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GS Paper: GS1

  • Historic ‘Sengol’ to be installed in new Parliament

    sengol

    Central Idea

    • Prime Minister is set to install the ‘Sengol,’ a historical sceptre from Tamil Nadu, in the new Parliament building, which will be inaugurated on May 28, 2023.

    What is Sengol?

    • Sengol is a historical sceptre that holds significant cultural and historical value in Tamil Nadu.
    • Derived from the Tamil word “Semmai,” meaning “Righteousness,” Sengol represents a symbol of justice and good governance.
    • In the Chola era, the transfer of power from one king to another was sanctified with the sceptre being handed over as a symbol of authority and the responsibility to rule with fairness and justice.
    • It gained prominence during the transfer of power from the British to the Indian people at the time of India’s independence.

    History: Traditional Chola Practice and Symbolism

    • Historical Practice: The presentation of the Sengol aligns with a traditional Chola practice where Samayacharyas (spiritual leaders) led the coronation of kings, sanctifying the transfer of power and symbolically recognizing the ruler.
    • Symbol of Justice and Good Governance: The Sengol, a symbol of justice and good governance, holds cultural significance as recorded in ancient Tamil texts like Silapathikaram and Manimekalai.

    Sengol’s recent context and creation

    • Lord Mountbatten’s Question: Prior to Independence, Lord Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of India, asked Nehru about the ceremony that should symbolize the transfer of power.
    • Inspiration from Chola Dynasty: Rajagopalachari, the last Governor-General of India, suggested a ceremony from the Chola dynasty, where the transfer of power was sanctified and blessed by high priests.
    • Manufacturing the Sengol: Rajagopalachari approached Thiruvaduthurai Atheenam, a renowned Shaivite mutt in Tamil Nadu’s Tanjore district, which commissioned the creation of the Sengol from Chennai-based jewellers, “Vummidi Bangaru Chetty.”
    • Craftsmanship: Vummidi Ethirajulu and Vummidi Sudhakar skillfully crafted the five-foot-long Sengol, featuring a symbolic ‘Nandi’ bull representing justice.

    Significance of the ‘Sengol’

    • Symbolic importance: Derived from the Tamil word “Semmai,” meaning “Righteousness,” the ‘Sengol’ represents a significant historical symbol of Independence.
    • Marks Transfer of Power: On August 14, 1947, Pandit Nehru, the first PM, received the ‘Sengol’ from the Adhinam of Tamil Nadu, marking the shift of power from the British to the Indian people.

    The Handover Ceremony

    • Arrival of the Sengol: Three individuals, including the deputy high priest of the Adheenam, a Nadaswaram player, and an Oduvar (singer), brought the newly made Sengol from Tamil Nadu.
    • The Ceremony: On August 14, 1947, the Sengol was handed over to Lord Mountbatten during a procession, and later taken to Jawaharlal Nehru’s house, where it was officially presented to him.
    • Sacred Song and Attendees: A special song composed by the 7th-century Tamil saint Tirugnana Sambandar, as specified by the high priest, accompanied the ceremony. Dr. Rajendra Prasad, India’s first president, and other dignitaries were present during the event.

    Ceremonial Procession and Tamil Traditions

    • Grand Procession: The Sengol will be ceremoniously transported to the House in a grand procession.
    • Musical Ensemble: Traditional Nadaswaram musicians, playing Tamil Nadu’s iconic instrument, will lead the procession, and PM is expected to walk alongside them, embracing Tamil culture.
    • Adheenams and Sanctification: Adheenams, priests from Shaivite mutts in Tamil Nadu, will be present in the Lok Sabha’s Well. They will sanctify the Sengol with holy water after Prime Minister Modi greets them, honoring Tamil traditions.
    • Oduvars and Sacred Recitation: Tamil temple singers known as Oduvars will recite the “Kolaru Padhigam” lyrically, while the Nadaswaram musicians enchant with their soulful music.

    Conclusion

    • The Sengol continues to be revered as a representation of India’s independence and serves as a tangible reminder of the country’s rich cultural heritage and the values it upholds.
    • Its installation in the new Parliament building further emphasizes its importance and aims to educate and inspire people about this historical event and the principles it embodies.

     

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  • Alarming Decline in Antarctic Sea Ice: A Harbinger of Global Concerns

    Antarctic

    Central Idea

    • The recent record-breaking drop in Antarctic Sea ice extent on February 19 has raised significant concerns about the impacts of global warming. This worrying trend, accompanied by rising global temperatures, poses a threat to coastal cities and has far-reaching consequences for weather patterns and underwater ecosystems. As sea ice continues to melt and global sea levels rise, urgent action is needed to address the environmental challenges presented by this alarming decline.

    Melting Sea Ice and Rising Sea Levels: A worrying trend

    • Over the past six years, the Antarctic Sea ice cover has witnessed substantial declines, resulting in a rise in global sea levels.
    • NASA reports that meltwater from Antarctic ice accounts for approximately one-third of the global average sea level rise since 1993.
    • The sea ice extent in 2023 has often been notably lower than the levels seen in 2022, which had the second-lowest summer sea ice extent in Antarctica.
    • The Antarctic Sea ice extent as of May 21, 2023, has significantly shrunk compared to the median extent between 1981 and 2010
    • The April temperature in the Antarctic region in 2023 was 0.93°C higher than the 1910-2000 average for that month, marking the second-highest increase in the millennium.

