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  • Here are the ways You Can Fight Inconsistency in Your UPSC-CSE Preparation|| How to Make Studying a Daily  Habit for Your UPSC Goal?|| Fill Civilsdaily Free 1-on-1 Counselling Session for Guidance by Veterans within 24 Hrs

    Here are the ways You Can Fight Inconsistency in Your UPSC-CSE Preparation|| How to Make Studying a Daily Habit for Your UPSC Goal?|| Fill Civilsdaily Free 1-on-1 Counselling Session for Guidance by Veterans within 24 Hrs

    Everything that has a value in life is a product of consistency — Health, Fitness, Wealth, Relationships and Your UPSC Aspiration as well. Choosing consistency is better than chasing perfection. Nobody can be perfect, but everyone can stay consistent.

    Choosing to be a UPSC Aspirant means you have signed up for a roller-coaster of emotions for a period of 1-2 years. Not all days are going to be the same, that is for sure. Some days you’re extremely motivated and positive, and on other days, you might find yourself questioning EVERYTHING about your preparation! It is absolutely normal. This is something extremely inevitable. Even the best of the toppers can have the worst days during the preparation phase simply because it is an extremely long and often a lonely process.

    It’s fine to be inconsistent for a short while. Maybe a day or two in the initial phase. But don’t make it a habit. Regular inconsistency won’t fetch you the desired result. But what exactly is inconsistency?

    What did Aspirants say made them Inconsistent 1-on-1 Free Counselling Session?

    Last month, we had counselled about 4000 aspirants and found out the major reasons why are in inconsistent in their UPSC preparation. Here are few of the responses we received (we have withheld names to respect their privacy)

    1. “I am inconsistent because my thoughts don’t line up with my actions. I like the idea of being an IAS officer, but I am unable to study for it.”

    2. “There are days when I brood about the competition and think do I really stand a chance? That’s what keeps me studying for many days together.”, shared another

    3. “I am a working professional and I am unable to find time to study for weeks together.”

    4. “I am unable to make a timetable that can do justice to both my pace and the vast syllabus of UPSC”

    5. “This is my third attempt. The thought of repeating the same cycle of studies and reading those dreary books once again keeps me from staying consistent.”

    6. “I feel burnt out. There are days I put in so much effort studying for UPSC that I won’t feel like the next day.”

    7. “Social Media. I get distracted often.”

    8. “The preparation makes me feel lonely. Sometimes I wish I had a well-wisher who could pull me out of my inconsistent ways.”

    What we could understand from this is that self-doubt kills enthusiasm to prepare for UPSC. And fear of failure stops you from staying consistent. It’s important to inculcate consistency as a UPSC aspirant as consistency leads to habits. Habits lead to action and action makes you successful.

    Inconsistency is the frenemy of every UPSC aspirant — they look like your friend at first, but they are your enemy in disguise. It doesn’t even let you achieve 10% of your actual potential. You know that you are capable of so many things if you stopped being inconsistent.

    Keeping this in mind, we have launched our mentorship program this week. The highlight of our free 1-on-1 sessions would be to suggest ways that can help you stay focused during your long preparation journey for UPSC.

    How does 1-on-1 Mentorship fights inconsistency in UPSC Preparation?

    Our philosophy behind MENTORSHIP is to get you out of this Snooze cycle. This ensures that you are the BEST VERSION of yourself in this journey. If you are under the impression that mentorship is weekly calls you attend, then you are mistaken, my friend. Trust us, your mentor will be your ‘FRIEND, PHILOSOPHER AND GUIDE’.

    TO EACH THEIR OWN – Every aspirant is different. Their strengths and weaknesses are different. Their time availability is also different. Identifying this is important so you don’t end up making unrealistic targets and lose momentum. Your mentor will make sure you start slow but remain consistent to build your confidence. Making your schedule structured based on our experience of working with 2500+ students is our first priority. 

    TRACK YOUR PROGRESS – When you see yourself grow, it becomes easier to motivate yourself to push boundaries. Tracking your progress can happen in many ways like mentorship calls or chat sessions or by regular tests. The idea is to ensure that you don’t go off track in your preparation, and even if you do, we have your back.

