Since President Lai Ching-te took office in Taiwan, China has reacted strongly to his pro-independence remarks by using sophisticated tactics against his Democratic Progressive Party.
Background of the China-Taiwan issue
The conflict has its roots in the Chinese Civil War (1927-1950) between the Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) and the Communist Party of China. After the Communist victory in 1949, the Nationalist government retreated to Taiwan, establishing the Republic of China (ROC) there, while the Communist Party proclaimed the People’s Republic of China (PRC) on the mainland.
China claims Taiwan as a breakaway province that must eventually be reunified with the mainland, while Taiwan sees itself as a distinct, democratic entity. This dispute over Taiwan’s political status is at the heart of the ongoing tensions between China and Taiwan.
The strategic importance of Taiwan lies in its location in the “first island chain” in the western Pacific, as well as its dominance in the global semiconductor industry. Control over Taiwan would enhance China’s ability to project power in the region and potentially threaten US interests, while Taiwan’s independence is seen as crucial by the US and its allies
What Are the Coercive Measures China Has Imposed on Taiwan?
Military Pressure: China’s People’s Liberation Army Eastern Theater Command (PLA ETC) conducts regular training drills and simulated invasion scenarios to demonstrate its military capability. These include 3D animation videos depicting missile attacks on Taiwan, aiming to intimidate and exert psychological pressure.
Grey-Zone Warfare: Continuous sorties by PLA fighter jets, UAVs, and strategic fighters over and around Taiwan. These operations are designed to wear down Taiwan’s defence forces through sustained pressure and intelligence gathering.
Economic Coercion: China suspended preferential tax rates for 134 chemical imports from Taiwan, which were previously granted under the Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA). This move was a retaliation against pro-independence statements by Taiwan’s new president, Lai Ching-te, and Taipei’s restrictions on over 2,000 Chinese imports.
China’s Ideology and Political Tactics
Cognitive Warfare: Deployment of ideological narratives within Taiwan to influence public opinion. For instance, Chinese citizens dropped fliers via drones on Kinmen Island, promoting messages against Taiwan’s independence and framing it as a dead end.
Propaganda: These cognitive warfare tactics aim to initiate public discussions and garner attention for the Chinese cause, leveraging social media to propagate Beijing’s ideological stance.
Carrots and Sticks Approach(Political Tactics)
Carrots: Favorable treatment towards Taiwan’s opposition party, the Kuomintang (KMT), which holds relatively pro-mainland views. The KMT engages with Communist Party of China (CPC) officials, maintaining communication and collaboration that the DPP lacks. The KMT’s interactions with CPC officials have sometimes led to investigations under Taiwan’s ‘anti-infiltration law’.
Sticks: Coercive economic measures targeting Taiwan’s Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) to seek political concessions. The suspension of preferential tax rates for Taiwanese chemical imports is one such tactic.
Conclusion: Taiwan must navigate China’s multifaceted ‘grey-zone’ tactics through resilience in defense, strategic alliances, and international advocacy to safeguard its sovereignty and democratic identity amid escalating pressures.
Mains PYQ:
Q South China Sea has assumed great geopolitical significance in the present context. Comment. (UPSC IAS/2016)
PYQ Relevance: Q The judicial systems in India and the UK seem to be converging as well as diverging in recent times. Highlight the key points of convergence and divergence between the two nations in terms of their judicial practices. (UPSC IAS/2020)
Q Why did the Industrial Revolution first occur in England? Discuss the quality of life of the people there during the industrialization. How does it compare with that in India at present times? (UPSC IAS/2015)
Let’s learn!
Mentor comment: The UK’s upcoming elections are marked by widespread disillusionment and uncertainty. Labour leads amid economic woes and political divisions but lacks clear solutions. The Conservatives, grappling with internal turmoil, face low expectations. The outcome will impact India-UK relations, particularly in trade, immigration, and strategic partnerships, amid Brexit’s aftermath and domestic challenges like NHS funding and economic recovery.
Why in the News?
Rishi Sunak called a general election six months early, making the announcement in the rain, symbolizing the current pessimism in Britain.
Party-Dynamics in UK:
In the UK, the dominant parties in elections are:
1.Conservative Party (Led by Rishi Sunak): Historically, the Conservative Party, under the leadership of Rishi Sunak, has emphasized strengthening economic and trade ties with India. They have shown interest in forging closer partnerships in various sectors, including technology, defense, and education. The Conservative Party’s immigration policies, including visa regulations, can affect Indian nationals wishing to study, work, or immigrate to the UK.
