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Subject: Bilateral Relations

1. Major World Events
2. India’s Interests in neighbourhood
3. Effects of our Policies

  • [11 April 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Katchatheevu demands thinking outside the box

    [11 April 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Katchatheevu demands thinking outside the box

    PYQ Relevance:
    Mains: 
    Q) ‘India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.’ Discuss India’s role in the recent crisis in Sri Lanka in light of the preceding statement. (UPSC CSE 2022) 
    Q) In respect of India — Sri Lanka relations, discuss how domestic factors influence foreign policy. (UPSC CSE 2013) 

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims: Places in News; India and Sri Lanka;

    Mains: Bilateral Issues; India and Sri-Lanka;

    Mentor comments: India and Sri Lanka both are close neighbors with historical, political, social, and religious similarities. Simultaneously, both are in disputes on certain issues. The Katchatheevu issue is a long-standing dispute between India and Sri Lanka regarding the ownership and use of the Katchatheevu Island, which is strategically located in the Palk Strait. The island was historically owned by the Ramanad Kingdom of Ramanathapuram district in Tamil Nadu before Indian independence. In 1974, India recognized Sri Lanka’s ownership of the island under a conditional agreement, which has been a point of contention, especially for Indian fishermen from Tamil Nadu. We need to discuss this issue as the central government has attempted to address these issues, but the dispute remains unresolved.

    Let’s learn. 

    —

    Why in the News?

    In a Public meeting, Tamil fishermen criticized the ceding of Katchatheevu Island. They highlighted the Indian fishermen being shot by the Sri Lankan Navy. 

    Background Story:

    • Despite the historical claims and disputes, the Katchatheevu issue was formally addressed in 1974 when India signed an agreement to demarcate the boundaries, leading to the cession of Katchatheevu to Sri Lanka. 
    • This decision has been a point of contention as follows:
      • Tamil Nadu’s perspective: The root cause of the problem is a conflict of interests. On the one side are the two governments which do not want to reopen the issue of Katchatheevu. 
      • Indian fishermen’s perspective: The Indian fishermen will not easily give up a means of livelihood that they have enjoyed for several years.
    Two interrelated issues for India and Sri Lanka should be kept in mind:

    Sanctity of Bilateral Agreements: The unilateral scrapping of a bilateral agreement will have profound consequences not only on India-Sri Lanka relations but also with several of India’s other neighboring countries. Bilateral agreements have their sanctity and cannot be scrapped based on the whims and fancies of every party in power.

    Siamese Twin Game: The Centre should be urged to take immediate steps to ensure the livelihood of fishermen on both sides of the Palk Strait. It would be unwise to attempt to create a Berlin Wall in the Palk Strait. What afflicts one will affect the other.

    The Quest for a Peaceful Solution:

    To solve this present issue there are two solutions:

    • Firstly, getting back to the island of Katchatheevu on lease in perpetuity (Tin Bigha) in reverse. India could use the island and the surrounding waters for fishing. However, this can uphold the sovereignty of Sri Lanka. 
    • Secondly, to allow Indian fishermen to fish in Sri Lankan waters up to 5nm. There was a precedent to this. Under the 1976 Agreement, Sri Lankan fishermen were permitted to fish near the Wadge Bank, near Kanniyakumari, for 3 years. 
    • While the TN regional governments accepted these suggestions, the greatest obstacle was the Centre refusing to reopen the issue.

    Introduction of ‘Trawling’:

    • Bottom trawling is a fishing method that involves scouring the sea bed for fish, pulling in a variety of marine life, including coral and seaweed.
      • This method of fishing destroys spawning grounds and the marine ecosystem, depleting future catches.
    • While it is banned in Sri Lanka, it continues to be practiced in India, causing damage to the sea bed and reducing fish availability on the Indian side of Palk Bay. 
    • This has led Indian fishermen to enter Sri Lankan waters in search of fish, causing conflict with Sri Lankan Tamil fishermen who use traditional forms of fishing.
    • India’s image may suffer if Sri Lanka takes the ICJ case against India.

    The Need for Bold Decisions:

    • Working on the Palk Bay:  It can work as a bridge between India and Sri Lanka. India can convert contested territory to a common heritage.
      • The government of India needs to ban all fishing equipment which are banned in Sri Lanka. Further, we should work to ensure that fishermen can equitably enjoy the rich marine wealth. 
    • Encourage joint ventures: Both governments need to encourage the Tamil fishermen of both countries to meet, form cooperative societies, and venture into deep-sea fishing.
      • Such joint ventures will also help repair the damage Indian fishermen have caused to the livelihood of their Tamil counterparts. 

    Conclusion: Every challenge provides an opportunity. The problems in Palk Bay can be solved only if we start thinking outside the box. 

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/katchatheevu-demands-thinking-outside-the-box/article68051227.ece

  • India secures Rights to operate Sittwe Port in Myanmar

    Why in the news?

    • After Chabahar, India has gained the rights to operate a second overseas port, Sittwe, in Myanmar.
    • This development is part of the Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport project, which aims to provide alternate connectivity from the eastern coast of India to the northeastern states through the Sittwe port.

    About India Ports Global (IPGL)

    • The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) has approved a proposal for India Ports Global (IPGL) to take over the operations of the entire port located on the Kaladan River.
    • IPGL is a company 100% owned by the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways.
    • It is a joint venture between Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT) and Deendayal Port Trust (Erstwhile Kandla Port Trust).
    • It was created and incorporated in January 2015 under the Companies Act, 2013, as per directions of Ministry of Shipping (MoS), for development of ports overseas.
    • The MoS has presently assigned IPGL the task of equipping and operation of container/multi-purpose terminals at Chabahar Port in Iran.

     

    About Sittwe Port

    • The Sittwe Port, located in the Rakhine State of Myanmar, is a crucial component of the Kaladan multi-modal transit transport project.
    • It has been developed under a framework agreement between India and Myanmar for the construction and operation of a multimodal transit transport facility on the Kaladan River.
    • It is a deep-water port serving as a maritime gateway, enhancing trade and connectivity between India and Myanmar.