    EVOLUTION – A constant guidance is important to bring consistency to your UPSC preparation. Guidance is not about clearing your doubts or asking you to study when you don’t. It is also about the evolution of your preparation. This is where you and your mentor work as a team. A constant effort to PLAN AND BUILD UP YOUR ABILITY to learn in a faster and more efficient way.RECEIVE PERSONAL GUIDANCE FOR UPSC (REGISTER HERE)

    TALK IT OUT – The biggest hurdle in achieving your highest level of consistency is the emotional part. Every now and then, you. surround yourself with negative thoughts, you feel scared and depressed. Instead of resolving these emotional issues, you avoid them as it seems like a waste of your precious time. You have to understand that ignoring emotional troubles does not solve them. What your doing is building an emotional time bomb that may burst a week before your mains or prelims! This is where your MENTOR AS A FRIEND comes in. All our mentors have been through this journey. We understand your fears and anxieties. So, TALK IT OUT.

    Don’t let inconsistency keep you away from your dreams.

    Fill up the SAMANVAYA form given below. Let us know your problems and we will find a solution to it, just like our students say ” TOGETHER WE CAN AND WE WILL”.

    How has Civilsdaily Mentorship, helped Aspirants become Toppers?

    The most difficult challenge faced by EVERY candidate is inconsistency. Be it inconsistency in studies, answer-writing practice, covering the syllabus, or revision, every candidate finds it difficult to cope with. But how do successful candidates manage to FIGHT Inconsistency so consistently?

    In UPSC 2020, Civilsdaily helped 80+ students secure ranks in their exams. In the top 100, every 3rd ranker was a Civilsdaily student.

     A very recent success story would be Vishwa Shah, student of Civilsdaily Mentor, Sukanya Ma’am. Vishwa has cleared the GPSC exam to become the Deputy Superintendent of Police in Gujarat. He has penned a thank-you note yesterday. Heartiest Congratulations to Vishwa!

    One of our other Civilsdaily Student, Shubham Nagargoje cleared the exams in 2020 to become an IPS Officer. Shubham was gracious enough to let us know how he felt about Civilsdaily Samanvaya Guidance under Parth sir.

    To know how all of them cleared the exam with our mentorship, visit the Unherd Podcast.

    Now that results are announced for UPSC 2021 Prelims, out of 15 out of 25 students of Santhosh Gupta sir have been recommended to Mains. One such student, Rahul expresses his gratitude and extends his appreciation.

    Most of our Mentors like Sudhanshu sir, Sajal sir, Santhosh sir, Pravin sir, Parth Verma sir and Sukanya Ma’am were UPSC aspirants themselves and have attended UPSC Mains more than five times and UPSC Interview more than twice. Hence their mentorship is always a blend of the best test series, comprehensive notes and current affairs knowledge.

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    All of them dedicate their time weekly to give 1-on-1 mentorship to every student where they discuss last week’s performance and next week’s approach.

    Be it Telegram, Whatsapp or Habitiat channels, they are always available and clear student’s doubts in a turnaround time of 24 Hours.

    Why Civilsdaily Mentors are the GPS for Your UPSC-CSE Preparation

    Remember there is always light at the end of the tunnel and if you want to get out of the tunnel you have to follow the direction of the light! Our mentors’ give you direction which is divided into daily modules. All you have to do is study and complete them on time.

    See the source image

    As every year passes by, we don’t get confident by the previous years’ performance and become laidback. Instead, we become more hungry to convert all our students into toppers.

    How are Current Civilsdaily Students Gearing up for UPSC-CSE 2022?

    Initially, our Civilsdaily student Smriti wasn’t confident about Prelims when she began her preparation. Though she had joined Civilsdaily in 2020, she started studying for UPSC-CSE back in 2019. At that time, Smriti had enrolled in multiple institutes. Though, most of these institutes had promised a personal mentor, she was unable to get in touch with them on a daily basis. Also those mentors never scheduled test-series on a weekly basis. Hence, despite preparing for a year, Smriti had scored only 35 marks out of 200 in her first test series by Civilsdaily.

    She then started writing 20-25 test series over the course of UAP 2021 and in her last test, her scores have drastically improved. She now scores in the range of 130-135 marks in prelims’ and 110+ in mains’ papers.

    In Smriti’s own words she describes her Samanvaya Mentorship Experience to be —

    Our parents provide us financial and emotional support, friends provide us moral support and the right mentor gives you logistic and logical support for UPSC. There are days when I felt I won’t be able to compete against lakhs of aspirants. That’s when my mentor, Ravi sir reminded me of my improvement and encouraged me that I can crack it with the same consistency. We need someone, who tells us we are performing well especially when we cannot see that ourselves. The mentorship at Civilsdaily helped me become mentally stronger as a person. In other institutes, mentors are allotted only for doubt resolution. But at Civilsdaily, I am getting end-to-end mentorship via value added notes, classes, test series and detailed evaluation.”

