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  • Imp: Must Read Modern History Notes for Prelims 2022

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    • With almost absolute power the Governor-General and viceroy played a significant role in the shaping history of the country. Following are some of these important figures and significant events and major reforms carried out by them.

       Governor Generals of Bengal/India (Period)

      		   Important events/Reforms

          Warren Hastings

           (1773-1785)
      • Regulating Act of 1773.
      • First Governor-General of Bengal.
      • End of the dual system of administration (1765-1772).
      • Supreme Court at Calcutta.
      • Wrote Introduction to the first English translation of Gita.
      • Founded Madarasa Aliya at Calcutta.

           Lord Cornwallis

           (1786-1793)
      • Separation of three branches of service: commercial, judicial and revenue.
      • Permanent Land Revenue Settlement of Bengal-1793.
      • Reformed, modernised and rationalised the civil service.
      • Introduced the Cornwallis Code.
      • Sanskrit College, Varanasi.

           Lord Wellesley

           (1797-1805)
      • Introduction of Subsidiary Alliance System.
      • Fourth Anglo-Mysore war.
      • Fort William College, Calcutta.

           Lord Hastings

           (1813-1823)

       
      • Anglo-Nepal War (1814-16)
      • Third Anglo-Maratha War-(1817-19) and dissolution of Maratha confederacy.
      • Introduction of Ryotwari System of Thomas Munro, Governor of Madras-1820.

           Lord William Bentinck

           (1828-1835)
      • Charter Act of 1833.
      • Abolition of Sati-1829.
      • Resolution of 1835 and Education reforms and introduction of English as the official language.
      • The annexation of Mysore-1831, Coorg, and Central Cachar-1831.

           Lord Dalhousie

           (1848-1856)
      • Introduction of the Doctrine of Lapse and annexations of Satara-1848, Jaitpur and Sambhalpur-1849, Udaipur-1852, Jhansi-1853, Nagpur-1854 and Awadh-1856.
      • Wood’s Dispatch of 1854.
      • Railway Minute of 1853.
      • Telegraph and Postal reforms.
      • Widow Remarriage Act-1856.

           Lord Canning

           (1856-1857)
      • Establishment of universities at Bombay, Madras and Calcutta.
      • Mutiny of 1857.
      Governor-General and Viceroy of India (Period)                                Important events/Reforms
       Lord Canning

       

      (1858-1862)
      • First Voiceroy of India.
      • Transfer of control from East India Company to the Crown by the Government of India Act 1858
      • Indian Councils Act-1861

           Lord Mayo

           (1869-1872)
      • Opening of Rajkot College in Kathiawad and Mayo College at Ajmer for political training of Indian Princes.
      • Statistical Survey of India was established.
      • Department of Agriculture and Commerce was established.
      • Introduction of state railways.

           Lord Lytton

           (1876-1880)
      • The Great Famine of 1876 affecting Bombay, Madras, Mysore, Hyderabad, Central India and Punjab.
      • Appointment of Famine Commission under the presidency of Richard Strachey.
      • Vernacular Press Act was passed- 1878.
      • The Arms Act-1878.

           Lord Ripon

           (1880-1884)
      • Education Commission 1882 under William Hunter-1882.
      • Ilbert Bill controversy.
      • Repeal of Vernacular Press Act in 1882.
      • The First Factory Act in 1881 to improve labour conditions.
      • Government resolution on local self government-1882.

           Lord Dufferin

           (1884-1888)
      • Establishment of Indian National Congress.

           Lord Lansdowne

          (1888-1894)
      • The categorisation of civil services into imperial, provincial and subordinate.
      • Indian Councils Act-1892
      • Durand Commission (1893) was set up to define the Durand Line between India and Afghanistan.

           Lord Curzon

           (1899-1905)
      • Police Commission (1902) was appointed under Sir Andrew Frazer.
      • University Commission (1902) was appointed and Universities Act (1904) was passed.
      • Department of Commerce and Industry was established.
      • Calcutta Corporation Act-1899
      • Partition of Bengal (1905).

           Lord Minto-II

           (1905-1910)
      • Popularisation of anti-partition and Swadeshi Movements.
      • Split in Indian National Congress at Surat in 1907.
      • Indian Muslim League was established by Aga Khan (1907)
      • Morley-Minto reforms or Indian Councils Act 1909.

           Lord Hardinge-II

           (1910-1916)
      • Transfer of capital from Calcutta to Delhi (1911).
      • Establishment of Hindu Mahasabha (1915) by Madan Mohan Malviya.
           Lord Chelmsford

       

          (1916-1921)
      • Home Rule League was formed by Annie Besant and Tilak (1916)
      • Lucknow session of Congress (1916).
      • Lucknow Pact between Congress and Muslim League (1916).
      • Champaran Satyagraha (1918), and Satyagraha at Ahmadabad (1918).
      • Montague’s August Declaration.
      • Government of Indian Act- 1919
      • Jallianwalla Bagh massacre (1919).
      • Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movements were launched.
      • Foundation of Women’s University at Poona (1916) and Saddler’s Commission was appointed for reforms in educational policy.
      • Appointment of S. P. Sinha as governor of Bihar first Indian to do so.

           Lord Reading

           (1921-1926)
      • The Chaura-Chauri Incident-Feb5, 1922 and withdrawal of Non-Cooperation movement.
      • Moplah rebellion in Kerala (1921).
      • Repeal of the Press Act of 1910 and Rowlatt Act of 1919.
      • Kakori train robbery (1925)
      • Establishment of Swaraj Party (1922).
      • The decision to hold a simultaneous examination for ICS in Delhi and London with effect from 1923.

           Lord Irwin

           (1926-1931)
      • Simon Commission-1928
      • Appointment of the Harcourt Butler Indian States Commission (1927)
      • Murder of Saunders and Bomb blast in the Assembly Hall of Delhi-1929
      • Lahore session of Congress 1929 and Purna Swaraj Resolution.
      • Dandi March (12 March, 1929) and launch of Civil Disobedience Movement.

          Lord Willingdon

          (1931-1936)
      • Second Round Table Conference and failure of the conference, resumption of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
      • Announcement of the Communal Award (1932).
      • Poona Pact (1932)
      • Third Round Table Conference 1932.
      • The Government of India Act, 1935.
      • Establishment of All India Kisan Sabha 1936.
      • Establishment of Congress Socialist Party by Acharya Narendra Dev and Jayaprakash Narayan (1934)

           Lord Linlithgow

           (1936-1944)
      • First general elections were held and Congress attained absolute majority (1936-1937).
      • Congress ministers resigned (1937) after the outbreak of WW-II
      • Subhash Chandra Bose elected as the president of Congress-1938.
      • Lahore Resolution by Muslim League for the demand of separate state for Muslims.
      • August Offer by the viceroy-1940.
      • Cripp’s Mission to India
      • Passing of the Quit India Resolution by Congress-1942

           Lord Wavell

           (1944-1947)
      • C Rajgopalachari’s CR Formula (1944) and Gandhi-Jinnah Talks failed.
      • Wavell Plan and the Shimla Conference (1942)
      • Cabinet Mission and Congress accepted its plan 1946
      • Observance of the ‘Direct Action Day’ (16 August 1946) by the Muslim League.
      • Elections to the Constituent Assembly and formation of Interim Government by the Congress (September 1946).
      • Announcement of the end of British rule in India by Clement Attlee on February 20, 1946

           Lord Mountbatten

           (1947-48)
      • June Third Plan (June 3, 1947) announced.
      • Introduction of Indian Independence Bill in the House of Commons.
      • Appointment of two boundary commissions under Sir Cyril Radcliff for the partition of Bengal and Punjab.