2. Labour Party (Led by Keir Starmer): The Labour Party has also sought to enhance relations with India, focusing on areas such as trade, investment, and cultural exchange. However, the party has faced criticism from some sections of the Indian diaspora for its stance on issues like Kashmir and immigration policies. Labour’s approach to visa regulations and its stance on international affairs can impact its relationship with India.
Labour Party’s Contributions for India’s Freedom:
Support for Indian Self-Government: The Labour Party, especially under leaders like Clement Attlee, expressed support for Indian self-government and independence. Attlee, who later became Prime Minister, was sympathetic to Indian aspirations for freedom and worked towards granting independence. Cabinet Mission Plan: In 1946, the Labour government sent the Cabinet Mission to India to discuss and negotiate the transfer of power. The mission proposed a plan for India’s constitutional future, advocating for a united but decentralized India with significant autonomy for provinces. Although the plan did not ultimately succeed, it demonstrated Labour’s commitment to finding a peaceful resolution to India’s struggle for independence. Indian Independence Act: In 1947, the Labour government passed the Indian Independence Act, which provided the legal framework for India’s partition and independence. The act received support from Labour members of parliament and was instrumental in facilitating the end of British colonial rule in India.
Labour’s Challenge
Leading Polls but Facing Issues: Labour is leading in the polls but is aware of the challenges: a weak economy, a strained social contract, and political division.
Lack of Solutions: Labour recognizes it currently lacks real solutions to these problems.
Reflecting on Grievances: No party offers optimism; Britain is reflecting on past grievances.
Self-Inflicted Problems
Economic and Global Uncertainties: Britain’s weak economy and global uncertainties contribute to the current despair.
Brexit’s Impact: Much of this despair is due to Brexit, which failed to address migration issues and did not deliver economic benefits.
Funding Shortfalls: There is insufficient funding for the National Health Service (NHS), education, and addressing the cost-of-living crisis, with nearly 3% of the population relying on food banks.
Conservative Party Issues
Unpopularity and Internal Chaos: The Conservatives, in power for 14 years, are unpopular due to internal chaos and frequent leadership changes.
Frequent Leadership Changes: Since 2019, the party has had three Prime Ministers, four Chancellors, four Foreign Secretaries, and five Home Secretaries.
Low Expectations: The party is not expecting to win another term.
Why UK elections matter to India?
Trade and Economic Relations: The UK is an important trading partner for India, and the outcome of the elections could influence future trade agreements and economic cooperation between the two countries. Diaspora Concerns: The large Indian diaspora in the UK has significant political and economic influence. Their interests and concerns, including immigration policies, are often considered in the UK’s political landscape, which can impact India-UK relations. Strategic Partnerships: India and the UK share strategic interests in areas such as defense, security, and counter-terrorism. The political leadership in both countries plays a crucial role in shaping and maintaining these partnerships. Diplomatic Engagement: The stance of the UK government on international issues, including India’s relations with its neighbors and global affairs, can influence diplomatic engagements between the two countries. Immigration Policies: Immigration policies proposed or implemented by the UK government can directly affect Indian nationals, including students, professionals, and families, leading to implications for bilateral ties and people-to-people exchanges.
Labour’s Campaign
Lack of Optimism: Unlike in 1997, Labour’s current campaign lacks optimism and focuses on ending Conservative chaos.
Challenges for Keir Starmer: Keir Starmer’s Labour faces challenges as the UK exits a shallow recession and remains divided over Brexit and immigration.
International Tensions: International tensions, particularly with Russia and China, dominate discussions without the financial means to increase defense spending.
Domestic Issuesin UK
Economic Concerns and Public Services: Britain’s problems are mainly domestic, including economic concerns, an overburdened NHS, and public services affected by migration and Brexit.
NHS Promises: Both Labour and Conservatives pledge to protect the NHS but lack concrete solutions.
Brexit Stance: There is little difference between the parties on key issues, particularly Brexit.
Brexit Regret
Growing Regret: More people regret Brexit now than support it, but Starmer has ruled out rejoining the EU or restoring free movement.
