithayan case (2002) upheld the appointment of non-believers and non-Brahmins as temple priests, emphasizing inclusivity and non-discrimination.
Complex Divine Contradictions
Despite the legal framework and the abolition of hereditary priest appointments, the Agama tradition continues to influence temple administrations in Tamil Nadu. This persistence has given rise to debates and challenges:
Regional Variations: Similar debates have emerged in Kerala, where questions have been raised about why only Hindu temples are under government control, while churches and mosques are not. Tamil Nadu has also witnessed campaigns for temple “reclamation.”
Historical Shift: During the colonial era, British officials’ involvement in Hindu rituals raised concerns among Christian establishments in India. This led to the transfer of temple control to local communities. In 1951, the HR & CE Act limited government involvement to administration and finance.
Friction between Tradition and Modernity: The ongoing tensions between traditional practices and modern principles are exemplified by debates over hereditary priest rights and resistance to the entry of women into the Sabarimala temple. These issues defy simple solutions.
What about Religious Freedom?
Complexity of Hinduism: A prominent temple priest in Chennai argued that rules applied to other faiths may not directly apply to Hinduism. Hinduism is characterized by its diversity of traditions, contradictions, and numerous deities. Temples are perceived as centers of “soul energy” with unique purposes and practices.
Role of Empathy: The priest emphasized the importance of empathy when dealing with matters of faith. Logic and reasoning cannot always apply to beliefs deeply rooted in tradition and spirituality. He highlighted the significance of experiential concepts, dedication, and the unique nature of temple administration.
Agama Sastra Expertise: The priest pointed out that learning Agama Sastra in a year does not equip an individual to manage a temple. Temple administration is a combination of experiential concepts, ideas, and dedication, distinct from running a company. Agama Sastra is not a simple manual but a profound tradition.
Conclusion
The debate surrounding temple priest appointments in Tamil Nadu remains complex, reflecting the ongoing struggle to balance tradition with modern principles.
It highlights the challenges in applying uniform rules to diverse faiths and underscores the profound significance of temples in Hinduism.
The Maldives’ presidential election run-off is set to “safeguard the country’s independence and sovereignty” amidst strong ties with India.
In addition to the presidential election, Maldivians will vote in a referendum next month to decide whether to switch to a parliamentary system of governance.
Key Points and Geopolitical Significance
[A] Electoral System
French-Style System: The Maldivian electoral system resembles France’s, requiring a candidate to secure over 50% of votes for victory. A runoff occurs if no candidate surpasses this threshold in the first round, with the top two candidates competing.
[B] History of Maldivian Presidency
Executive Presidency: The Maldives adopted the Executive Presidency in 1968. Initially, it operated as a single-party system until 2008 when political reforms led to a multi-party system.
Abdul Gayoom’s Era: Maumoon Abdul Gayoom served as President for 30 years, from 1978 to 2008, during which he faced political protests and thwarted a coup attempt with India’s assistance in 1988.
Political Reforms: In 2004, Gayoom initiated political reforms, leading to the registration of political parties in 2005 and the adoption of a new Constitution in 2008, enabling presidential elections every five years.
India’s Relations with Maldives
Mixed Relations: India’s engagement with Maldivian politics has seen fluctuations. President Solih’s government has had the most favourable relations with India thus far.
Gayoom and Nasheed Eras: India closely worked with Abdul Gayoom for three decades. When Nasheed assumed power in 2008, India supported his government initially. However, Nasheed later leaned toward China, cancelling a major infrastructure project with India in 2012.
Yameen’s Pro-China Stance: Abdulla Yameen, who took office in 2013, pursued a pro-China foreign policy, including joining China’s Belt and Road Initiative. India’s reluctance to provide loans due to human rights concerns led Yameen to turn to Beijing.
Solih’s Election: President Solih’s victory in the 2018 elections was a relief for India, signifying a shift in bilateral relations. PM Modi attended Solih’s swearing-in ceremony.
Stronger Ties: India provided rapid assistance, including vaccines, during the COVID-19 pandemic, further strengthening relations. Bilateral projects in Maldives have multiplied, and defense cooperation has expanded, with India training Maldivian security personnel and providing military equipment.
Current Election Landscape
Solih’s Challengers: President Solih is facing competition from Opposition candidate Mohamed Muizzu, who emerged as the consensus candidate after former President Abdulla Yameen’s disqualification.
Proxy for Yameen: Muizzu is seen as a proxy for Yameen and has made statements raising concerns for India. He has threatened to terminate agreements with foreign countries and withdraw Indian troops stationed in the Maldives.
Low Turnout: The election has seen a lower voter turnout compared to previous ones, with 79% participation in the first round. This low turnout is a concern in the context of Maldives’ democratic transition.
Geopolitical Ramifications
China’s Influence: Under President Abdulla Yameen’s rule from 2013 to 2017, the Maldives aligned with China, participating in the Belt and Road Initiative (i.e. String of Pearls) and receiving substantial loans, including funding for major infrastructure projects.
India’s Concern: India has a keen interest in maintaining influence in its “backyard” in the Indian Ocean and keeping Chinese influence at bay. India has invested heavily in Maldivian infrastructure and deepened security cooperation, which has raised concerns of establishing a strategic military presence.
Western Nations’ Watchful Eye: Western nations, including the US, UK, and Australia, are closely monitoring the election as part of their efforts to counter Chinese influence in the Indo-Pacific region. The opening of embassies by these countries in the Maldives underscores its strategic significance.
Conclusion
Geopolitical Implications: The Maldivian presidential runoff and the country’s relationship with India and China hold significant geopolitical implications. The outcome will shape the nation’s foreign policy direction.
India’s Interests: India’s interests in Maldives include defense cooperation, economic partnerships, and maintaining regional stability. The election’s result will be closely monitored to assess its impact on these interests and the future trajectory of Maldives’ foreign relations.
Dumpsite remediation in India holds immense significance due to its profound impact on the environment, public health, and overall quality of life.
These unregulated dumpsites release harmful gases, pollute air and water, and pose severe health risks to nearby communities.
Dumpsite Remediation: Government Initiatives and Progress
Govt Commitment: The Indian government aims to remediate all dumpsites in the country by 2025 under the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) 2.0.
Progress Overview: Over 82.7 million tonnes of waste have been remediated, reclaiming 3,477 acres of land.
State Progress: Mizoram has fully remediated its waste, while states like Chandigarh, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Gujarat have addressed 50-60% of their legacy waste.
Challenges and Complexities
Topographical Challenges: States with mountainous terrains like Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Sikkim, Meghalaya, Ladakh, and Jammu & Kashmir face difficulties in waste transport and utilization.
Economic Viability: Some states struggle to find economically viable disposal options for combustible fractions and fine soil-like material.
Waste Composition: Around 8% of legacy waste comprises combustible fractions.
Limited Co-Processing Units: India has 54 co-processing units, with only 13 states having operational units.
Benefits of Recovered Material
Construction and Filling Solutions: Repurposed fine soil-like material can be used in road construction and to stabilize flood-prone areas.
Improving Engineering Properties: Fine soil enhances roadbed engineering.
Elevation and Stabilization: Fine fraction elevates and stabilizes low-lying areas.
Another aspect: GHGs Emissions from Waste
Methane Emission Sources
Wastewater’s High Contribution: Wastewater treatment is a major source of methane emissions.
Organic Matter Decomposition: Methane is produced during organic matter decomposition in wastewater and solid waste disposal.
Solid Waste Disposal: Methane is generated in landfills, open dumps, and waste disposal sites.
Overall Methane Emissions in India
India’s Methane Emissions: In 2016, India emitted 409 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent methane.
Sector-Wise Breakdown: Agriculture contributed 73.96%, waste 14.46%, energy 10.62%, and industrial processes 0.96%.
Key Contributors: Open dumpsites and landfills are significant sources.
Lost Opportunities and Climate Impact
Persistent Methane Emissions: Even capped landfills emit methane due to biochemical reactions.
Untapped Energy Resource: Methane emissions represent missed energy opportunities.
Biogas Potential: 1 TPD of biodegradable waste can produce 80-100 cubic meters of biogas.
Environmental Harm: Disposing of biodegradable waste in landfills releases methane, a climate pollutant.
Harnessing Methane for a Sustainable Future
Bio-Methanation: Implementing bio-methanation processes can capture methane for various applications.
Beneficial Applications: Captured methane can be converted into bio-CNG, electricity, or other fuels.
Material Suitability: Recovered material must meet engineering and environmental standards.
Regulatory Compliance: Compliance with local regulations is essential.
Conclusion
Navigating Waste Remediation: India faces challenges and opportunities in dumpsite remediation. Addressing topographical barriers, ensuring economic viability, and maximizing material utilization are critical.
A Missed Opportunity: Dumpsites emit methane, a valuable energy resource. Proper waste management can mitigate climate impacts and unlock economic benefits.
Prominent figures Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s historic collaboration on the Poona Pact, addressing caste and social injustice, remains relevant in contemporary India’s ongoing debates.
Central idea
Gandhi is indispensable. You may love him or hate him, but you can’t ignore him. As world leaders gathered for the G-20 summit, Prime Minister Narendra Modi emphasized the timeless importance of Gandhi’s ideals in shaping a harmonious global future. Gandhi’s persona transcended ideologies, making him a creed unto himself.
Gandhi’s Profound Persona
Gandhi’s persona transcended ideologies, becoming a creed in itself. To truly appreciate his legacy, we must approach it with an open mind, free from preconceived biases. His extensive literary contributions, spanning over a hundred volumes, offer insights into his complex worldview and philosophy.