    Important Acts During British India

    In India, the British Government passed various laws and acts before the formulation of the constitution. The Regulating Act of 1773 was enacted as a first step to regulate the working of East India Company. However, the Indian Independence Act, 1947 finally ended the British rule in India and declared India as an independent and sovereign nation with effect from August 15, 1947.

    The Regulating Act of 1773

    • The Regulating Act of 1773 was enacted as a first step to regulate the working of East India Company
    • The Gov of Bengal was made Gov General of Bengal. He was assisted by 4 people. This 4+1 becomes became Supreme Council of Bengal also known as the GG’s Exec Council.
    • A Supreme Court was established in Bengal comprising of a chief justice and three other judges

    Pitts’s India Act, 1784

    • We see a shrinking of the Council from 4 members to 3 members. Hence 3+1 is the renewed GG’s Executive Council.
    • Board of control was established to control the civil, military and revenue affairs of the company
    • The Court of Proprietors was no more empowered to revoke or suspend the resolution of the directors approved by the Board of Control.

    Charter Act of 1833

    • The Governor-General of Bengal was made the Governor-General of India. The first Governor-General of India was William Bentinck.
    • He was given legislative powers over entire India including the Governors of Bombay and Madras.
    • The company lost the status of a commercial body and was made purely an administrative body.
    • This Act. was the first law to distinguish between the executive and legislative powers of the Gov General.
    • A 4th member was introduced who could only discuss and vote only on the legislative matter.
    • Council of India = [(3+1) +  1(4th member also called the Law Member)]
    • The first such Law Member was Macaulay. This Council of India was, to a certain extent, the Legislature. Strength of the Executive remained 3+1 .

    Charter Act of 1853

    • From here on, we see a gradual increase in the membership of the Council and further separation of powers.
    • Access to compete in civil services for Indians.
    • It brought out the separation in the legislative and executive functions of the Governor-General’s council.
    • The 4th member (Law Member)was included as a full-time Member in the GG’s Executive Council. His position was taken by 6 Members referred to as Legislative Councillors.
    • Council of India = [(4+1) + 6(Legislative Councillors) + 1 Commander-in-Chief]
    • 6 Councillors were,
      1. 1 Chief Judge of SC of Calcutta.
      2. 1 Judge of SC of Calcutta
      3. 4 members of the ICS

    Government of India Act, 1858

    • India was to be governed by and in the name of the crown through Viceroy, who would be the representative of the crown in India.
    • The designation of Governor-General of India was changed to Viceroy. Thus, Governor-General Lord Canning became the first Viceroy of India
    • Board of Control and Board of directors were abolished transferring all their powers to British Crown
    • A new office ‘secretary of state was created with a 15 member council of India to assist him. Indian Councils Act, 1861
    • The major focus of the act was on administration in India. It was the first step to associate Indians to legislation.
    • The act provided that the viceroy should nominate some Indians as non-official members in the legislative council.
    • The legislative powers of Madras and Bombay presidencies were restored.
      It provided for the establishment of legislative councils for Bengal, North-Western Frontier Province (NWFP) and Punjab.
    • Viceroy was empowered to issue ordinances during an emergency without the concurrence of the legislative council.

    Indian Councils Act of 1861

    • After 1861, the Council was called Imperial Legislative Council(ILC) or Indian Legislative Council(ILC). The Executive was further enhanced by 1 member.
    • The Viceroy now had the power to Nominate 6 – 12 Non-Official members in the Legislature who would be holding the office for 2 years.
    • ILC = [(5+1) + (Additional Members -> Minimum 6, Maximum 12)]
    • The composition of Additional Members was as follows:
      1. 50% Nominated Official Members
      2. 50% Nominated Non-Official Members
    • The Act thus sowed the seed for the future Legislative as an independent entity separate from the Executive Council.

    Indian Councils Act of 1892 

    • Due to the excessive demand of the Congress, the Additional Members were increased. Additional Members -> Minimum 10, Maximum 12.
    • ILC = [(5+1) + (Additional Members -> Minimum 10, Maximum 16)]

    The composition of Additional Members was as follows:

    • Nominated official members (those nominated by the Governor-General and were government officials)
    • 5 Nominated Non-Officials (nominated by the Governor-General but were not government officials)
    • 4 Nominated by the Provincial Legislative Councils of Bengal Presidency, Bombay Presidency, Madras Presidency and North-Western Provinces.
    • 1 Nominated by the Chamber of Commerce in Calcutta.

    Indian Councils Act of 1909: The Morley-Minto reforms

    • It introduced for the first time the method of election.
    • The additional members of the Governor-General Council were increased from 16 to a maximum of 60.
    • The composition of Additional Members was as follows:
      1. Nominated official members (those nominated by the Governor-General and were government officials)
      2. Nominated non-official members (nominated by the Governor-General but were not government officials)
      3. Elected Members (elected by different categories of Indian people)
    • It provided for the association of Indians in the executive council of the Viceroy and Governors. Satyendra Prasad Sinha joined the Viceroy’s executive council as a law member.
    • It introduced Separate Electorate for Muslims.

    Indian Councils Act of 1919: The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms

    • Central Legislature thereafter called the Indian Legislature was reconstituted on the enlarged and more representative character.
    • The act set up bicameral legislatures at the centre consisting of two houses- the Council of the States (Upper House) and the Central Legislative Assembly (Lower House).
    • It consisted of the Council of State consisted of 60 members of whom 34 members were elected and the Legislative Assembly consisted of about 145 members, of whom about 104 were elected and the rest nominated.
    • Of the nominated members, about 26 were officials.  The powers of both the Chambers of the Indian Legislature were identical except that the power to vote supply was granted only to the Legislative Assembly.
    • The central and provincial subjects were demarcated and separated.
    • The Provincial subjects were further divided into Transferred Subjects and Reserved Subjects, the legislative council had no say in the latter. This was known as the system of Diarchy.
    • The principle of separate electorate was further extended to Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians and Europeans.
    • It provided for the appointment of a statutory commission to report the working of the act after ten years

    The Government of India Act 1935

    • It marked the next great stride in the evolution of the Legislatures.
    • The Federal Legislature was to consist of two Houses, the House of Assembly called the Federal  Assembly and the Council of States.
    • The Federal Assembly was to consist of 375 members, 250 to represent Provinces and 125 to represent the Indian States, nominated by the Rulers.
    • The representatives of the Provinces were to be elected not directly but indirectly by the Provincial Assemblies.
    • The term of the Assembly was fixed as five years.
    • The Council of State was to be a permanent body not subject to dissolution, but one-third of the members should retire every three years.
    • It was to consist of 260 members.  104 representatives of Indian States, six to be nominated by the Governor-General, 128 to be directly elected by territorial communal constituencies and 22 to be set apart for smaller minorities, women and depressed classes.
    • The two Houses had in general equal powers but demands for supply votes and financial Bills were to originate in the Assembly.
    • The principle of Separate Electorate was extended to depressed classes, women and workers.
    • Provided for the formation of Reserve bank of India

    Indian Independence Act, 1947

    • The act formalized the Lord Mountbatten Plan regarding the independence of India on June 3, 1947.
    • The Act ended the British rule in India and declared India as an independent and sovereign nation with effect from August 15, 1947.
    • Provided for the partition of India into two dominions of India and Pakistan
    • The office of Viceroy was abolished and a Governor-General was to be appointed in each of the dominions
    • The Constituent Assemblies of the two dominions were to have powers to legislate for their respective territories.
    • Princely states were free to join any of the two dominions or to remain independent.