Similar Brexit Stances: Labour’s stance on Brexit is similar to the Conservative hardline approach, despite the economic impact.
Migration Rhetoric: Starmer avoids sounding soft on migration due to toxic rhetoric surrounding the issue.
Scandals and Public Distrust
Major Scandals: Two major scandals are prominent: the Post Office miscarriage of justice and the infected blood scandal.
Bipartisan Involvement: Both scandals involve Labour and Conservative governments, with denial and obfuscation by politicians and civil servants.
Compensation and Distrust: The new government will face compensation costs and a distrustful electorate.
Conclusion: Britain faces a critical juncture marked by economic stagnation, social division, and disillusionment exacerbated by the Brexit fallout. To navigate forward, leaders must prioritize rebuilding trust, addressing NHS and social care crises, fostering economic stability, and healing societal rifts. Effective governance and genuine solutions are imperative to restore optimism and tackle pressing domestic challenges.
Q How will the I2U2 (India, Israel, UAE and USA) grouping transform India’s position in global politics? (UPSC IAS/2022)
Q Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) is transforming itself into a trade bloc from a military alliance, in present times Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2020)
Mentors comment: A year after Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s state visit to the United States, marked by promising announcements of strategic cooperation, progress in the U.S.-India relationship has fallen short of expectations due to various internal and external factors. As Indian and U.S. leaders prepare to meet at the G-7 outreach summit and for bilateral discussions in Delhi, the dynamics of the relationship warrant careful examination.
Let’s learn …
Why in the News?
A year ago, Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s state visit to the U.S. marked a significant moment in U.S.-India relations, with announcements on strategic and high-tech cooperation.
India-US Relations: One-Year Review
iCET Initiative: The U.S.-India initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology (iCET) was a highlight, aiming to usher in a new phase in bilateral ties.
Slow Progress: However, a year later, the relationship’s progress has been slower than anticipated due to various external and internal factors.
Current Engagement: As Modi engages with U.S. President Joseph Biden at the G-7 outreach summit in Italy, it’s crucial to examine the “good, the not-so-good, and what could become ugly” in the relationship.
Significance of the ties
Historical turn-around: Last September marked 25 years since the turnaround in ties post-Pokhran, initiated by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s speech in 1998, calling India and the U.S. “natural allies.”
Strategic Strengthening: Strategic ties have strengthened over the years, with dialogues in numerous areas including climate change, green energy, critical and emerging technologies, and outer space.
Growing Trust: Over the past decade, strategic trust has grown, marked by foundational agreements, military exercises, interoperability, coordination on maritime operations, and significant military hardware purchases.
De-hyphenation and Engagement: The de-hyphenation of U.S.-India ties with Pakistan, silence on Jammu-Kashmir issues, India’s increased engagement with the Quad, and shared concerns over China’s aggression have brought Delhi and Washington closer.
Contention: India’s neutrality over Russia
Despite thriving bilateral engagement, some areas remain work in progress:
Russia’s War in Ukraine: Multilateral cooperation on global conflicts, such as Russia’s war in Ukraine, remains a major area of difference. The U.S. frames the war in terms of international rule of law and humanitarian principles, while India considers the disruption to the Global South, including food, fertilizer, and energy security.
Compromises and Delays: The U.S. has compromised by withdrawing objections to India’s continued purchase of Russian oil and exports, while India has delayed the annual India-Russia summit for two years.
Moral Stance: U.S. support for Israel’s actions in Gaza and continued civilian casualties has somewhat mitigated its moral stance.
What led to the recent souring of ties?
Logistical Challenges in the South China Sea: On multilateral fronts, particularly concerning China’s threats against Taiwan and the South China Sea, India-U.S. cooperation at the Quad has faced logistical challenges:
Decline of R-Day Invitation: President Biden’s decision to decline the invitation for India’s Republic Day in 2024 meant the Quad Summit was foregone and rescheduled after the U.S. elections in November.
Others:
Gaza Impact: Planned visits by U.S. National Security Adviser Jake Sullivan were cancelled due to the Gaza crisis, affecting the iCET review and other high-level visits.
Manipur: There has been no Indian Ambassador in Washington for months, and ties with U.S. Ambassador to India Eric Garcetti are strained over comments on Manipur and human rights.