Gandhi’s Humility and Self-Reflection
One admirable aspect of Gandhi was his recognition of his own fallibility.
He encouraged readers to choose the interpretation of his writings that resonated with them, demonstrating courage and humility.
His continual self-growth was evident, emphasizing his commitment to his principles.
The Gandhi-Ambedkar Dynamic
October holds significance for both Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, known for their opposing views on social issues like varna and caste.
Despite their differences, they reached a historic agreement known as the Poona Pact, which played a pivotal role in shaping India’s social landscape.
The Poona Pact: An Agreement for Inclusivity
Historic Agreement: The Poona Pact was a significant development in Indian history. It marked an agreement reached between Gandhi and Ambedkar in Pune, India, during a period of intense discussions and debates about political representation for the depressed classes (Dalits), who were formerly known as untouchables.
Background: Before the Poona Pact, there was a demand for separate electorates for Dalits, a move advocated by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. This demand led to divisions and tensions within Indian society.
Gandhi’s Fast Unto Death: Mahatma Gandhi, opposed to the idea of separate electorates, embarked on a fast unto death in protest. This fast put immense pressure on the political leaders and created a crisis situation.
Outcome: The Poona Pact was the result of negotiations between Gandhi and Ambedkar. It led to the abandonment of the demand for separate electorates for Dalits. Instead, it introduced the concept of reserved seats (quotas) for the depressed classes within the general electorate.
Significance: The Poona Pact aimed to secure political representation for Dalits while maintaining the unity of the Hindu community. It was seen as a compromise that prevented further division within Indian society.
Legacy: The Poona Pact’s legacy is still felt in modern India. It introduced the system of reserved seats for Dalits in provincial legislatures and other political bodies. This system, known as scheduled castes, continues to ensure political representation for Dalits in India.
Unity Amidst Differences
A Shared Goal:
Though Gandhi and Ambedkar held divergent philosophical views on the foundation of caste, they both agreed on the need to eradicate untouchability and uplift the depressed classes.
Gandhi advocated for treating untouchables on par with caste Hindus, while Ambedkar sought to eliminate the varna system entirely.
Gandhi’s Support for the Varna System: Gandhi, inspired by Swami Dayananda Saraswati’s teachings, supported the Vedic varna system, where an individual’s qualities, actions, and nature determined their varna. He considered it a beneficent law, separate from untouchability.
Ambedkar’s Rejection of Varna Dharma: Ambedkar vehemently opposed the Varna system, viewing it as the root of the problem. He challenged the idea that caste and untouchability were distinct issues, arguing that they were inseparable.
Ongoing Debate
The debates surrounding caste, varna, and Sanatan Dharma (the traditional Hindu way of life) are still actively discussed in India.
Despite the Poona Pact and other social reforms, India grapples with issues related to caste discrimination and untouchability.
The ongoing debate reflects the complexity of India’s social fabric, with differing perspectives on how to address these issues.
Conclusion
Gandhi and Ambedkar, despite their differences, played critical roles in shaping India’s social landscape. Their historic collaboration in the Poona Pact demonstrated a shared commitment to inclusivity and justice. The debates they ignited still resonate in contemporary Indian society, underscoring the enduring relevance of their ideas and ideals.
The recently concluded G-20 Declaration, among its many commitments, reiterated the need to pursue reform of the World Trade Organization (WTO).
Central idea
Reforming international dispute settlement mechanisms is imperative for global trade and investment stability. The G-20 Declaration emphasizes WTO reform by 2024, yet uncertainties persist in the dispute resolution process, given ongoing US opposition.
WTO’s Dispute Settlement System: A Crisis Since 2019
The WTO’s dispute settlement system, known for its two-tier panel cum appellate body structure, has been in turmoil since 2019 when the United States blocked the appointment of appellate body members.
Despite being hailed as the crown jewel of the WTO, this system is currently hamstrung, jeopardizing its ability to issue coherent and predictable rulings.
The G-20’s commitment to improving this system is commendable, but uncertainties persist, especially due to the U.S.’s reluctance towards an appellate review process.
What is Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS)?
ISDS is a mechanism used to resolve disputes between foreign investors and host countries’ governments in the context of international investment agreements.
It is a ubiquitous component of bilateral investment treaties (BITs).
The ISDS today is the principal means to settle international investment law disputes.
As of January 1, 2023, 1,257 ISDS cases have been initiated. India has had a chequered history with ISDS, with five adverse awards: four in favor and several pending claims.
The Role of Appellate Review in International Trade Law
An appellate review process is essential at the international level, just as it is in national courts. It acts as a crucial check on the interpretation and application of the law, ensuring consistency.
The absence of such a mechanism can lead to inconsistencies and incoherent decisions, as seen in international investment law through ISDS.
UNCITRAL’s Working Group III
Discussions are ongoing at the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) regarding ISDS reforms and the creation of an appellate review mechanism.
Key issues include the form of the mechanism, review standards, timeframes, and decision effects. These discussions hold the promise of addressing the current deficiencies in ISDS.
Benefits of an appellate review mechanism
Error Correction: Appellate review corrects legal mistakes in WTO and ISDS decisions, ensuring the accurate application of rules.
Consistency and Confidence: It maintains a uniform interpretation of trade and investment laws, promoting stability and predictability. A functional appellate body boosts trust in the WTO, encouraging nations to resolve trade disputes peacefully.
Harmonization and Stability: ISDS appellate review aligns diverse treaty interpretations, reducing legal disparities. It also fosters investor-state predictability, attracts investments, and promotes economic growth.
Reducing Uncertainty: Appellate review clarifies investment treaty rights and obligations, reducing ambiguity.
Credibility: Its presence enhances ISDS credibility, making it more appealing for states and investors.
Rule-Based Order: Supporting appellate review aligns with India’s aim for a rule-based global system, fostering international cooperation.
India’s Position on Appellate Review Mechanisms
Support for Appellate Review in ISDS:
Although India has not officially articulated its stance, there is a presumption that India is supportive of the idea of an appellate review mechanism in ISDS.
This presumption is based on the presence of Article 29 in India’s model Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT), which appears to endorse the concept of appellate review.
Alignment with India’s interests:
India is concerned about the inconsistency and incoherence that currently characterize the ISDS system.
Supporting an appellate review mechanism is seen as a means to address these concerns and promote greater stability and predictability in international investment law.
Relevance to Ongoing Negotiations:
India will likely need to take a formal position on this issue during ongoing investment treaty negotiations with the European Union (EU).
The EU is advocating for the establishment of an appellate review mechanism for investment disputes, and India’s stance will be crucial in shaping the outcome of these negotiations.
Quest for a Rule-Based Global Order:
India’s broader objective is to establish a rule-based global order in international trade and investment. Supporting an appellate review mechanism, both in ISDS and within the World Trade Organization (WTO), is seen as a way to achieve this goal.
Moreover, India should also advocate for the restoration of the WTO appellate body to ensure a fully functioning dispute settlement system at the WTO.
Conclusion
The G-20’s commitment to revitalizing the WTO’s dispute settlement system and the ongoing discussions on establishing an appellate review mechanism in ISDS are steps in the right direction. India, as a proponent of a rule-based global order, should actively support these reforms to ensure greater confidence among states and investors in international trade and investment law.
The 2023 Constitution Amendment Bill, passed by both Houses of Parliament, reserves one-third of seats in the House of the People, State Legislative Assemblies, and the Legislative Assembly of Delhi.
Central idea
In the near future, women lawmakers are poised to constitute at least 33% of India’s legislative bodies. In tandem with legislative reforms, there is a pressing need for increased female representation in law enforcement agencies.
The Connection between Legislators and Law Enforcement
The representation of women in the Indian Parliament stands at approximately 14.4%, a notable improvement compared to the 4.9% recorded in the first Lok Sabha in 1952.
While the direct relationship between the number of legislators and the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies is not straightforward, the representation of women in these institutions reflects their alignment with the diverse society they serve.
Reservation and Representation in the Police Force
In parallel with legislative reforms, achieving greater gender diversity within law enforcement agencies is a pressing concern.
Several states have adopted policies mandating the allocation of 30% or 33% of vacant police positions to women, leveraging horizontal reservation.
This approach ensures that if minimum reserved positions for SC, ST, Other Backward Classes, and unreserved categories are not filled by women candidates on merit, women are given priority.
However, there is significant variation among states in implementing such policies, with some not having any reservation for women in their police forces.
The data published by the Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D) reveals that although the total strength of state police forces grew by approximately 7.48% over five years, the representation of women in these forces increased only marginally.
Examples of Variations in Implementation
Kerala, Mizoram, and Goa: These states, despite not having specific reservation policies for women in the police force, manage to maintain women’s representation in a commendable range between 6% and 11%.
Bihar: Bihar allocates an impressive 35% reservation for women, with an additional 3% reserved for backward caste women. However, the actual representation of women in the force is around 17.4%, indicating challenges in the effective execution of these quotas.
Chandigarh: Chandigarh boasts the highest percentage of women in its police force, with approximately 22% representation.
Jammu and Kashmir: Conversely, Jammu and Kashmir have the lowest representation of women in their police force, standing at approximately 3.3%.
Challenges in Recruitment
Low Rate of Filling Vacancies: Recruitment is conducted for only about 4% to 5% of the total vacant positions, taking into account an attrition rate of 2.5% to 3% and an annual sanction of new posts of around 1.5% to 2%. This sluggish pace of recruitment impedes efforts to increase women’s representation.
