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  • MEETING LINK INSIDE, Register & Join|| Learn the Strategy of the 4 Scoring Subjects in Prelims 2022 which alone can fetch you >90 marks|| Free Live Webinar by CD Mentor Swatantra who scored 110+ marks in Prelims 6 Times|| Limited Slots Available, Register Now

    MEETING LINK INSIDE, Register & Join|| Learn the Strategy of the 4 Scoring Subjects in Prelims 2022 which alone can fetch you >90 marks|| Free Live Webinar by CD Mentor Swatantra who scored 110+ marks in Prelims 6 Times|| Limited Slots Available, Register Now

    Civilsdaily Team is inviting you to a scheduled Zoom meeting.

    Strategy for 4 High-Scoring Subjects in Prelims 2022 & fetch >90 marks || by CD Mentor Swatantra
    Date & Time: Mar 14, 2022 @07:00 PM (start log in by 06:45 PM) India

    Join Zoom Meeting
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    Meeting ID: 944 0584 0044
    Passcode: 105938

    What if we told you the very 4 subjects you put away from preparing until the last moment can get you above 90 marks in Prelims if you studied them from the right books and followed the correct study plan?

    The first subject is Indian Economy. UPSC aspirants are often doubtful of the approach and study materials for this subject, as most of the questions that appear in Prelims require current affairs knowledge and depend upon the aspirant’s grasp in the complexities of our country’s economy. Many aspirants realise that unlike Art and Culture or Modern History, there is no single book that can do justice to the UPSC’s expectations of Indian Economy. Since 2014, the weightage of Indian Economy remained above most of the other subjects.

    UPSC Prelims Economy Questions & Answers [2013-2021]

    On the other hand the confusing topics of Science and Technology are the recent applications in this field, space technology, nano technology, diseases and biotechnology. Incidentally, they also have the highest weightage in the number of questions asked.

    Polity, as a subject used to be straightforward from the book Laxmikant. But nowadays, topics like the different schedules in Indian Consitution, Parliamentary and bill making procedure are difficult to remember despite revising many times. Conceptual clarity is a must, else it will be difficult to find the right answer for questions like this (Prelims 2021)

    Consider the following statements in respect of Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards.
    (a) Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards are titles under the Article 18(1) of the Constitution of India.
    (b) Padma Awards, which were instituted in the year 1954, were suspended only once.
    (C) The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a maximum of five in a particular year.
    Which of the above statements are not correct?
    (a) 1 and 2 only
    (b) 2 and 3 only
    (c) 1 and 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3

    Thought not UPSC’s favourite before, Environment and Ecology has gained momentum in the past 9 years with atleast 10% of prelims questions centred around it. Answers to questions on Indian and International Bodies and Conventions have got more negative marking than scoring points .

    What makes the subject slightly tricky is that the current affairs questions are more than a year old, with some of the questions about news related to 2014-15 happenings.

    With reference to the ‘’New York Declaration on Forests’’, which of the following statements are correct?

    1. It was first endorsed at the United Nations Climate Summit in 2014
    2. It endorses a global timeline to end the loss of forests
    3. It is a legally binding international declaration
    4. It is endorsed by governments, big companies and indigenous communities.
    5. India was one of the signatories at its inception

    Select the correct answer using the code given below
    (a) 1, 2 and 4
    (b) 1, 3 and 5
    (c) 3 and 4
    (d) 2 and 5

    Other questions happen to test your general awareness and is not easily found in standard books.

     Magnetite particles, suspected to cause neurodegenerative problems are generated as environmental pollutants from which of the following?

    1. Brakes of motor vehicles

    2. Engines of motor vehicles

    3. Microwave stoves within homes

    4. Power plants

    5. Telephone lines

    Select the correct answer using the code given below

    (a) 1, 2, 3 and 5only

    (b) 1, 2 and 4 only

    (c) 3, 4 and 5 only

    (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

    Open to All, Free Live Webinar by CD Mentor Swatantra on UPSC Prelims 2022

    Taking this into consideration, we have roped in Civilsdaily Mentor Swatantra to guide UPSC aspirants. His experience of scoring 110+ in all the 6 Prelims exams, coupled with scoring 135+ marks in ethics and essay papers and attending the interview twice, makes him a suitable guide to address this pressing issue.

    Swatantra sir is a mentor with CivilsDaily for nearly two years and is now working with Sukanya Rana Ma’am in the Civilsdaily Mains Guidance Program.

    If you wish to score above 90+ in UPSC Prelims, then this free live webinar will give you the right ladder to aim high. Since there is a limited time of 1 hour, we urge interested aspirants to register right away!

    What will you learn in this Webinar by Swatantra Sir?

    1. How to handle the static aspects of politics, the economy, and the environment intelligently?

    2. What are the current affairs topics to be revised in economy, environment, and science for UPSC Prelims 2022?

    3. Why should one NOT read Ncerts and Reference books on these four subjects from Cover to Cover?

    How to take test series and revise for UPSC 2022 on a daily basis?

    How to prepare for remaining subjects like History (including art and culture) and Geography without spending more than 3 weeks?

    What common mistakes have candidates made in the last 75 days of their preparation?

    Webinar Details

    You can crack UPSC only if the fire in you burns brighter than the fire around you. Register & attend this free live webinar by Swatantra sir if you want to get your doubts resolved and interact with other UPSC aspirants.

    Date: 14th March, 2022 (Monday)

    Time: 7PM

  • Free Live Webinar Today @ 7PM, Registrations Closing in 1Hr|| Learn the Strategy of the 4 Scoring Subjects in Prelims 2022 which alone can fetch you >90 marks|| Free Live Webinar by CD Mentor Swatantra who scored 110+ marks in Prelims 6 Times|| Limited Slots Available, Register Now

    Free Live Webinar Today @ 7PM, Registrations Closing in 1Hr|| Learn the Strategy of the 4 Scoring Subjects in Prelims 2022 which alone can fetch you >90 marks|| Free Live Webinar by CD Mentor Swatantra who scored 110+ marks in Prelims 6 Times|| Limited Slots Available, Register Now

    What if we told you the very 4 subjects you put away from preparing until the last moment can get you above 90 marks in Prelims if you studied them from the right books and followed the correct study plan?

    The first subject is Indian Economy. UPSC aspirants are often doubtful of the approach and study materials for this subject, as most of the questions that appear in Prelims require current affairs knowledge and depend upon the aspirant’s grasp in the complexities of our country’s economy. Many aspirants realise that unlike Art and Culture or Modern History, there is no single book that can do justice to the UPSC’s expectations of Indian Economy. Since 2014, the weightage of Indian Economy remained above most of the other subjects.

    UPSC Prelims Economy Questions & Answers [2013-2021]

    On the other hand the confusing topics of Science and Technology are the recent applications in this field, space technology, nano technology, diseases and biotechnology. Incidentally, they also have the highest weightage in the number of questions asked.

    Polity, as a subject used to be straightforward from the book Laxmikant. But nowadays, topics like the different schedules in Indian Consitution, Parliamentary and bill making procedure are difficult to remember despite revising many times. Conceptual clarity is a must, else it will be difficult to find the right answer for questions like this (Prelims 2021)

    Consider the following statements in respect of Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards.
    (a) Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards are titles under the Article 18(1) of the Constitution of India.
    (b) Padma Awards, which were instituted in the year 1954, were suspended only once.
    (C) The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a maximum of five in a particular year.
    Which of the above statements are not correct?
    (a) 1 and 2 only
    (b) 2 and 3 only
    (c) 1 and 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3

    Thought not UPSC’s favourite before, Environment and Ecology has gained momentum in the past 9 years with atleast 10% of prelims questions centred around it. Answers to questions on Indian and International Bodies and Conventions have got more negative marking than scoring points .

    What makes the subject slightly tricky is that the current affairs questions are more than a year old, with some of the questions about news related to 2014-15 happenings.

    With reference to the ‘’New York Declaration on Forests’’, which of the following statements are correct?

    1. It was first endorsed at the United Nations Climate Summit in 2014
    2. It endorses a global timeline to end the loss of forests
    3. It is a legally binding international declaration
    4. It is endorsed by governments, big companies and indigenous communities.
    5. India was one of the signatories at its inception

    Select the correct answer using the code given below
    (a) 1, 2 and 4
    (b) 1, 3 and 5
    (c) 3 and 4
    (d) 2 and 5

    Other questions happen to test your general awareness and is not easily found in standard books.