  • [Sansad TV] Mudda Aapka: Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF)

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    Context

    • India agreed to be a part of the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF), a US-led economic grouping comprising 12 countries.
    • The recent Quad meet in Tokyo initiated the path for negotiations among the ‘founding members.’

    What is IPEF?

    • It is a US-led framework for participating countries to solidify their relationships and engage in crucial economic and trade matters that concern the region, such as building resilient supply chains battered by the pandemic.
    • It is not a free trade agreement. No market access or tariff reductions have been outlined, although experts say it can pave the way to trade deals. 

    Members of IPEF

    • The member nations include Australia, Brunei, India, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam.
    • It includes seven out of 10 members of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), all four Quad countries, and New Zealand.
    • Together, these countries account for 40 per cent of the global GDP. 

    Four pillars of IPEF

    1. Trade that will include digital economy and emerging technology, labor commitments, the environment, trade facilitation, transparency and good regulatory practices, and corporate accountability, standards on cross-border data flow and data localisations;
    2. Supply chain resilience to develop “a first-of-its-kind supply chain agreement” that would anticipate and prevent disruptions;
    3. Clean energy and decarbonization that will include agreements on “high-ambition commitments” such as renewable energy targets, carbon removal purchasing commitments, energy efficiency standards, and new measures to combat methane emissions; and
    4. Tax and anti-corruption, with commitments to enact and enforce “effective tax, anti-money laundering, anti-bribery schemes in line with [American] values”.

    How do members participate?  

    • Countries are free to join (or not join) initiatives under any of the stipulated pillars but are expected to adhere to all commitments once they enrol.
    • Negotiations are meant to determine and list the provisions under each pillar and open the floor for countries to choose their ‘commitments’.
    • The framework would be open to other countries willing to join in the future provided they are willing to adhere to the stipulated goals and other necessary obligations.

    Reasons for the creation of IPEF

    • US regaining lost credibility: IPEF is also seen as a means by which the US is trying to regain credibility in the region after Trump pulled out of the Trans Pacific Partnership TPP).
    • Rising Chinese influence: Since then, there has been concern over the absence of a credible US economic and trade strategy to counter China’s economic influence in the region.
    • Competing RCEP: It is also in the 14-member Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, of which the US is not a member (India withdrew from RCEP).
    • “Pivot to Asia” strategy: US has intensified its engagement with the wider Asia-Pacific region to advance its economic and geopolitical interests.

    India’s perception of IPEF

    • PM Modi described the grouping as born from a collective desire to make the Indo-Pacific region an engine of global economic growth.
    • India has called for common and creative solutions to tackle economic challenges in the Indo-Pacific region.

    What does it have to do with China?  

    • The US strategists believe the US lacks an economic and trade strategy to counter China’s increasing economic influence in the region since 2017.
    • US companies are looking to move away from manufacturing in China.
    • IPEF would therefore offer an advantage to participating countries, allowing them to bring those businesses into their territory.
    • However, it officially excluded Taiwan despite its willingness and economic merit to join.
    • This exhibits Washington’s geopolitical caution.

    Reactions from the opponents

    • Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi criticized the initiative as an attempt to further economic decoupling from China.
    • He argued that the initiative, and the US Indo-Pacific strategy as a whole, created divisions and incited confrontation. It is destined to be ultimately be a failure.
    • Taiwan was excluded in order to appease key “fence-sitter” countries such as Indonesia whose governments feared angering China.

    Issues with IPEF framework

    • IPEF would neither constitute a ‘free trade agreement,’ nor a forum to discuss tariff reductions or increasing market access.
    • Unlike a traditional trade agreement, the US administration will not need congressional approval to act under the IPEF. Hence its legal status is questionable.
    • This also raises doubts among potential participants about their reluctance to offer significant concessions under the agreement.
    • The volatility of US domestic politics has raised concerns about IPEF’s durability.
    • Unlike traditional FTAs, the IPEF does not subscribe to the single undertaking principle, where all items on the agenda are negotiated simultaneously.

    Given the divisive nature of American politics, it is unclear whether the IPEF will survive past the Biden administration.

    Way forward

    • The IPEF’s launch in Tokyo was symbolic in nature; bringing the IPEF to fruition will involve significant domestic and international challenges.
    • Without ratification by Congress, the IPEF’s fortunes will remain in limbo.
    • Going forward, the US and the founding partners need to develop the process and criteria by which other countries from the region will be invited to join the negotiations on the IPEF.

    Conclusion

    • The Quad’s plan would take several years to ultimately fructify but it is moving in the right direction.
    • There is no doubt these plans will extend to the new economic alliance as many of its members are powerhouses in the technology sector.

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    1. How toppers prioritize division of time for different subjects! How to fix time to read & get consistent in your answer writing structure, improve the content
    2. How to create a basic funda to get rid of social media. How to save 40 hours in a week from making notes on current affairs.
    3. How to evaluate your progress! & how to remember Map/diagram/flowchart/, It will help to get extra 0.25-0.5 marks across 80 questions of GS papers.
    4. How to enhance writing patterns, where to take mock regularly, how many mock tests are fit, Etc. will be discussed in this live webinar.
    5.  The untold secret of our ‘Hall of Fame’ toppers is that they never break their consistency so that the entire syllabus is covered 100% & becoming an IAS dream is finally achieved.
    (click) book your slot free for live webinar with senior ias mentor rahul sir

    About Rahul Sir:

    Rahul sir is a mentor with CivilsDaily for more than 2+ years and is now mentoring more than 1500 students. His experience of writing in all the 5 UPSC-CSE Prelims & MAINS exams,and attending the interview twice, makes him an appropriate guide to address this compulsory matter.

    (click) book your slot free for live webinar with senior ias mentor rahul sir

    Wish You All The Best.

  • The wait is over: The best Preparation of UPSC current affairs with the best teacher begins today (4th June) | From video lectures to micro notes, Samachar Manthan guarantees your success

    The wait is over: The best Preparation of UPSC current affairs with the best teacher begins today (4th June) | From video lectures to micro notes, Samachar Manthan guarantees your success

    Resource consolidation till Mains 2023 – Video lectures & notes; Mains answer writing; Habitat club; Google meet sessions; Magazine

    New Batch Starting on 4th June 2022. So, without further delay enroll as soon as possible.