Lack of Permanent Police Recruitment Boards: Numerous states lack permanent police recruitment boards, which makes it challenging to conduct regular recruitment cycles.
Infrequent Recruitment: Due to these impediments, recruitment cycles often occur at infrequent intervals, further delaying the process of enhancing women’s representation.
Reforms Implementation: Some of the key reforms aimed at enhancing women’s participation include merging women police with the regular police force and establishing police recruitment boards. However, not all states have been enthusiastic about implementing these reforms, potentially affecting their benefits.
State Subject: Policing falls under the purview of states as per the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution. Therefore, implementing necessary police reforms primarily remains the responsibility of individual states.
Crime Data and the Imperative for Women in Policing
Gender-Based Crimes:
According to National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) data, approximately 10% of the total crimes defined under the Indian Penal Code were committed against women in 2021.
These crimes include offenses such as domestic violence, sexual assault, and crimes against women and children.
This data underscores the pressing need for specialized handling of such cases, as they often require a nuanced and empathetic approach.
Insufficient Representation:
Despite the prevalence of crimes against women, only about 5.3% of total arrests in 2021 were women. This indicates that the available women police force may be insufficient to effectively address cases related to women.
Ensuring an adequate number of women police officers is essential to handling these cases sensitively and professionally.
Scope Enlargement: The Protection of Children from Sexual Offenses Act has expanded the scope of women’s recruitment in the police force. This expansion acknowledges the unique skills and sensitivity that women officers can bring to cases involving children and minors.
Versatile Capabilities: The women have demonstrated their competence in various police duties, dispelling any doubts about their ability to handle diverse assignments in a police institution. Their versatility is an asset in responding to a wide range of law enforcement challenges.
Democracy and Representation: In a democratic country, every institution must be representative of its populace to earn the trust of the citizens it serves. Ensuring diversity, including gender diversity, within law enforcement agencies is vital to building trust and confidence among the public.
Government efforts
Financial Incentives: The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) introduced financial incentives starting in 2018–19 to encourage states to implement police reforms effectively. These incentives include reserving a portion of modernization funds, with an initial reservation of 10% in the first year, followed by 20% of total modernization funds.
Special Initiatives: The MHA also offered a special grant to encourage states to establish a ‘women desk’ in every police station. However, there may not be sufficient women personnel to handle these desks effectively in some districts.
Way Forward: Empowering Women in Policing
Family Quarters Satisfaction: As of January 1, 2021, the satisfaction level regarding family quarters for women police officers stood at only about 30%. Adequate family quarters are crucial for creating a conducive work environment.
Infrastructure and Environment: Efforts should be made to provide a conducive environment and basic infrastructure to encourage more women to join the police force. This includes improving living conditions, providing separate toilets for women staff, and providing crèche facilities for children in police stations.
Uniform Police Act: Consider implementing a uniform police act for the entire country to establish consistent standards for women in the police force.
Recruitment: Ensure that every state has a recruitment board to oversee and facilitate regular recruitment of women into the police force.
Special Recruitment Drive: Launch special recruitment drives in all states and union territories to actively recruit more women officers and increase their representation in the police force, similar to the Constitutional 128th Amendment for women in legislatures.
Conclusion
The journey toward gender equality and representation in India’s legislative and law enforcement bodies is complex but essential. Bridging the gender gap in the police force is not just about equality, but also about enhancing the effectiveness and inclusivity of these vital institutions in a democratic society.
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Bhagat Singh, born on September 28, 1907, in the village of Banga (now in Faisalabad, Pakistan), is celebrated as a charismatic revolutionary who sacrificed his life for the cause of Indian independence at the young age of 23.
Five Lesser-Known Aspects of Bhagat Singh’s Life
[1] A Family of Progressive Freedom Fighters
Anti-Colonial Roots: Bhagat Singh’s father, Kishan, and uncle, Ajit, were actively involved in anti-British activities. Kishan faced imprisonment in 1910 for disseminating seditious literature, while Ajit was deported to Mandalay in 1907 for his inflammatory speeches against the Punjab Colonisation Bill. Both played significant roles in the freedom struggle, influencing Bhagat Singh’s upbringing in an anti-colonial environment.
Dissent within the Family: Despite the family’s strong anti-British stance, Bhagat Singh publicly criticized his father for submitting a mercy plea to the Viceroy when he and other revolutionaries faced the gallows, revealing his unwavering commitment to the revolutionary cause.
[2] A Scholar and Writer
Prolific Writer: Bhagat Singh contributed to Urdu and Punjabi newspapers in Amritsar during the 1920s and authored pamphlets and ‘seditious’ literature condemning British colonial rule.
Eclectic Reading: His jail notebooks revealed his interests extended beyond politics, encompassing literature from renowned poets and writers, including Rabindranath Tagore, William Wordsworth, Wajid Ali Shah, Mirza Ghalib, and Iqbal.
[3] An Atheist and Marxist with Anarchist Leanings
Religious Critique: Bhagat Singh was an avowed atheist who criticized religion in his essay ‘Why I am an Atheist’ (1930), rejecting the concept of one true religion. He viewed religious beliefs as divisive and demoralizing.
Inspirations: Bhagat Singh drew inspiration from Marxist thinkers such as Marx, Lenin, Trotsky, and Bakunin. In his final testament, ‘To Young Political Workers’ (1931), he advocated for “social reconstruction on new, i.e., Marxist, basis.” However, he did not fully align with orthodox Marxist views, particularly on authoritarianism.
[4] Support from Jinnah
Jinnah’s Defense: While Mahatma Gandhi refrained from intervening in Bhagat Singh’s trial, MA Jinnah ardently defended him. Jinnah vehemently opposed a proposed Bill that would have allowed trials in absentia, delivering a compelling speech in the Central Assembly in 1929.
Successful Opposition: Jinnah’s staunch stance led to the foiling of the attempt to pass the law, but Bhagat Singh’s trial continued under dubious circumstances, resulting in his death sentence in 1930.
[5] Jawaharlal Nehru’s Support
Nehru’s Critique: Jawaharlal Nehru criticized the British legal process and the injustice inflicted on Bhagat Singh. He admired Bhagat Singh’s courage and self-sacrifice.
Historic Visit: Nehru, along with other leaders like Subhash Chandra Bose, visited Bhagat Singh in prison. Despite their differences in methods, Nehru’s respect for Bhagat Singh remained unwavering.
Congress Resolution: After Bhagat Singh’s execution, Nehru moved an official resolution in a Congress session, condemning the execution and demanding commutation, even though the Congress officially rejected violence as a means of achieving independence.
Gujarat has issued a circular to control the growth of the exotic species Conocarpus, citing adverse impacts on the environment and human health.
About Conocarpus Plant
Classified as invasive, Conocarpus is a mangrove
During the winter season, these trees produce flowers, releasing pollen in nearby regions.
In India, various public authorities have used it for landscaping purposes, including road medians, roadsides, and public gardens.
This tree is renowned for maintaining its dark green foliage year-round, even in harsh environmental conditions like extreme temperatures.
Its adaptability allows it to thrive in highly saline areas.
Conocarpus exhibits an excessive water-absorption trait from the soil, posing a threat to groundwater.
Its deep root system can disrupt infrastructure communication cables, drainage lines, and potable water pipelines.
Previous bans
Telangana had previously banned the same plant species due to concerns over its impact.
Conocarpus is not the sole exotic plant species to fall out of favor.
In recent years, Delhi and Kerala have grappled with the need to curb the growth of non-indigenous trees that were adversely affecting local environments, flora, and fauna due to their prolific presence.
In the online world, digital cookies hold a significant role, contributing to personalization and user convenience.
These unobtrusive lines of code, quietly stored on devices during website visits, shape the online experiences we encounter.
Understanding How Cookies Work
Cookies as Digital Keys: Think of cookies as keys to an exclusive club. Just as a club bouncer recognizes regular patrons, cookies remember your login details on websites, eliminating the need for constant re-authentication.
Enhanced Online Shopping: Websites like Amazon leverage cookies to remember your past interactions, offering tailored product recommendations and an intimate shopping experience.
Persistent Shopping Carts: Online shopping carts, fueled by cookies, ensure your selections remain intact even after you leave the site, simplifying the checkout process.
Personalized Advertising: Platforms like Facebook and Google utilize cookies to track online behaviour, serving ads aligned with your preferences.
Types of Cookies
Session Cookies: Temporary, session cookies function as post-it notes for websites, existing only in your computer’s memory during your browsing session.
Persistent Cookies: Comparable to bookmarks, persistent cookies remain on your device after your browsing session, retaining login information and preferences.
Secure Cookies: Sent over encrypted connections, secure cookies are employed for sensitive data like login credentials.
Third-Party Cookies: Originating from domains other than the visited site, third-party cookies serve tracking and advertising functions, offering both benefits and potential intrusiveness.
Multifaceted Uses of Cookies
Digital ID Cards: Cookies facilitate user authentication, allowing websites to recognize and keep you logged in.
Personalization: They remember your preferences, such as language choices and website themes.
Persistent Shopping Carts: Items added online remain accessible upon your return.
Analytics Data: Cookies enable website owners to gather valuable data about user interactions for improvements and customization.
Targeted Advertising: Advertisers employ cookies to display ads aligning with your interests, enhancing online shopping experiences.
Challenges Associated with Cookies
Privacy Concerns: Cookies can track online behaviour, occasionally infringing upon digital privacy.
Security Risks: Inadequately secured cookies may expose personal information to cybercriminals.