    Similarly our another Civilsdaily student, Ashish sums up his Samanvaya experience with Civilsdaily mentor, Pravin Sir, “Because of Pravin sir’s support, I am able to understand a topic in lesser time.”

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    This is how Pravin sir evaluates Ashish’s Mains Test Series every week. After every test series evaluation, Pravin sir schedules a 1 hour call to discuss how Ashish can improve his marks and the sources he can refer for key topics.

    It’s Your Turn Get the Free 40 Min Counselling Session By a CD Mentor

    Civilsdaily mentors are so dedicated, consistent and focused for your UPSC goal, that you will eventually become focused into turning your dreams to reality.

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    At the core of Civilsdaily UPSC mentorship, lies the fact that each one of you will have a unique journey while preparing for the exam. Some will get through on the first attempt without much effort while others will take both more time and more effort.

    We want to understand you better to help you optimize your journey so you can focus on the right things and not waste time on the wrong ones. We are asking you to tap into the valuable experiences of mentors who underwent the same grind and realize the pitfalls and understand the shortcuts to make it.

    In the first counselling session, we will understand your weaknesses. We then help you to stick to one plan or strategy throughout your preparation. We will then follow up with you on a daily basis to check if you are right on track. To get an idea of how your 1st 1-on-1 mentorship will look like, watch this sample video —

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  • Issues with India’s GDP data

    Context

    There are three major reasons why the GDP data, and hence any narrative of economic recovery based on it, are questionable.

    Background

    • The NSO released the current GDP series in 2015, using 2011-12 as its base year.
    • Some have argued that the problem in the new series is the real growth rate. This is debatable.
    • Scholars have pointed to measurement problems, both in the nominal and real GDP growth rates.

    Three issues with the GDP data, and  narrative of economic recovery based on it

    [1] Double deflation problem

    • The new series entailed a shift from a volume-based measurement system to one based on nominal values, thereby making the deflator problem more critical.
    • Simply put, the NSO calculates real GDP by gathering nominal GDP data in rupees and then deflating this data using various price indices.
    • The nominal data needs to be deflated twice: Once for outputs and once for inputs.
    • But the NSO — almost uniquely amongst G20 countries — deflates the nominal data only once.
    • It does not deflate the value of inputs.
    • To see why this is a problem, consider what happens when the price of imported oil goes down.
    • In that case, input costs will fall and the profits recorded by Indian firms will rise.
    • This increase in profits is merely the result of a fall in input prices, so it needs to be deflated away.
    • But the NSO doesn’t deflate away the increase in profits.
    • Since the cost of inputs is measured by the WPI (wholesale price index), a crude measure of the overestimation caused by the absence of “double deflation” is given by the gap between the WPI and the CPI (consumer price index).
    • In the 2014-2017 period, oil prices plunged, causing the WPI to fall sharply relative to the CPI.
    • This meant that real growth was probably overstated.
    • In the last few months, the exact opposite has been happening. WPI inflation is soaring.
    • The rapid increase in the WPI relative to the CPI is imparting an upward bias to the deflator.

    [2] Sectoral weight not updated

    • When it calculates GDP, it takes a sample of activity in each sector, then aggregates the figures by using sectoral weights.
    • To make sure that the weights are reasonably accurate, the NSO normally updates them once a decade.
    • It has now been more than 10 years since the weights were changed, and there are no signs of a base year revision.
    • As a result, the sectoral weights are still based on the structure of the economy in 2010-11, when in particular the information technology sector was much smaller.

    [3] Measurement of unorganised sector

    • Measurement of the unorganised sector has always been difficult in India.
    • Once in a while, the NSO undertakes a survey to measure the size of the sector.
    • In the meantime, it simply assumes that the sector has been growing at the same rate as the organised sector.
    • However, starting in 2016 the unorganised sector has been disproportionately impacted by a series of shocks.
    • In 2018, the NBFC sector reported serious problems, which in turn impacted unorganised sector firms since they were heavily dependent on NBFCs for funds.
    • From 2020 onwards, the pandemic has impacted the unorganised sector more than the organised sector enterprises.
    • Despite these shocks, the NSO does not seem to have made any adjustments to its methodology for estimating the growth of the unorganised sector.

    Consider the question “Elaborate the issues with India’s GDP data. Suggest the way forward.”