    Note- There are two variants of Samachar Manthan – Till Prelims and Till Mains

    What do toppers have to say about Samachar Manthan

    Srija, AIR 20
    Shahansha AIR 142, student of Samachar Manthan
    Dilpreet Singh, AIR 237, student of Samachar Manthan
    samachar manthan for prelims: enquiry
    SAMACHAR MANTHAN FOR MainS: ENQUIRY
    register here to talk to our teachers and get details on the course
    contact us directly for the samachar manthan program

    Current affairs are an integral part of every phase of the UPSC-CSE exam. Understanding the significance of current affairs is just one part of the UPSC riddle. For solving the whole riddle, we keep presenting Samachar Manthan Plus Yearly Classes for 2023 aspirants.

    Why are current affairs so important?

    Up to 2020, UPSC used to ask more questions directly about current affairs.

    But in 2021, trends are seen as more dynamic. The number of direct questions from current affairs was less but the current theme-based questions came in more number. Almost 40% of MCQs in Prelims were mixed with current affairs. And in the mains, approximately 50% of questions were connected with current affairs.

    An irresistible reason to join ‘Samachar Manthat’ is that it’s more important to understand the analysis of news rather than to only recognize the facts for the upcoming UPSC-CSE 2023.

    Why current affairs are crucial in the Interview?

    In Personality Tests often your opinions are asked on various issues. Current Affairs make you aware of the surroundings and allow you to give practical answers to the problems faced by the country.

    Do you know how our SM helped 2021 aspirants?

    • 85% of 2021 GS 2 Mains Questions Are From Civilsdaily Smash Mains & Samachar Manthan Test Series!! Click Here to know
    • 60% of 2021 GS 1 Mains Questions Are From Civilsdaily Mains Test Series!! Click Here to Know

    register here to talk to our teachers and get details on the course
    contact us directly for the samachar manthan program
    Srija, AIR 20
    Shahansha AIR 142, student of Samachar Manthan
    Dilpreet Singh, AIR 237, student of Samachar Manthan

    What is Samachar Manthan?

    Samachar Manthan is our flagship program designed to help you develop a solid command of your newspaper reading and current affairs analyzing skills. We are also going to focus on imparting skills required to utilize current affairs. Since it builds your core, it is important for both Prelims and Mains & Interview also. 

    SAMPLE LECTURES:

    Program inclusion

    1. Weekly 5+ hours live video and offline lectures

    2. High-quality Notes and reference material

    3. Membership to Samachar Manthan Habitat club – doubts,  discussion, and mentorship session.

    4. Weekly Current Affairs based Mains Test (10 Questions) and Evaluation

    5. Current Affairs Monthly Prelims Test package

    6. Marathon Revision sessions on Habitat before Prelims and Mains

    7. Frequent Google meets Sessions to check on Student’s Preparation status

    8. Micro notes to help you make your notes.

    Duration of the program:

    This program will continue till UPSC Mains 2023

    register here to talk to our teachers and get details on the course
    contact us directly for the samachar manthan program

    What Differentiates Our Samachar Manthan Course?

    Civilsdaily’s Samachar Manthan is evidently one brand that sets us apart from any other institute in this Domain.

    Our Samachar Manthan Program helps you in 11 key components of your UPSC current affairs preparation:-

    • 5-stage structure of Lecture-Notes-Testing-Review-Mentoring

    Our unique five-stage methodology helps ensure maximum retention and rock-solid preparation. Each component has been meticulously crafted which is repeated every week to create a virtuous cycle.

    • Diversified and Comprehensive coverage

    We let news develop over a week, and a team under Sajal Sir daily covers it from various sources which include newspapers (The Hindu, The Indian Express, LiveMint, etc.), magazines (Yojana, Kurukshetra, EPW, Down to Earth), important websites (PIB, PRS, govt ministries, IDSA, etc.).

    UPSC is a generalist exam. It’s important to cover more issues than to cover a few, in more depth. Samachar Manthan ensures a fine balance of comprehensive news coverage and detailed discussion on the most important topics.

    • Videos and Notes

    Carefully selected relevant news is analyzed and delivered in a weekly lecture spanning over 5+ hours. You will be getting high-quality, well-designed notes. They are detailed with proper categorization of news into the Mains and Prelims category.

    Our focus is on conceptual clarity, simplicity, relevance, and making interlinkages between current affairs and the basic/static part of the syllabus. 

    Samachar Manthan will also help you understand how to utilize current affairs in all your Prelims and Mains papers. A part of which is done by tests.

    • Weekly Mains mini Test and Evaluation in an audio-visual way

    Because learning is not enough, you must apply. Every week a 10-question UPSC level current affairs test follows with video and notes. The focus here is on Mains’s answer writing skills and practice.

    It’s a skill that is learned, honed, and perfected gradually. And this is why it should be done regularly. Our team of subject experts evaluates your answers and provides you with feedback. Answer enhancement is one of the objectives of this exercise.

    Samachar Manthan Weekly Notes (Click to download)

    Samachar Manthan Micro-notes (click to download)

    • Guest lectures by in-service officers and domain specialists

    Apart from comprehensive coverage of current affairs from all dimensions by our faculty, Other Senior Bureaucrats and toppers will also be joining us for various lectures and guest sessions. Their persuasive advice will dispel all doubts. Samachar Manthan is now going to be the optimum ingredient, needed for absolute growth.

    • Current Affairs Monthly Prelims Test package

    This was feedback that we had received from our students. Now every month we provide a Current Affairs prelims test package.

    All this completes a study loop and enhances your retention.

    • Civilsdaily Handholding and mentoring: 

    Our team led by Sajal sir is there to provide handholding support all through your UPSC expedition. Increased interaction with the faculty and teachers from Civilsdaily will help you align your preparation and make it more appropriate. You can reach out to Sajal sir and other teachers on Habitat.

    • Google meet sessions

    Another important component we have added this year is Google meet sessions. These sessions will be conducted on a regular basis with the aspirants. After almost every class, we will meet our students on the premium live webinar.

    • Samachar Manthan 2023 -Habitat club

    Habitat is where everything comes together learning, doubt clearing, notes, references, mentors, and a focussed community. You’re going to learn and discuss like never before. 

    How will your queries be resolved?

    • The moment you have a query, you post it in the group. At 11 PM, 3 AM, doesn’t matter. No need to schedule a call, or drop an email. Just drop a chat. Once our team is up, it will be resolved.
    • More often than not, your peers will take part in your doubt discussions adding a lot of value.

    Besides doubts, what else is there on Habitat?

    • #DDS sessions – We have dedicated sessions every day to resolve doubts in real-time. Never keep a doubt to yourself. 
    • An ecosystem for co-learning and active learning.
    • A highly motivated community to bring flexibility and consistency to your preparation.
    • Marathon revision sessions before Prelims and Mains

    To consolidate your coverage and revision we take revision sessions on Habitat.

    • Checked Copy Discussion On Phone / In-person

    True ease in writing comes from art and not by chance. So, your writing copies will be checked by our highly qualified & experienced teachers. And they will discuss your checked answers individually with you over the phone or in person. It will help you thrive as a writing prodigy.