User Consent Era: Privacy regulations necessitate websites to seek user consent before deploying specific cookie types, resulting in pop-ups and prompts.
Third-Party Cookie Debates: Concerns about third-party cookies have led web browsers to limit their usage for user privacy protection.
Data Deluge: The multitude of cookies can potentially overwhelm your browser, causing a sluggish web experience.
Conclusion
Complex yet Sweet: Cookies enhance online experiences but also bring privacy and security challenges. As the digital landscape evolves, so will the use and regulation of cookies.
Analogous to Real Cookies: Just like warm, gooey chocolate chip cookies, digital cookies add a personalized touch to your online adventures, even if they occasionally leave behind a few crumbs.
The Lancet Commission report ‘Women, Power and Cancer’ spotlights the gender disparities in cancer care that persist in India.
Women dying of Cancer: Alarming Statistics
The report emphasizes that approximately 6.9 million cancer-related deaths among Indian women were preventable, and 4.03 million were treatable.
It revealed that a staggering 63% of premature cancer-related deaths in Indian women could have been prevented through risk reduction, screening, and early diagnosis.
37% could have been averted through timely and optimal treatment.
Understanding the Gender Gap
Cancer Incidence and Mortality: Despite men being at a higher risk of certain cancers affecting both genders, women continue to face a significant burden of cancer incidence and mortality. Globally, women account for 48% of new cancer cases and 44% of cancer-related deaths. This happens even though some of the cancers in women, such as breast and cervical cancers, are highly preventable and treatable.
Root Causes: The report attributes this gender gap in cancer outcomes to several factors, including limited access to timely and appropriate care due to disparities in knowledge, decision-making power, and financial resources. Women, irrespective of their socioeconomic status, often lack the necessary information and autonomy for informed decision-making in healthcare.
Financial Strain: Additionally, women are more likely than men to experience financial devastation due to cancer-related expenses, compounding the challenges they face.
Challenges in Cancer Care for Women
Underrepresentation: The report underscores that women are underrepresented in leadership roles in the field of cancer care. They are also susceptible to gender-based discrimination and harassment, making it a complex environment for women to thrive.
Unrecognized Contributions: Shockingly, women constitute the largest unpaid workforce in cancer care, with their contributions estimated to be worth approximately 3.66% of India’s national health expenditure.
Expert Insights
Healthcare-Seeking Behavior: A healthcare expert highlights the impact of gendered healthcare-seeking behavior. Women, particularly in disadvantaged sections of society, tend to exhibit lower healthcare-seeking behavior, impacting their overall health outcomes.
Societal Changes: Beyond medical knowledge, societal changes are crucial. Women often hesitate to consult medical professionals for conditions like breast or cervical cancer, leading to delays in diagnosis and treatment.
Significance of Screening
Preventable and Treatable Cancers: Breast and cervical cancers, two of the most common cancers in women, are highly preventable and treatable. Experts emphasize the importance of regular screenings.
Early Detection: Self-examination of breasts, annual clinical examinations by a medical professional, and mammography for women over 40 can aid in early breast cancer detection. For cervical cancer, regular screenings can identify pre-cancerous growth and the presence of the human papillomavirus.
Government Interventions
Awareness Campaigns: Experts underscore the need for government-led awareness campaigns to promote cancer prevention and early detection, similar to those for other health initiatives.
Vaccination Programs: The government’s initiative to include vaccination programs for young girls is a positive step in reducing cancer incidence.
Primary Health Centers: Experts highlight the potential for primary health centers to play a more significant role in cancer diagnosis and early treatment, particularly for cervical cancer.
Recommendations from the Report
Data Collection: Regularly collecting gender and social demographic data for cancer health statistics is crucial.
Policy Development: Developing, strengthening, and enforcing policies that reduce known cancer risks is essential.
Equitable Access: The report calls for equitable access to cancer research resources, leadership roles, and funding opportunities for women, addressing the gender imbalance in cancer care and research.
Dr. M.S. Swaminathan, the revered agricultural scientist renowned as the “Father of the Green Revolution” in India, passed away at the age of 98.
His legacy is deeply interwoven with India’s journey towards achieving food security.
Who was Dr. M.S. Swaminathan?
Civil Services to Agriculture: Although Dr. Swaminathan initially cleared the civil services examination, his heart was set on agriculture. His fascination with farming led him to pivot his career towards agricultural research.
The Turning Point:Influenced by the Bengal famine of 1942-43, which he viewed as a consequence of British policies, Dr. Swaminathan chose to study agriculture, particularly genetics and breeding. This decision was instrumental in shaping India’s agricultural landscape.
Timeline of Dr. M.S. Swaminathan’s remarkable life and contributions:
Year
Milestones
1925
Born on August 7, 1925, in Kumbakonam, Madras Presidency.
1940s
Pursued higher education in zoology and later completed a Bachelor of Science degree in Agricultural Science.
1949-1954
Conducted research on combating potato crop parasites during a UNESCO fellowship and earned a PhD from the University of Cambridge.
1954
Specialized in the genus Solanum and started researching fertilizers and high-yielding wheat varieties.
1965-70
Collaborated with Dr. Norman Borlaug to develop high-yield semi-dwarf wheat varieties, pioneering the Green Revolution in India.
1979-1982
Appointed as Director-General of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research and served in various government roles.
1982
Became Director General of the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines.
1987
Awarded the first World Food Prize for his contributions to agriculture.
2002
Elected as President of the Pugwash Conferences on science and world affairs.
2004
Appointed as the chair of the National Commission on Farmers, which recommended significant reforms for Indian agriculture.
2005
Joined the United Nations Millennium Project’s Hunger Task Force and developed targets to combat poverty and hunger.
2007
Nominated to the Rajya Sabha and presented the Women Farmers’ Entitlements Bill.
2013 onwards
Continued involvement in various initiatives focused on nutrition, internet access, and agricultural institutes worldwide.
Green Revolution: A Game-Changer
Revolutionary Change: Dr. Swaminathan’s pioneering work led to the introduction of high-yielding variety seeds, improved irrigation facilities, and fertilizers to farmers in regions like Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh. This transformative period marked the beginning of India’s Green Revolution.
Impact on Wheat Production: The Green Revolution witnessed a remarkable increase in wheat production. In 1947, India produced about 6 million tonnes of wheat annually, which soared to about 17 million tonnes between 1964 and 1968, significantly enhancing the nation’s self-sufficiency in food production.
Swaminathan’s Contribution to the Green Revolution
Semi-Dwarf Wheat Varieties
Aimed to reduce wheat plant height, preventing lodging while maintaining grain yield.
Collaboration with Norman Borlaug
Collaborated with Norman Borlaug to incorporate dwarfing genes into spring wheat varieties suitable for India.
The Wheat Revolution
A collaborative effort starting in 1963, leading to high-yield semi-dwarf wheat varieties.
Role of HYVs
Focused on developing high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice, crucial for combating drought and famine.
Yield Gap Reduction
Targeted increasing productivity on existing farmland through HYVs, mitigating the threat of famine.
Cytogenetics Expertise
Contributions extended to studying chromosomes (cytogenetics), identifying traits like disease resistance.
Challenges and Ethical Commitments
Unintended Consequences: Despite its successes, the Green Revolution faced criticism for benefiting prosperous farmers and causing ecological issues.
Dr. Swaminathan’s Advocacy: As the head of the National Commission on Farmers, he advocated for fair Minimum Support Prices for farmers and highlighted concerns related to soil fertility, pesticide use, and water management.
Legacy and Recognition
International Accolades
– Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1971
– Albert Einstein World Science Award in 1986
– UNEP Sasakawa Environment Prize in 1994
– UNESCO Gandhi Gold Medal in 1999
– Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament, and Development in 1999
– Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Award in 2000
– First World Food Prize Laureate in 1987.
National Awards (India)
– Lal Bahadur Shastri National Award
– Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament, and Development
Civilian Awards (India)
– Padma Shri in 1967
– Padma Bhushan in 1972
– Padma Vibhushan in 1989
Honorary Doctorates
– Received over 80 honorary doctorates from universities worldwide
Civilian Awards (Other Nations)
– Honored with civilian awards from nations like the Philippines, France, Cambodia, China
Fellowships in Scientific Academies
– Elected as a fellow in several scientific academies in Russia, Sweden, United States, United Kingdom, Italy, China, Bangladesh
Back2Basics: Key Terms Explained
Hexaploid Wheat: Also known as “bread wheat,” hexaploid wheat contains six sets of chromosomes and is a globally cultivated cereal crop.
Carbon Fixation: The process by which crops capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and convert it into organic compounds, primarily through photosynthesis.
C3 and C4 Pathways: Photosynthetic pathways used by plants for carbon fixation, with C4 being more efficient.
C4 Rice Plant: A type of rice that employs the C4 photosynthetic pathway, which Dr. Swaminathan worked on during his tenure at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI).
Data released by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) reveals that India’s Current Account Deficit (CAD) expanded significantly to $9.2 billion, equivalent to 1.1% of GDP, during the April-June quarter.
This represents a substantial increase from the preceding three months when it stood at $1.3 billion, or 0.2% of GDP.
Contrasting with the year-earlier quarter of fiscal 2022-23, where the CAD was $17.9 billion (2.1% of GDP), the current scenario reflects evolving economic dynamics.
What is Current Account Deficit (CAD)?
A current account is a key component of balance of payments, which is the account of transactions or exchanges made between entities in a country and the rest of the world.