     Magnetite particles, suspected to cause neurodegenerative problems are generated as environmental pollutants from which of the following?

    1. Brakes of motor vehicles

    2. Engines of motor vehicles

    3. Microwave stoves within homes

    4. Power plants

    5. Telephone lines

    Select the correct answer using the code given below

    (a) 1, 2, 3 and 5only

    (b) 1, 2 and 4 only

    (c) 3, 4 and 5 only

    (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

    Open to All, Free Live Webinar by CD Mentor Swatantra on UPSC Prelims 2022

    Taking this into consideration, we have roped in Civilsdaily Mentor Swatantra to guide UPSC aspirants. His experience of scoring 110+ in all the 6 Prelims exams, coupled with scoring 135+ marks in ethics and essay papers and attending the interview twice, makes him a suitable guide to address this pressing issue.

    Swatantra sir is a mentor with CivilsDaily for nearly two years and is now working with Sukanya Rana Ma’am in the Civilsdaily Mains Guidance Program.

    If you wish to score above 90+ in UPSC Prelims, then this free live webinar will give you the right ladder to aim high. Since there is a limited time of 1 hour, we urge interested aspirants to register right away!

    What will you learn in this Webinar by Swatantra Sir?

    1. How to handle the static aspects of politics, the economy, and the environment intelligently?

    2. What are the current affairs topics to be revised in economy, environment, and science for UPSC Prelims 2022?

    3. Why should one NOT read Ncerts and Reference books on these four subjects from Cover to Cover?

    How to take test series and revise for UPSC 2022 on a daily basis?

    How to prepare for remaining subjects like History (including art and culture) and Geography without spending more than 3 weeks?

    What common mistakes have candidates made in the last 75 days of their preparation?

    Webinar Details

    You can crack UPSC only if the fire in you burns brighter than the fire around you. Register & attend this free live webinar by Swatantra sir if you want to get your doubts resolved and interact with other UPSC aspirants.

    Date: 14th March, 2022 (Monday)

    Time: 7PM

  • Technical Difficulties

    Oh no! We’re extremely sorry for the trouble you are facing. 🙁 

    Before you proceed, please make sure all of the below-mentioned points have been tried and tested at your end. 

    If you are unable to log in to your account (prelims.civilsdaily.com)

    1. Make sure you are using the right credentials. (Double-check the spellings).
    2. Clear cache and cookies if you are on the Civilsdaily website.
    3. Try Forgot your password option.
    4. The RESET LINK to reset your password will be sent to the verified email only.
    5. In case the RESET LINK is not delivered, please go through the Spam, Inbox, Promotion folder of your inbox as well.

    keeping in mind the above-mentioned points.

    How to access the FOUNDATION 2025 program

    Here’s a video to guide you there:

    How to access the Ultimate Assessment Program (UAP) 2025 program

    Here’s a video to guide you there:

    How can I attempt the test?

    You can attempt the test on your desktop or mobile by signing in to the prelims.civilsdaily.com website using your registered email address. Please ensure that you have a good internet connection.

    Or follow the below-mentioned points:


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  • Free Live Webinar Today @ 7PM, Registrations Closing in 3Hrs|| Learn the Strategy of the 4 Scoring Subjects in Prelims 2022 which alone can fetch you >90 marks|| Free Live Webinar by CD Mentor Swatantra who scored 110+ marks in Prelims 6 Times|| Limited Slots Available, Register Now

    Free Live Webinar Today @ 7PM, Registrations Closing in 3Hrs|| Learn the Strategy of the 4 Scoring Subjects in Prelims 2022 which alone can fetch you >90 marks|| Free Live Webinar by CD Mentor Swatantra who scored 110+ marks in Prelims 6 Times|| Limited Slots Available, Register Now

    What if we told you the very 4 subjects you put away from preparing until the last moment can get you above 90 marks in Prelims if you studied them from the right books and followed the correct study plan?

    The first subject is Indian Economy. UPSC aspirants are often doubtful of the approach and study materials for this subject, as most of the questions that appear in Prelims require current affairs knowledge and depend upon the aspirant’s grasp in the complexities of our country’s economy. Many aspirants realise that unlike Art and Culture or Modern History, there is no single book that can do justice to the UPSC’s expectations of Indian Economy. Since 2014, the weightage of Indian Economy remained above most of the other subjects.

    UPSC Prelims Economy Questions & Answers [2013-2021]

    On the other hand the confusing topics of Science and Technology are the recent applications in this field, space technology, nano technology, diseases and biotechnology. Incidentally, they also have the highest weightage in the number of questions asked.

    Polity, as a subject used to be straightforward from the book Laxmikant. But nowadays, topics like the different schedules in Indian Consitution, Parliamentary and bill making procedure are difficult to remember despite revising many times. Conceptual clarity is a must, else it will be difficult to find the right answer for questions like this (Prelims 2021)

    Consider the following statements in respect of Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards.
    (a) Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards are titles under the Article 18(1) of the Constitution of India.
    (b) Padma Awards, which were instituted in the year 1954, were suspended only once.
    (C) The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a maximum of five in a particular year.
    Which of the above statements are not correct?
    (a) 1 and 2 only
    (b) 2 and 3 only
    (c) 1 and 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3

    Thought not UPSC’s favourite before, Environment and Ecology has gained momentum in the past 9 years with atleast 10% of prelims questions centred around it. Answers to questions on Indian and International Bodies and Conventions have got more negative marking than scoring points .

    What makes the subject slightly tricky is that the current affairs questions are more than a year old, with some of the questions about news related to 2014-15 happenings.

    With reference to the ‘’New York Declaration on Forests’’, which of the following statements are correct?

    1. It was first endorsed at the United Nations Climate Summit in 2014
    2. It endorses a global timeline to end the loss of forests
    3. It is a legally binding international declaration
    4. It is endorsed by governments, big companies and indigenous communities.
    5. India was one of the signatories at its inception

    Select the correct answer using the code given below
    (a) 1, 2 and 4
    (b) 1, 3 and 5
    (c) 3 and 4
    (d) 2 and 5

    Other questions happen to test your general awareness and is not easily found in standard books.

     Magnetite particles, suspected to cause neurodegenerative problems are generated as environmental pollutants from which of the following?

    1. Brakes of motor vehicles

    2. Engines of motor vehicles

    3. Microwave stoves within homes

    4. Power plants

    5. Telephone lines

    Select the correct answer using the code given below

    (a) 1, 2, 3 and 5only

    (b) 1, 2 and 4 only

    (c) 3, 4 and 5 only

    (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

    Open to All, Free Live Webinar by CD Mentor Swatantra on UPSC Prelims 2022

    Taking this into consideration, we have roped in Civilsdaily Mentor Swatantra to guide UPSC aspirants. His experience of scoring 110+ in all the 6 Prelims exams, coupled with scoring 135+ marks in ethics and essay papers and attending the interview twice, makes him a suitable guide to address this pressing issue.

    Swatantra sir is a mentor with CivilsDaily for nearly two years and is now working with Sukanya Rana Ma’am in the Civilsdaily Mains Guidance Program.

    If you wish to score above 90+ in UPSC Prelims, then this free live webinar will give you the right ladder to aim high. Since there is a limited time of 1 hour, we urge interested aspirants to register right away!

    What will you learn in this Webinar by Swatantra Sir?

    1. How to handle the static aspects of politics, the economy, and the environment intelligently?

    2. What are the current affairs topics to be revised in economy, environment, and science for UPSC Prelims 2022?

    3. Why should one NOT read Ncerts and Reference books on these four subjects from Cover to Cover?

    How to take test series and revise for UPSC 2022 on a daily basis?

    How to prepare for remaining subjects like History (including art and culture) and Geography without spending more than 3 weeks?

    What common mistakes have candidates made in the last 75 days of their preparation?

    Webinar Details

    You can crack UPSC only if the fire in you burns brighter than the fire around you. Register & attend this free live webinar by Swatantra sir if you want to get your doubts resolved and interact with other UPSC aspirants.