    Evaluated answer sheet – 1 (Click to download)

    Evaluated answer sheet – 2 (Click to download)

    register here to talk to our teachers and get details on the course
    contact us directly for the samachar manthan program

    The Highly experienced faculty leading this program:

    Sajal SinghSudhanshu Mishra
    Sajal sir is known to make Economics and IR as easy as a cakewalk. He scored one of the highest marks in GS in the 2017 UPSC exam. Under his guidance, more than 80 percent of students qualified for the UPSC interview 2020 Smash mains Program.Sudhanshu sir has firsthand experience of 3 mains and two interviews of UPSC. He has served in the defense ministry for 10 years with a keen interest in regional and global geopolitics and has ample experience in various other competitive exams as well.
    sajal@civilsdaily.comsudhanshu@civilsdaily.com
    Sukanya RanaPoornima
    Our Civilsdaily Mains Program Head Mrs. Sukanya Rana earlier worked as a PO in Canara Bank. She has an experience of 4 mains and 2 interviews of UPSC. In 2019, she had scored 140 in ethics paper 4. She is part of Smash Mains as an Ethics Mentor. Graduate from Miranda house in Geography and did MA from JNU in Geography. She is also a qualified Net JRF in Geography. So, she will comprehensively cover all the current affairs issues regarding Geography.
    sukanya@civilsdaily.compoornima@civilsdaily.com
    • Other Senior Bureaucrats and toppers will also be joining for various lectures and guest sessions.

    Shri V.P. Singh Sir, IRPS

    Virendra Pratap Singh did his B.Tech from IIT Kharagpur in 2003. He joined the services with immense experience in the Private Sector working across domains in high-profile companies like Tata Steel, Maruti Suzuki India Ltd, and Tata Motors. He has consistently scored very high marks in interviews. His 2009 score of 213/300 was among the toppers.

    Himanshu Arora

    Himanshu sir has a wide experience in the field of both academics and policy-making. He has earlier taught Economics at both undergraduate and Post-Graduate levels at Delhi University. Currently, he is working at the Prime Minister’s economic advisory council. He also writes columns regularly in prestigious newspapers like The Hindu, Indian Express, and Millenium post.

    SD Singh

    Dr. S D Singh sir, Retd IFoS, 1988 Batch, Uttarakhand Cadre.

    He is currently employed with MoEF as a senior consultant. He has 33 years of experience in forestry, environment, wildlife, and biodiversity conservation.

    register here to talk to our teachers and get details on the course
    contact us directly for the samachar manthan program

    This is what our students have to say about Samachar Manthan and Sajal Sir & other faculties.

    Feedbacks from our students.

    Samachar Manthan Civilsdaily IAS Current Affairs UPSC

    Toppers and Samachar Manthan

    Shahansha AIR 142, student of Samachar Manthan
    Dilpreet Singh, AIR 237, student of Samachar Manthan
    register here to talk to our teachers and get details on the course
    contact us directly for the samachar manthan program

  • Imp: Must Read Polity Fundamentals For Prelims 2022

    Talk to our mentors for a Roadmap to 2023 Attempt. Click Here

    Form of Government:

    1. Autocracy/ Absolute Monarchy – Concentration of power in one unelected hand
    2. Democracy – government on the basis of elections
    3. Constitutional Monarchy – head of state is king/ queen but acts on the aid and advice of elected council of ministers
    4. Republican Govt.- head of state is elected not a monarch

    Democracy

    Direct -people vote on every issue, they make laws for themselves

    Indirect/ Representative – people choose their representatives who make laws on their behalf

    Referendum -people voting on certain important issues in representative democracies

    Plebiscite – vote where people choose whether or not they want to remain in a state

    In representative democracy

    Written constitution – Laws can not be in violation of constitution. Constitution is supreme. Two types of laws – ordinary laws and constitutional laws

    Unwritten constitution – Laws framed by parliament is supreme i.e parliament is supreme. Ordinary law and constitution law one and the same

    So constitution basically limits the power of state. It has to abide by the constitution

    Who will interpret the constitution – Judiciary. It can review laws and policies of govt – not violative of constitution i.e Judicial review

    Legislature will frame the laws.

    Who will implement – Executive

    Two systems here

    1. Parliamentary form – Executives/ ministers come from Parliament/ must get themselves elected within 6 months.
    2. Presidential form – Executive is not part of legislature
    System of Govt Presidential Parliamentary/ Cabinet form
    Executive Not part of legislature Part of legislature
    Separation of Power Complete Incomplete
    Responsibility to legislature Not responsible Responsible to LokSabha
    Term Fixed term of both legislative and executive Loksabha and cabinet can be dissolved any time
    Govt and state Both head of govt and state Head of state, head of govt is PM, real power vests in PM

    Titbits

    1. In parliamentary form, head of government is prime minister while head of state is president (republic) or monarchy (constitutional monarchy) whereas president is both head of government as well as head of state in presidential form
    2. Incomplete separation of power in parliamentary form; complete separation of power in presidential form

    Form of Govt

    1. Unitary – Only 1 tier of govt for the whole country. Units do not get any power directly from the constitution. There may be local bodies and provinces but parliament delegates power to them
    2. Federal – more than 1, generally 2 tier. Units i.e states/ provinces derive power directly from the constitution

    Shades of Federalism:

    Federal features Unitary features
    Written constitution Area, names, boundaries of states can be changed
    Dual govt, Separate lists – union, state and concurrent Governor
    Judicial review Integrated and unified Judiciary – Supreme court at top
    Rigid constitution – when amending articles having interest of state Emergency provisions
    Bicameral legislature – RS is council of state CAG, EC, All India services, Single citizenship, single constitution

    Note:

    1. Federal government is possible only in countries with written constitution
    2. 3rd tier of governance i.e Panchayati Raj and Municipalities is not federalism but more decentralisation and local self governance.

    Various constitutional doctrines

    1. Separation of Powers – among legislative, executive and judiciary so that no one becomes all powerful
    2. Checks and Balances-  among the three: for instance, judicial review is judicial check on executive and legislature
    3. Doctrine of repugnancy – state law on concurrent list liable to be struck down if inconsistent with central law
    4. Doctrine of harmonious reconstruction – Constitutional provisions interpreted not in isolation but to be construed as to harmonize with those other parts
    5. Doctrine of pith and substance – finding out the true nature of a statute, an act or a provision created by the State is valid if the true nature of the act or the provision is about a subject that falls in the State list
    6. Doctrine of colorable legislation- Whatever legislature can’t do directly, it can’t do indirectly It is most commonly applied wrt article 246 (3 lists)when a Legislature does not possess the power to make law upon a particular subject but nonetheless indirectly makes one
    7. Basic Structure – Constitution has some basic structure which can not be amended even if all members of both the house vote to amend that provision (Keshvananda Bharati Case)
    8. Judicial review – Constitutional courts to examine whether laws or policies violate the constitution

    Historical background

    Timeline

    1. Regulating Act, 1773 – Governor of Bengal became Governor General of Bengal (not india) i.e Bombay and Madras presidency subordinate, Supreme court in Calcutta
    2. Pitts Act 1784 – Board of Control for political affairs, 1st time called British Possession in India
    3. Charter Act of 1833 – Centralization complete, Governor General of Bengal became that of India, law member introduced in the council
    4. Charter Act 1853 – Open competition for civil services
    5. Government of India Act 1858 – Act for good govt, abolished EIC, under direct rule of British govt/ crown now, Secretary of state post created
    6. Act of 1861 – Recognition to portfolio system, some indians nominated to council
    7. Act of 1892 – same story
    8. Act of 1909/ Morley – Minto – element of election introduced, 1st Indian in executive council of viceroy, Separate Electorate
    9. Act of 1919/ Montagu – Chelmsford – Dyarchy or dual govt in provinces – transferred and reserved subject, Bicameral legislature
    10. GOI Act 1935 – Federation, Autonomy to provinces, 3 lists, residuary powers in viceroy