    Antarctic

    Impact decline in Antarctic Sea ice on Global Weather and Ecosystems

    • Weather Pattern Alterations: The Southern Ocean, surrounding Antarctica, plays a crucial role in transferring heat from the atmosphere to the global oceans. Increased melting of Antarctic sea ice introduces cold, fresh water into the ocean, disrupting the circulation patterns of hot, cold, fresh, and salty water globally. This alteration in temperature and density can subsequently affect weather patterns, including wind patterns, precipitation, and storm formation.
    • Oceanic Currents and Nutrient Flows: Changes in water temperature and density due to melting sea ice can disrupt oceanic currents and nutrient flows. These currents are vital for distributing heat, nutrients, and oxygen across the world’s oceans. The disturbance in these flows can have cascading effects on marine ecosystems, impacting the distribution and availability of nutrients for various organisms.
    • Impact on Underwater Ecosystems: Sea ice serves as a critical habitat for various organisms, including algae, krill, and other marine life. Diminishing sea ice reduces the availability of food and alters the feeding patterns and reproductive cycles of species dependent on these ecosystems. This disruption can have significant consequences for the entire Antarctic food chain, affecting species such as whales, seals, penguins, and seabirds.
    • Altered Albedo Effect: The decline in sea ice coverage reduces the Earth’s albedo effect. Albedo refers to the ability of a surface to reflect sunlight back into space. Sea ice has a high albedo, meaning it reflects a significant portion of incoming solar radiation. As sea ice diminishes, darker ocean water absorbs more solar radiation, leading to increased warming and amplifying the overall warming trend.
    • Feedback Loops: The impacts of melting sea ice create feedback loops that exacerbate the effects of climate change. For example, as sea ice melts, more heat is absorbed by the ocean, further accelerating the melting process. These feedback loops contribute to the amplification of warming trends and the intensification of associated environmental changes.

    Facts for prelims

    What is ice-albedo feedback cycle?

    • The ice-albedo feedback cycle, also known as the snow-ice albedo feedback, refers to a positive feedback mechanism that amplifies the effects of global warming. It involves the interaction between ice or snow cover and solar radiation.
    • The albedo of a surface refers to its ability to reflect sunlight. Ice and snow have high albedo values, meaning they reflect a significant portion of incoming solar radiation back into space.
    • This reflection helps to cool the Earth’s surface. However, when ice or snow melts, it reveals darker surfaces beneath, such as dark ocean water or land, which have lower albedo values. These darker surfaces absorb more solar radiation, leading to increased warming
    • The ice-albedo feedback cycle operates in both polar regions, but it is particularly significant in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, where extensive ice and snow cover exist.
    • The reduction in sea ice extent and the melting of glaciers and ice sheets contribute to this feedback mechanism, accelerating the warming trend and exacerbating the impacts of climate change.

    Understand this way: How do the ice-albedo feedback cycle operate?

    • Initial Warming: Due to various factors, including greenhouse gas emissions, the Earth’s temperature increases, leading to the melting of ice and snow cover.
    • Reduced Albedo: As ice and snow melt, the reflective white surface is replaced by darker surfaces with lower albedo values. These surfaces absorb more solar radiation rather than reflecting it back into space.
    • Increased Heating: The absorption of more solar radiation by darker surfaces results in increased heating of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere.
    • Further Melting: The increased heating leads to more melting of ice and snow, further reducing the overall ice and snow cover.
    • Amplification of Warming: With less ice and snow cover, more heat is absorbed, contributing to a positive feedback loop. The amplified warming results in further ice and snow melt, creating a cycle of increasing temperatures.

    Impact of Rising Sea Levels on coastal communities around the worldwide

    • Increased Flooding and Erosion: As sea levels rise, coastal areas are more susceptible to storm surges, high tides, and extreme weather events. This puts low-lying regions, including coastal cities and communities, at greater risk of inundation, property damage, and displacement of residents.
    • Coastal Infrastructure Vulnerability: Increased flooding and erosion can lead to the degradation and loss of critical infrastructure, disrupting transportation, energy supply, and essential services. This vulnerability can have substantial economic, social, and public safety implications.
    • Threat to Freshwater Resources: Rising sea levels can infiltrate freshwater sources and contaminate underground aquifers, particularly in coastal regions where freshwater and saltwater interfaces occur. This intrusion of saltwater can compromise drinking water supplies, agricultural irrigation, and ecosystems dependent on freshwater resources, exacerbating water scarcity issues.
    • Displacement of Communities: As coastal areas become uninhabitable due to sea-level rise and increased flooding, communities may face the prospect of forced relocation. This displacement can result in the loss of homes, cultural heritage, and livelihoods, leading to social disruption, economic challenges, and psychological impacts on affected populations.
    • Ecological Impacts: Coastal ecosystems, including mangroves, coral reefs, and wetlands, provide critical habitats, buffer against storms, and support biodiversity. Rising sea levels can inundate and degrade these ecosystems, leading to the loss of valuable ecological services, increased vulnerability to coastal hazards, and reduced coastal resilience.
    • Economic Consequences: The impacts of sea-level rise and coastal flooding can disrupt tourism, fishing, and shipping industries, leading to economic losses, job displacements, and decreased productivity. Additionally, the costs of coastal protection measures and infrastructure adaptations to rising sea levels can place a significant burden on local economies and governments.

    Way Forward

    • Strengthening International Cooperation: Collaborate at global forums to address climate change and its impact on Antarctica, emphasizing the need for reduced emissions and sustainable practices.
    • Enhanced Monitoring and Research: Invest in further research to understand the dynamics of melting sea ice, its impact on ecosystems, and potential mitigation strategies.
    • Promoting Sustainable Practices: Encourage sustainable practices and responsible tourism in the Antarctic region to minimize human impact on the fragile ecosystem.
    • Climate Resilience Planning: Develop robust climate resilience plans for coastal cities and communities, considering rising sea levels and potential threats posed by diminishing sea ice.
    • Raising Public Awareness: Educate the public about the consequences of melting Antarctic sea ice, fostering a collective sense of responsibility and encouraging individual actions to mitigate climate change.