    Date: 14th March, 2022 (Monday)

    Time: 7PM

  • Analysing India’s stand on the war on Ukraine

    Context

    Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has placed considerable moral responsibility on India. However, at the United Nations (UN), India has refused to condemn the violation of the rights of the Ukrainians.

    Issues involved in India’s vote

    1] Commitment to principles

    • National interest: One of the arguments justifying India’s stance is that in international affairs, a country must be guided by its national interest and not some abstract principles.
    • It is pointed out that due to the very high dependence of India on the Soviet Union for defence equipment and the likely need of support on the Pakistan issue in the Security Council, India must not offend Russia by condemning the invasion.
    • Why India should condemn Russia: If a people’s principles are their most deeply held beliefs about how the world must be ordered, then their interest lies in ensuring that their principles prevail in international relations.
    • Thus, if India does not want to see itself to be the victim of territorial aggression in the future, it must communicate strongly on the world stage that it condemns the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

    2] India-West relations

    • In the 1950s the West was clearly unsympathetic to India, playing its card openly on the Kashmir issue at the UN as early as 1947.
    • On the other hand, the Soviet Union, the precursor to the present-day Russian state, had rescued India several times by exercising its veto in the UN Security Council.
    • Now, close to 75 years later, the situation has changed.
    • Public opinion in the West does not favour unconditional support of Pakistan vis-à-vis India while Russia encourages Pakistan.
    • Moreover, we know by now that some limited support at the UN matters little, as taking the Kashmir issue to the UN Security Council has not got Pakistan to withdraw from the territory it occupied.

    3] India’s dependence on Russia for defence supplies

    •  It is indeed correct that India relies on the Russians for such equipment and their spare parts.
    • At the same time there is a global market for arms. It is not evident that anything withheld by the Russians cannot be sourced from that market.
    •  For India to base its public stance on the Russian invasion of Ukraine on the assured supply of armaments is to really drag ourselves down to the bottom of the pit in terms of ethics.

    4] East-West conflict argument

    • Another argument is that this is a conflict between the east and the west, and India should stay out of it.
    • To say that this is just another east-west conflict from which India should stay out is tantamount to seeing the Russian invasion and the brave defence of their country by the Ukrainians as a mere marital squabble.
    • India had refused in 1956 to condemn the Soviet invasion of Hungary, its action today is much worse.

    Conclusion

    India must take a long view of how it wants to engage with it. Its actions so far leave it in the company of Russia and China.

    UPSC 2022 countdown has begun! Get your personal guidance plan now! (Click here)

  • Q.3 What are the risks involved in the use of nuclear power in India? Should India consider renewable-energy technologies options against the backdrop of their reducing cost? (10 Marks)

    Mentor’s comment-
    • https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/shutdown-this-misguided-energy-policy/article65215060.ece
    • In the intro, mention India’s plan for more nuclear reactors as announced in the Parliament in 2021.
    • In the body, mention the issues such risk of accidents, high cost, high capital investment etc. In the next part, mention decreasing cost of the renewable as compared to nuclear and need to adopt them.
    • Conclude by mentioning the need to follow the global trend and move away from nuclear energy.
  • Q.2 Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has placed considerable moral responsibility on India, both as one of the world’s largest countries and its most populous democracy. In the context of this, critically examine India’s abstention in the UN Security Council vote on Ukraine. (10 Marks)

    Mentor’s comment-
    • https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/no-ovation-for-indias-stand-on-the-war-on-ukraine/article65222135.ece
    • In the intro, mention Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
    • In the body, examine the factors such as commitment to principles, India’s relations with Russia, India’s dependence on Russia for defence procurement, concerns with countering China, relations with the US and West etc.
    • Conclude by mentioning that  India cannot look away from the violation of widely accepted norms contained in the unprovoked invasion of Ukraine at the same time it has to keep in mind its vulnerabilities while criticising Russia. This puts India in a tight spot.
  • Q.1 Legal measures alone are not sufficient for addressing the issue of domestic violence against women, rather it requires intervention at societal level. Discuss. (10 Marks)

    Mentor’s Comments-

    • Discuss the issue of domestic violence against women in India.
    • Mention the legal measures in this context.
    • Comment on the need for intervention at the societal level.
  • Free Live Webinar Today @ 7PM, Registrations Closing Soon|| Learn the Strategy of the 4 Scoring Subjects in Prelims 2022 which alone can fetch you >90 marks|| Free Live Webinar by CD Mentor Swatantra who scored 110+ marks in Prelims 6 Times|| Limited Slots Available, Register Now

    Free Live Webinar Today @ 7PM, Registrations Closing Soon|| Learn the Strategy of the 4 Scoring Subjects in Prelims 2022 which alone can fetch you >90 marks|| Free Live Webinar by CD Mentor Swatantra who scored 110+ marks in Prelims 6 Times|| Limited Slots Available, Register Now

    What if we told you the very 4 subjects you put away from preparing until the last moment can get you above 90 marks in Prelims if you studied them from the right books and followed the correct study plan?

    The first subject is Indian Economy. UPSC aspirants are often doubtful of the approach and study materials for this subject, as most of the questions that appear in Prelims require current affairs knowledge and depend upon the aspirant’s grasp in the complexities of our country’s economy. Many aspirants realise that unlike Art and Culture or Modern History, there is no single book that can do justice to the UPSC’s expectations of Indian Economy. Since 2014, the weightage of Indian Economy remained above most of the other subjects.

    UPSC Prelims Economy Questions & Answers [2013-2021]

    On the other hand the confusing topics of Science and Technology are the recent applications in this field, space technology, nano technology, diseases and biotechnology. Incidentally, they also have the highest weightage in the number of questions asked.

    Polity, as a subject used to be straightforward from the book Laxmikant. But nowadays, topics like the different schedules in Indian Consitution, Parliamentary and bill making procedure are difficult to remember despite revising many times. Conceptual clarity is a must, else it will be difficult to find the right answer for questions like this (Prelims 2021)

    Consider the following statements in respect of Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards.
    (a) Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards are titles under the Article 18(1) of the Constitution of India.
    (b) Padma Awards, which were instituted in the year 1954, were suspended only once.
    (C) The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a maximum of five in a particular year.
    Which of the above statements are not correct?
    (a) 1 and 2 only
    (b) 2 and 3 only
    (c) 1 and 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3

    Thought not UPSC’s favourite before, Environment and Ecology has gained momentum in the past 9 years with atleast 10% of prelims questions centred around it. Answers to questions on Indian and International Bodies and Conventions have got more negative marking than scoring points .

    What makes the subject slightly tricky is that the current affairs questions are more than a year old, with some of the questions about news related to 2014-15 happenings.

    With reference to the ‘’New York Declaration on Forests’’, which of the following statements are correct?

    1. It was first endorsed at the United Nations Climate Summit in 2014
    2. It endorses a global timeline to end the loss of forests
    3. It is a legally binding international declaration
    4. It is endorsed by governments, big companies and indigenous communities.
    5. India was one of the signatories at its inception

    Select the correct answer using the code given below
    (a) 1, 2 and 4
    (b) 1, 3 and 5
    (c) 3 and 4
    (d) 2 and 5

    Other questions happen to test your general awareness and is not easily found in standard books.

     Magnetite particles, suspected to cause neurodegenerative problems are generated as environmental pollutants from which of the following?

    1. Brakes of motor vehicles

    2. Engines of motor vehicles

    3. Microwave stoves within homes

    4. Power plants

    5. Telephone lines

    Select the correct answer using the code given below

    (a) 1, 2, 3 and 5only

    (b) 1, 2 and 4 only

    (c) 3, 4 and 5 only

    (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

    Open to All, Free Live Webinar by CD Mentor Swatantra on UPSC Prelims 2022

    Taking this into consideration, we have roped in Civilsdaily Mentor Swatantra to guide UPSC aspirants. His experience of scoring 110+ in all the 6 Prelims exams, coupled with scoring 135+ marks in ethics and essay papers and attending the interview twice, makes him a suitable guide to address this pressing issue.

    Swatantra sir is a mentor with CivilsDaily for nearly two years and is now working with Sukanya Rana Ma’am in the Civilsdaily Mains Guidance Program.

    If you wish to score above 90+ in UPSC Prelims, then this free live webinar will give you the right ladder to aim high. Since there is a limited time of 1 hour, we urge interested aspirants to register right away!

    What will you learn in this Webinar by Swatantra Sir?