    Titbits:

    1. From 1858 under direct control of British govt. Therefore, GOI acts, before that charter act (EIC charter) and regulating act
    2. Concurrent list was borrowed from GOI act 1935 as well as Australian constitution. Residuary power vests with centre now while it vested in viceroy in GOI act 1935
    3. 1st name is secretary of state and 2nd name is viceroy i.e Montagu and Morley are secretaries
    1st Governor General (GG) of Bengal (1773) Warren Hastings
    1st GG of India (1833) William Bentinck
    Last GG and 1st Viceroy (1858) Lord Canning
    1st law member (1833) Macaulay
    1st Indian to Viceroy’s executive council Satyendra Sinha

    Features from other constitution (Only Imp things)

    USA Federalism, Bill of rights, Judicial review, due process of law
    Britain Parliamentary system, Rule of law, Bicameralism
    Russia Fundamental duties, Justice
    France Republic, liberty, equality, fraternity
    Ireland DPSP, Nomination to RS
    Australia Concurrent list, Joint sitting
    Canada Federation with strong centre, residuary powers with centre, office of governor.
  • Direct joining link for Webinar by Shubham Nagargoje, IPS 2020 | Don’t read every NCERT for UPSC, do only the important ones | attend free live webinar to know the toppers’ approach to NCERT

    Direct joining link for Webinar by Shubham Nagargoje, IPS 2020 | Don’t read every NCERT for UPSC, do only the important ones | attend free live webinar to know the toppers’ approach to NCERT

    Feel free to join with UPSC 2020 Topper & know actually how many NCERT books to read/How to read & what to read.

    Join Zoom Meeting

    https://us06web.zoom.us/j/89908021391?pwd=WktmbVNSZkxqQ2xjZXlqRnRyZ2RUdz09

    Meeting ID: 899 0802 1391

    Passcode: 185807

    Civilsdaily Team is inviting you to a scheduled Zoom meeting.
    *Don’t read every NCERT for UPSC, do only the important ones || by Shubham Nagargoje, IPS 2020*Date & Time: *May 26, 2022 @07:00 PM (Start Login by 06:45 PM) India*

    (click) register for free live webinar on how to read ncerts | ask me anything session with ips shubham nagargoje

    Can we avoid NCERT for UPSC?

    That would be a severe mistake. NCERTs are essential and the best place to begin your UPSC preparation. They form a fundamental foundation and can help you understand basic and critical concepts more quickly. But, Are all NCERTs to be read? Finding reliable sources for this information can be extremely difficult.

    If you have to command over UPSC exams, you hold command over NCERT books first. These books are the weakest point of UPSC, it must be your strong point. So, to know which NCERTs are a must & which are not, follow this topper’s footprint.

    Attend this free live webinar conducted by Civilsdaily’s topper IPS Officer to get certain value-added insights on which NCERTs are heaven for Clearing UPSC-CSE.

    Webinar Details:

    Grasp the opportunity to get outstanding tips on ‘what are the best strategies to choose NCERTs ’, and ‘how to read & what to read from them’. This entire webinar is free. All aspirants are wholeheartedly welcome to attend.

    Date: 26th May 2022 (Thursday)

    Time: 7 PM to 8 PM

    register for free live webinar on how to read ncerts | ask me anything session with ips shubham nagargoje

    Infallible ideas & Tips in This Free Live Webinar by Shubham Nagargoje!

    1. Best, minimum NCERT materials for UPSC-CSE Preparation. Do’s & Don’t, Understanding the science behind how society works is important, so what are the best 3 to 5 NCERTs to read. Don’t forget NCERTs are even going to help you in your optional too.
    1. For a foundational preparation for prelims and mains, students can start with NCERT history books, to begin with, their history preparation. What are those books that have proven to be extremely beneficial in the case of students that come from commerce or science backgrounds?
    1. It is critical to understand Indian and global geography. Maps and information about different climatic regions provided in NCERT Geography books help in answering many questions about geography. How to learn & what maps/diagrams/footnotes are not to be ignored will also be discussed.
    2. Political Science covers the country’s legal and fundamental aspects, which makes it an extremely important subject. How to & what to cover from NCERTs so that ‘Laxmikant’ becomes easier to read and revise.
    3. The subject of the Indian Economy covers India’s current and past economic aspects, which makes it an important topic. Knowing its fundamentals is crucial for UPSC exams. So, What is to be learnt by heart & which NCERTs are fit for the economy will be comprehensively discussed.
    4. What is the difference between ‘The Old Version NCERTs’ & ‘The New Version NCERTs’ & for which subjects, which versions of NCERTs you should focus on,  will also be discussed thoroughly in this ask me anything session? 
    5.  The untold secret of ‘how & from where UPSC asks direct questions from NCERTs. How to build command over NCERTs is going to be another crucial point of this awesome session.
    register for free live webinar on how to read ncerts | ask me anything session with ips shubham nagargoje
    About Shubham Nagargoje:

    UPSC 2020 Topper–IPS Officer Shubham Nagargoje lived by this saying during his entire UPSC and RBI Grade B preparation three years. Hence, failing to clear the UPSC Prelims twice didn’t deter him. He finally got appointment letters both as an RBI Grade B officer and an IPS officer.

    register for free live webinar on how to read ncerts | ask me anything session with ips shubham nagargoje

    Wish you all the best.

  • How to secure score 110+ in UPSC Prelims 2022 with 100+ most probable topics with detailed solution | register at the earliest to get the full list

    How to secure score 110+ in UPSC Prelims 2022 with 100+ most probable topics with detailed solution | register at the earliest to get the full list

    FREE REGISTRATION FOR TARGET PRELIMS 2022 100+TOPICS

    UPSC IAS prelims 2022 will be held on June 5 in pen and paper mode. The IAS preparation is the interaction of important UPSC Syllabus topics. Check out the list of important topics for the UPSC prelims below and pave the way to score 110+.

    REGISTER AT THE EARLIESTTO GET THE FULL LIST OF UPSC-PRELIMS 2022 100+ TOPICS IN YOUR INBOX
    CONTACT US DIRECTLY TO TALK TO OUR MENTORS AND GET DETAILS SUGGESTIONS FOR 100+ TOPICS

    Certain topics seem to be important for the UPSC prelims exam, but they are not asked in the exam. The UPSC primarily inquires about the context of current events. Ideally, UPSC asks about four aspects of a topic in one question with multiple options, with only one correct answer. Only those perplexing questions can be answered by the candidate who has a firm grasp on the subject. Candidates should balance their preparation in static General Studies topics and current affairs topics so that they can connect the two. 

    REGISTER AT THE EARLIESTTO GET THE FULL LIST OF UPSC-PRELIMS 2022 100+ TOPICS IN YOUR INBOX

    Prelims is an elimination round. Those who learn & analyze everything may get eliminated. It’s all about utilizing your subjective recognition rather than critically analyzing.