Tensions over ‘Terrorist’s Assassin Plots’
Assassination Plot: The attempted assassination of Khalistani separatist and U.S. citizen Gurpatwant Singh Pannun in New York, allegedly ordered by Indian security officials, remains a significant issue:
Impact on Relations: The plot in the U.S. and the killing of Canadian citizen Hardeep Singh Nijjar have caused discomfort in U.S.-India relations.
Public Accountability: Concerns over India’s alleged involvement in the killing of foreign citizens in friendly countries have impacted the relationship.
Public Demand: The U.S. demand for India to publicly account for the plot is a non-starter, but India’s theory of “rogue actors” will not suffice either.
Escalation Potential: The issue is expected to escalate as more details emerge during the trial in New York and Canada.
Future Prospects
Adjusting to Realities: The Indian government must adjust to new coalition realities after the general election results and engage with the U.S. before it enters “lame-duck” season.
Possible Presidency: A possible Trump presidency in November might resolve some issues but introduce more uncertainty.
Necessary Engagement: The opportunity for a Biden-Modi meeting and Sullivan’s visit to Delhi for the iCET review is crucial for a necessary restart in the relationship, a year after it seemed to have reached “warp speed.”
Conclusion
The India-U.S. relationship is at a crucial juncture, with significant potential for growth but also substantial challenges to overcome.The future path of U.S.-India relations will depend on both countries’ ability to navigate complexities, foster trust, and prioritize mutual interests for a stable and prosperous partnership.
The advisory was shared on social media by the Indian Embassy in Yangon on Monday (June 3 2024), urging caution against job offers in the Pha Lu area, south of Myawaddy town. This region has recently emerged as a hotspot where most Indian victims are being trafficked, often via Thailand.
Highlights made by the Indian Embassy’s Advisories:
The embassy has issued multiple advisories warning against fake job rackets in Myanmar, highlighting the significant and ongoing threat.
Declared New Danger Zone: The Pha Lu area, south of Myawaddy town, has been identified as a new hotspot for trafficking, necessitating heightened vigilance. Previous advisories flagged Myawaddy, Yangon, Laukkaing, Lashio, and Tachileik as risky areas.
There’s been a rise in Indian nationals falling victim to crime syndicates in the Myawaddy region on the Myanmar-Thailand border.
On Security Issues:
Broader insecurity: Not just Indian nationals, but individuals from countries like Malaysia and the UAE have also been targeted by these syndicates.
Social Media Caution: Emphasis on avoiding job offers made through social media or unverified sources.
Security Worsening: The security situation in Myanmar has deteriorated since the February 2021 military coup, exacerbating human trafficking issues.
Consultation Urged: Indian nationals are urged to verify job offers and consult respective Indian embassies before accepting employment abroad.
India-Myanmar Bilateral Relations:
India and Myanmar signed a Treaty of Friendship in 1951, and the visit of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi in 1987 laid the foundations for a stronger relationship.
Economic Cooperation: India is Myanmar’s 4th largest export market and 5th largest import partner. The bilateral trade target of $1 billion was achieved by 2017.
Strategic Cooperation: India’s engagement with Myanmar is motivated by a desire to counter China’s growing influence in the region and enhance its own influence and standing.
Security Ties: India and Myanmar have cooperated on security issues, including combating drug trafficking and insurgent groups operating in the border areas.
Recent Developments: India gifted Myanmar its first submarine, and the two countries have carried out joint operations against insurgent camps.
The relationship faces challenges such as the Rohingya issue, the coup by the military junta, and the exploitation of the porous border by terrorist outfits and insurgent groups
Way Forward:
Need Monitoring and Ground Surveillance: India can collaborate with social media platforms to monitor and remove fraudulent job postings and take legal action against those responsible.
Stronger Bilateral Cooperation: Strengthen cooperation with Myanmar and neighboring countries like Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia to crack down on human trafficking networks and facilitate the safe return of victims.
Mains PYQ:
Q Cross-border movement of insurgents is only one of the several security challenges facing the policing of the border in North-East India. Examine the various challenges currently emanating across the India-Myanmar border. Also, discuss the steps to counter the challenges. (UPSC IAS/2019)
A parliamentary committee report in Canada has claimed India as the second-biggest foreign threat to the country’s democracy.
About the Khalistan Movement
Origins and Objectives: The Khalistan Movement is a separatist movement seeking to create an independent Sikh state called Khalistan in the Punjab region of India.