This includes a nation’s net trade in products and services, its net earnings on cross border investments including interest and dividends, and its net transfer payments such as remittances and foreign aid.
A CAD arises when the value of goods and services imported exceeds the value of exports, while the trade balance refers to the net balance of export and import of goods or merchandise trade.
Components of Current Account
Current Account Deficit (CAD) = Trade Deficit + Net Income + Net Transfers
(1) Trade Deficit
Trade Deficit = Imports – Exports
A Country is said to have a trade deficit when it imports more goods and services than it exports.
Trade deficit is an economic measure of a negative balance of trade in which a country’s imports exceeds its exports.
A trade deficit represents an outflow of domestic currency to foreign markets.
(2) Net Income
Net Income = Income Earned by MNCs from their investments in India.
When foreign investment income exceeds the savings of the country’s residents, then the country has net income deficit.
This foreign investment can help a country’s economy grow. But if foreign investors worry they won’t get a return in a reasonable amount of time, they will cut off funding.
Net income is measured by the following things:
Payments made to foreigners in the form of dividends of domestic stocks.
Interest payments on bonds.
Wages paid to foreigners working in the country.
(3) Net Transfers
In Net Transfers, foreign residents send back money to their home countries. It also includes government grants to foreigners.
It Includes Remittances, Gifts, Donation etc
How does Current Account Transaction takes place?
While understanding the Current Account Deficit in detail, it is important to understand what the current account transactions are.
Current account transactions are transactions that require foreign currency.
Following transactions with from which component these transactions belong to :
Component 2 : Interest on loans to other countries and Net income from investments in other countries
Component 3 : Remittances for living expenses of parents, spouse and children residing abroad, and Expenses in connection with Foreign travel, Education and Medical care of parents, spouse and children
What are the reasons for the current account deficit?
Intensifying geopolitical tensions and supply chain disruptions leading to crude oil and commodity prices soaring globally have been exerting upward pressure on the import bill.
A rise in prices of coal, natural gas, fertilizers, and edible oils have added to the pressure on trade deficit.
However, with global demand picking up, merchandise exports have also been rising.
How will a large CAD affect the economy?
A large CAD will result in the demand for foreign currency rising, thus leading to depreciation of the home currency.
Nations balance CAD by attracting capital inflows and running a surplus in capital accounts through increased foreign direct investments (FDI).
However, worsening CAD will put pressure on the inflow under the capital account.
Nevertheless, if an increase in the import bill is because of imports for technological upgradation it would help in long-term development.
Generative artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a potent force in the digital landscape, raising critical questions about regulation, copyright, and potential risks.
Central Idea
In a remarkably short period, chatbots such as ChatGPT, Bard, Claude, and Pi have demonstrated the remarkable potential of generative AI applications. However, these AI marvels have also exposed their vulnerabilities, prompting policymakers and scientists worldwide to grapple with the question, whether generative AI should be subject to regulation.
What is generative AI?
Like other forms of artificial intelligence, generative AI learns how to take actions based on past data.
It creates brand-new content—a text, an image, even computer code—based on that training instead of simply categorizing or identifying data like other AI.
The most famous generative AI application is ChatGPT, a chatbot that Microsoft-backed OpenAI released late last year.
The AI powering it is known as a large language model because it takes in a text prompt and, from that, writes a human-like response.
What is the legal framework on which generative AI rests?
U.S. Copyright Approach:
In the United States, copyright law recognizes only humans as copyright holders.
Consequently, AI-generated works often fall outside the scope of copyright protection.
This situation poses challenges when it comes to attributing authorship to AI-generated content.
India’s Ambiguity:
India’s position on AI-generated content and copyright remains ambiguous.
A recent case highlights this ambiguity, where a copyright application for an AI-generated work was initially rejected.
The lack of clear guidelines in India regarding copyright protection for AI-generated content adds complexity to the legal landscape.
The European Union’s AI Act
Individual Rights: The EU AI Act places a strong emphasis on safeguarding individual rights within the AI landscape. It seeks to protect individuals from potential AI-related harm, ensuring that their rights are upheld.
Leveling the Playing Field: Recognizing the dominance of large tech corporations in AI development, the Act aims to foster a more competitive environment. This involves measures to reduce the concentration of AI development within a select few companies, promoting innovation and diversity.
Transparency Obligations: The AI Act introduces transparency requirements for AI-generated content. Specifically, it mandates the labeling of AI-generated material as such and requires summaries of the training data used. These provisions aim to enhance transparency and accountability in AI systems.
Contrasting Approaches: Risk-Based vs. Relaxed Regulation
EU’s Risk-Based Approach:
In contrast, the European Union employs a risk-based approach to AI regulation.
This approach involves delineating prohibitions on certain AI practices, recommending ex-ante assessments for others, and enforcing transparency requirements for low-risk AI systems.
The EU’s approach acknowledges the multifaceted risks posed by AI and seeks to mitigate them effectively.
U.S. Regulatory Approach:
The United States maintains a relatively relaxed approach to AI regulation, which may be attributed to underestimating the associated risks or a general reluctance towards extensive regulation.
This approach raises concerns, especially in sectors like education, where there is minimal control over the use of generative AI tools by students, including age and content restrictions.
Additionally, discussions regarding the regulation of AI risks, particularly in the context of disinformation campaigns and deepfakes, are notably limited in the U.S.
Comprehensive Regulatory Framework: India necessitates a comprehensive regulatory framework that spans both horizontal regulations applicable across sectors and vertical regulations specific to distinct industries. The absence of such regulations results in uncertainties and impediments to effectively addressing AI-related issues.
Data Protection Clarity: The Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act of 2023 plays a pivotal role in addressing data protection concerns. However, the DPDP Act exhibits certain gaps, such as legitimizing data scraping by AI companies when data is publicly available.
Challengessurroundingtrade secrets and transparencyin the context of AI
Trade Secrets:
Corporations frequently employ trade secrets to safeguard their AI models and training data from disclosure.
Nevertheless, when AI systems have the potential to cause significant societal harm, there may arise a need to compel companies to divulge these particulars.
This predicament raises questions about achieving a balance between safeguarding trade secrets and addressing the broader societal consequences of AI.
Transparency:
Guaranteeing transparency in AI systems holds paramount importance, particularly when AI-generated content is disseminated.
The societal imperative for transparency, particularly in instances where AI-generated content might be exploited for malicious purposes or cause harm,
Way forward
Continued Dialogue: Policymakers, legal experts, industry leaders, and stakeholders should engage in ongoing discussions and collaboration to develop effective regulations and guidelines for generative AI.
Ethical Considerations: The development and deployment of AI systems should prioritize ethical principles to ensure responsible use and mitigate potential harms.
Transparency and Accountability: There should be efforts to promote transparency in AI systems, especially when AI-generated content is involved. Accountability mechanisms should also be in place to address issues arising from AI use.
Comprehensive Regulation: Governments and international bodies may consider developing comprehensive regulatory frameworks that encompass various aspects of AI, including data protection, transparency, accountability, and liability.
Public Education: Initiatives to educate the public about AI’s implications, benefits, and limitations should be developed, particularly in sectors where AI is extensively used, such as education.
Conclusion
The global regulation of generative AI emerges as a pressing concern. Adaptive and thoughtful regulatory approaches are essential to address the evolving challenges and opportunities introduced by generative AI on a global scale.
In recent years, the Supreme Court has had to remind the Madras High Court of the validity of self-respect marriages, emphasizing the enduring legacy of the Self-Respect Movement in the fight for social justice and self-respect.
Central idea
The recent controversy surrounding the validity of self-respect marriages, also known as Suyamariyathai thirumanam, in Tamil Nadu is a poignant reminder of the enduring battle for recognition and acceptance that these unions have faced. Despite being legalized in 1967 self-respect marriages continue to be a subject of contention.
What is a self-respect marriage?
A self-respect marriage, also known as Suyamariyathai thirumanam, is a type of marriage ceremony and union that originated within the Dravidian self-respect movement in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
These marriages are characterized by their departure from traditional Hindu marriage rituals and customs. Instead, self-respect marriages are based on principles of social equality, individual freedom, and non-religious ideals.
What is the self-respect movement?
The Self-Respect Movement is a socio-political and cultural movement that originated in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu during the early 20th century.
It was primarily championed by leaders and thinkers associated with the Dravidian ideology, which aimed to promote the rights and interests of the Dravidian people of South India and challenge perceived inequalities and injustices in society.
The movement had a significant influence on the politics and social fabric of Tamil Nadu and played a role in shaping the state’s identity.
The Self-Respect Movement’s Struggle
Challenging Caste-Based Discrimination: The Self-Respect Movement fiercely opposed the deeply entrenched caste-based discrimination prevalent in Tamil Nadu. It sought to dismantle the oppressive caste system and challenge the privileges enjoyed by Brahmins in society.
Advocating for Social Equality: Central to the movement’s ethos was the promotion of social equality. It encouraged rationalism and atheism as alternatives to religious dogma and superstition, advocating for a scientific worldview.
Empowerment of Women: The Self-Respect Movement was at the forefront of advocating for women’s rights. It fought for women’s education, equality, and autonomy within both families and society at large.
Promotion of Tamil Language and Culture: The movement emphasized the importance of preserving and promoting the Tamil language and culture. It resisted the imposition of Sanskrit and Brahminical traditions that threatened Tamil identity and heritage.
Formation of Political Parties: The Self-Respect Movement eventually translated its socio-cultural goals into political action. This led to the formation of influential political parties like the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) and the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) that championed the cause of social justice and self-respect.