    Conclusion

    • The alarming decline in Antarctic sea ice poses grave threats to global sea levels, weather patterns, and underwater ecosystems. Urgent action is required to mitigate climate change, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and promote sustainable practices. Through international collaboration, research, and public awareness, we can strive to protect the Antarctic region and safeguard coastal communities worldwide from the impacts of melting sea ice. The time to act is now, as the consequences of inaction will be felt by future generations.

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    Must read:

    Oceans absorb 90% of human-induced planet warming: Study

  • Diversifying Our Understanding of Religion and Caste in Contemporary India

    Religion

    Central Idea

    • The recent outcome of the Karnataka elections provides an opportunity to broaden our understanding of religion and caste as categories of identity and belief. It is essential to recognize that these identities go beyond mere labels and hold pan-India significance. Amidst the rapid urbanization of Gurugram, the interplay of technology, finance, infrastructure, and land markets has brought about intriguing effects on traditional aspects of life. Notably, the strengthening of caste and religious identities has occurred alongside the transformation of the local landscape

    Contemporary dynamics of the religion and caste in society

    • Social Media: The emergence and widespread use of social media platforms have significantly influenced the dissemination of information and the expression. Social media platforms have provided individuals with new avenues to express their beliefs, connect with like-minded individuals, and engage in discussions and debates related to religion and caste.
    • Leisure Cultures: Changing patterns of leisure activities and cultural practices have contributed to the reshaping of religious and caste identities. The ways in which people engage with leisure, entertainment, and cultural events often intersect with their religious and caste affiliations. These leisure cultures can reinforce existing identities, foster a sense of community, and contribute to the preservation and celebration of religious and caste traditions.
    • Globalization of Identities: The increased mobility, migration, and transnational interactions have allowed for the transmission and adoption of religious and caste practices, beliefs, and ideologies across different geographical locations. This globalization of identities has influenced how individuals perceive and express their religious and caste affiliations.
    • Emphasis on Heritage: The promotion and celebration of cultural heritage, rituals, and customs have become significant aspects of identity formation and community building. This focus on heritage can reinforce religious and caste affiliations and contribute to the preservation of traditional practices.

    Complexities of contemporary identities

    • Intersectionality: Contemporary identities are often multifaceted and intersectional, encompassing multiple dimensions such as gender, class, religion, caste, and regional affiliations. Individuals’ identities are shaped by the interaction of these diverse factors, leading to complex experiences and perspectives.
    • For example: In the context of Gurugram, caste identities intersect with the effects of urbanization, globalization, and economic transformations, creating intricate social dynamics.
    • Shifting Meanings: The meanings attached to religious and caste identities have evolved over time. Globalization, technology, and changing social norms have influenced the ways in which individuals understand and express their religious and caste affiliations. These shifting meanings challenge traditional understandings and necessitate a deeper exploration of the contemporary dynamics surrounding religion and caste.
    • Hybridity and Adaptation: As individuals navigate the complexities of a rapidly changing world, they might combine elements of their religious and caste backgrounds with new cultural practices, beliefs, and expressions. This hybridity reflects the fluid nature of contemporary identities and the ways in which individuals negotiate their sense of self within evolving social contexts.
    • Global Influences: Increased exposure to diverse cultural and religious influences from around the world can impact individuals’ beliefs, practices, and self-perception. This global exchange of ideas and cultural practices contributes to the complexities of contemporary identities, blurring traditional boundaries and fostering new forms of identity expression.
    • Individual Agency: Contemporary identities are influenced by individual agency, as individuals actively construct and negotiate their own sense of self and belonging. People have the autonomy to choose, reinterpret, or reject religious and caste identities based on their personal experiences, beliefs, and aspirations. This individual agency adds complexity to the understanding of contemporary identities and challenges rigid categorizations.

    Why religious and caste sentiments thrive despite the seemingly impersonal nature of modern relations?

    • Historical Significance: Religion and caste have deep historical roots in India, shaping the social, cultural, and political fabric of the country for centuries. These identities have been intricately woven into people’s lives and community structures, and their significance continues to endure even in the face of modernization. Historical legacies and the sense of identity associated with religion and caste contribute to the persistence of these sentiments.
    • Social Cohesion and Belonging: Religion and caste provide individuals with a sense of belonging and community. They offer a framework for social cohesion, providing a sense of identity, support, and solidarity. In an increasingly fragmented and individualistic society, religious and caste affiliations can offer a sense of belongingness and a support system that individuals seek for social integration and a sense of purpose.
    • Cultural Identity and Tradition: Religion and caste are deeply intertwined with cultural practices, rituals, and traditions which provide individuals with a connection to their cultural heritage and a sense of continuity with their ancestors.
    • Social Networks and Support: Religious and caste communities network foster a sense of mutual aid and communal bonds, creating a support system that individuals rely on in times of need. This social support and network-based assistance further reinforce the importance of religious and caste identities.
    • Political and Power Dynamics: Religion and caste continue to play a significant role in political mobilization, electoral strategies, and the distribution of resources and benefits. Political parties often exploit religious and caste identities for electoral gains, further reinforcing their salience and significance in public discourse.

    Why the newly emerging religious identities sometimes manifest as hostility towards those of different faiths?