    1. How to handle the static aspects of politics, the economy, and the environment intelligently?

    2. What are the current affairs topics to be revised in economy, environment, and science for UPSC Prelims 2022?

    3. Why should one NOT read Ncerts and Reference books on these four subjects from Cover to Cover?

    How to take test series and revise for UPSC 2022 on a daily basis?

    How to prepare for remaining subjects like History (including art and culture) and Geography without spending more than 3 weeks?

    What common mistakes have candidates made in the last 75 days of their preparation?

    Webinar Details

    You can crack UPSC only if the fire in you burns brighter than the fire around you. Register & attend this free live webinar by Swatantra sir if you want to get your doubts resolved and interact with other UPSC aspirants.

    Date: 14th March, 2022 (Monday)

    Time: 7PM

  • Geneva Conventions and the Russia-Ukraine War

    As the evidence of casualties in the civilian population continues to mount, the world will increasingly look to the Geneva Conventions in the Russia-Ukraine conflict.

    Geneva Conventions Guidelines for Wartime

    • These are a set of four treaties, formalized in 1949, and three additional protocols, which codify widely accepted ethical and legal international standards for humanitarian treatment of those impacted by war.
    • The focus of the Conventions is the:
    1. Treatment of non-combatants and prisoners of war, and
    2. Not the use of conventional or biological and chemical weapons

    What are the four Geneva Conventions?

    (1) First Geneva Convention: Health and Medical Issues

    • It protects wounded and sick soldiers on land during war.
    • This convention extends to medical and religious personnel, medical units, and medical transport.
    • It has two annexes containing a draft agreement relating to hospital zones and a model identity card for medical and religious personnel.

    (2) Second Geneva Convention:  Offshore Protection

    • It protects wounded, sick and shipwrecked military personnel at sea during war.
    • This convention also extends to hospital ships and medical transports by sea, with specific commentary on the treatment and protections for their personnel.

    (3) Third Geneva Convention: Treatment of Prisoners of War (PoW)

    It applies to prisoners of war, including a wide range of general protections such as humane treatment, maintenance and equality across prisoners, conditions of captivity, questioning and evacuation of prisoners, transit camps, food, clothing, medicines, hygiene and right to religious, intellectual, and physical activities of prisoners.

    (4) Fourth Geneva Convention: Civilian protection of occupied territory ***

    • It particularly applies to the invasion of Ukraine by Russian military forces.
    • It protects civilians, including those in occupied territory.
    • Comprising 159 articles, it outlines the norms for this critical dimension of conflict.

    Extent of the Fourth Geneva Convention amid the Ukraine-Russia War

    • Along with the Additional Protocols of 1977, the Fourth Convention expounds upon the:
    1. General protection of populations against certain consequences of war
    2. Conduct of hostilities and the status and
    3. Treatment of protected persons
    4. Distinguishing between the situation of foreigners on the territory of one of the parties to the conflict and that of civilians in occupied territory
    • This convention also spells out the obligations of the occupying power vis-à-vis the civilian population and outlines detailed provisions on humanitarian relief for populations in occupied territory.

    Which countries are signatories?

    • The Geneva Conventions have been ratified by 196 states, including all UN member states.
    • The three Protocols have been ratified by 174, 169 and 79 states respectively.

    Russia and these conventions

    • In 2019, perhaps anticipating the possibility of its invading Ukraine in the near future, Russia withdrew its declaration under Article 90 of Protocol 1.
    • By withdrawing this declaration, Russia has pre-emptively left itself with the option to refuse access by any international fact-finding missions to Russian entities.
    • Not withdrawing could have find Russia responsible for violations of the Geneva Conventions standards.
    • Further, the four conventions and first two protocols of the Geneva Conventions were ratified by the Soviet Union, not Russia.
    • Hence there is a risk of the Russian government of the day disavowing any responsibility under the Conventions.

    What would be the steps for potential prosecution under the Conventions?

    • Under Article 8 of the Rome Statute of the ICC, it is the ICC that has jurisdiction in respect of war crimes, in particular “when committed as part of a plan or policy or as part of a large-scale commission of such crimes.”

    To what extent have Geneva Conventions been upheld worldwide in recent years?

    • Amnesty International notes that there has been a blatant disregard for civilian protection and international humanitarian law in armed conflicts where four of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council are parties.
    • Specifically, Amnesty cited:
    1. US-led coalition’s bombing of Raqqa in Syria, which left more than 1,600 civilians dead
    2. Destruction of civilian infrastructure and lives in Aleppo and Idlib by Russian forces
    3. Leading to mass displacement of millions
    4. War in Yemen where the Saudi Arabia and the UAE-led coalition, backed by the West, killed and injured thousands of civilians, fuelling a full-blown humanitarian crisis

     

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  • What is Blockchain Gaming?

    Many Indian gaming companies have expressed their interest in introducing elements of Blockchain technology into their games in the near future.

    What is Blockchain?

    • Blockchain is a decentralised database that stores information.
    • It relies on technology that allows for the storage of identical copies of this information on multiple computers in a network.

    What are blockchain games?

    • To revisit our definition of blockchain games: they are online video games that are developed by integrating blockchain technology into them.
    • It can be diversified into the following components-

    (1) Non-fungible tokens

    • NFTs represent in-game virtual assets that can be owned by players, such as maps, armour or land.
    • These NFTs act as asset tags, identifying ownership of the in-game assets, and are stored on the blockchain.
    • Being on the blockchain allows the player to have a secure record of ownership of the in-game assets and also gives the assets the ability to outlive the game itself.
    • Based on the manner in which the games are designed, it also allows for the in-game assets to be transferred from one game to another.
    • It also creates transparency, since ownership records can independently be verified by any third party as well.
    • In doing so, it makes in-game assets marketable and creates a decentralized market, where they can be bought and sold by people.

    (2) Cryptocurrency

    • Cryptocurrency, such as tokens based on the Ethereum blockchain, may be used for the purchase of in-game assets.
    • These in-game purchases usually enable gamers to buy items like extra lives, coins and so on directly from the game.

    (3) Gaming coins

    • Gaming coins, such as Axie Infinity (ACS) and Enjin Coin (ENJ), are in-game cryptocurrency which may be acquired and then used for the purchase of in-game assets.
    • These gaming coins may be purchased from crypto exchanges (and eventually be traded on these crypto exchanges as well) or, in certain cases, be acquired as winnings in games that have adopted the ‘play-to-earn’ model.
    • In such games, gamers are rewarded for dedicating their time and skill to play the game with gaming coins and in-game assets.

    Need to regulate such games

    • By making in-game assets available for purchase, developers and publishers stand to earn revenue from the sale of such assets.
    • They may also embed certain rules when implementing the code for in-game assets such that a fee is paid to them every time a certain action is taken,
    • It also involves transfers of assets from one player to another.
    • It needs to be ensured that if it is permissible to offer such games in the Indian Territory and also offers protection in the form of intellectual property rights.
    • Other concerns, such as privacy and cyber security, along with how financial regulations would apply to blockchain games, would also need to be addressed.

    Regulatory aspects in India

    Most of the gaming laws were brought into effect prior to the internet era and, therefore, only contemplate regulation of gaming activities taking place in physical premises.

    (A) Legality Check

    • Since blockchain is merely the underlying technology, there is no express regulation in India.
    • It would, however, be relevant to explore the legality of the games from the lens of existing Indian gaming regulation.
    • Most Indian states regulate gaming on the basis of a distinction in law between ‘games of skill’ and ‘games of chance’.
    • Staking money or property on the outcome of a ‘game of chance’ is prohibited and subjects the guilty parties to criminal sanctions.
    • However, placing any stakes on the outcome of a ‘game of skill’ is not illegal per se and may be permissible.
    • As per two seminal judgments of the Supreme Court on this aspect, the Supreme Court recognized that no game is purely a ‘game of skill’ and almost all games have an element of chance.

    (B) Dominant Element Test

    • As such, a ‘dominant element’ test is to be utilized to determine whether chance or skill is the dominating element in determining the result of the game.
    • This ‘dominant element’ may be determined by examining whether factors such as superior knowledge, training, experience, expertise or attention of a player have a material impact on the outcome of the game.
    • While the outcomes of any ‘games of skill’ are affected by these factors, outcomes of ‘games of chance’ are premised on luck and are largely independent of the skills of the players involved.