    Significance of Sittwe Port

    • The Sittwe Port is part of the Kaladan multi-modal transit transport project.
    • The project aims to connect the eastern Indian seaport of Kolkata with Sittwe seaport in Myanmar by sea.
    • It further link Sittwe Port to Paletwa in Myanmar via Kaladan river waterway, and connect Paletwa to Zorinpui in Mizoram through a road component.
    • This link will not only offer an alternative route for shipping goods to the northeastern states, but will significantly reduce the cost and distance from Kolkata to Mizoram and beyond.
    • It will also reduce dependency on the Siliguri Corridor, known as the chicken’s neck, which is squeezed between Bhutan and Bangladesh.

    Also read about China-Myanmar Economic Corridor (CMEC)

    Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project

    • It connects the seaport of Kolkata in India to Sittwe seaport in Rakhine State, Myanmar, by sea.
    • In Myanmar, the project links Sittwe seaport to Paletwa in Chin State via the Kaladan river boat route and then from Paletwa by road to Mizoram state in Northeast India.
    • The project is being funded by the Indian government and is aimed at reducing the distance from Kolkata to Sittwe by approximately 1,328 km.
    • It was initially scheduled to be completed by 2014.
    • The project is affected by Chin conflict, Rohingya conflict, and militant groups such as Arakan Army and Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA).
    • There are different sections of the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project, which combines multi-modes of transport, including sea, river, and road routes.
    1. Sea Route: It includes- Kolkata-Sittwe shipping route, Sittwe seaport to Paletwa inland jetty river boat route, Sittwe Special Economic Zone at Ponnagyun town, Paletwa inland jetty to Zorinpui road route in Myanmar, and the Zorinpui to Aizawl road route in India.
    2. Road: This project will complement the river-road route of the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project in Myanmar-Mizoram.
    3. Railway: It has the Sittwe-Kyaukhtu railway in Myanmar, Kyaukhtu-Zorinpui in Myanmar, and the Zochawchhuah (Zorinpui)-Sairang railway in India.

     

    PYQ:

    [2015] In the Mekong-Ganga Cooperation, an initiative of six countries, which of the following is/are not a participant/ participants?

    1.    Bangladesh

    2.    Cambodia

    3.    China

    4.    Myanmar

    5.    Thailand

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2, 3 and 4

    (c) 1 and 3

    (d) 1, 2 and 5

  •  Katchatheevu | What is the controversy all about?

    Why in the news? 

    Katchatheevu Island, a disputed stretch in the Palk Strait, was ceded to Sri Lanka during late PM Indira Gandhi, through an agreement.

    • Fifty years later, PM Modi, has mounted an attack on the Congress and DMK for ‘callously’ giving it away to Sri Lanka.

    About the Katchatheevu  Island:

    • Katchatheevu is an uninhabited area in the Palk Strait, between India and Sri Lanka.  It was created due to volcanic eruption in the 14th century and is comparatively youthful in the realm of geological chronology.
    • Historically, it was controlled by the Jaffna kingdom of Sri Lanka in the medieval period.
    • However, in the 17th century, control passed to the Ramnad zamindari based out of Ramanathapuram, about 55 km northwest of Rameswaram.
    • The Island became part of the Madras Presidency during the British Raj. But in 1921, both India and Sri Lanka, at the time were British colonies and claimed Katchatheevu to determine fishing boundaries.
    • A British delegation from India challenged this, citing ownership of the island by the Ramnad kingdom. This dispute was not settled until 1974.

    Indo-Sri Lankan Maritime Agreement of 1974:

    • In 1974, the Indian government, led by Indira Gandhi at the time, endeavored to definitively resolve the maritime border between India and Sri Lanka.
    • As a component of this arrangement, termed the ‘Indo-Sri Lankan Maritime agreement’, Katchatheevu was relinquished to Sri Lanka.
    • During this period, it was perceived that the island held minimal strategic significance, and relinquishing India’s claim over it was anticipated to foster stronger relations with its southern neighbor.
    • Limitations of the Agreement of 1974:
      • Issue of fishing rights: The 1974 agreement failed to address the issue of fishing rights. Sri Lanka interpreted the access of Indian fishermen to Katchatheevu as being restricted solely to activities such as resting, drying nets, and visiting the Catholic shrine, without the requirement of a visa.
      • The issue concerning EEZ: Further agreement was reached between the two countries, prohibiting fishing within each other’s Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs).
      • However, the proximity of Katchatheevu to the edges of both countries’ EEZs left unresolved questions regarding fishing rights, contributing to ongoing uncertainty.

     

    India’s stand on the Kachchatheevu issue:

    • August 2013: The Union government informed the Supreme Court that the question of reclaiming Kachchatheevu from Sri Lanka did not arise because no Indian territory was ceded to Sri Lanka. Moreover, it was historically disputed territory between British India and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), and the matter was settled through agreements in 1974 and 1976.
    • December 2022: The Union government reiterated the stance, emphasizing that Katchatheevu lies on the Sri Lankan side of the India-Sri Lanka International Maritime Boundary Line as per the agreements. Additionally, it mentioned that the matter was under judicial consideration in the Supreme Court.

    Conclusion: The recent mention of Katchatheevu by Prime Minister Modi ahead of elections in Tamil Nadu highlights its contentious nature. To address fishermen’s issues, diplomatic dialogue and legal clarity are crucial.

    Mains PYQ

    Q What are the maritime security challenges in India? Discuss the organizational, technical, and procedural initiatives taken to improve maritime security. (UPSC IAS/2022)

  • Katchatheevu Island Conundrum

    Why in the news?

    Prime Minister recently claimed that the then PM Indira Gandhi had given away the island of Katchatheevu to Sri Lanka for no reason.

    About Katchatheevu Island

    • Katchatheevu is a small, uninhabited island measuring merely 285 acres, lying between India and Sri Lanka.
    • It is situated in the Palk Strait.
    • It was originally owned by the king of Ramnad (present-day Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu).
    • The island is used by fishermen to dry their nets.
    • Despite its modest size, the island holds significant religious significance, housing Anthony’s church, a centuries-old Catholic shrine revered by devotees from both nations.
    • Beyond its religious connotations, Katchatheevu is a vital ecosystem, supporting diverse flora and fauna endemic to the region’s maritime environment.