    • Identity Assertion: The formation of new religious identities can be driven by a desire to assert and strengthen one’s own religious beliefs and practices. In some cases, this assertion may result in a sense of exclusivity and superiority, leading to hostility towards those who hold different beliefs. Individuals may perceive their newly emerging religious identity as being under threat from other faiths, and this defensive response can contribute to animosity and hostility.
    • Socialization and Group Dynamics: If individuals are surrounded by like-minded individuals who reinforce a particular narrative of their religious identity, it can lead to the development of a group mentality that views other faiths with suspicion or hostility. Group dynamics, such as peer pressure, conformity, and the need for social acceptance, can further amplify negative attitudes towards different faiths.
    • Perceived Threats and Insecurity: When new religious identities emerge, followers may perceive threats to their beliefs, traditions, or cultural practices from other faiths or societal changes. This perceived threat can evoke a defensive response, fueling hostility towards those seen as posing a challenge to their newly formed religious identity.
    • Political Instrumentalization: Political actors may exploit religious sentiments and manipulate the narrative to gain support or advance their agenda. This instrumentalization can create an us versus them mentality, deepening divisions and fostering animosity towards religious groups perceived as adversaries.
    • Economic Competition and Social Hierarchies: Economic disparities and perceived inequalities can fuel resentment towards religious groups seen as benefiting disproportionately or hindering one’s own economic advancement. This can result in the projection of animosity onto religious differences.
    • Lack of Interfaith Dialogue and Understanding: Insufficient opportunities for interfaith dialogue and understanding can contribute to the persistence of hostility between religious communities. Limited interactions and communication between followers of different faiths may perpetuate stereotypes, misunderstandings, and a lack of empathy. Without platforms for open dialogue and mutual respect, tensions can escalate, leading to hostility.

    Way forward: Adopting a forward-looking approach

    • Contextual Understanding: Instead of relying solely on historical perspectives, it is crucial to engage with the complexities of the present. This involves analyzing the influence of social media, new leisure cultures, globalization of caste and religious identities, the politics of heritage, and the rise of consumer culture.
    • Critical Questions: To address the contemporary manifestations of religious and caste identities, we need to ask fundamental questions. For instance, we must explore why religious and caste feelings gather strength despite the apparent prevalence of impersonal relations in a world organized through contracts and other similar mechanisms.
    • Contemporary Relevance: The explanations regarding religious identity and caste should be grounded in the present rather than relying solely on the perspectives of historical figures like Gandhi and Ambedkar. While acknowledging their important contributions, we need to apply their vantage points to analyze and understand the contemporary realities.
    • Interdisciplinary Approach: Addressing the complexities of caste and religious identities requires an interdisciplinary approach that combines insights from sociology, anthropology, history, political science, and cultural studies, among other disciplines. By bringing together diverse perspectives, we can gain a more comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted nature of these identities and their implications for contemporary society.
    • Dialogue and Empathy: Encouraging interfaith dialogue, promoting understanding, and fostering empathy are crucial steps towards mitigating hostility and building bridges between different religious communities. Creating platforms for open and respectful discussions can help dispel stereotypes, bridge gaps in understanding, and promote mutual respect.
    • Evolving Definitions: Given the altered meanings of caste and religion in a rapidly changing society, it is important to continuously reassess and redefine these concepts. By recognizing the shifting dynamics and meanings associated with caste and religion, we can develop more nuanced perspectives that align with the contemporary reality.

    Conclusion

    • As we witness the diversification of religion and caste in contemporary India, it is imperative to embrace a nuanced understanding that moves beyond historical interpretations. Recognizing the multifaceted factors influencing modern identities and the complexities of the present allows for a more comprehensive analysis. By exploring the contemporary dynamics and asking pertinent questions, we can better comprehend the changing meanings of religion and caste in today’s society and address the challenges and opportunities they present.

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    Also read:

    The Caste Census and Mandal Politics: Analysis

  • Antarctic Sea Ice Cover at Record Low

    antarctic

    Central Idea

    • Sea ice in Antarctica reached its smallest area on record in February for the second consecutive year, continuing a decade-long decline.

    Ice cover decline: Key data

    (1) Square km decline

    • The European Union’s Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) provided the figures, highlighting the significant decrease in Antarctic sea ice.
    • On February 16, the ocean surface covered by ice around Antarctica shrank to 2.09 million square kilometers (800,000 square miles), the lowest level since satellite records began.

    (2) Warming trends

    • Both the North and South poles have experienced significant warming, with temperatures rising by approximately 3 degrees Celsius compared to late 19th-century levels, three times the global average.
    • Arctic sea ice has been diminishing by about 3 percent per year since the late 1970s, while sea ice in Antarctica has remained relatively constant with large annual variations.

    (3) Regional variances and vulnerabilities

    • Recent ice cover reduction during the southern hemisphere summer has been most pronounced in West Antarctica, which is more vulnerable to the impacts of global warming compared to East Antarctica.
    • Antarctica witnessed its first recorded heatwave in 2020, with temperatures 9.2 degrees Celsius above the mean maximum. Unusual temperature spikes have been observed in various parts of Antarctica.
    • The Arctic has also experienced significant declines in sea ice, with the record minimum sea ice extent occurring in 2012.

    Impact of declining Ice Cover

    • Global sea level rise: Melting ice in Antarctica contributes to rising sea levels worldwide.
    • Disruption of ecosystems: Declining ice cover disrupts habitats and food sources for ice-dependent species.
    • Increased warming: Less ice reflects sunlight, leading to more heat absorption and further ice melting.
    • Changes in ocean circulation: Declining ice cover can disrupt currents and impact global climate patterns.
    • Release of stored carbon: Melting ice releases trapped carbon, potentially affecting marine ecosystems and contributing to climate change.
    • Amplification of global warming: Reduced ice cover creates a positive feedback loop, exacerbating climate change.
    • Disruption of biodiversity and food chains: Changing ice conditions impact species relying on ice algae and affect the overall Southern Ocean ecosystem.