Activities in Canada: Canada has a significant Sikh population, and some members support the Khalistan Movement. This has led to tensions between Canadian Sikhs and the Indian government.
Notable Incident: The murder of Hardeep Singh Nijjar, a pro-Khalistan ideologue, in Surrey, British Columbia, on June 18, 2023, intensified these tensions.
Historical Background
Canada and India established diplomatic relations in 1947. The relationship was enhanced by personal ties between Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Canadian Prime Ministers Louis St. Laurent and Lester B. Pearson in the 1940s and 1960s.
Canada provided significant aid to India under the “Colombo Plan”, including food aid, project financing, and technical assistance. India has been one of the largest recipients of Canadian bilateral aid, amounting to over $3.8 billion CAD.
Recent Developments
India and Canada have seen significant growth in bilateral trade, reaching $8.16 billion in 2023.
Canada is home to over 1.2 million people of Indian origin, who are well-integrated into the mainstream and active in politics.
The two countries have a strategic partnership underpinned by shared values of democracy and pluralism, with regular high-level interactions and long-standing people-to-people ties.
India and Canada have signed several agreements, including the Air Services Agreement, Extradition Treaty, Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty, and Nuclear Cooperation Agreement.
Challenges
Interference Allegations: Canada claims that India has expanded its interference efforts beyond countering pro-Khalistani activities to include targeting Canadian politicians, ethnic media, and Indo-Canadian communities.
Mutual Suspicion: The Canadian Security Intelligence Service has also accused India of being involved in the election process in Canada, a claim denied by India.
Ethnic and Political Dynamics: The presence of a significant pro-Khalistan population in Canada complicates bilateral relations, with domestic politics in both countries influencing diplomatic interactions.
India’s Stand
Denial of Allegations: The Indian government has consistently denied allegations of interference in Canadian affairs and the murder of Hardeep Singh Nijjar.
Counter-Terrorism: India views the Khalistan Movement as a terrorist threat and seeks to counter its activities both domestically and internationally.
Diplomatic Responses: In response to accusations from Canada, India has taken measures such as suspending visa services and issuing official statements to refute claims of interference.
Way forward:
Regular Consultations: Establish a framework for regular high-level meetings between Indian and Canadian officials to address mutual concerns and prevent misunderstandings.
Bilateral Committees: Form joint committees to handle specific issues such as security concerns, immigration, and trade disputes.
Mains question for practice:
Q Discuss the origins and objectives of the Khalistan Movement and analyse the current challenges it poses to bilateral relations between India and Canada. 15M
India has signed new agreements and updated existing ones with a dozen African countries to secure critical minerals. This initiative is crucial for achieving India’s energy transformation goals.
India’s Critical Mineral Acquisition Plans in Africa
India has signed new agreements and updated existing ones with a dozen African countries to secure critical minerals.
This initiative is crucial for India’s energy transformation goals, aiming to diversify sources and reduce dependence on any single supplier.
The agreements are part of a broader strategy to secure access to minerals necessary for renewable energy technologies and electric vehicles.
Demand for Energy in India and China’s Dominance
Energy Demand in India: India’s peak power demand increased to 250 GW in 2023-24, marking a 12.7% increase from the previous year. By 2030, India’s peak power demand is expected to reach 366 GW, up from the current level of 240 GW.
China’s Dominance: China leads in securing and processing critical minerals, having established long-term relationships with mineral-rich countries in Africa and Latin America. Chinese companies dominate mining rights in economically poor yet mineral-rich nations.
China has built significant capacities for processing and refining minerals, making it the primary global hub for critical mineral processing.
India’s Other Overseas Critical Mineral Acquisition Plans
Earlier this year, India signed an agreement with Argentina to explore and develop five lithium brine blocks.
The Geological Survey of India (GSI) discovered inferred lithium reserves of 5.9 million tonnes in Jammu & Kashmir.
India aims to diversify its sources of critical minerals by securing mining leases abroad, ensuring a stable and sustainable supply chain.
Government Initiatives to Secure Critical Minerals
Exploration and Geological Studies: The government is pushing for more extensive exploration and geological studies within India to identify potential reserves of critical minerals. The Geological Survey of India has been tasked with accelerating the exploration of India’s 3.2 lakh sq km land mass using new data and technologies.