    A Quick Recap of its History

    • During the British rule, it was administered jointly by India and Sri Lanka.
    • In the early 20th century, Sri Lanka claimed territorial ownership over the islet.
    • India ceded the island to Sri Lanka, through a joint agreement in 1974; India further gave up its fishing rights in the region in 1976.

    Present Issue

    • In 1974 and 1976 treaties were signed between the two countries to demarcate the International Maritime Boundary Line (IMBL).
    • However, the agreement could not stop the fishermen from fishing in these waters, as fishermen know no boundary.

    Culmination of the Political Dispute

    • Unresolved Issue: While Indian fishermen retained certain access rights to the island, the agreements failed to address key concerns regarding fishing rights, leading to simmering discontent among fishing communities.
    • Sri Lankan Atrocities: The civil war in Sri Lanka overshadowed the Katchatheevu issue, with Indian fishermen facing arrests and allegations of mistreatment by the Sri Lankan navy.
    • Renewed Demands: Instances of fishermen’s rights violations reignited calls for the retrieval of Katchatheevu by Tamil Nadu politicians, who highlighted the plight of affected fishing communities.
    • Present Backlash: The agreement sparked widespread protests and political backlash in Tamil Nadu, with regional parties and activists condemning the perceived abandonment of Indian sovereignty over Katchatheevu.

    PYQ:

    Consider the following statements:

    1.    The value of Indo-Sri Lanka trade has consistently increased in the last decade.

    2.    “Textile and textile articles” constitute an important item of trade between India and Bangladesh.

    3.    In the last five years, Nepal has been the largest trading partner of India in South Asia.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (2020)

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) 2 only

    (d) 3 only

     

    Practice MCQ:

    With reference to the Katchatheevu Island recently seen in news, consider the following statements:

    1.    During the British rule, it was administered by India.

    2.    India ceded the island to Sri Lanka, through a joint agreement in 1974 but holds fishing rights in the region.

    Which of the given statements is/are correct?

    (a) Only 1

    (b) Only 2

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

  • Preventing a China-Taiwan conflict

    Why in the News?

    India, with growing national interests, faces entanglements in disputes like Taiwan. While China claims Taiwan, India is unlikely to engage militarily, focusing on safeguarding its economic and security interests.

    Context:

    • The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) recently achieved an unprecedented third consecutive term in Taiwan’s legislative elections, defying China’s threats and hostilities.
    • Taiwan’s legislative assembly faces a unique scenario with no clear majority for the first time in twenty years, which complicates policymaking and interactions with China.

    Three reasons for Indian Government to maintain the Status quo:

    • Firstly, India is interested in maintaining the current state, wherein Taiwan operates as a self-governing territory without asserting independence.
    • Secondly, Chinese aggression against Taiwan would be catastrophically costly for India. A recent Bloomberg study estimates that the costs of a conflict would amount to over 10% of global GDP. India’s economy would suffer a greater shock than the U.S. economy and its most valuable sectors, from electronics to pharmaceuticals, would run dry of components and materials.
    • Thirdly, if China wins, it could become more confident and expand its influence, possibly reaching the Indian Ocean. This could pose significant challenges to India’s strategic interests and territorial integrity, potentially leading to increased tensions, especially in Arunachal Pradesh.

    Scope for Indian Government:

    • Utilize International Law: India can leverage international legal frameworks to advocate for peaceful resolutions and oppose aggression against Taiwan.
    • Narrative Building: India can shape narratives against aggression, highlighting the risks and consequences of military conflict.
    • Diplomatic Coordination: India can work with other nations to coordinate diplomatic efforts aimed at dissuading China from military action.
    • Economic Measures: India can undertake economic de-risking measures to minimize vulnerabilities and reduce dependence on China like economic relations with other countries
    • Information Operations: India can engage in information campaigns to support the Taiwanese people and raise awareness about the situation.
    • Military Support: India can support U.S. forces in the Indian Ocean, enhancing deterrence capabilities and signalling commitment to regional stability.

    Conclusion: India, prioritizing economic and security interests, maintains the Taiwan status quo. To prevent conflict, it leverages international law, builds narratives against aggression, coordinates diplomacy, and considers economic diversification while supporting regional stability.

    Mains PYQ

    Q China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia’, In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbor. (UPSC IAS/2017)

    Q With respect to the South China sea, maritime territorial disputes and rising tension affaire the need for safeguarding maritime security to ensure freedom of navigation and ever flight throughout the region. In this context, discuss the bilateral issues between India and China. ( UPSC IAS/2014)

  • [26 March 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: China, a ‘want-to-be’ superpower

    [26 March 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: China, a ‘want-to-be’ superpower

    PYQ Relevance:Mains: 

    Q) The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s larger ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself from the same. (UPSC IAS/2018) 

    Q) ‘China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia’, In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbor. (UPSC IAS/2017) 

    Prelims:

    Southeast Asia has captivated the attention of the global community over space and time as a geostrategically significant region. Which among the following is the most convincing explanation for this global perspective?  (UPSC IAS/2011) 

    a) It was the hot theatre during the Second World War
    b) Its location between the Asian powers of China and India
    c) It was the arena of superpower confrontation during the Cold War period
    d) Its location between the Pacific and Indian Oceans and its pre-eminent maritime character

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims: International Relations;

    Mains: International Relations;

    Mentor comments: The enmity between Iran, a Shia-majority theocracy, and Saudi Arabia, a Sunni-majority absolute monarchy, has been one of the dominant drivers of conflicts in the region. The Saudi-Iran reconciliation in a China-brokered agreement reflects the new reality in West Asia where old rivals are warming up to each other and Beijing is increasingly willing to play a bigger role at a time when the U.S., the region’s traditional great power, is preoccupied with challenges elsewhere. Iran has agreed to prevent attacks against Saudi Arabia, including those from the Houthi-controlled parts of Yemen, and both countries would restore full diplomatic relations, which were severed in 2016. The later years saw the Arab world and Israel, faced with the common Iran challenge, deepening their cooperation, despite Israel’s brutal occupation of Palestine territory. As the U.S. has deprioritized West Asia — it is now heavily focused on Ukraine and countering China’s Indo-Pacific influence — its allies in West Asia have started looking out for solutions for what they see as America’s diminishing security guarantees. This agreement also marks Dragon’s arrival on the Sand as a power broker.