    Future projections

    • The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted with high confidence that the Arctic Ocean would become practically ice-free in September at least once by mid-century.
    • The decreasing trends in both Arctic and Antarctic sea ice highlight the urgent need to address climate change and its impact on the Polar Regions.

     

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  • In news: Neh Pema Shelphu Shrine

    neh pema

    Central Idea

    • The landowner of a disputed area in Arunachal Pradesh has demanded either compensation from Army for a land where Army has built Gurdwara near the Neh Pema Shelphu Shrine.

    Neh Pema Shelphu Shrine

    • It is a holy shrine located in the Mechukha Valley of Arunachal Pradesh.
    • It holds significant religious importance for the local Memba Buddhist community.
    • The shrine is believed to have been sanctified by Guru Padmasambhava, a prominent figure in Tibetan Buddhism, during his exploration of the area in the 8th century AD.
    • It has been a place of worship and pilgrimage for the Memba people since 1274 AD, according to historical records.
    • It attracts hundreds of Buddhists who visit the shrine annually during a pilgrimage in March.

    Why in news?

    • The Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee claimed the shrine associated with Guru Nanak Dev, the first Sikh Guru, in Arunachal Pradesh has been turned into a Buddhist shrine.

     

     

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  • SC backs TN position on Jallikattu

    jallikattu

    Central Idea

    • The Supreme Court Constitution Bench has upheld the amendments made by Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Karnataka to the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960.
    • The decision overturns a previous verdict that banned practices such as Jallikattu, a traditional bull-taming sport.

    Overturning the previous verdict

    • The court rejected the 2014 verdict of the Welfare Board of India v. A. Nagaraja case that deemed Jallikattu incompatible with animal rights.
    • The Constitution Bench emphasized that Jallikattu has been a part of Tamil Nadu’s cultural heritage for at least a century.

    Significance of Pongal and Jallikattu

    • Pongal is a harvest festival in Tamil Nadu, celebrated with thanksgiving for a bountiful harvest and rituals honoring cattle.
    • Jallikattu, a bull-taming event, is an integral part of the festival and showcases the strength and skill of farm hands in southern Tamil Nadu.

    Supreme Court’s 2014 verdict and animal rights perspective

    • The previous two-judge Bench ruling emphasized the importance of animal rights and suggested elevating them to the level of constitutional rights.
    • Animal welfare organizations presented evidence of physical and mental torture inflicted on the animals during Jallikattu.

    Issue with the sport

    An investigation by the Animal Welfare Board of India concluded that “Jallikattu is inherently cruel to animals”.

    • Human deaths: The event has caused several human deaths and injuries and there are several instances of fatalities to the bulls.
    • Manhandling of animals: Animal welfare concerns are related to the handling of the bulls before they are released and also during the competitor’s attempts to subdue the bull.
    • Cruelty to animal: Practices, before the bull is released, include prodding the bull with sharp sticks or scythes, extreme bending of the tail which can fracture the vertebrae, and biting of the bull’s tail.
    • Animal intoxication:  There are also reports of the bulls being forced to drink alcohol to disorient them, or chilli peppers being rubbed in their eyes to aggravate the bull.

    Arguments in favour

    • Native breed conservation: According to its protagonists, it is not a leisure sport available but a way to promote and preserve the native livestock.
    • Cultural significance: Jallikattu has been known to be practiced during the Tamil classical period (400-100 BCE) and finds mention in Sangam texts.
    • Man-animal relationship: Some believe that the sport also symbolizes a cordial man-animal relationship.
    • Agrarian pride: It represents a cultural infirmity to urban modernity that marginalizes rural and agrarian values.

    Conclusion

    • Tradition and culture should be considered in the rights discourse, recognizing the cultural context of practices like Jallikattu.
    • Engagement and negotiation between animal rights advocates and local culture and tradition are necessary for a balanced approach.

     

     

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  • India-EU discuss ways to resolve Carbon Border Tax

    Central Idea

    Why such move?

    • The EU is India’s second-largest trading partner and export market.
    • India has expressed confidence that the intention behind CBAM was not to create a trade barrier but to promote sustainability.
    • CBAM has potential impact on India’s Steel and Aluminum sectors.

    Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)

    Proposed by European Union (EU)
    Purpose To reduce carbon emissions from imported goods and prevent competitive disadvantage against countries with weaker environmental regulations
    Objectives Reduce carbon emissions from imported goods

    Promote a level playing field between the EU and its trading partners

    Protect EU companies that have invested in green technologies

     

    How does CBAM work?

    Coverage Applies to imported goods that are carbon-intensive
    Integration Covered by the EU’s Emissions Trading System (ETS), which currently covers industries like power generation, steel, and cement
    Implementation CBAM taxes would be imposed on the carbon content of imported goods at the border, and the tax rates would be based on the carbon price in the EU ETS
    Exemptions Possible exemptions for countries that have implemented comparable carbon pricing systems
    Revenue Use Revenue generated from CBAM taxes could be used to fund the EU’s climate objectives, such as financing climate-friendly investments and supporting developing countries’ climate efforts

     

    Who will be affected by CBAM?