    The syllabus for the prelims exam does not go into great detail about the topics. Candidates should understand the prelims’ demand by analyzing the UPSC syllabus and question papers concurrently. Overall preparation necessitates over a year of focused preparation in the right direction with the right strategy. Important Prelims exam topics are just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to the syllabus. Important topics guide will guide preparation in the right direction to sit for UPSC Mains 2022.

    So, our highly experienced toppers’ teachers & mentors group has prepared the most trusted list of the most important topics. 

    Expect many questions in UPSC civil services Preliminary exam – 2022 (also in mains 2022). You need to prepare 4-5 points on each of these topics keeping in mind the nature of questions that were asked in Prelims 2020 & 2021. 

    Must Read Topics For Prelims 2022 (Static + Current Affairs & Combination of Both)

    Polity

    Electronic voting machine (EVM) 

    Balance of rights and duty 

    Recent amendments and Bills 

    One election- one nation- Amendments required 

    RPA 1951 and 1950 

    Office of the governor and discretionary powers 

    PESA Act, 1996 

    ETC.

    Economy

    Inflation (2 questions expected- conceptual) 

    Conceptual questions based on interlinking between fiscal policy, inflation, and monetary policy (2-3 questions) 

    Banking in India 

    Money market 

    Taxation (1 question) 

    GDP Estimates (1 question) 

    ETC.

    REGISTER AT THE EARLIESTTO GET THE FULL LIST OF UPSC-PRELIMS 2022 100+ TOPICS IN YOUR INBOX

    Modern Indian Hist.

    -Personality (1 question)- focus on prominent freedom fighters, social reformers, viceroys 

    – Chronology- focus on the time between 1925-35 and 1939-47 

    – British wars 

    – NCM, CDM, quit India 

    – Congress sessions 

    ETC.

    History & Culture

     -Adi Sankaracharya 

    Kakatiya Rudreshwara Temple 

    Moplah Rebellion 

    Sun Temple of Konark (In the news) 

    Architecture (1 question on temple, 1 from medieval history) 

     Dance (classical and folk)

    ETC.

    REGISTER AT THE EARLIESTTO GET THE FULL LIST OF UPSC-PRELIMS 2022 100+ TOPICS IN YOUR INBOX

    Geography

    World Physical Geography: 

    – Geomorphology- landforms and major terminologies, origin and evolution of the earth, volcanism and earthquake, plate tectonics and continental drift theory – Oceanography – warm and cold currents, and rests other chapters.

    Mapping

    Indian Physical Map 

    Rivers: Pannchnad, Himalayan rivers(Ganga, Brahmaputra, Yamuna), Peninsular rivers(Damodar, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, Periyar)- Tributaries b. North to the south alignment of mountains in Eastern ghat and Western ghat c. Major Cities in India 

    World Physical Map as well of various places & regions according to Current Affairs.

    Government Schemes 

     Recent schemes on Agriculture, Vulnerable sections, MSMEs, Banking, ETC.

    Science & Technology 

    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) 

    Electric Vehicles 

    Dark Genome 

    Biotechnology 

    Assistant reproductive technique 

    Emerging technologies (5G, AI, Machine learning) & ETC.

    Social Issues

     Digital education issues 

    New acts and amendments (1-2 question) 

    ETC.

    Environment 

    India State Forest Report (ISFR) 2021 

    Red sanders 

    Zero Budget Natural Farming 

    Heat Dome 

    Net Zero Producers Forum

    Glasgow summit 

    National parks and wildlife sanctuaries, tiger reserves and wetlands (mapping)

    Reports and indices (1 question) 

    Development induced displacement 

    Pollution related current affairs & Many other hot topics.

    Security Issues

    Reverse Engineering 

    Top defense dealers and importers 

    India’s missile program 

    Recent amendments in NIA, UAPA acts etc. 

    We have covered all these issues in both test series and current affairs. But if you can give special focus on these topics, you will definitely reap extra benefits.

    REGISTER AT THE EARLIESTTO GET THE FULL LIST OF UPSC-PRELIMS 2022 100+ TOPICS IN YOUR INBOX

    All The Best.

  • Imp: Must Read RBI’s FAQ Page Summary for Prelims 2022

    Talk to our mentors for a Roadmap to 2023 Attempt. Click Here

    1. Passive Funds:

    The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) recently issued a circular on passive funds covering matters related to transparency, liquidity and operational aspects of exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and index funds.

    What are Passive Funds?
    • A passive fund is an investment vehicle that tracks a market index, or a specific market segment, to determine what to invest in.
    • Unlike with an active fund, the fund manager does not decide what securities the fund takes on.
    • This normally makes passive funds cheaper to invest in than active funds, which require the fund manager to spend time researching and analyzing opportunities to invest in.
    • Tracker funds, such as ETFs (exchange traded funds) and index funds fall under the banner of passive funds.

    2. Initial Public Offer:

    Last year IPO was making huge attention in India after Paytm and Zomato IPOs were open.

    What is an IPO?
    • Every company needs money to grow and expand.
    • They do this by borrowing or by issuing shares.
    • If the company decides to opt for the second route of issuing shares, it must invite public investors to buy its shares.
    • This is its first public invitation in the stock market and is called the Initial Public Offering (IPO).
    How does an IPO work?
    • The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) regulates the entire process of investment via an IPO in India.
    • A company intending to issue shares through IPOs first registers with SEBI.
    • SEBI scrutinizes the documents submitted, and only then approves them.
    Who can hold IPOs?
    • It could be a new, young company or an old company that decides to be listed on an exchange and hence goes public.

    3. Derivatives:

    • A derivative is a contract between two parties which derives its value/price from an underlying asset.
    • The value of the underlying asset is bound to change as the value of the underlying assets keep changing continuously.
    • Generally, stocks, bonds, currency, commodities and interest rates form the underlying asset.
    Types of Derivatives

    The most common types of derivatives are futures, options, forwards and swaps:

    (1) Futures

    • Futures are standardized contracts that allow the holder to buy/sell the asset at an agreed price at the specified date.
    • The parties to the futures contract are under an obligation to perform the contract. These contracts are traded on the stock exchange.
    • The value of future contracts is marked to market every day.
    • It means that the contract value is adjusted according to market movements till the expiration date.

     (2) Options

    • Options are derivative contracts that give the buyer a right to buy/sell the underlying asset at the specified price during a certain period of time.
    • The buyer is not under any obligation to exercise the option.
    • The option seller is known as the option writer. The specified price is known as the strike price.

    (3) Forwards

    • Forwards are like futures contracts wherein the holder is under an obligation to perform the contract.
    • But forwards are unstandardized and not traded on stock exchanges.
    • These are available over-the-counter and are not marked-to-market.
    • These can be customized to suit the requirements of the parties to the contract.

    (4) Swaps

    • Swaps are derivative contracts wherein two parties exchange their financial obligations.
    • The cash flows are based on a notional principal amount agreed between both parties without the exchange of principal.
    • The amount of cash flows is based on a rate of interest.
    • One cash flow is generally fixed and the other changes on the basis of a benchmark interest rate.
    • Swaps are not traded on stock exchanges and are over-the-counter contracts between businesses or financial institutions.

    4. What are Agri-Futures?

    Like equity, currency or interest rate futures, they allows to buy or sell an underlier at a preset price on a future date. All agri contracts end in compulsory delivery.