    Let’s learn. 

    —

    Why in the News?

    Chinese strategy in West Asia seems aimed at working steadily to translate its economic clout in the region into geopolitical clout in the medium term.

    Context:

    • On 9 October, two days after the horrific Hamas attack, Chinese foreign ministry spokeswoman, Mao Ning, said China had been “deeply saddened” by the civilian casualties and opposes and condemns acts that harm civilians. She did not refer to Hamas by name and went on to add that it was “essential to restart the peace talks, implement the two-state solution, and settle the Palestine question fully and properly through political means.”
    • However, it has adopted a seemingly neutral stance, refusing to name Hamas in its condemnation of the violence there and reiterating its known positions on the need for a two-state solution to the Palestine issue.
    • It aims to ensure that it maintains its traction with the Arab states of the region, who are once again focused on the Palestinian issue.

    What are the present aims of Beijing?

    • Diplomatic aims: In early 2023, Wang Yi gave his endorsement to a plan to set up a new China-backed International Mediation Organization headquartered in Hong Kong. Countries like Algeria, Belarus, Cambodia, Djibouti, Indonesia, Laos, Pakistan, Serbia, and Sudan were signatories to the initial statement as a preparatory office was launched.
    • Infrastructural Aims: The Chinese establishment hopes to link the mediation initiative to its expansive economic corridor, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The BRI has extensive membership in West Asia as well, with Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE among others being part of China’s economic highways.
    • Exceptional country: Israel, being heavily reliant on the United States for its security, is not a signatory. However, Israel’s embattled Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu aired the fact last year that China had invited him for a state visit.

    Efforts made by the Chinese government in West Asia to be a ‘Superpower’:

    • Multilateral Peace Talks: China has been involved in the Iran nuclear deal (2015) peace talks (from which the U.S. unilaterally withdrew in 2018), but this is the first time Beijing is using its leverage directly to bring conflicting parties to reconciliation.
    • Chinese concern: Stability in West Asia, a major energy source, is essential for China, which is the world’s largest oil importer. And unlike the U.S., which has hostile ties with Iran, Beijing enjoys good ties with Tehran and Riyadh, as a leading oil buyer and trading partner, respectively.
    • West Asian Scenario: Saudi Arabia, which is undergoing rapid changes, wants peace in its neighborhood, while Iran, which is under U.S.-imposed sanctions, wants more diplomatic and economic openings. Hence if this agreement holds towards its capacity, it will have far-reaching implications on regional geopolitics, from peace in Yemen to stability in Lebanon.

    Dilemma on Chinese Government stand: China’s absence in the Red Sea crisis

    • Beijing’s role in the Saudi-Iran agreement: The war in Gaza has drawn strong red lines between China and Israel. This raises interesting questions about the exact role Beijing played in the Saudi-Iran issue. The probability of China being pulled into the process by Riyadh and Tehran, rather than actively brokering a deal, remains high.
    • Efforts made by Western players: China has also been absent through the crisis in the Red Sea, where predominantly Western naval forces have attempted to maintain the free flow of trade in this critical waterway. Contrarily, Yemen-based Houthis were not targeting Chinese and Russian ships.
    • China’s crafty diplomacy: These two incidents show China’s diplomacy was to predominantly protect its interests and not wade into the crisis as an influential power looking to use its position to broker peace or even a ceasefire. Much of this kind of actual heavy lifting remains at the doorsteps of the White House.

    What is China’s actual role in the more challenging geopolitical regions such as West Asia?

    • On the Palestinian Issue: Beijing’s support for the Palestinian cause without criticizing Hamas practically aligns with the larger Arab posture. This stands against U.S. support for Israel, which is increasingly being criticized for its absolutist nature.
    • ‘Mediation’ which is non-existent in high-stake conflicts: Following both aims is to counter long-standing American influence and to take advantage of crevasses in regional diplomacy.
      • It aims to position itself as an antithesis to what Beijing sees as decades worth of Western interventionist policies, specifically in a region such as West Asia, where conflict has a direct correlation with colonial history.
      • It aims to increase its own geopolitical weight as a responsible international actor and power.

    In Global perspective:

    • West Asia (or the Middle East) is emerging as a premier playground for these new geopolitical fissures as Arab states look to renegotiate their historical relations with the United States.
    • Beyond these regional trends, the global order is also under duress. The US today is increasingly discussed, in the words of former US Secretary of Defense Robert M Gates, as a “dysfunctional superpower”.
    • The frameworks of Multipolarity, Multilateralism, and Minilateralism are being re-shaped and re-constructed amid issues of climate change, food security, and global health.

    Conclusion: In all of these, Beijing’s role is not insular nor is it avoidable as it continues to be an economic and military power, the world’s biggest factory and consumer, and more than often the refiner of natural resources.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/china-a-want-to-be-superpower/article67991729.ece#:~:text=The%20war%20in%20Gaza%20colours,Beijing%20stand%20out%20as%20hollow.

    https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/chinas-long-game-in-west-asia

    https://www.orfonline.org/research/the-dragon-in-the-sands-unpacking-china-s-presence-in-contemporary-west-asia

  • China objects to US recognizing Arunachal as Indian Territory

    Why in the news? 

    China on Thursday said it firmly opposes the US recognition of Arunachal Pradesh as part of Indian territory

    Context-

    • China’s strong reaction came hours after US State Department Principal Deputy Spokesperson Vedant Patel’s remarks that the United States “recognises Arunachal Pradesh as Indian territory.
    • US representative strongly oppose any unilateral attempts to advance territorial claims by incursions or encroachments, military or civilian, across the Line of Actual Control.