Legal battles for recognition
Early Lack of Recognition: In the early stages of the movement, self-respect marriages lacked legal recognition. They were not supported by existing laws, which favored traditional Hindu marriages.
Advocacy during the Hindu Code Bill: Leaders and activists of the Self-Respect Movement actively participated in the Hindu Code Bill drafting process in 1944. They submitted memorandums and evidence to advocate for comprehensive changes to Hindu law, particularly focusing on women’s legal rights and recognition of non-religious marriages.
Limited Recognition in the 1955 Act: Despite the movement’s efforts, the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 provided only limited recognition to select reformed marriages. It did not acknowledge self-respect marriages, emphasizing traditional Hindu rites and ceremonies.
Proposals for Separate Legislation: The movement proposed the Hindu Non-Conformist Marriage Registration Bill, 1954. However, it was abandoned in favor of the Special Marriage Act, 1954, which did not adequately address property rights within civil marriages.
Struggles in the Legislative Process: Efforts to pass legislation recognizing self-respect marriages faced opposition, particularly from Congress legislators. The ‘Madras Suyamariyathai Marriage Validation Bill’ introduced in 1959 aimed to legalize self-respect marriages but was defeated.
The 1967 Amendment
Introduction of Section 7 A: Section 7 A was introduced in the Hindu Marriage (Tamil Nadu Amendment) Act 1967. This provision was pivotal as it provided legal recognition and legitimacy to non-ritual Hindu marriages.
Validation of Non-Ritual Hindu Marriages: The amendment validated and legalized non-ritual Hindu marriages, including self-respect marriages, under Hindu law. This marked a significant departure from the previous lack of recognition.
Challenging Brahminic Interpretations: Beyond recognition, the 1967 Amendment challenged Brahminic interpretations of Hindu marriage practices that had marginalized and discredited self-respect marriages and those who chose them.
Impact on Legal Status: With the enactment of this amendment, self-respect marriages gained legal standing and legitimacy under Hindu law in Tamil Nadu. This recognition was crucial to protecting the rights of individuals who had entered into such marriages.
Contemporary Challenges
Resistance from Government Bodies: Government bodies, such as the Union Ministry for Social Justice and Empowerment, have at times resisted recognizing the Section 7 Act, leading to disputes and challenges.
Judicial Misinterpretations: The judiciary has occasionally misinterpreted or questioned the validity of self-respect marriages, contributing to legal challenges and uncertainty.
Recent Supreme Court Reminders: The Supreme Court has had to remind the Madras High Court of the validity of self-respect marriages in recent years, indicating ongoing legal battles.
Cumulative Legal Reforms: The cumulative effect of legal reforms in Tamil Nadu has had a far-reaching impact on gender rights within marriages, challenging traditional norms and ideals.
Conclusion
The ongoing struggle for recognition of self-respect marriages in Tamil Nadu highlights the resilience of the Dravidian self-respect movement and its commitment to challenging traditional norms. The Madras High Court’s progressive stance on gender rights within marriage underscores the need for continued advocacy and awareness to protect the rights of individuals who choose self-respect marriages.
India faces a grave crisis in its healthcare landscape, particularly concerning the shortage of kidneys for transplantation.
Central idea
India is grappling with a severe kidney crisis, marked by an alarming demand-supply gap in kidney transplantation. While kidney transplantation is the most effective treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD), India’s regulatory framework presents formidable obstacles to innovative kidney exchange methods.
India’s Kidney Crisis
In 2022, over two lakh patients required kidney transplants, but only about 7,500 transplants, a mere 3.4%, were performed.
This alarming disparity can be attributed to the high prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in India, which affects approximately 17% of the population.
CKD often progresses to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), for which kidney transplantation is the most effective treatment in terms of quality of life, patient convenience, life expectancy, and cost-effectiveness.
However, India lags far behind developed countries like the United States, which performs about 20% of the needed kidney transplants.
Importantly, this gap is not solely due to a lack of medical facilities but is largely influenced by stringent regulations in India.
Current kidney procurement methods in India
Deceased Donors:
Obtaining kidneys from deceased donors is one of the primary methods in India.
However, this method faces challenges due to low donation rates, specific conditions required for the nature of death, and the infrastructure needed to collect and store organs.
Families’ willingness to donate organs after a loved one’s death remains relatively low.
Living Relatives or Friends:
Another method for obtaining kidneys is through living relatives or friends.
Patients can request a kidney donation from a willing living individual who is a compatible match.
This approach requires compatibility in terms of blood type and tissue type, which can be a significant obstacle. It also involves complex emotional and ethical considerations.
Challenges related to kidney procurement methods in India
Regulatory Barriers: Stringent regulations in India hinder innovative kidney exchange methods, such as kidney swaps and kidney chains. These regulations limit the participation of non-near-relatives in kidney swaps, and altruistic donations for kidney chains are often illegal.
Lack of Kidney Chains: Kidney chains, a method involving a series of altruistic donations, are nearly non-existent in India due to legal restrictions. In most Indian states, it is illegal to donate a kidney out of altruism.
Black Market for Kidneys: The stringent regulations around kidney exchange have led to the emergence of black markets for kidneys in India. The reference to selling a kidney is a mainstream expression, indicating the prevalence of such illegal operations.
The need for regulatory reform
Stringent Regulations: Current regulations impede innovative kidney exchange methods, hindering non-near-relatives’ participation and banning altruistic donations in many states.
Missed Opportunities: India has missed chances to expand kidney supply through effective methods like kidney swaps and chains due to legal barriers.
Disparity in Regulations: Inconsistent regulations between swap transplants and direct donations raise questions about fairness.
Lack of Coordination: India lacks a national coordinating authority, making it difficult to create diverse donor-recipient pools.
Black Market Concerns: Stringent regulations have led to a black market for kidneys, endangering those involved.
Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act 1994: This legislation laid the foundation for organ transplantation in India by recognizing the possibility of transplants from brain-stem death.
2011 Amendment: In 2011, an amendment legalized swap transplants and initiated a national organ transplant program in India. This represented a significant step toward expanding transplantation options.
Reforms in February 2023: The government introduced reforms in February 2023, offering more flexibility in age and domicile requirements for organ registration. While noteworthy, the article suggests that these reforms fall short of addressing the core issue of inadequate kidney supply.
Lessons for India to transform its own organ transplantation landscape
Altruistic Donations: Emulate countries like the US and the Netherlands in legalizing and encouraging altruistic kidney donations to expand the donor pool.
National Registries: Follow Spain and the UK by establishing national-level registries for kidney chains and swaps to streamline coordination.
International Collaboration: Explore international partnerships as seen in Spain to broaden the donor and recipient network.
Continuous Improvement: Commit to ongoing regulatory enhancements, inspired by the success of the United States in facilitating kidney swaps and chains.
Patient-Centric Approach: Prioritize patient-centered policies, drawing from global models, to improve patient access and quality of life.
Conclusion
Reforming India’s kidney transplant laws is not only a matter of urgency but also a humanitarian imperative. Along with the domestic reforms, learning from global best practices is the key to addressing this critical issue and ensuring a brighter future for kidney transplant recipients in India.
The UPSC Mains 2023 has concluded, and it’s time to connect the dots! Every year, the pattern offers a fascinating insight into the dynamic trajectory of UPSC’s questioning. How often do we find the traces of previous questions leaving a subtle hint for the next year’s paper? What are the emerging trends, and how do we align our preparation to be one step ahead?
We are thrilled to present the PDF and questions for UPSC Mains 2023 GS 3 Paper, curated meticulously to offer you an insightful analysis.
This paper, often considered a game-changer, covers a broad range of topics including Economic Development, Science and Technology, Environment, Internal Security, and Disaster Management.
What’s Inside the UPSC Mains 2023 GS 3 Paper?
We’ve got you covered! You can download the full UPSC Mains 2023 GS 3 PDF here to see what UPSC had in store this year. Examine the questions, analyze their complexities, and think about how you would have approached them.
1. जी० डी० पी० में विनिर्माण क्षेत्र विशेषकर एम० एस० एम० ई० की बढ़ी हुई हिस्सेदारी तेज आर्थिक संवृद्धि के लिए आवश्यक है। इस संबंध में सरकार की वर्तमान नीतियों पर टिप्पणी कीजिए। (उत्तर 150 शब्दों में दीजिए)
Faster economic growth requires increased share of the manufacturing sector in GDP, particularly of MSMEs. Comment on the present policies of the Government in this regard. (Answer in 150 words) 10
Linkage with Syllabus:
Indian Economy and issues relating to Planning, Mobilization of Resources, Growth, Development and Employment.
Linkage with PYQ :
Account for the failure of manufacturing sector in achieving the goal of labour-intensive exports rather than capital-intensive exports. Suggest measures for more labour-intensive rather than capital-intensive exports. (2017)
Linkage with CD Mains test series: Smash Mains Sectional Test 4”
Q.18) “MSMEs sector is the growth engine of the Indian economy”. In light of this statement, discuss the challenges faced by the MSME sector along with the steps taken by Government to address those challenges. (15 marks)
Prediction for 2024 Mains:
Question can be asked on Feasibility of Service Sector led growth or Feasibility of Export led growth for India
Predict question on FDI
Start up India
2. भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था में डिजिटिकरण की स्थिति क्या है? इस संबंध में आने वाली समस्याओं का परीक्षण कीजिए और सुधार के लिए सुझाव दीजिए। ( उत्तर 150 शब्दों में दीजिए)
What is the status of digitalization in the Indian economy? Examine the problems faced in this regard and suggest improvements. (Answer in 150 words) 10
Linkage with Syllabus:
Inclusive Growth and issues arising from it.