    (C) Gaming house regulations

    • The Delhi District Court has, in the past, held that a gaming portal would be covered within the definition of a ‘common gaming house’.
    • This would be subjected to conditions where the gaming developers were to take commission / earn revenue from the game offered.
    • This is because such portals merely seek to replace the brick and mortar common gaming houses that Indian law currently envisages and has outlawed.

    Where does blockchain gaming lie within this framework?

    • There is currently a lacuna in gaming law and there are lingering question marks on its interpretation and applicability to online gaming.
    • As the law currently stands, each blockchain game must first pass muster as a ‘game of skill’, as against a ‘game of chance’, to legally be made available in most Indian states.
    • In the past, the Supreme Court has rejected the notion of video games being ‘games of skill’.

    Possible protections available to blockchain games

    (a) Patents:

    • For a blockchain game or any of its elements to be patented in India if it meets the requirements of novelty, involving an inventive step, and industrial application.
    • In terms of Section 3(k) of the Patent Act, 1970, computer programs are per se not inventions and hence, cannot be patented.
    • However, judicial pronouncements in the past have clarified that if an invention has a technical contribution or a technical effect and is not merely a computer program per se, then it would be patentable.

    (b) Trademarks:

    • A trademark is used as an identifying mark to determine the source of a particular good or service, and is obtained to protect the goodwill and reputation of the brand.
    • Any distinguishing mark in a blockchain game or NFT that would allow consumers to identify the source of that particular game or NFT may be trademarked.

    (c) Copyrights:

    • In India, artistic work, musical work, cinematographic films, dramatic works, sound recordings and computer software are capable being of being protected under copyright law.
    • Although there is no specific provision in the Copyright Act that deals with video games, copyright protection of video games may be sought under the category of ‘multimedia products’.
    • Similar to the position with trademarks, the process of obtaining a copyright for a blockchain game would be the same as any other online video game.

    Future roadmap

    • The Finance Ministry had announced in late-2021 that The Cryptocurrency and Regulation of Official Digital Currency Bill, 2021 would seek to prohibit all private cryptocurrencies.
    • If the legislature does indeed successfully, then, to the extent that existing blockchain games rely on cryptocurrencies, they would be considered illegal in India.
    • Independent of this, the Budget announced that the income from the transfer of any ‘virtual digital assets’ (which include cryptocurrency and non-fungible tokens) would be subject to income tax at the rate of 30%.
    • Policy pronouncements of this nature would need to be carefully considered by publishers of blockchain games while designing their pricing models.

     

     

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  • What is ‘Most Favoured Nation’ Status?

    The United States, the European Union, Britain, Canada and Japan are to move jointly to revoke Russia’s “most favoured nation” (MFN) status over its invasion of Ukraine.

    What is MFN status?

    • The World Trade Organization’s 164 members commit to treating other members equally so they can all benefit from each other’s lowest tariffs, highest import quotas and fewest trade barriers.
    • This principle of non-discrimination is known as most favoured nation (MFN) treatment.
    • There are some exceptions, such as when members strike bilateral trade agreements or when members offer developing countries special access to their markets.
    • For countries outside the WTO, such as Iran, North Korea, Syria or Russian ally Belarus, WTO members can impose whatever trade measures they wish without flouting global trading rules.

    Removal of MFN status

    • There is no formal procedure for suspending MFN treatment and it is not clear whether members are obliged to inform the WTO if they do so.
    • India suspended Pakistan’s MFN status in 2019 after a suicide attack by a Pakistan-sponsored group.
    • Pakistan never applied MFN status to India.

    What does losing MFN status mean?

    • Revoking Russia’s MFN status sends a strong signal that the US and its Western allies do not consider Russia a economic partner in any way, but it does not in itself change conditions for trade.
    • It does formally allow the Western allies to increase import tariffs or impose quotas on Russian goods, or even ban them, and to restrict services out of the country.
    • They could also overlook Russian intellectual property rights.
    • Ahead of MFN status removal, the United States had already announced a ban on imports of Russian oil and gas.

     

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  • Functioning of the ISS after US sanctions

    Western sanctions against Russia could cause the International Space Station (ISS) to crash, the head of Russian space agency Roscosmos has warned.

    What is the ISS?

    • The ISS was launched in 1998 as part of joint efforts by the U.S., Russia, Japan, Canada and Europe.
    • The idea of a space station originated in the 1984 State of the Union address by former U.S. President Ronald Reagan.
    • The space station was assembled over many years, and it operates in low-earth orbit.
    • Since its inception, it has served as a laboratory suspended in space and has aided multiple scientific and technological developments.
    • The ISS was originally built to operate for 15 years.

    Why was ISS launched?

    • A space station permits quantum leaps in research in science, communications, and in metals and lifesaving medicines which could be manufactured only in space.
    • ISS has consistently maintained human presence for the past 21 years, providing astronauts with sophisticated technologies for scientific research.

    What is Russia’s role in maintaining the ISS?

    • The ISS is built with the co-operation of scientists from five international space agencies — NASA of the U.S., Roscosmos of Russia, JAXA of Japan, Canadian Space Agency and the European Space Agency.
    • Each agency has a role to play and a share in the upkeep of the ISS.
    • Both in terms of expense and effort, it is not a feat that a single country can support.
    • Russia’s part in the collaboration is the module responsible for making course corrections to the orbit of the ISS.
    • They also ferry astronauts to the ISS from the Earth and back.
    • Until SpaceX’s dragon spacecraft came into the picture the Russian spacecrafts were the only way of reaching the ISS and returning.

    Why does the orbit of the ISS need to be corrected?

    • Due to its enormous weight and the ensuing drag, the ISS tends to sink from its orbit at a height of about 250 miles above the Earth.
    • It has to be pushed up to its original line of motion every now and then.
    • This is rather routine, even for smaller satellites.
    • Approximately once a month this effort has to be made.
    • The other reason for altering the path of the ISS is to avoid its collision with space debris, which can damage the station.

    What is the extent of effort and expense involved in this?

    • Manoeuvring the ISS is expensive.
    • In a year, 7-8 tonnes of fuel may need to be spent, with each manoeuvre costing nearly a tonne of fuel.
    • If a manoeuvre is put off for later, the ISS may sink a little more and the delayed operation would cost more as a larger correction needs to be made.

    Risks of crashing

    • The orbit of the ISS does not fly over the Russian territory mostly.
    • Places that are closer to the equator run a greater risk of it falling in their domain.
    • The orbit is at about 50 degrees and so most probably, the ISS will fall in that level.
    • But this is only a probability, as it can move or disintegrate.
    • But in case of this eventuality, people in the ISS will be brought back, modules can be detached thereby making it much smaller which will ensure that it disintegrates before touching the earth.

     

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  • What is Vibrant Village Programme?

    The Union government plans to open the villages along the Chinese border for tourists under the Vibrant Village programme announced in the Union Budget 2022-23.

    Vibrant Village Programme

    • The program aims to improve infrastructure in villages along India’s border with China.
    • Infrastructure will be improved in states like Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, and Arunachal Pradesh.
    • Under the programme, residential and tourist centres will be constructed.
    • It will also provide for improvement in road connectivity and development of decentralized renewable energy sources.
    • Apart from that, direct access of Doordarshan and education related channels will be provided. Support will be provided for livelihood.

    Key focus areas

    • It focuses livelihood generation, road connectivity, housing, rural infrastructure, renewable energy, television and broadband connections.
    • This objective will be met by strengthening infrastructure across villages located near the Line of Actual Control (LAC).

    Why need such scheme?

    • The programme is a counter to China’s model villages but the name has been carefully chosen so as to not cause any consternation in the neighbouring country.
    • China has established new villages along the LAC in the past few years particularly across the Arunachal Pradesh border.
    • While China has been settling new residents in border areas, villages on the Indian side of the frontier have seen unprecedented out-migration.

     

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  • Prelims Spotlight: Functions/powers of Judiciary

    Dear Aspirants,

    This Spotlight is a part of our Mission Nikaalo Prelims-2022.