    • Agri products available for trade include wheat, sugar, chana, soyabean, castor, chilli , jeera futures, etc. Edible oil seeds and oils, spices and items like guar are among the more liquid contracts.
    • An objective of futures trading is gains reaching farmers, by establishing an efficient price-discovery platform.
    • This has been achieved to a large extent on NCDEX, in products such as castor, chana, soy complex, mustard, guar, cumin, etc.

    Securities & Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has issued an order suspending futures trading in paddy (non-basmati), wheat, Bengal gram (chana dal), mustard seeds and its derivatives, soyabean and its derivatives, crude palm oil and green gram (moong dal) for a year.

    5. Infrastructure Investments Trusts:

    The National Highway Authority of India’s first infrastructure investment trust has raised more than Rs 5,000 crore, informed the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways of India.

    What are InvITs?

    • InvITs are like a mutual fund, which enables direct investment of small amounts of money from possible individual/institutional investors in infrastructure to earn a small portion of the income as return.
    • They work like mutual funds or real estate investment trusts (REITs) in features.
    • They can be treated as the modified version of REITs designed to suit the specific circumstances of the infrastructure sector.

    How are they notified in India?

    • SEBI notified the Sebi (Infrastructure Investment Trusts) Regulations, 2014 on September 26, 2014, providing for registration and regulation of InvITs in India.
    • The objective of InvITs is to facilitate investment in the infrastructure sector.

    Their structure

    InvITS are like mutual funds in structure. InvITs can be established as a trust and registered with Sebi. An InvIT consists of four elements:

    1. Trustee: He inspects the performance of an InvIT is certified by Sebi and he cannot be an associate of the sponsor or manager.
    2. Sponsor(s): They are people who promote and refer to any organisation or a corporate entity with a capital of Rs 100 crore, which establishes the InvIT and is designated as such at the time of the application made to SEBI, and in case of PPP projects, base developer.
    3. Investment Manager: It is an entity or limited liability partnership (LLP) or organisation that supervises assets and investments of the InvIT and guarantees activities of the InvIT.
    4. Project Manager: It is the person who acts as the project manager and whose duty is to attain the execution of the project and in case of PPP projects.

    6. Important Points from RBIs FAQs Page:

    What is a Bond?

    A bond is a debt instrument in which an investor loans money to an entity (typically corporate or government) which borrows the funds for a defined period of time at a variable or fixed interest rate. Bonds are used by companies, municipalities, states and sovereign governments to raise money to finance a variety of projects and activities. Owners of bonds are debt holders, or creditors, of the issuer.

    What is Government Security (G-Sec)?

    A Government Security (G-Sec) is a tradable instrument issued by the Central Government or the State Governments. Such securities are short term (usually called treasury bills, with original maturities of less than one year) or long term (usually called Government bonds or dated securities with original maturity of one year or more). In India, the Central Government issues both, treasury bills and bonds or dated securities while the State Governments issue only bonds or dated securities, which are called the State Development Loans (SDLs). G-Secs carry practically no risk of default and, hence, are called risk-free gilt-edged instruments.

    • Treasury Bills (T-bills): Treasury bills or T-bills, which are money market instruments, are short term debt instruments issued by the Government of India and are presently issued in three tenors, namely, 91 day, 182 day and 364 day. Treasury bills are zero coupon securities and pay no interest. Instead, they are issued at a discount and redeemed at the face value at maturity.
    • Cash Management Bills (CMBs):  In 2010, Government of India, in consultation with RBI introduced a new short-term instrument, known as Cash Management Bills (CMBs), to meet the temporary mismatches in the cash flow of the Government of India. The CMBs have the generic character of T-bills but are issued for maturities less than 91 days.
    • Dated G Secs: Dated G-Secs are securities which carry a fixed or floating coupon (interest rate) which is paid on the face value, on a half-yearly basis. Generally, the tenor of dated securities ranges from 5 years to 40 years.

    The Public Debt Office: The Public Debt Office (PDO) of the Reserve Bank of India acts as the registry / depository of G-Secs and deals with the issue, interest payment and repayment of principal at maturity. Most of the dated securities are fixed coupon securities.

    Fixed Rate Bonds – These are bonds on which the coupon rate is fixed for the entire life (i.e. till maturity) of the bond. Most Government bonds in India are issued as fixed rate bonds.

    Floating Rate Bonds (FRB) – FRBs are securities which do not have a fixed coupon rate. Instead it has a variable coupon rate which is re-set at pre-announced intervals (say, every six months or one year). 

    Capital Indexed Bonds – These are bonds, the principal of which is linked to an accepted index of inflation with a view to protecting the Principal amount of the investors from inflation.

    Inflation Indexed Bonds (IIBs) – IIBs are bonds wherein both coupon flows and Principal amounts are protected against inflation. The inflation index used in IIBs may be Wholesale Price Index (WPI) or Consumer Price Index (CPI). Globally, IIBs were first issued in 1981 in the UK. In India, the Government of India through RBI issued IIBs (linked to WPI) in June 2013.

    Special Securities – Under the market borrowing program, the Government of India also issues, from time to time, special securities to entities like Oil Marketing Companies, Fertilizer Companies, the Food Corporation of India, etc. (popularly called oil bonds, fertiliser bonds and food bonds respectively) as compensation to these companies in lieu of cash subsidies These securities are usually long dated securities and carry a marginally higher coupon over the yield of the dated securities of comparable maturity. These securities are, however, not eligible as SLR securities but are eligible as collateral for market repo transactions.

    STRIPS – Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities. – STRIPS are the securities created by way of separating the cash flows associated with a regular G-Sec i.e. each semi-annual coupon payment and the final principal payment to be received from the issuer, into separate securities. They are essentially Zero Coupon Bonds (ZCBs). Being G-Secs, STRIPS are eligible for SLR. All fixed coupon securities issued by Government of India, irrespective of the year of maturity, are eligible for Stripping/Reconstitution, provided that the securities are reckoned as eligible investment for the purpose of Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) and the securities are transferable.

    State Development Loans: :State Governments also raise loans from the market which are called SDLs. SDLs are dated securities issued through normal auction similar to the auctions conducted for dated securities issued by the Central Government. Interest is serviced at half-yearly intervals and the principal is repaid on the maturity date.

    Under the amended RBI Act, the monetary policy making is as under:

    • The MPC is required to meet at least four times in a year.
    • The quorum for the meeting of the MPC is four members.
    • Each member of the MPC has one vote, and in the event of an equality of votes, the Governor has a second or casting vote.

          The resolution adopted by the MPC is published after the conclusion of every meeting of the MPC in     
          according to the provisions of Chapter III F of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.

    • On the 14th day, the minutes of the proceedings of the MPC are published which include:
      1. a. the resolution adopted by the MPC;
      2. b. the vote of each member on the resolution, ascribed to such member; and
      3. c. the statement of each member on the resolution adopted.
    • Once in every six months, the Reserve Bank is required to publish a document called the Monetary Policy Report to explain:
      1. a. the sources of inflation; and
      2. b. the forecast of inflation for 6-18 months ahead.

  • Looking for the best test series for prelims? Score 140+ in UPSC prelims with Prime Prelims TS-2023 and on-demand mentorship program | Enroll at the earliest

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