    Border Issues between Indian and China-

    • Aksai Chin: China administers it as part of Xinjiang, while India claims it as part of Ladakh.Aksai Chin holds strategic importance due to its proximity to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and its potential as a military route.
    • Arunachal Pradesh: China claims the entire state as “South Tibet,” while India administers it as a northeastern state.
    • Lack of Clear Demarcation: The border between India and China lacks clear demarcation throughout. The Line of Actual Control (LAC) was established after the 1962 Indo-China war, contributing to the complexity of the situation.Absence of a mutually agreed Line of Actual Control (LAC) along certain stretches leads to ambiguity and potential for conflicts.

    Military Standoffs between India and China- 

    • 1962 Sino-Indian War– It was a conflict over border disputes, primarily centered around Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh, resulting in a decisive victory for China.
    • Confrontations have escalated since 2013-The most serious  conflict were in Galwan Valley in Ladakh in 2020 and in Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh in 2022.

    Border Dispute Settlement Mechanisms between India and China-

    • Panchsheel Agreement of 1954: The Panchsheel doctrine distinctly expressed a commitment to respect each other’s sovereignty and territorial integrity.
    • Peace and Tranquility Agreements1993: Both countries have signed several agreements aimed at maintaining peace and tranquility along the border, such as the Agreement on the Maintenance of Peace and Tranquility along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in the India-China Border Areas signed in 1993.
    • The Agreement on Confidence Building Measures in the Military Field along the LAC- It was signed in 1996, which laid down pledges on non-aggression, prior notification of large troop movements, and exchange of maps to resolve disagreements over the LAC.
    • Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India-China Border Affairs (WMCC): This mechanism, established in 2012, aims to address day-to-day management of the border, enhance communication, and prevent misunderstandings or conflicts.
    • Joint Military Exercises: India and China occasionally conduct joint military exercises aimed at improving mutual understanding and cooperation, which indirectly contributes to confidence-building measures. For example Hand in Hand.

    Suggestive measures to resolve the border dispute between India and China:

    • Diplomatic Dialogue: Both countries should engage in sustained diplomatic negotiations at various levels to address the underlying issues causing the dispute.
    • Bilateral Agreements: Continuation and reinforcement of existing bilateral agreements aimed at maintaining peace and tranquillity along the border.
    • Border Management Mechanisms: Strengthening and enhancing border management mechanisms such as Border Personnel Meetings (BPMs) and the Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India-China Border Affairs (WMCC) to effectively manage and resolve disputes.
    • Clarification of LAC: Work towards mutual clarification and delineation of the Line of Actual Control (LAC) to reduce ambiguity and prevent misunderstandings.
    • Disengagement and De-escalation: Prioritize efforts to disengage troops and de-escalate tensions in disputed areas along the border.
    • Conflict Prevention: Implement measures aimed at preventing confrontations and conflicts, such as prior notification of military exercises and troop movements.
    • Third-Party Mediation: Consider the involvement of neutral third-party mediators or international organizations to facilitate dialogue and negotiation.
    • People-to-People Contacts: Promote cultural and people-to-people exchanges to foster better understanding and trust between the two nations.

    How USA can help to resolve border dispute between India and China- 

    • Facilitate Diplomatic Dialogue: The USA can encourage and facilitate diplomatic dialogue between India and China to resolve the border dispute peacefully.
    • Mediation Role: Offer to mediate or provide assistance as a neutral third-party mediator if both parties consent to such involvement.
    • Provide Strategic Support: Offer strategic support and expertise in conflict resolution to help address the complex issues underlying the dispute.
    • Pressure for Peaceful Resolution: Use diplomatic channels to exert pressure on both India and China to prioritize peaceful resolution of the dispute.
    • Regional Stability: Emphasize the importance of resolving the border dispute for regional stability and economic development.
    • Support Existing Mechanisms: Support existing border dispute settlement mechanisms, such as the Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India-China Border Affairs (WMCC), through funding or technical assistance.

    Conclusion-

    China’s objection to the US recognizing Arunachal Pradesh as Indian territory underscores the need for diplomatic dialogue. The US can play a constructive role by facilitating negotiations and supporting existing mechanisms for peaceful resolution. 

  • [20 March 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Ties that epitomize India’s neighborhood first policy

    PYQ Relevance:Mains: 

    Q) What is meant by Gujral doctrine? Does it have any relevance today? Discuss. (2013)

    Q) Analyze internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Pakistan borders including the Line of Control (LoC). Also, discuss the role played by various security forces in this regard. (2020)

    Prelims:

    Q) What is the importance of developing Chabahar Port by India? (2017)

    (a) India’s trade with African countries will enormously increase.
    (b) India’s relations with oil-producing Arab countries will be strengthened.
    (c) India will not depend on Pakistan for access to Afghanistan and Central Asia.
    (d) Pakistan will facilitate and protect the installation of a gas pipeline between Iraq and India.

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims: Constitutional Provisions for Women;

    Mains: Women Issues; Government Schemes and Initiatives for Minorities;

    Mentor comments: Since the recent infrastructure project – ‘Gelephu’, Bhutan has long known that there is no real threat to its sovereignty or identity from its southern flank. Hence, it has looked to India to help it grow, develop and prosper. India has lived up to this expectation. Over the past decade, India has demonstrated its unwavering support for its neighbouring nations during times of crisis. Whether responding to natural disasters, health emergencies, economic challenges, or providing support on the international stage, India has consistently been the first to offer assistance and will continue to do so. Furthermore, we have established sustained diplomatic outreach within India’s Neighborhood First Policy.

    Let’s learn. 

    —

    Why in the News?

    According to recent observations, ‘Neighborhood Policy’  has continued to develop through dialogs and sentiments considering South Asian demography.

    Context:

    • Gelephu Project is near remote parts of West Bengal and Assam, and the success of this city will have positive socio-economic spillovers for these geographies as well. 
    • It will provide yet another example of the win-win cooperation between India and Bhutan on the lines of Neighborhood First Policy.