    You can check the broad timetable of Nikaalo Prelims here

    Session Details

    Morning 12 PM  – Prelims Spotlight Session

    Evening 06 PM  – TIKDAM/MCQs Session

    Evening 08 PM  – Tests on Alternate Days

    Join our Official telegram channel for Study material and Daily Sessions Here


    14th Mar 2022

    Appointments:

    1. Parliament decide the number of judges of supreme court while president decide the numbers in high courts
    2. Both supreme court and high court judges are appointed as well as removed by president
    3. Salaries of high court judges is charged on CFS while pension is charged on CFI
    4. Appointment by collegium system (CJI plus 4 senior most supreme court judges) after 3rd judges case
    5. District judges are appointed by governor in consultation with high courts
    6. Both SC and HC judges need 10 year practice in high court but SC judge need 5 year judgeship in high court while HC judge needs 10 years of judgeship
    7. A distinguished jurist can be appointed as judges of supreme court but not high court
    8. Removal by special majority of parliament on grounds of proved misbehavior or incapacity
    9. SC judges can’t practice w/i india post retirement: high court judges can in supreme court or other high courts <but there is no bar on further appointments such as chairperson or members of NHRC etc>
    10. Constitution provided for 1 high court for each state but 7th amendment allowed parliament to establish common high courts

    Jurisdictions of courts

    Exclusive (original by default) Original <concurrent with high courts> Appellate Advisory
    Petition only in supreme court (directly by default) Directly in supreme court Appeals from high court President refers(art 143)
    Federal disputes, inter state matters, disputes regarding election of president, VP Writ under art 32 Appeals, SLP Not necessary to tender opinion except on pre constitutional matters

    Types of Writs

    Writ Habeas Corpus Mandamus Prohibition Certiorari Quo Warranto
    Meaning -To produce the body

    -Against arbitrary detention

    -We command

    -to perform Official duty

    -To forbid

    – from exceeding jurisdiction

    – to be certified

    -transfer a case or quash an order

    -by what authority

    -legality of claim to public office

    Issued against public as well as private authority Public official, court, tribunal Judicial, quasi Judicial Judicial, quasi Judicial and administrative authorities Substantive public office created by constitution or statute
    Can’t be issues against Lawful detention private Private, administrative, legislative Private, legislative Ministerial, private
    Who can file Aggrieved person Aggrieved person Aggrieved person Aggrieved person Any person

    Writ jurisdiction of Supreme court v/s High Court

    Court Supreme court High Court
    Article 32 226
    Scope Only for FRs FRs plus legal rights

    Powers of High Court and Supreme Court

    There are different types of jurisdictions and powers of the Supreme Court. Some of them are listed below :

    1. Original Jurisdiction

    Being a Federal court, the Supreme Court decides disputes between –

    • Two or more states
    • Centre and the state/states
    • Centre and states on one side and the other states on the other side

    In any of the above-mentioned disputes, the supreme court has the exclusive original jurisdiction.

    However, this jurisdiction does not apply to the following cases-

    • A dispute that arose out of any pre-Constitution treaty, agreement, covenant, engagement, and or any other similar instruments.
    • Any Inter-state water disputes.
    • Matters that are referred to the Finance Commission.
    • Recovery of the damages by a state against the Centre.
    • An ordinary dispute that is commercial between the Centre and the states.
    • A dispute that arose out of any treaty, agreement, etc., which specifically provides that the said jurisdiction does not extend to such a dispute.
    • An adjustment of certain expenses and pensions between the Centre and the states.

    2. Writ Jurisdiction

    The Supreme Court is granted the power to issue writs, like habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo-warranto, and certiorari for the enforcement of the fundamental rights of an aggrieved citizen.

    However, this jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is not exclusive as the High Courts are also granted the power to issue writs for the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights.

    3. Appellate Jurisdiction

    Several appeals can be made in the Supreme Court of India. These appeals can be broadly classified into four categories, that are, Constitutional Matters, Civil Matters, Criminal Matters, and Special Leaves.

    4. Advisory Jurisdiction

    Under Article 143, the President of India has the right to seek the advice of the Supreme court when any question of law or fact of public importance which has arisen or is likely to arise or if any dispute is arising out of any pre-constitution treaty, agreement, covenant, engagement, or other similar instruments.

    5. Court of record

    Herein, the Supreme Court of India has two powers, that are –

    • It is given the authority to punish for the contempt of court, either with simple imprisonment for a term up to six months or with fine up to 2,000 or both.
    • The judgments, proceedings, and acts of the Supreme Court are recorded for perpetual memory and testimony and they are recognized as legal precedents and legal references.

    Some of the Powers that are granted to the High Court are the following –

    1. Original Jurisdiction

    The high courts are empowered to issue writs to enforce fundamental rights, as and when needed. Adding to this, they have original jurisdiction in cases that are related to will, divorce, contempt of court, and admiralty. Furthermore, election petitions can also be heard in the High Court.

    2. Appellate Jurisdiction

    An appeal can be made to the High Court against a district court’s decision, in the civil cases. If the dispute involves a value that is higher than Rs. 5000/- or on a question of fact or law, then an appeal can be made from the subordinate court, directly.

    A person can move to the High Court if he has been awarded imprisonment of seven years and above under a criminal case. Appeals on constitutional matters can also be taken up in the High Court.

    3. Administrative Powers

    The high court is the controller of all the subordinate courts. It also has the right to ask for the details of the proceedings from the subordinate courts. The rules regarding the working of the subordinate courts are also issued by the High court.

    The High Court can also appoint its administration staff and determine their salaries and allowances, and conditions of service.

     

    4. Power of Judicial Review

    High Courts hold the power of judicial review. They have the right to declare any law or ordinance as unconstitutional if it is found to be against the Constitution of India.

    5. Power of Cancellation

    A High Court alone can choose to certify the cases that it feels are fit for an appeal before the Supreme Court of India.

    Qualification and Appointment

    The Qualification that is needed to be a Judge in the Supreme Court of India are that he/she –

    1. Should be a citizen of the country.
    2. Should have been the judge of one of the high courts of the country for at least 5 years.
    3. The president of the country shall consider him to be a distinguished jurist.
    4. Should have been an advocate in any one of the high courts of the country for a period of 10 years.

    It shall be noted that no minimum age of a Judge of the Supreme Court has been mentioned in the Indian Constitution.

    The Qualification that is needed to be a judge in the Judge in the high court of the country is that he/she should –

    1. Have held a judicial office in the Indian territory for 10 years, OR
    2. Have been an advocate of the high court(s) for a minimum period of ten years.

    Removal procedure

    1. A Supreme Court or a High Court Judge shall be removed from his post concerning an order passed by the President of the Country. However, this order of removal can only be issued after the Parliament presented and addressed him on the same matter.
    2. The address in the parliament shall need a majority of two-thirds of the members that are present and voting in the house.
    3. The two grounds on which a Supreme Court or a High Court judge shall be removed are proved misbehavior or incapacity.
    4. The procedure relating to the removal of a judge of the Supreme Court or the High Court is regulated by The Judges Enquiry Act (1968).
    5. It must also be noted that to date, no judge of the Supreme Court of India has been impeached by the Parliament and the President.

    Constitutional Provisions

    Articles 13, 32, 131-136, 143, 145, 226, 246, 251, 254, and 372 are the constitutional provisions that guarantee judicial review of legislation.

    1. Article 13 considers any law void which contravenes any of the provisions of the part of Fundamental Rights.
    2. Article 372 talks about the judicial review of the pre-constitution legislation.
    3. Both Articles 32 and 226 entrusts the roles of the protector of the constitution and guarantor of fundamental rights to the Supreme and the High Courts.
    4. Article 246 (3) makes sure that of the state legislature’s exclusive powers on matters that are about the State list.
    5. Article 245 of the Indian Constitution says that the powers of both Parliament and State legislatures are subject to the provisions of the constitution.
    6. All Articles from 131 to 136 entrusts the Indian court with the power to adjudicate the disputes between the individuals, between the individuals and the state, between the states and the union. However, the court may be required to interpret the provisions of the constitution and the interpretation that is given by the Supreme Court becomes the law that shall be honored by all courts of the land.