Linkage with CD Mains test series: FLT 7 Smash Mains Question 15
Linkage with PYQ :
Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) is necessary for bringing unbanked to the institutional finance fold. Do you agree with this for financial inclusion of the poorer section of the Indian society? Give arguments to justify your opinion. (2016)
Is inclusive growth possible under market economy? State the significance of financial inclusion in achieving economic growth in India (2022)
Predictions for 2024:
Question can be asked Peer 2 Peer lending. They can directly ask question on Inclusive growth and its impediments
3. कृषि उत्पादों के उत्पादन एवं विपणन में ई-तकनीक किसानों की किस प्रकार मदद करती है? इसे समझाइए । (उत्तर 150 शब्दों में दीजिए)
How does e-technology help farmers in production and marketing of agricultural produce? Explain it. (Answer in 150 words) 10
Linkage with Syllabus:
E-technology in the aid of farmers.
Linkage with PYQ :
How can the ‘Digital India’ programme help farmers to improve farm productivity and income? What steps has the Government taken in this regards? (2015)
Linkage with CD Mains TS:
Prediction for 2024:
Precision farming, SRI, SSI and Zero budget Natural Farming
4. भारत में भूमि सुधार के उद्देश्यों एवं उपायों को बताइए। आर्थिक मापदंडों के अंतर्गत, भूमि जोत पर भूमि सीमा नीति को कैसे एक प्रभावी सुधार माना जा सकता है, विवेचना कीजिए। (उत्तर 150 शब्दों में दीजिए)
State the objectives and measures of land reforms in India. Discuss how land ceiling policy on landholding can be considered as an effective reform under economic criteria. (Answer in 150 words) 10
Linkage with Syllabus:
Land Reforms in India.
Linkage with Smash Mains test:
Linkage with PYQ:
How did land reforms in some parts of the country help to improve the socio-economic conditions of marginal and small farmers? (2021)
Discuss the role of land reforms in agricultural development. Identify the factors that were responsible for the success of land reforms in India. (2016)
Prediction for 2024:
There is very little chance UPSC will ask a similar question in 2024.
5. कृत्रिम बुद्धि (ए० आइ० ) की अवधारणा का परिचय दीजिए। ए० आइ० क्लिनिकल निदान में कैसे मदद करता है? क्या आप स्वास्थ्य सेवा में ए० आइ० के उपयोग में व्यक्ति की निजता को कोई खतरा महसूस करते हैं? (उत्तर 150 शब्दों में दीजिए)
Introduce the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI). How does Al help clinical diagnosis? Do you perceive any threat to the privacy of the individual in the use of Al in healthcare? (Answer in 150 words) 10
Linkage with Syllabus:
Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers
Linkage with PYQ:
What do you understand by nanotechnology and how is it helping in the health sector? (2020)
CD Mains TS Linkage: Q5. Artificial Intelligence (AI) generative models are unlocking the boundless imagination of machines, forging new frontiers in human-AI collaboration. Comment.
Predictions for 2024: IOT, Big data, Nanotechnology, 3D printing
6. उन विभिन्न तरीकों पर चर्चा कीजिए जिनसे सूक्ष्मजीवी इस समय हो रही ईंधन की कमी से पार पाने में मदद कर सकते हैं। (उत्तर 150 शब्दों में दीजिए)
Discuss several ways in which microorganisms can help in meeting the current fuel shortage. (Answer in 150 words ) 10
Linkage with Syllabus: Bio-technology
Linkage with PYQ: Why is there so much activity in the field of biotechnology in our country? How has this activity benefitted the field of biopharma? (2018)
CD mains TS: FLT 7
Q13. India’s ethanol production program has witnessed significant strides in the last five years. In this light, discuss how India’s ethanol production program can help to achieve doubling farmers’ income?
Predictions for 2024: Green Hydrogen, Effects of biotechnology on Health and Agriculture
Register for GS 3 Paper Analysis and Discussion (mentor of 250+ rankers)
7. बाँधों की विफलता हमेशा प्रलयकारी होती हैं, विशेष रूप से नीचे की ओर, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप जीवन और संपत्ति का भारी नुकसान होता है। बाँधों की विफलता के विभिन्न कारणों का विश्लेषण कीजिए। बड़े बाँधों की विफलताओं के दो उदाहरण दीजिए। (उत्तर 150 शब्दों में दीजिए)
Dam failures are always catastrophic, especially on the downstream side, resulting in a colossal loss of life and property. Analyze the various causes of dam failures. Give two examples of large dam failures. (Answer in 150 words) 10
Linkage with Syllabus:
Disaster and Disaster Management.
PYQ:
None
Prediction for 2024:Crowd Disaster, Land subsidence, Cloud burst, Cyclone issue, Non-Natural diasters
Linkage with CD mains TS:
SM 46: Q8) What are the issues concerning the major dams all over the country? Discuss the steps taken by the government to promote dam safety in the country. (10 marks)
8. तेल प्रदूषण क्या है? समुद्री पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र पर इसके प्रभाव क्या हैं? भारत जैसे देश के लिए किस तरह से तेल प्रदूषण विशेष रूप से हानिकारक है? (उत्तर 150 शब्दों में दीजिए)
What is oil pollution? What are its impacts on the marine ecosystem? In what way is oil pollution particularly harmful for a country like India? (Answer in 150 words ) 10
Link with syllabus: Environmental Pollution and Degradation
Link with PYQ :
Enumerate the National Water Policy of India. Taking river Ganges as an example, discuss the strategies which may be adopted for river water pollution control and management. What are the legal provisions for management and handling of hazardous wastes in India?
Linkage with CD Mains TS: Week 43 Samachar Manthan Test 43
9. आतंकवाद प्रभावित क्षेत्रों में जनसमुदाय का विश्वास बहाल करने में ‘दिल और दिमाग’ जीतना एक आवश्यक कदम है। इस संबंध में जम्मू और कश्मीर में संघर्ष समाधान के भाग के रूप में सरकार द्वारा अपनाए गए उपायों पर चर्चा कीजिए। (उत्तर 150 शब्दों में दीजिए)
Winning of ‘Hearts and Minds’ in terrorism-affected areas is an essential step in restoring the trust of the population. Discuss the measures adopted by the Government in this respect as part of the conflict resolution in Jammu and Kashmir (Answer in 150 words ) 10
Linkage with syllabus:
Role of External State and Non-state Actors in creating challenges to Internal Security.
Linkages between Development and Spread of Extremism.
Link with PYQ:
Naxalism is a social, economic and developmental issue manifesting as a violent internal security threat. In this context, discuss the emerging issues and suggest a multilayered strategy to tackle the menace of Naxalism. 2022
What are the sound determinants of left-wing extremism in Eastern part of India? What strategy should Government of India, civil administration and security forces adopt to counter the threat in the affected areas?
Linkage with CD mains TS:
Prediction for UPSC 2024:
Focus on LWE, Naga issue and Manipur issue
10. सीमा पार से शत्रुओं द्वारा हथियार/गोला-बारूद, ड्रग्स आदि मानवरहित हवाई वाहनों (यू० ए० वी०) की मदद से पहुँचाया जाना हमारी सुरक्षा के लिए गंभीर खतरा है। इस खतरे से निपटने के लिए किए जा रहे उपायों पर टिप्पणी कीजिए। (उत्तर 150 शब्दों में दीजिए)
The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) by our adversaries across the borders to ferry arms / ammunitions, drugs, etc., is a serious threat to the internal security. Comment on the measures being taken to tackle this threat. (Answer in 150 words ) 10
Linkage with Syllabus:
Challenges to Internal Security through Communication Networks, Role of Media and Social Networking Sites in Internal Security Challenges
Security Challenges and their Management in Border Areas
Linkage with PYQ:
For effective border area management, discuss the steps required to be taken to deny local support to militants and also suggest ways to manage favourable perception among locals (2020)
11. भारत में सबसे ज्यादा बेरोजगारी प्रकृति में संरचनात्मक है। भारत में बेरोजगारी की गणना के लिए अपनाई गई पद्धति का परीक्षण कीजिए और सुधार के सुझाव दीजिए। (उत्तर 250 शब्दों में दीजिए)
Most of the unemployment in India is structural in nature. Examine the methodology adopted to compute unemployment in the country and suggest improvements.(Answer in 250 words ) 15
Linkage with Syllabus:
Indian Economy and issues relating to Planning, Mobilization of Resources, Growth, Development and Employment.
Linkage with PYQ:
Define potential GDP and explain its determinants. What are the factors that have been inhibiting India from realizing its potential GDP
Explain the difference between computing methodology of India’s gross domestic product (GDP) before the year 2015 and after the year 2015
Linkage with CD: Samachar Manthan (4th-11th September)
12. ‘देखभाल अर्थव्यवस्था’ और ‘मुद्रीकृत अर्थव्यवस्था’ के बीच अंतर कीजिए। अर्थव्यवस्था को मुद्रीकृत अर्थव्यवस्था में कैसे लाया जा सकता है? महिला सशक्तिकरण के द्वारा देखभाल (उत्तर 250 शब्दों में दीजिए)
Distinguish between ‘care economy’ and ‘monetized economy. How can care economy be brought into the monetized economy through women empowerment? (Answer in 250 words ) 15
Linkage with Syllabus:
Inclusive Growth and issues arising from it.
Linkage with PYQ:
Women empowerment in India needs gender budgeting. What are the requirements and status of gender budgeting in the Indian context?