Securing Mining Leases Abroad: India is focusing on securing mining leases in other countries to ensure a diversified supply of critical minerals. The agreements with African countries and Argentina are examples of this strategy.
Building Domestic Capacities: The government is providing incentives to build refining and processing capacities within India for critical minerals. There is an emphasis on attracting private miners, both domestic and global, to participate in critical mineral exploration within India.
Policy and Auction Reforms: The government is analyzing why auctions often fail to generate enough interest and is considering policy changes to attract big players. Coordinated efforts between the Centre and state governments on clearances and royalty payments are being emphasized to streamline the auction process.
White Hydrogen Exploration: There is a call for active exploration of potential White Hydrogen deposits within India’s geographical borders.
Way forward:
Accelerate exploration efforts across India’s 3.2 lakh sq km land mass.
Utilize new data sources and advanced technologies to identify potential reserves of critical minerals.
Focus on unexplored areas for potential discoveries of critical minerals, including White Hydrogen deposits.
Mains PYQ:
Q Do you think India will meet 50 percent of its energy needs from renewable energy by 2030? Justify your answer. How will the shift of subsidies from fossil fuels to renewables help achieve the above objectives? Explain. (UPSC IAS/2022)
India hosted a side event on Digital Health during the 77th World Health Assembly.The event saw participation from Quad countries (Australia, Japan, and the United States of America) and delegates from over 100 countries.
Key Highlights of the 7th WHA:
Transformative Role: India highlighted digital health’s role in ensuring equitable and accessible healthcare services, contributing to Universal Health Coverage and SDG 3.
India’s Advancements: WHA noted India’s success in implementing digital public infrastructure at scale, including Aadhaar for digital identities, Unified Payments Interface (UPI) for financial transactions, and Co-WIN for health service delivery during the pandemic.
Transition to UWIN: Co-WIN is being transformed into UWIN for the National Immunization Programme, facilitating immunization records for millions of newborns and mothers, as well as Anganwadi and school health records.
Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM): India highlighted efforts under ABDM to create a robust national digital health ecosystem, with over 618 million Unique Health IDs (ABHA IDs) generated, 268,000 registered health facilities, and 350,000 healthcare professionals enlisted.
National Health Claims Exchange (NHCX): GoI is launching NHCX as part of ABDM to transform the insurance payments ecosystem, enabling real-time settlements with auto adjudication of claims through public-private partnerships leveraging digital public infrastructure.
India as a member of FIPIC, has pledged $1 million for relief efforts in flood-hit “Papua New Guinea” showcasing solidarity with the affected nation.
What is the Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC)?
The Forum for India-Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC) is a multilateral platform established by India to enhance cooperation with the Pacific Island countries.
FIPIC was established by India in 2014 during the first FIPIC Summit held in Suva, Fiji.
The initiative was announced by PM Narendra Modi as part of India’s broader “Act East” policy to strengthen engagement with the Pacific Island countries.
Overview
Purpose: To enhance India’s engagement with Pacific Island nations and support their development priorities through cooperative projects and initiatives.
Members: Includes India and 14 Pacific Islands nations (Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, Niue, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu).
Summits
First Summit – Suva, Fiji (November 2014)
Context: Initiated by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi following the re-establishment of democracy in Fiji.
Significance: The summit highlighted the geopolitical interest of major powers in the Pacific, with Chinese leader Xi Jinping visiting Fiji shortly after Modi.
Second Summit – Jaipur, India (August 2015)
Follow-up: As a continuation of the first summit, Modi invited the leaders of the 14 Pacific Islands to Jaipur.
Discussions: Covered cooperation in areas such as the blue economy, oil and natural gas, IT, healthcare, fishing, and marine research. Modi also assured to address their climate change concerns at the 2015 UN Climate Change Conference (COP 21) in Paris.
Third Summit – Papua New Guinea (May 2023)
Current Status: Most recent summit, emphasizing ongoing cooperation and collaboration between India and the Pacific Island nations.
Back2Basics: India’s Act East Policy
Details
Launched in
November 2014, by PM Modi
Objective
To promote economic cooperation, cultural ties, and develop a strategic relationship with countries in the Indo-Pacific region;
Enhancing India’s influence and economic development, especially in the North Eastern Region (NER).
Scope
Extends beyond ASEAN to include East Asian countries.