    Recent Controversies

    1. Back in the year 2016, Justice Nagarjuna Reddy of the High Court of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana got all lights on him when 61 Rajya Sabha members moved a petition for his impeachment on charges of him misusing his position to “victimize” a “Dalit” judge. However, later, nine of the 54 members of the Rajya Sabha, who proposed the initiation of proceedings against him, withdrew their signatures.
    2. On 20 April 2018, a petition seeking impeachment of CJI Dipak Misra was submitted by seven opposition parties to the Vice President, Venkiyah Naidu. The petition was rejected by the Vice President.
    3. On 19 April 2019, a junior court assistant and a former employee in CJI Gogoi’s office sent a complaint-letter attached with a detailed affidavit to 22 Judges of the Supreme Court of India, narrating a series of events, spelling out how CJI Gogoi had allegedly sexually harassed her.

  • [Sansad TV] Perspective: Self-Reliance in Defence

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    Context

    • The Ministry of Defence has been allocated a total budget of Rs 5.25 lakh crore for Financial Year 2022-23.
    • It focuses on modernisation of Defence Services and Defence Security Infrastructure development including the Border Road Infrastructure and Coastal Security Infrastructure.

    In this article, we will discuss and analyse as to how this budgetary allocation will lead to India becoming self-reliant in Defence sector and what more needs to be done.

    India’s defence outlay this year

    • The total allocation under Capital Outlay of the Defence Services has been increased from Rs 86,740 crore in 2013-14 to 1.52 lakh crore in 2022-23.

    What makes it special?

    • 68 per cent of the capital procurement budget will be earmarked for domestic industry in 2022-23, up from 58 per cent in the previous year.
    • This indicates the Government’s commitment to reducing imports and promoting Atmanirbharta in equipment for the Armed Forces.
    • While Defence R&D will be opened up for industry, start-ups and academia, Private industry will also be encouraged to take up design and development of military platforms and equipment.

    Why the fuss over self-reliance?

    1) Reducing import dependence

    • India was the world’s second-largest arms importer from 2014-18, ceding the long-held tag as the largest importer to Saudi Arabia, which accounted for 12% of the total imports during the period, says 2019 SIPRI report.
    • Pakistan stood at the 11th position, accounting for 2.7% of all global imports.
    • Such higher import dependency leads to increase in the fiscal deficit.

    2) Security Imperative

    • Indigenization in defence is critical to national security also. It keeps intact the technological expertise and encourages spin-off technologies and innovation that often stem from it.
    • Indigenization is needed in order to avert the threats associated with the frequent ceasefire violations like that of the Uri, Pathankot and Pulwama attacks.
    • India is surrounded by porous borders and hostile neighbours need to be self-sufficient and self-reliant in defence production.

    3) Economic boost

    • Indigenization in defence can help create a large industry which also includes small manufacturers.
    • Example: USA has a strong defence industry with companies like Lockheed martin contributing to economic growth as well.

    4) Employment generation

    • Defence manufacturing will lead to the generation of satellites industries that in turn will pave the way for a generation of employment opportunities.
    • As per government estimates, a reduction in 20-25% in defence-related imports could directly create an additional 100,000 to 120,000 highly skilled jobs in India.

    It was the military-industrial set-up of Germany that enabled it to launch its offensive practically against the entire western world both in World War I and World War II.

    Issues retarding defence exports

    1. Excess reliance on Public Sector: India has four companies (Indian ordnance factories, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) and Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL)) among the top 100 biggest arms producers of the world.
    2. Policy delays: In the past few years, the government has approved over 200 defence acquisition worth Rs 4 trillion, but most are still in relatively early stages of processing.
    3. Lack of Critical Technologies: Poor design capability in critical technologies, inadequate investment in R&D and the inability to manufacture major subsystems and components hamper the indigenous manufacturing.
    4. Long gestation: The creation of a manufacturing base is capital and technology-intensive and has a long gestation period. By that time newer technologies make products outdated.
    5. ‘Unease’ in doing business: An issue related to stringent labour laws, compliance burden and lack of skills, affects the development of indigenous manufacturing in defence.
    6. Multiple jurisdictions: Overlapping jurisdiction of the Ministry of Defence and Ministry of Industrial Promotion impair India’s capability of defence manufacturing.
    7. Lack of quality: The higher indigenization in few cases is largely attributed to the low-end technology.
    8. FDI Policy: The earlier FDI limit of 49% was not enough to enthuse global manufacturing houses to set up bases in India.
    9. R&D Lacunae: A lip service to technology funding by making token allocations is an adequate commentary on our lack of seriousness in the area of Research and Development.
    10. Lack of skills: There is a lack of engineering and research capability in our institutions. It again leads us back to the need for a stronger industry-academia interface.

    Steps taken to boost indigenous production

    • Licensing relaxation: Measures announced to boost exports since 2014 include simplified defence industrial licensing, relaxation of export controls and grant of no-objection certificates.
    • Lines of Credit: Specific incentives were introduced under the foreign trade policy and the Ministry of External Affairs has facilitated Lines of Credit for countries to import defence product.
    • Policy boost: The Defence Ministry has also issued a draft Defence Production & Export Promotion Policy 2020.
    • Indigenization lists: On the domestic front, to boost indigenous manufacturing, the Government had issued two “positive indigenization lists” consisting of 209 items that cannot be imported.
    • Budgetary allocation: In addition, a percentage of the capital outlay of the defence budget has been reserved for procurement from domestic industry.

    Policy initiatives: Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy, 2020

    The DPEPP 2020 is envisaged as overarching guiding document of MoD to provide a focused, structured and significant thrust to defence production capabilities of the country for self-reliance and exports.

    The policy has laid out the following goals and objectives:

    1. To achieve a turnover of Rs 1,75,000 Crores (US$ 25Bn) including export of Rs 35,000 Crore (US$ 5 Billion) in Aerospace and Defence goods and services by 2025.
    2. To develop a dynamic, robust and competitive Defence industry, including Aerospace and Naval Shipbuilding industry to cater to the needs of Armed forces with quality products.
    3. To reduce dependence on imports and take forward “Make in India” initiatives through domestic design and development.
    4. To promote the export of defence products and become part of the global defence value chains.
    5. To create an environment that encourages R&D rewards innovation creates Indian IP ownership and promotes a robust and self-reliant defence industry.

    The Policy brings out multiple strategies under the following focus areas:

    1. Procurement Reforms
    2. Indigenization & Support to MSMEs/Startups
    3. Optimize Resource Allocation
    4. Investment Promotion, FDI & Ease of Doing Business
    5. Innovation and R&D
    6. DPSUs and OFB
    7. Quality Assurance & Testing Infrastructure
    8. Export Promotion

    Way forward

    • The development of a thriving indigenous defence industry needs an overhaul of existing regulations and practices.
    • A long-term integrated perspective plan of the requirements of the armed forces should give industry a clear picture of future requirements.
    • DPP 2020 should incorporate guidelines to promote forward-looking strategic partnerships between Indian and foreign companies.
    • The definition of indigenisation itself needs to privilege technology over value or volume.
  • Learn the Strategy of the 4 Scoring Subjects in Prelims 2022 which alone can fetch you >90 marks|| Free Live Webinar by CD Mentor Swatantra who scored 110+ marks in Prelims 6 Times|| Limited Slots Available, Register Now

    Learn the Strategy of the 4 Scoring Subjects in Prelims 2022 which alone can fetch you >90 marks|| Free Live Webinar by CD Mentor Swatantra who scored 110+ marks in Prelims 6 Times|| Limited Slots Available, Register Now

    What if we told you the very 4 subjects you put away from preparing until the last moment can get you above 90 marks in Prelims if you studied them from the right books and followed the correct study plan?

    The first subject is Indian Economy. UPSC aspirants are often doubtful of the approach and study materials for this subject, as most of the questions that appear in Prelims require current affairs knowledge and depend upon the aspirant’s grasp in the complexities of our country’s economy. Many aspirants realise that unlike Art and Culture or Modern History, there is no single book that can do justice to the UPSC’s expectations of Indian Economy. Since 2014, the weightage of Indian Economy remained above most of the other subjects.

    UPSC Prelims Economy Questions & Answers [2013-2021]

    On the other hand the confusing topics of Science and Technology are the recent applications in this field, space technology, nano technology, diseases and biotechnology. Incidentally, they also have the highest weightage in the number of questions asked.