    Details
    Countries Non-EU countries, including India, that export carbon-intensive goods to the EU
    Items Initially covers iron and steel, cement, aluminium, fertilisers, and electric energy production
    Expansion The scope of the CBAM may expand to other sectors in the future

    Advantages offered

    • Encourages non-EU countries to adopt more stringent environmental regulations, reducing global carbon emissions.
    • Prevents carbon leakage by discouraging companies from relocating to countries with weaker environmental regulations.
    • Generates revenue that could be used to support EU climate policies.

    Challenges with CBAM

    • Difficulty in accurately measuring the carbon emissions of imported goods, especially for countries without comprehensive carbon accounting systems.
    • Potential for trade tensions with the EU’s trading partners, especially if other countries implement retaliatory measures.

    Ways to ease impact of CBAM

    To minimize the impact of CBAM, India can consider several actions:

    • Set up a carbon trading mechanism: To reflect the level of development and adjust the carbon tax paid domestically when paying CBT to the EU.
    • Re-designate taxes on essential products: Make these as carbon taxes, which could help lower the net impact of CBT.
    • Create a cadre of energy auditors: To ensure fair assessment of carbon emissions for products and help the industry calculate carbon intensity and adopt cleaner technologies.
    • Start an industry awareness program: To educate sectors affected by CBT and create a dedicated group involving government, industry associations, and researchers.
    • Devise a WTO-compatible retaliation mechanism: To counter CBT, considering that developing countries exporting to developed nations will also suffer from it.
    • Sign new Free Trade Agreements (FTAs): After resolving the CBT issue, as high CBT would undermine the benefits of zero import duties.
    • Expose the perceived hypocrisy: Utilize global platforms to expose offshoring pollution of developed countries and proposing to tax imports, while not addressing their own consumption patterns.

    Conclusion

    • The CBAM is a proposed policy by the EU to reduce carbon emissions from imported goods and to promote a level playing field between the EU and its trading partners.
    • Although the CBAM has its challenges, it has the potential to incentivize non-EU countries to adopt more stringent environmental regulations and reduce global carbon emissions.

     

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  • Family Institution: Revitalizing for a Stronger and Healthier Society

    Central Idea

    • The deteriorating state of families, marked by an increase in violence, suicides among youths, and a rise in children turning to crime, reflects the enfeeblement of the traditional family system. Studies worldwide emphasize the primacy of families in society. Addressing this crisis requires attitudinal and behavioral reforms, driven by society rather than the government.

    Definition of Family

    • Family is defined as a social unit consisting of individuals who are connected by blood relations, marriage, or adoption.
    • It is a fundamental institution in society where people share emotional bonds, live together, and collaborate in various aspects of life.
    • The composition and structure of families can vary across cultures and may include parents, children, siblings, grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and other relatives who share mutual responsibilities and connections.

    Role of The Family as a Foundational Institution of the society

    • Consolidation of Interpersonal Relations: The family unit is where interpersonal relationships naturally evolve and thrive. Living under one roof allows family members to share thought processes, participate in collective actions, and develop emotional bonds. These interactions foster a sense of belonging, support, and connection among family members.
    • Socialization and Education: Families are responsible for the socialization and education of children. Through nurturing and guidance, families shape the character, behavior, and values of individuals, preparing them for their roles in society.
    • Emotional Support and Stability: Families offer emotional support and serve as a source of stability in individuals’ lives. They provide a nurturing environment where love, care, and emotional well-being are nurtured.
    • Transmission of Cultural and Traditional Values: Families play a vital role in preserving and transmitting cultural and traditional values from one generation to the next. Through storytelling, rituals, customs, and celebrations, families ensure the continuity of cultural heritage and identity.
    • Economic Cooperation and Division of Labor: Families often engage in economic cooperation and division of labor, with different members contributing to the family’s economic well-being.
    • Social Support Network: Families serve as a primary social support network for individuals. Family members provide emotional, financial, and practical support during times of need, illness, or crisis.
    • Intergenerational Relationships and Caregiving: Families facilitate intergenerational relationships, creating bonds between different age groups.  Families also provide care for aging or dependent family members, ensuring their well-being and dignity.

    Challenges faced by family system in the context of a globalized world

    • Changing Social Conditions: Globalization brings about significant changes in social conditions, including urbanization, mobility, and increased connectivity.  Nuclear families are becoming more common, leading to decreased intergenerational living arrangements and reduced support systems within extended families.
    • Individualism and Fragmentation:  As people pursue their own goals and aspirations, there may be a decline in collective decision-making, shared responsibilities, and mutual support. This can weaken the bond and cohesiveness within the family unit.
    • Communication and Dialogue: Globalization has introduced new modes of communication and technology that can both connect and isolate individuals. While technological advancements have made communication easier, it can also lead to superficial and transactional interactions within families. Meaningful dialogue and deep connections between family members may suffer as a result.
    • Cultural Influences: Exposure to different cultures and values through globalization can challenge traditional family norms and practices. Western influences, in particular, can impact the traditional roles and expectations within families, leading to conflicts and tensions between generations and genders.
    • Work-Life Balance: Globalization has led to changes in work patterns and increased demands in the professional sphere. Balancing work and family responsibilities becomes more challenging, affecting the overall well-being of family members.
    • Migration and Transnational Families: Globalization has facilitated increased migration and the formation of transnational families. While migration can provide economic opportunities, it can also create challenges related to separation, long-distance relationships, cultural adjustments.
    • Consumerism and Materialism: The consumerist culture promoted by globalization places a greater emphasis on material possessions and individual desires. This can lead to conflicts within families regarding priorities, values, and the definition of success. Materialistic pursuits may overshadow the importance of emotional connections and shared experiences within the family.