    About India’s ‘Neighborhood First’ policy: 

    • The South Asian region, which is home to eight countries, and the Indian Ocean region come under the broad geographic expanse of India’s neighborhood – the nations include Afghanistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Maldives, Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar, Tibetan (autonomous region of China) and Sri Lanka. 
    • The ‘Neighborhood First’ policy is a foreign policy initiative introduced by India in 2014 which aims to strengthen India’s relations with its immediate neighbours emphasizing on creating a peaceful, prosperous, and stable neighborhood.
    • Principles of ‘Neighborhood First’ policy
      • Sovereignty and territorial integrity
      • Mutual respect and sensitivity
      • Non-interference in internal affairs.
      • Shared prosperity
      • Connectivity for regional integration 
      • People-to-people exchanges
    Govt. of India initiatives to harmonize the relations in the neighborhood: Country-specific initiatives: 

    Bhutan:     India signed the Indo-Bhutan Treaty of Peace and Friendship in 1949 and the Agreement on cooperation in Hydropower in 2006. India also provides financial support to Bhutan’s five-year plans. India is also part of the sub-regional grouping of the Bangladesh–Bhutan–India–Nepal (BBIN) network.

    Myanmar: India has also been assisting in various fields such as education, healthcare, disaster management, capacity-building     culture etc.Promoting connectivity initiatives such as the Kaladan multimodal transit transport project in Myanmar.

    Sri Lanka: India is assisting in implementing the ‘Unitary digital identity framework’. India has also been providing financial support in the face of the recent balance of payment crisis in Sri Lanka.

    Afghanistan: PM Narendra Modi went to visit Afghanistan in 2015 and inaugurated the Afghan Parliament, which was made with the help of India. He visited Afghanistan again in 2016 to inaugurate the Salma Dam in Herat. 

    Nepal: India signed the Treaty of Peace and Friendship in 1950. There are various agreements related to hydropower projects like the Arun hydropower project etc. PM Modi was the first Indian PM to visit Nepal after 17 years in 2014.

    Bangladesh: India has signed agreements relating to the sharing of river waters with Bangladesh.

    Maldives: Greater Male connectivity project by an Indian company to provide connectivity in Maldives, restoration of Addu atolls, etc.

    Other initiatives: 
    Development cooperation: Providing development assistance through various initiatives such as the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) Program, the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR), etc.
    Vaccine Maitri: India, through its vaccine diplomacy, extended help on priority to its neighbors during the COVID-19 pandemic.
    Leveraging Science and Technology: India successfully launched the first-ever South Asia Satellite (SAS) to boost communication and improve disaster links among its South Asian neighbors. 

    What are the challenges in India’s relations with its Neighbours?

    India’s relations with its neighbors have been marked by a range of challenges and issues over the years.

    • Terrorism and Illegal Immigration: India has been a victim of terrorism perpetrated by groups based in neighboring states, especially Pakistan and Bangladesh.
      • Example: Recent Assam and Tripura Issue (2024)
    • Border disputes: India has long-standing border disputes, particularly with China (Line of Actual Control) and Pakistan (Line of Control), which have led to military conflicts and tensions.
      • China Factor: India’s growing geopolitical and economic influence in the region has led to competition with China. This has led to tensions over issues such as borders, trade and investment.
        • Example: Recent Galwan Valley and border conflicts with Arunachal Pradesh (2023).
    • Water sharing: India shares rivers with several of its neighbors like Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal, and water sharing has been a source of tension, which has led to disputes.
      • Example: Disputes over the Indus Water Treaty with Pakistan (the recent being on the Ravi water dispute).
    • Political instability: Several of India’s neighbors have experienced political instability and internal ethnic conflicts, which have had an impact on regional stability and security.
      • Example: Recent Manipur issue (2023).

    Way forward for strengthening India’s relations with its neighbors:

    • Economic cooperation: South Asia’s intra-regional trade is the lowest globally, constituting only 5% of the region’s total trade. By increasing trade, investment, and cross-border connectivity we can stand on weighted sides.
    • People-to-people exchanges: India can promote people-to-people exchanges by facilitating cultural, educational, and tourism exchanges.
    • Security cooperation: India can strengthen security cooperation with its neighbors to address common security challenges such as terrorism, cyber threats, and transnational crime. SAARC and BIMSTEC frameworks can play an important role in this.
    • Regional integration: India can support regional integration by participating actively in regional forums such as SAARC, BIMSTEC, and IORA.
    • Diplomatic outreach: India should engage in sustained diplomatic outreach to its neighbors to promote dialogue, resolve outstanding issues, and build mutual trust. 
    Some of the India’s Neighborhood Policies:

    Look East policy: Launched in 1991, it aimed to strengthen economic and political ties with countries in Southeast Asia.

    The Gujral Doctrine of 1996: It was a set of five principles to guide the conduct of foreign relations with India’s immediate neighbors.Non-reciprocity with neighbours.Territory should not be used against the interest of another country.Non-interference in internal affairs.Respect each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.Settle all disputes through peaceful bilateral negotiations. 

    Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC), 1997: BIMSTEC was established as a regional organization comprising seven member states (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Thailand) lying in the littoral and adjacent areas of the Bay of Bengal constituting a contiguous regional unity. 

    Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) of 1997: It is an intergovernmental organization that brings together countries bordering the Indian Ocean to promote regional cooperation and economic integration.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/ties-that-epitomise-indias-neighbourhood-first-policy/article67969422.ece

    https://prsindia.org/policy/report-summaries/india-s-neighbourhood-first-policy

    https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2005229

  • [18 March 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The Myanmar conflict is a regional problem

    Mains PYQ Relevance:

    1. Analyze internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Pakistan borders including the Line of Control (LoC). Also, discuss the role played by various security forces in this regard. (UPSC CSE 2020)
    2. The cross-border movement of insurgents is only one of the several security challenges facing the policing of the border in North-East India. Examine the various challenges currently emanating across the India-Myanmar border. Also, discuss the steps to counter the challenges. (UPSC CSE 2019)
    3. Evaluate the economic and strategic dimensions of India’s Look East Policy in the context of the post-Cold War international scenario. (UPSC CSE 2016)

    Note4Students: 

    • Prelims: ASEAN; Bilateral Relations;
    • Mains: North-East India; Bilateral Relations; International Organisation; Act East Policy;

    Mentor comments: The conflict in Myanmar is not just a domestic issue but a regional problem that requires support from ASEAN and other international stakeholders. The situation on the ground is dire, with over two million civilians displaced within Myanmar and 1.5 million seeking refuge outside the country since the 2021 coup. This mass exodus has led to significant destabilization, affecting approximately 25 million people living in poverty in Myanmar. The conflict has spilled over into neighboring countries, posing security risks and humanitarian challenges for Bangladesh, China, India, and Thailand. We must study and analyze this issue given the ASEAN neighbors step up their efforts to resolve the conflict and support Myanmar’s people in their quest for stable, prosperous, and democratic resolutions.