Intensive and continuous engagement in connectivity, trade, culture, defense, and people-to-people contact at bilateral, regional, and multilateral levels.
Key Dimensions (4C’s)
Culture
Commerce
Connectivity
Capacity building
Security Focus
Enhanced security cooperation, particularly in the context of Chinese assertiveness in the South China Sea and Indian Ocean.
Promoting freedom of navigation and securing India’s role in the region.
Historical Context (Look East Policy)
Look East Policy initiated in 1992 by Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao.
Focused on strengthening economic integration and cultural ties primarily with ASEAN countries.
Aimed to bolster India’s role as a regional power and counter China’s strategic influence.
Evolution from Look East Policy
Act East Policy is an upgrade and expansion of the Look East Policy, incorporating more comprehensive engagement strategies, including security cooperation and broader geographical focus.
Significant Engagements
India’s active participation in regional forums like the East Asia Summit (EAS), ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), and informal groupings such as the Quad.
Strategic partnerships and dialogues at various international platforms.
Global AI governance is becoming increasingly intricate, with countries employing diverse approaches. This shows that the Global treaties may face significant challenges despite widespread support.
About the Council of Europe (COE)
The COE is an intergovernmental organization established in 1949. It currently has 46 member states, including the Holy See, Japan, and the U.S., alongside EU countries.
Aim: To uphold human rights, democracy, and the rule of law in Europe.
What is Europe’s AI convention?
Europe’s AI convention, officially known as the Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law, represents a significant milestone in AI governance.
Adopted by the Council of Europe (COE) on May 17, this convention addresses the pressing need for comprehensive regulation of AI, particularly concerning its impact on human rights, democracy, and the rule of law.
The scope of the Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy, and the Rule of Law encompasses:
It ensures that activities throughout the lifecycle of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems align fully with Human Rights, Democracy, and the Rule of Law.
Consistent with the EU AI Act and the OECD’s definition, an AI system is defined as a machine-based system that generates outputs based on input to influence physical or virtual environments.
Coverage:
Application by Parties: The convention applies to activities involving AI systems conducted by both public authorities and private actors acting on their behalf.
Addressing Risks: Parties are required to address risks and impacts from AI systems activities by private actors that are not covered under (a) in a manner consistent with the convention’s objectives.
Difference Between a Framework Convention and a Protocol
Framework Convention: A legally binding treaty specifying broad commitments and objectives.Allows parties discretion in achieving objectives, adapting to their capacities and priorities.Example: Convention on Biological Diversity.
Protocol: Specific agreements are negotiated under a framework convention. Sets specific targets or detailed measures to achieve the broader objectives of the framework convention.Example: Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety under the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Addressing National Security in the AI Convention
Exemptions for National Security: Articles 3.2, 3.3, and 3.4 provide broad exemptions for national security interests, research, development, testing, and national defense, excluding military AI applications from the convention’s scope.
Balancing Flexibility and Regulation: Article 3(b) allows parties some flexibility in applying the convention to the private sector, preventing total exemption but accommodating national security needs.
General Obligations: Articles 4 and 5 ensure the protection of human rights, democratic integrity, and the rule of law, requiring parties to address disinformation and deep fakes as part of their national security measures.
Scope for Further Action: Article 22 allows parties to exceed specified commitments, enabling additional measures to address national security concerns related to AI.
Conclusion: The AI convention is essential because it reinforces existing human and fundamental rights within the context of AI applications, rather than creating new rights. It emphasizes the need for governments to uphold these rights and implement effective remedies and procedural safeguards.
Mains PYQ:
Q “The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) has initiated e-Governance as an integral part of government”. Discuss.(UPSC IAS/2020)
PYQ Relevance: Mains: Q) What is the significance of Indo-US defense deals over Indo-Russian defense deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (UPSC CSE 2020)
Q) The new tri-nation partnership AUKUS is aimed at countering China’s ambitions in the Indo-Pacific region. Is it going to supersede the existing partnerships in the region? Discuss the strength and impact of AUKUS in the present scenario. (UPSC CSE 2021)
Prelims:
With reference to the ‘Trans-Pacific Partnership’, consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2016) 1. It is an agreement among all the Pacific Rim countries except China and Russia. 2. It is a strategic alliance for the purpose of maritime security only. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Note4Students:
Prelims: Global Issues;
Mains: Global Issues; Multipolar World; Russia-China Relations;
Mentor comment: The article discusses the present “no-limits” friendship declared between Russian President Vladimir Putin and Chinese President Xi Jinping, and how it is a defining feature of the emerging multipolar world order. During World War II, the world was divided into – Allied (UK, USSR, US, and China) and Axis (Germany, Italy, and Japan). Eventually after WW II, there was again a division between the US and the USSR which came to be known as the ‘Cold War’ where India adopted its Non-aligned stand. Taking today’s article view i.e. the Russia-China Friendship, the relations between both countries date back to the 17th century, with historical conflicts and territorial disputes. However, the relationship improved significantly after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, leading to the establishment of diplomatic relations and the signing of the Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation in 2001. In the present context, we need to study what impact it will have on World order and of course our India also.