    Polity, as a subject used to be straightforward from the book Laxmikant. But nowadays, topics like the different schedules in Indian Consitution, Parliamentary and bill making procedure are difficult to remember despite revising many times. Conceptual clarity is a must, else it will be difficult to find the right answer for questions like this (Prelims 2021)

    Consider the following statements in respect of Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards.
    (a) Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards are titles under the Article 18(1) of the Constitution of India.
    (b) Padma Awards, which were instituted in the year 1954, were suspended only once.
    (C) The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a maximum of five in a particular year.
    Which of the above statements are not correct?
    (a) 1 and 2 only
    (b) 2 and 3 only
    (c) 1 and 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3

    Thought not UPSC’s favourite before, Environment and Ecology has gained momentum in the past 9 years with atleast 10% of prelims questions centred around it. Answers to questions on Indian and International Bodies and Conventions have got more negative marking than scoring points .

    What makes the subject slightly tricky is that the current affairs questions are more than a year old, with some of the questions about news related to 2014-15 happenings.

    With reference to the ‘’New York Declaration on Forests’’, which of the following statements are correct?

    1. It was first endorsed at the United Nations Climate Summit in 2014
    2. It endorses a global timeline to end the loss of forests
    3. It is a legally binding international declaration
    4. It is endorsed by governments, big companies and indigenous communities.
    5. India was one of the signatories at its inception

    Select the correct answer using the code given below
    (a) 1, 2 and 4
    (b) 1, 3 and 5
    (c) 3 and 4
    (d) 2 and 5

    Other questions happen to test your general awareness and is not easily found in standard books.

     Magnetite particles, suspected to cause neurodegenerative problems are generated as environmental pollutants from which of the following?

    1. Brakes of motor vehicles

    2. Engines of motor vehicles

    3. Microwave stoves within homes

    4. Power plants

    5. Telephone lines

    Select the correct answer using the code given below

    (a) 1, 2, 3 and 5only

    (b) 1, 2 and 4 only

    (c) 3, 4 and 5 only

    (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

    Open to All, Free Live Webinar by CD Mentor Swatantra on UPSC Prelims 2022

    Taking this into consideration, we have roped in Civilsdaily Mentor Swatantra to guide UPSC aspirants. His experience of scoring 110+ in all the 6 Prelims exams, coupled with scoring 135+ marks in ethics and essay papers and attending the interview twice, makes him a suitable guide to address this pressing issue.

    Swatantra sir is a mentor with CivilsDaily for nearly two years and is now working with Sukanya Rana Ma’am in the Civilsdaily Mains Guidance Program.

    If you wish to score above 90+ in UPSC Prelims, then this free live webinar will give you the right ladder to aim high. Since there is a limited time of 1 hour, we urge interested aspirants to register right away!

    What will you learn in this Webinar by Swatantra Sir?

    1. How to handle the static aspects of politics, the economy, and the environment intelligently?

    2. What are the current affairs topics to be revised in economy, environment, and science for UPSC Prelims 2022?

    3. Why should one NOT read Ncerts and Reference books on these four subjects from Cover to Cover?

    How to take test series and revise for UPSC 2022 on a daily basis?

    How to prepare for remaining subjects like History (including art and culture) and Geography without spending more than 3 weeks?

    What common mistakes have candidates made in the last 75 days of their preparation?

    Webinar Details

    You can crack UPSC only if the fire in you burns brighter than the fire around you. Register & attend this free live webinar by Swatantra sir if you want to get your doubts resolved and interact with other UPSC aspirants.

    Date: 14th March, 2022 (Monday)

    Time: 7PM

  • Learn the Strategy of the 4 Scoring Subjects in Prelims 2022 which alone can fetch you >90 marks|| Free Live Webinar by CD Mentor Swatantra who scored 110+ marks in Prelims 6 Times|| Limited Slots Available, Register Now

    Learn the Strategy of the 4 Scoring Subjects in Prelims 2022 which alone can fetch you >90 marks|| Free Live Webinar by CD Mentor Swatantra who scored 110+ marks in Prelims 6 Times|| Limited Slots Available, Register Now

    What if we told you the very 4 subjects you put away from preparing until the last moment can get you above 90 marks in Prelims if you studied them from the right books and followed the correct study plan?

    The first subject is Indian Economy. UPSC aspirants are often doubtful of the approach and study materials for this subject, as most of the questions that appear in Prelims require current affairs knowledge and depend upon the aspirant’s grasp in the complexities of our country’s economy. Many aspirants realise that unlike Art and Culture or Modern History, there is no single book that can do justice to the UPSC’s expectations of Indian Economy. Since 2014, the weightage of Indian Economy remained above most of the other subjects.

    UPSC Prelims Economy Questions & Answers [2013-2021]

    On the other hand the confusing topics of Science and Technology are the recent applications in this field, space technology, nano technology, diseases and biotechnology. Incidentally, they also have the highest weightage in the number of questions asked.

    Polity, as a subject used to be straightforward from the book Laxmikant. But nowadays, topics like the different schedules in Indian Consitution, Parliamentary and bill making procedure are difficult to remember despite revising many times. Conceptual clarity is a must, else it will be difficult to find the right answer for questions like this (Prelims 2021)

    Consider the following statements in respect of Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards.
    (a) Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards are titles under the Article 18(1) of the Constitution of India.
    (b) Padma Awards, which were instituted in the year 1954, were suspended only once.
    (C) The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a maximum of five in a particular year.
    Which of the above statements are not correct?
    (a) 1 and 2 only
    (b) 2 and 3 only
    (c) 1 and 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3

    Thought not UPSC’s favourite before, Environment and Ecology has gained momentum in the past 9 years with atleast 10% of prelims questions centred around it. Answers to questions on Indian and International Bodies and Conventions have got more negative marking than scoring points .

    What makes the subject slightly tricky is that the current affairs questions are more than a year old, with some of the questions about news related to 2014-15 happenings.

    With reference to the ‘’New York Declaration on Forests’’, which of the following statements are correct?

    1. It was first endorsed at the United Nations Climate Summit in 2014
    2. It endorses a global timeline to end the loss of forests
    3. It is a legally binding international declaration
    4. It is endorsed by governments, big companies and indigenous communities.
    5. India was one of the signatories at its inception

    Select the correct answer using the code given below
    (a) 1, 2 and 4
    (b) 1, 3 and 5
    (c) 3 and 4
    (d) 2 and 5

    Other questions happen to test your general awareness and is not easily found in standard books.

     Magnetite particles, suspected to cause neurodegenerative problems are generated as environmental pollutants from which of the following?

    1. Brakes of motor vehicles

    2. Engines of motor vehicles

    3. Microwave stoves within homes

    4. Power plants

    5. Telephone lines

    Select the correct answer using the code given below

    (a) 1, 2, 3 and 5only

    (b) 1, 2 and 4 only

    (c) 3, 4 and 5 only

    (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

    Open to All, Free Live Webinar by CD Mentor Swatantra on UPSC Prelims 2022

    Taking this into consideration, we have roped in Civilsdaily Mentor Swatantra to guide UPSC aspirants. His experience of scoring 110+ in all the 6 Prelims exams, coupled with scoring 135+ marks in ethics and essay papers and attending the interview twice, makes him a suitable guide to address this pressing issue.

    Swatantra sir is a mentor with CivilsDaily for nearly two years and is now working with Sukanya Rana Ma’am in the Civilsdaily Mains Guidance Program.

    If you wish to score above 90+ in UPSC Prelims, then this free live webinar will give you the right ladder to aim high. Since there is a limited time of 1 hour, we urge interested aspirants to register right away!

    What will you learn in this Webinar by Swatantra Sir?

    1. How to handle the static aspects of politics, the economy, and the environment intelligently?

    2. What are the current affairs topics to be revised in economy, environment, and science for UPSC Prelims 2022?

    3. Why should one NOT read Ncerts and Reference books on these four subjects from Cover to Cover?

    How to take test series and revise for UPSC 2022 on a daily basis?

    How to prepare for remaining subjects like History (including art and culture) and Geography without spending more than 3 weeks?

    What common mistakes have candidates made in the last 75 days of their preparation?

    Webinar Details

    You can crack UPSC only if the fire in you burns brighter than the fire around you. Register & attend this free live webinar by Swatantra sir if you want to get your doubts resolved and interact with other UPSC aspirants.

    Date: 14th March, 2022 (Monday)

    Time: 7PM

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