    Let’s learn.

    —

    Why in the News?

    Despite efforts by ASEAN and other international bodies to mediate, the conflict has worsened over the past three years.

    • By the end of 2023, most of Myanmar’s townships are experiencing active fighting, with a substantial portion out of democratic control.
    What is the Current Situation?
    • By the end of 2023, around 40% of Myanmar’s townships were beyond the junta’s control, with a surge in resistance groups challenging the junta’s authority.
    • Operation 1027, an offensive by ethnic forces in October 2023, successfully overran numerous junta camps and gained control of border gates.

    What are the two major causes that are responsible for the illegal migration of the Myanmar Population?

    Since the 2021 coup in Myanmar, the two major issues have led to significant displacement, with over 1.5 million individuals seeking refuge outside the country.

    • The Ethnic Conflict and ‘Rohingya Crisis’:
      • The crisis has particularly affected the Rohingya population, with more than 960,000 Rohingya refugees living in Bangladesh, primarily in the Cox’s Bazar region.
      • Previously the conflict escalated in August 2017, leading to a massive exodus of Rohingya refugees following brutal crackdowns by the military in Rakhine State.
      • This was described as “the most persecuted minority in the world,” that faced decades of violence, discrimination, and persecution in Myanmar.
    • Natural Disasters:
      • The situation has been worsened by environmental hazards like cyclones and monsoons, which pose additional risks with inadequate shelter and sanitation facilities.
      • Cyclone Mocha in May 2023 caused widespread destruction and impacted Rohingya refugees.
      • Although the International community, including organizations like UNHCR, is working towards providing humanitarian assistance, protection, and support, still the issue continues with escalations.

    The challenges for ASEAN in Stability with Myanmar:

    • Ineffectiveness of ASEAN:
      • Despite claims of over 260 meetings by Indonesia, the ASEAN chair, to address the crisis in Myanmar, the conflict in Myanmar has worsened over the past three years, with most townships experiencing active fighting and a significant portion out of the junta’s control.
      • ASEAN special envoy was stonewalled by Naypyidaw. This has been criticized for its inability to address the escalating violence and human rights abuses in Myanmar.
    • Post-Coup Dilemma:
      • After the 2021 coup in Myanmar, international stakeholders, including the US, UN, and EU, looked to ASEAN to lead efforts in resolving the conflict.
      • However, ASEAN was engaged in discussions with junta leader General Min Aung Hlaing, reaching a five-point consensus after one month of serious events like the looting of Mizzima’s headquarters.
    • Criticism for Ignoring People’s Response:
      • Despite widespread calls for an end to military rule and the establishment of democracy, the State Administration Council (SAC) – the junta’s self-styled name – continues to ignore the people’s demands.
      • The junta has escalated its suppression tactics, including arbitrary arrests, torture, extrajudicial killings, and attacks on civilians and journalists, disregarding the population’s pleas for change.

    Challenges faced by Independent Media in Myanmar:

    • Media Landscape Post-Coup: Post military coup in 2021, led to severe crackdowns on independent media outlets, with licenses revoked and journalists facing violent repression hampering Freedom of Expression.
      • Myanmar’s media landscape has evolved over the years, transitioning from strict censorship to more openness before facing setbacks post-coup.
      Journalists’ Safety: Journalists were among the first targets after the coup, leading to arrests, killings, and a significant decline in the fundamentals of Living Rights and Press Freedom.
    • Financial Struggles: Independent media outlets in Myanmar face financial challenges due to a collapse in digital advertising prices and restrictions on social media platforms.

    How India’s Act East Policy can play a significant role in addressing the Myanmar issue?

    • Economic Development and Trade: By promoting trade relations with ASEAN countries for economic development and industrialization, India can contribute to Myanmar’s economic growth and stability, which is crucial for addressing the ongoing crisis.
    • Connectivity and Infrastructure Development: Projects like the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Port Project, which connects India’s eastern seaports to Myanmar’s Sittwe Port, initiatives can improve trade routes and facilitate economic development in Myanmar, contributing to stability and progress.
    • Humanitarian Assistance and Refugee Crisis: The Act East Policy can address the humanitarian aspect by providing support to refugees and working towards resolving the root causes of displacement, India can contribute to alleviating the humanitarian challenges faced by Myanmar and its people.
    • Diplomatic Engagement and Regional Cooperation: India’s diplomatic efforts within ASEAN through active engagement and dialogue, India can support peace-building initiatives and contribute to stability in Myanmar.

    Conclusion: The international community, including ASEAN and the UN, continues to work towards finding a political solution in Myanmar, emphasizing the importance of coordinated action, targeted sanctions, and diplomatic efforts to address the crisis and protect the people of Myanmar.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-myanmar-conflict-is-a-regional-problem/article67961958.ece

    https://thewire.in/article/south-asia/has-military-rule-in-myanmar-affected-indias-act-east-policy

    https://economictimes.com/news/india/significance-of-myanmar-in-indias-act-east-policy/articleshow/101763567.cms

    https://timesofindia.com/india/explainer-why-myanmar-is-a-major-hurdle-to-indias-act-east-push/articleshow/101810016.cms

  • [15 March 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Bhutan’s opening move, its Gelephu gambit

    [15 March 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Bhutan’s opening move, its Gelephu gambit

    Mains PYQ Relevance: 
    How does illegal transborder migration pose a threat to India’s security? Discuss the strategies to curb this, bringing out the factors which give impetus to such migration. [UPSC 2014]

    Border management is a complex task due to difficult terrain and hostile relations with some countries. Elucidate the challenges and strategies for effective border management. [UPSC 2016]

    ‘China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia’, In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbor. [UPSC 2017]

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims: Bilateral Relations; Neighboring Countries;

    Mains: Bilateral Relations; Neighboring Countries;

    Mentor comments: Bhutan’s Gelephu project, aims to create a “Gelephu Mindfulness City” as a carbon-neutral economic hub spanning 1,000 square kilometers. This initiative focuses on sustainable industries like IT, education, and healthcare, positioning Gelephu as an investment destination and health and wellness center. This project is aligned with Bhutan’s Gross National Happiness philosophy, aiming to drive regional development and job creation responsibly. The project is crucial for Bhutan’s economic challenges, including the need to boost tourism revenues and address outmigration of youth seeking jobs abroad. Along this infrastructural learning, we need to align India’s involvement with its regional connectivity to emphasize the importance of land-based connectivity throughout Asia and the Indo-Pacific region.