    Factors behind the rise of Individualism

    • Economic Prosperity: Economic growth and increased prosperity have provided individuals with greater opportunities for personal advancement and self-fulfillment. As people become more financially independent, they are able to focus on their individual goals, desires, and aspirations.
    • Urbanization and Mobility: The process of urbanization and increased mobility has led to a shift from close-knit rural communities to more diverse and fragmented urban settings. In urban areas, individuals have greater anonymity and independence, which can foster a sense of individualism.
    • Technological Advancements: The rapid advancement of technology, particularly in the areas of communication and information, has given individuals more autonomy and freedom to pursue their own interests. The internet and social media platforms, in particular, have provided platforms for self-expression and individual identity formation.
    • Emphasis on Personal Rights and Autonomy: There has been a growing emphasis on individual rights and personal autonomy in modern societies. Movements advocating for civil rights, gender equality, and personal freedoms have contributed to the promotion of individualism as a core value.
    • Cultural and Ideological Shifts: Changing cultural norms and values, influenced by globalization and exposure to diverse cultures, have contributed to the rise of individualism. The ideals of personal freedom, self-expression, and individual choice are often celebrated in media, popular culture, and social discourses.
    • Decline of Traditional Institutions: Traditional institutions, such as extended families, religious institutions, and community structures, have weakened in many societies. This decline has led to a greater focus on the individual as the primary unit of social organization, as opposed to collective identities and obligations.
    • Influence of Western Culture: The spread of Western values and ideologies, particularly through globalization and media influence, has played a significant role in promoting individualism. Western societies have historically placed a strong emphasis on individual rights, personal achievements, and self-reliance, influencing cultural attitudes towards individualism in other parts of the world.

    Way ahead: Reforms for Strengthening the Family Institution

    1. Promoting Dialogue and Communication:
    • Encourage open and candid conversations within families, fostering an environment of trust and understanding.
    • Promote regular family meetings to discuss important issues and strengthen interpersonal relationships.
    • Educate individuals on effective communication skills, including active listening and empathetic responses.
    1. Balancing Individualism and Collectivism:
    • Emphasize the value of shared experiences, mutual support, and cooperation within families.
    • Encourage the practice of sharing responsibilities, decision-making, and resources among family members.
    • Promote activities that foster a sense of collectivism, such as family outings, collaborative projects, and joint celebrations.
    1. Restoring Transparency and Trust:
    • Foster an atmosphere of honesty, transparency, and mutual respect within families.
    • Encourage family members to share their thoughts, feelings, and concerns openly.
    • Establish mechanisms for conflict resolution and mediation to address issues and rebuild trust when conflicts arise.
    1. Cultivating Togetherness and Mentorship:
    • Create opportunities for family members to spend quality time together, engaging in shared hobbies, interests, or recreational activities.
    • Encourage mentoring relationships within families, where older members guide and support younger ones in their personal and professional development.
    • Promote intergenerational learning and knowledge exchange, preserving family values and traditions.
    1. Recognizing and Empowering Mothers:
    • Acknowledge and appreciate the vital role of mothers in nurturing and building strong families.
    • Provide support systems and resources to empower women in their roles as mothers and family leaders.
    • Promote gender equality within families, ensuring equal opportunities, security, and respect for all members.
    1. Strengthening Support Systems:
    • Develop and strengthen support networks, such as family counseling services, helplines, and community programs, to address family-related issues and provide guidance.
    • Enhance public awareness campaigns on the importance of family well-being and the need for nurturing healthy family relationships.
    • Collaborate with educational institutions, religious organizations, and community groups to promote family-oriented initiatives and activities

    Conclusion

    • The International Day of Families serves as a reminder of the alarming state of families today, characterized by violence, suicides, and societal disruptions. Recognizing the primacy of families, it is imperative to address the enfeeblement of the traditional family system through attitudinal and behavioral reforms. The collective effort of individuals, communities, and policymakers is crucial in preserving the family institution as a fundamental unit of societal well-being.

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    Also read:

    Child Marriage And The Role of Education: Analysis

     

  • Matrilineality in Meghalaya

    meghalaya

    Central Idea: A tribal council’s order not to issue a Scheduled Tribe (ST) certificate to any Khasi person who adopts the surname of her or his father has triggered a war of words in matrilineal Meghalaya.

    Matrilineal Society of Meghalaya

    • Multiple tribes in Meghalaya, northeast India, practice matrilineal descent.
    • Khasi and Garo people are the primary tribes discussed in the article.
    • The term “Ki Hynniew Trep” (The Seven Huts) refers to the Khasi people, while the Garo people are also known as Achik people.
    • These tribes have a proud heritage of matrilineality, but there are concerns about the decline of matrilineal traits.

    Background

    • Khasi people are an ancient tribe and are considered the largest surviving matrilineal culture in the world.
    • Khasis, along with other subgroups like the Garo, reside in Meghalaya, as well as bordering areas of Assam and Bangladesh.
    • The matrilineal tradition practiced by the Khasi people is unique within India.
    • Matrilineal principles are emphasized in myths, legends, and origin narratives of the Khasi tribe.
    • Reference to “Nari Rajya” in the epic Mahabharata likely correlates with the matrilineal culture of the Khasi and Jaintia Hills in Meghalaya.

    Rights, Roles and Responsibilities

    • Women play a dominant role in the matrilineal society of Meghalaya.
    • The youngest daughter, known as Ka Khadduh, inherits ancestral property.
    • Husbands live with their mother-in-law after marriage.
    • Children take their mother’s surname.
    • In case a couple has no daughters, they can adopt a daughter and pass property rights to her.
    • The birth of a girl is celebrated, and there is no social stigma associated with women remarrying or giving birth out of wedlock.
    • Women have the freedom to intermarry outside their tribe.
    • Independent, well-dressed, unmarried women enjoy security and prefer not to get married.
    • Many small businesses are managed by women.