13. खपत पैटर्न एवं विपणन दशाओं में परिवर्तन के संदर्भ में, भारत में फसल प्रारूप (क्रॉपिंग पैटर्न) में हुए परिवर्तनों की व्याख्या कीजिए। (उत्तर 250 शब्दों में दीजिए)
Explain the changes in cropping pattern in India in the context of changes in consumption pattern and marketing conditions. (Answer in 250 words) 15
Linkage with syllabus:
Cropping Patterns in various parts of the country
Linkage with PYQ:
What are the major reasons for declining rice and wheat yield in the cropping system? How crop diversification is helpful to stabilize the yield of the crop in the system? (2017)
What are the major factors responsible for making rice-wheat system a success? In spite of this success how has this system become bane in India? (2020)
Linkage with CD mains TS:
Q3. Analyse Critically whether the existing cropping patterns in different parts of India would need any change for better agriculture performance in the future. (10) ( FLT 11)
Prediction for 2024:
Questions will be asked on Food processing, PDS or MSP.
14. भारत में कृषि क्षेत्र को प्रदान की जाने वाली प्रत्यक्ष एवं अप्रत्यक्ष सब्सिडी क्या हैं? विश्व व्यापार संगठन (डब्ल्यू० टी० ओ०) द्वारा उठाए गए कृषि सब्सिडी संबंधित मुद्दों की विवेचना कीजिए। (उत्तर 250 शब्दों में दीजिए)
What are the direct and indirect subsidies provided to farm sector in India? Discuss the issues raised by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in relation to agricultural subsidies. (Answer in 250 words) 15
Linkage with Syllabus:
Issues related to Direct and Indirect Farm Subsidies and Minimum Support Prices; Public Distribution System
Linkage with PYQ:
What are the different types of agriculture subsidies given to farmers at the national and state levels? Critically analyze the agriculture subsidy regime with the reference to the distortions created by it. (2013)
Food security bill is expected to eliminate hunger and malnutrition in India. Critically discuss various apprehensions in its effective implementation along with the concerns it has generated in WTO (2013)
15. इलेक्ट्रिक वाहनों को अपनाना दुनिया भर में तेजी से बढ़ रहा है। कार्बन उत्सर्जन को कम करने में इलेक्ट्रिक वाहन कैसे योगदान करते हैं और पारंपरिक दहन इंजन वाहनों की तुलना में वे क्या प्रमुख लाभ प्रदान करते हैं? (उत्तर 250 शब्दों में दीजिए)
The adoption of electric vehicles is rapidly growing worldwide. How do electric vehicles contribute to reducing carbon emissions and what are the key benefits they offer compared to traditional combustion engine vehicles? (Answer in 250 words ) 15
Link with Syllabus: Conservation, Environmental Pollution
Link with PYQ:
Describe the benefits of deriving electric energy from sunlight in contrast to the conventional energy generation. What are the initiatives offered by our Government for this purpose? (2020)
Link with CD Mains TS:
Expediting the migration to electric mobility (E-vehicles) will not just benefit India environmentally but also economically and socially? Discuss (15 Marks) (MEP 05)
16. भारत के तीसरे चंद्रमा मिशन का मुख्य कार्य क्या है जिसे इसके पहले के मिशन में हासिल नहीं किया जा सका? जिन देशों ने इस कार्य को हासिल कर लिया है उनकी सूची दीजिए। प्रक्षेपित अंतरिक्षयान की उपप्रणालियों को प्रस्तुत कीजिए और विक्रम साराभाई अंतरिक्ष केन्द्र के ‘आभासी प्रक्षेपण नियंत्रण केन्द्र’ की उस भूमिका का वर्णन कीजिए जिसने श्रीहरिकोटा से सफल प्रक्षेपण में योगदान दिया है। (उत्तर 250 शब्दों में दीजिए)
What is the main task of India’s third moon mission that could not be achieved in its earlier mission? List the countries that have achieved this task. Introduce the subsystems in the spacecraft launched and explain the role of the Virtual Launch Control Centre’ at the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre which contributed to the successful launch from Sriharikota. (Answer in 250 words) 15.
Linkage with Syllabus: Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology; Indigenization of Technology and Developing New Technology.
Linkage with PYQ:
India has achieved remarkable successes in unmanned space missions including the Chandrayaan and Mars Orbitter Mission, but has not ventured into manned space mission, both in terms of technology and logistics? Explain critically. (2017)
Linkage with CD mains TS:
Q17. From Chandrayaan 2 to Artemis 1 mission, many lunar missions are being undertaken. While discussing their objectives, highlight how they can improve our understanding of the universe? (FLT 3)
Predictions for 2024: Aditya Solar mission, India Stack, India and Quantum,Generic medicine
17. भारत सरकार द्वारा शुरू किए गए राष्ट्रीय आर्द्रभूमि संरक्षण कार्यक्रम पर टिप्पणी कीजिए और रामसर स्थलों में शामिल अंतर्राष्ट्रीय महत्त्व की भारत की कुछ आर्द्रभूमियों के नाम लिखिए। (उत्तर 250 शब्दों में दीजिए
Comment on the National Wetland Conservation Programme initiated by the Government of India and name a few India’s wetlands of international importance included in the Ramsar Sites. (Answer in 250 words) 15
Link with Syllabus:
Conservation,
Link with PYQ:
What is wetland? Explain the Ramsar concept of ‘wise use’ in the context of wetland conservation. Cite two examples of Ramsar sites from India.(2018)
Link with CD mains TS: Smash mains 04
Q19. What are wetlands? Name some important wetlands in India. Discuss their role in ecological conservation in India and steps taken in their revival.
18. जलवायु परिवर्तन पर अंतर-सरकारी पैनल (आइ० पी० सी० सी०) ने वैश्विक समुद्र स्तर में 2100 ईस्वी तक लगभग एक मीटर की वृद्धि का पूर्वानुमान लगाया है। हिन्द महासागर क्षेत्र में भारत और दूसरे देशों में इसका क्या प्रभाव होगा ? (उत्तर 250 शब्दों में दीजिए)
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has predicted a global sea level rise of about one metre by AD 2100. What would be its impact in India and the other countries in the Indian Ocean region? (Answer in 250 words) 15
Linkage with syllabus:
Conservation, Environmental Pollution and Degradation, Environmental Impact Assessment.
Linkage with PYQ:
Discuss global warming and mention its effects on the global climate. Explain the control measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases which cause global warming, in the light of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997. (2022)
Linkage with CD mains TS: FLT 7
As per the IPCC report,Despite all efforts the global sea level rise will not see its nadir point and will remain a continuous process.Analyse the reasons behind the phenomenon.Suggest measures to be taken to make the coastal region of India safer in the coming times?
Prediction for 2024:
Renewable energy, Air pollution and its impact. Climate change and its impact on Agriculture and food security
19. भारत द्वारा सामना की जाने वाली आंतरिक सुरक्षा चुनौतियाँ क्या हैं? ऐसे खतरों का मुकाबला करने के लिए नियुक्त केन्द्रीय खुफिया और जाँच एजेंसियों की भूमिका बताइए। (उत्तर 250 शब्दों में दीजिए)
What are the internal security challenges being faced by India? Give out the role of Central Intelligence and Investigative Agencies tasked to counter such threats. (Answer in 250 words ) 15
Linkage with Syllabus:
Role of External State and Non-state Actors in creating challenges to Internal Security.
Linkage with PYQ:
Analyze internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan borders including Line of Control (LoC). Also discuss the role played by various security forces in this regard . (2020)
How far are India’s internal security challenges linked with border management, particularly in view of the long porous borders with most countries of South Asia and Myanmar?
Linkage with CD mains TS:
Q.9 In ensuring the security of India, the paramilitary forces have played a vital role in almost all the critical matters of internal and border security. Analyze. (FLT 11)
Q.20) Analyse the multidimensional challenges posed by various non- state actors to the internal security of India . Discuss the measures required to be taken to combat these threats.(FLT 11)
Predictions for 2024:
Question will be asked on Cyber Security next year for sure
20. भारत में आतंकवाद के वित्तपोषण के प्रमुख स्रोत और इन स्रोतों की कटौती के लिए किए गए प्रयासों को बताइए। इस आलोक में, हाल ही में नयी दिल्ली में नवंबर 2022 में हुई ‘आतंकवाद के लिए धन नहीं (एन० एम० एफ० टी०) ‘ संगोष्ठी के लक्ष्य एवं उद्देश्य की भी विवेचना कीजिए। (उत्तर 250 शब्दों में दीजिए)
Give out the major sources of terror funding in India and the efforts being made to curtail these sources. In the light of this, also discuss the aim and objective of the No Money for Terror (NMFT)’ Conference recently held at New Delhi in November 2022. (Answer in 250 words) 15
Linkage with Syllabus:
Money-Laundering and its prevention, Linkages of Organized Crime with Terrorism.
Linkage with PYQ:
Discuss how emerging technologies and globalisation contribute to money laundering. Elaborate measures to tackle the problem of money laundering both at national and international levels.
Linkage with CD mains TS: MEP Test 11
Q. With technological advancement terrorists, criminals, weapons and funds are also able to move across national boundaries easily. Discuss what steps can be taken at national and international level to curb the menace of terror financing?
Predictions for 2024:
Question can be asked on organized crime, Money laundering and new sources of terror funding like the Dark web, Crpto, Hawala
90% of the UPSC Mains GS 3 questions have been asked already in Civilsdaily’s Mains Test Series