    Let’s learn. 

    —

    Why in the News?

    The recent project by Bhutan government of “Gelephu Mindfulness City” holds geopolitical significance, offering Bhutan a controlled way to engage globally while managing relations with China. 

    About the Gelephu Project:

    The Gelephu Mindfulness City project in Bhutan is a significant initiative envisioned by His Majesty the King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck to create a unique economic hub with a focus on sustainable development and cultural preservation.

    This project involves the establishment of a Special Administrative Region (SAR) covering 1000 square kilometers, emphasizing conscious and sustainable businesses inspired by Bhutan’s spiritual heritage and values.

    The SAR will have executive autonomy, legal independence, and will prioritize businesses that align with Bhutan’s Gross National Happiness philosophy, aiming to drive regional development and job creation responsibly.

    India’s involvement aligns with its regional connectivity plans, emphasizing the importance of land-based connectivity across South Asia and the Indo-Pacific region.

    How are Bhutanese concerns aligned with India?

    1) Geographical concerns:

    • Floods: With warmer temperatures than in the mountains, Gelephu gets high amounts of rainfall during a monsoon season that lasts several months, leading to considerable flooding each year.
    • Habitat and Conservation Issues: The surrounding forests and wildlife populations place Gelephu right in the middle of elephant corridors.

    2) Geopolitical concerns:

    • China Factor: Pressure from its northern neighbor China to conclude a boundary resolution deal and to establish diplomatic ties.
      • Far away to the south, Gelephu offers Bhutan a way to open itself up in a controlled manner to the rest of the world, while also continuing negotiations with Beijing for a stable border.
    • Security Issues:Insurgencies in Assam and the northeastern states and just across the Indian border in Myanmar have been an area of great concern in the past.
      • This has led to a major military operation (Operation All Clear) by Bhutan’s former king in 2003, working with the Indian Army to drive out militant groups sheltering in the area.
    • Administrative Concern: As Gelephu is landlocked, it is dependent on primarily India, to provide the infrastructure for trade and transport out of the special administrative region.

    3) Economic concerns:

    • Lag in Decision Making: Apart from hydropower, tourism is Bhutan’s mainstay, but the kingdom has always discouraged mass tourism, preferring instead a “high value, low volume” motto to ensure sustainability.
      • Bhutan needs to scale up its capacity to take in more tourists and visitors and land bigger planes in the narrow Paro valley.
    • Financial need for infrastructure: The Gelephu project involves scaling up the Gelephu airport and tarmac to international standards, which will need financing and expertise from India.
    • Employment issue: The growing “outmigration” of Bhutanese youth in search of jobs abroad is another challenge, and the government hopes a mega project such as Gelephu will stem that.
    Prevailing India-Bhutan Relationship:

    Officially, the diplomatic relations between Bhutan and India were established in January 1968. This Bilateral relationship is majorly guided by the Indo-Bhutan Friendship Treaty.

    Article 2 of the Treaty declares that India would not interfere in Bhutan’s administrative affairs and the latter would be guided by the former’s advice in its external relations.

    Economic Cooperation:

    Since 2014, India’s trade with Bhutan has almost tripled from USD 484 million in 2014-15 to USD 1422 million in 2021-22. This accounts for about 80% of Bhutan’s overall trade, with the balance of trade in India’s favor.

    India is the leading source of investments in Bhutan, comprising 50% of the country’s total FDI. Interestingly, Bhutanese currency Ngultrum is officially pegged to the Indian Rupee.

    Infrastructural Cooperation:
    India has constructed three Hydroelectric Projects (HEPs) in Bhutan: 336 MW Chukha HEP, 60 MW Kurichhu HEP and 1020 MW Tala HEP. These three plants are operational and export surplus power to India. Hydropower projects in Bhutan are an example of win-win cooperation, providing a reliable source of inexpensive and clean electricity to India, generating export revenue for Bhutan and cementing our economic integration.

    Growth Cooperation:
    For the 12th Five-Year Plan of Bhutan, India is assisting Rs. 45 billion.

    What needs to be India’s current interest w.r.t the recent escalating Geopolitics?

    • Climate Change: India’s plans for a South Asian power grid (through Solar and Wind power generation projects) that would draw electricity from Nepal and Bhutan, with supply to Bangladesh and Sri Lanka would lend itself to more consistent power supplies needed for Gelephu.
    • Connectivity: Nearly decades of deteriorating ties with Pakistan have seen the Indian government virtually cut off any plans for land connectivity over India’s western border. The International North-South Transport Corridor, faces western sanctions, the IMEC and I2U2 initiative are challenged by Israel’s bombardment of Gaza and Houthi attacks in the Red Sea.

    Conclusion:

    At the 7th Indian Ocean Conference 2024, External Affairs Minister highlighted the need for lateral land-based connectivity across the Indian Ocean region, which is essential to supplement and complement the maritime flows. The Gelephu project offers a chance for the region to conjure an imagination beyond the problematic present. Although it is a huge gamble for Bhutan, but also a potential game changer for the region, with help from India.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/bhutans-opening-move-its-gelephu-gambit/article67951801.ece

    His Majesty announces Gelephu Mindfulness City SAR project of 1,000 sq km

    https://thediplomat.com/2024/01/gelephu-the-worlds-first-mindfulness-city-is-in-bhutan/