Let’s learn.
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Why in the News?
Chinese President Xi Jinping and Russian President Vladimir Putin declared their ‘no-limits’ friendship just days before the Ukraine war began.
Putin, who was sworn in for his new term recently, will spend two days in China.
The Putin-Xi bromance is not just a bilateral affair, but a harbinger of a new world order.
What are the common grounds for ‘no limits’ friendship?
A Shared Anti-West Sentiment: Both leaders believe the West is trying to hold them back and undermine their influence. This shared grievance has brought them closer together, with Putin and Xi presenting a united front against what they see as a hostile Western world.
Military Cooperation: The two leaders have celebrated military cooperation, particularly during times of heightened tensions such as the US-China trade war. It includes security cooperation, emphasizing their mutual opposition to theWashington-led global consensus.
Economy and Trades: The structure of their bilateral trade shows that Russia mainly supplies raw materials, such as oil, natural gas, and coal, while importing manufacturing and technological products from China.
Russia has also been receiving loans and export credits, with the yuan’s share in the Russian central bank’s foreign currency reserves increasing significantly.
Strategic Partnership: The friendship between Putin and Xi is strategic, aiming to counterbalance U.S. global influence.
The two leaders have been attempting to put economics at the center of their strategic partnership, with Xi’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and Putin’s Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) aiming to create a single market among Russia, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan.
Limitations on their ‘no limit’ friendship:
A Relationship of Unequals: Despite aiming for equal friendship, China’s growing economic and technological might dwarf Russia’s. This power imbalance could create tension in the relationship, especially as China’s dominance continues to grow in Central and West Asia.
Russia may struggle to maintain its status as an equal partner, potentially leading to friction in the alliance.
A Delicate Balance: Beijing may face pressure from its trading countries and internal critics to distance itself from Moscow, especially if Russia’s actions continue to attract international condemnation.
What does it mean for the rest of the world?
New Multipolar System and Geoplotical Risks: Russia has recently shifted its Nuclers Policies making it questionable for European and other Western countries. This shift in power dynamics (Russia-China) could lead to a more fragmented and unstable world, with the West facing a united front from two of its most powerful adversaries.
Potential Risks to Global Energy Security: Russia’s growing dependence on China as an energy export market could give China more leverage over Russia and influence global energy prices and supply.
Expanded Russia-China energy cooperation may undermine Western efforts to isolate Russia economically and limit its ability to wage war in Ukraine.
Implications for Global Gas Markets: If the power of the Siberia pipeline is completed, it could reshape global gas markets by providing a new major source of supply to China and reducing Russia’s dependence on European gas exports.
However, the fate of the pipeline remains uncertain, as China has refrained from committing to it so far, likely because it currently benefits from keeping the project in Limbo.
What does it mean for India?
Strategic Concerns: Russia being a major supporter of the Indian defense system, India can face challenges in ensuring reliable defense supplies after the evolution of such “no limit” friendship and China-Russia cooperation.
Diplomatic Balancing: India aims to balance ties with Russia and West Asia to have a seamless connection with the European Union but faces challenges due to evolving Russia-China relations.
National Interests: India has always been a ‘big brother’ in the Asian region incorporating its Foreign Policies. Seeing the present context, India must navigate the changing geopolitical landscape, leveraging its diplomatic strengths and pursuing a clear long-term strategy.
Conclusion: The economic interests and trade between Russia and China are critical components of their “no-limits” friendship. While their bilateral trade has grown significantly, the relationship is marked by an unequal dynamic, with China’s economic dominance over Russia growing.
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