    Comparison between Garo and Khasi Practices

    Bina Agarwal compared the Garo and Khasi practices in 1994. (Aspirants with Sociology optional are bound to remember the sociologist’s name.)

    • Garo also practices matrilineal inheritance and matrilocal post-marital residence.
    • Both tribes accept pre-marital sex by women, but adultery by women is punished.
    • The Khasi practice duolocal post-marital residence, where the husband lives separately from the wife’s parents’ residence.
    • The Khasi have an aversion to cross-cousin marriage.

    Roles of Men and Political Representation

    • Mothers or mothers-in-law are responsible for the care of children.
    • Khasi men perceive themselves as having a secondary status and established societies to protect men’s rights.
    • Representation of women in politics, legislative assembly, village councils, and panchayats is minimal.
    • Women believe they handle money matters better and enjoy economic freedom.

    Matrilineal, not matriarchal

    • While society is matrilineal, it is not matriarchal. In past monarchies of the state, the son of the youngest sister of the king inherited the throne.
    • Even now in the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly or village councils or panchayats the representation of women in politics is minimal.

    Issues with the system

    • Some Khasi men perceive themselves to be accorded a secondary status.
    • They have established societies to protect equal rights for men.
    • They express that Khasi men don’t have any security, they don’t own land, they don’t run the family business and, at the same time, they are almost good for nothing.

     

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  • Monsoon onset in Kerala on June 4

    monsoon

    Central Idea: The monsoon is likely to set in over Kerala with a “slight delay” on June 4, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) said. The usual onset date over Kerala is June 1, within a seven-day window.

    What does the “Onset of Monsoon” mean?

    • The onset of the monsoon over Kerala marks the beginning of the four-month, June to September southwest monsoon season over India.
    • It brings more than 70 per cent of the country’s annual rainfall.
    • It marks a significant transition in the large-scale atmospheric and ocean circulations in the Indo-Pacific region.
    • The IMD announces it only after certain newly defined and measurable parameters, adopted in 2016, are met.
    • The onset is a significant day in India’s economic calendar.

    How does IMD predict the monsoon?

    • Broadly, the IMD checks for the consistency of rainfall over a defined geography, its intensity, and wind speed:
    1. Rainfall: The IMD declares the onset of the monsoon if at least 60% of 14 designated meteorological stations in Kerala and Lakshadweep record at least 2.5 mm of rain for two consecutive days at any time after May 10.
    2. Wind field: The depth of westerlies should be upto 600 hectopascal (1 hPa is equal to 1 millibar of pressure) in the area bound by the equator to 10ÂșN latitude, and from longitude 55ÂșE to 80ÂșE. The zonal wind speed over the area bound by 5-10ÂșN latitude and 70-80ÂșE longitude should be of the order of 15-20 knots (28-37 kph) at 925 hPa.
    3. Heat: The INSAT-derived Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) value (a measure of the energy emitted to space by the Earth’s surface, oceans, and atmosphere) should be below 200 watt per sq m (wm2) in the box confined by 5-10ÂșN latitude and 70-75ÂșE latitude.
    • The onset is not officially declared until the prescribed conditions (above) are met.

    Factors considered by IMD

    • The IMD uses a specialised model that forecasts the arrival dates within a four-day window.
    • It uses six predictors:
    1. Minimum temperatures over northwest India
    2. Pre-monsoon rainfall peak over south Peninsula
    3. Outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR) over the South China Sea
    4. Lower tropospheric zonal wind over the southeast Indian Ocean
    5. Upper tropospheric zonal wind over the east equatorial Indian Ocean, and
    6. OLR over the southwest Pacific region

    Back2Basics: Long Period Average (LPA)

    • The IMD predicts a “normal”, “below normal”, or “above normal” monsoon in relation to a benchmark “long period average” (LPA).
    • The LPA of rainfall is the rainfall recorded over a particular region for a given interval (like month or season) average over a long period like 30 years, 50 years, etc.
    • LPA refers to the average rainfall recorded from June to September for the entire country, the amount of rain that falls every year varies from region to region and from month to month.
    • The IMD’s prediction of a normal monsoon is based on the LPA of the 1971-2020 period, during which India received 87 cm of rain for the entire country on average.
    • It has in the past calculated the LPA at 88 cm for the 1961-2010 period, and at 89 cm for the period 1951-2000.

    Why LPA is needed?

    • The IMD records rainfall data at more than 2,400 locations and 3,500 rain-gauge stations.
    • Because annual rainfall can vary greatly not just from region to region and from month to month, but also from year to year within a particular region or month.
    • An LPA is needed to smooth out trends so that a reasonably accurate prediction can be made.
    • A 50-year LPA covers for large variations in either direction caused by freak years of unusually high or low rainfall, as well as for the periodic drought years.
    • It also takes into account the increasingly common extreme weather events caused by climate change.

    Range of normal rainfall

    The IMD maintains five rainfall distribution categories on an all-India scale. These are:

    1. Normal or near normal, when the percentage departure of actual rainfall is +/-10% of LPA, that is, between 96-104% of LPA;
    2. Below normal, when departure of actual rainfall is less than 10% of LPA, that is 90-96% of LPA;
    3. Above normal, when actual rainfall is 104-110% of LPA;
    4. Deficient, when departure of actual rainfall is less than 90% of LPA; and
    5. Excess, when the departure of actual rainfall is more than 110% of LPA.

     

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