    Conclusion

    There are serious problems with India’s GDP data. Any analysis of recovery or growth forecast based on this data must be taken with a handful of salt.

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  • China’s disputed ‘Developing’ Country Status at WTO

    China’s status as a ‘developing country’ at the World Trade Organization (WTO) has become a contentious issue with a number of countries raising concerns.

    Defining a country’s ‘Development’

    • There are no WTO definitions of “developed” or “developing” countries.
    • Developing countries in the WTO are designated on the basis of self-selection although this is not necessarily automatically accepted in all WTO bodies.
    • The WTO however recognizes as least-developed countries (LDCs) those countries which have been designated as such by the United Nations.

    Benefits of ‘Developing Country’ tag

    • Special and differential treatment: Certain WTO agreements give developing countries special rights through ‘special and differential treatment’ (S&DT) provisions.
    • Preferential treatment: The classification also allows other countries to offer preferential treatment.
    • Longer timeframe for pacts: WTO can grant developing countries longer timeframes to implement the agreements and even commitments to raise trading opportunities for such countries.

    Issues with Chinese ‘Developing Country’ status

    • China has become an upper-middle-income country according to the World Bank.
    • It involves in unfair trade practices such as preferential treatment for state enterprises, data restrictions and inadequate enforcement of intellectual property rights.

    How has China responded?

    • China has consistently maintained that it is the “world’s largest developing economy”.
    • It has recently indicated that it may be willing to forego many benefits of being a developing country.

    What are the benefits of LDC classification?

    • The WTO recognizes LDCs relying on a classification by the UN based on criteria that is reviewed every three years. LDCs are often exempted from certain provisions of WTO pacts.
    • Bangladesh, currently classified as an LDC, receives zero duty, zero quota access for almost all exports to the EU.
    • It is, however, set to graduate from the LDC status in 2026 as its per capita GDP has risen sharply surpassing that of India in FY21.

    Try this question from CS Mains 2018:

     

    Q.What are the key areas of reform if the WTO has to survive in the present context of ‘Trade War’, especially keeping in mind the interest of India?

     

    Reference: https://www.civilsdaily.com/sansad-tv-perspective-wto-reforms/

    (Aspirants need not write whole answers. Just a quick summary with keywords would suffice.)

     

     

     

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  • MHA seeks more time to frame CAA rules

    The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has sought another extension from parliamentary committees to frame the rules of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA), 2019.

    What is Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), 2019?

    • The act is sought to amend the Citizenship Act, 1955 to make Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, and Christian illegal migrants from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, eligible for citizenship of India.
    • In other words, it intends to make it easier for non-Muslim immigrants from India’s three Muslim-majority neighbours to become citizens of India.
    • Under The Citizenship Act, 1955, one of the requirements for citizenship by naturalization is that the applicant must have resided in India during the last 12 months, as well as for 11 of the previous 14 years.
    • The amendment relaxes the second requirement from 11 years to 6 years as a specific condition for applicants belonging to these six religions, and the aforementioned three countries.
    • It exempts the members of the six communities from any criminal case under the Foreigners Act, 1946 and the Passport Act, 1920 if they entered India before December 31, 2014.

    Key feature: Defining illegal migrants

    • Illegal migrants cannot become Indian citizens in accordance with the present laws.
    • Under the CAA, an illegal migrant is a foreigner who: (i) enters the country without valid travel documents like a passport and visa, or (ii) enters with valid documents, but stays beyond the permitted time period.
    • Illegal migrants may be put in jail or deported under the Foreigners Act, 1946 and The Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920.

    Exceptions

    • The Bill provides that illegal migrants who fulfil four conditions will not be treated as illegal migrants under the Act.  The conditions are:
    1. they are Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis or Christians;
    2. they are from Afghanistan, Bangladesh or Pakistan;
    3. they entered India on or before December 31, 2014;
    4. they are not in certain tribal areas of Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, or Tripura included in the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution, or areas under the “Inner Line” permit, i.e., Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, and Nagaland.

    Controversy with the Act

    • Country of Origin: The Act classifies migrants based on their country of origin to include only Afghanistan, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
    • Other religious minorities ignored: It is unclear why illegal migrants from only six specified religious minorities have been included in the Act.
    • Defiance of purpose: India shares a border with Myanmar, which has had a history of persecution of a religious minority, the Rohingya Muslims.
    • Date of Entry: It is also unclear why there is a differential treatment of migrants based on their date of entry into India, i.e., whether they entered India before or after December 31, 2014.

    Way forward

    • India is a constitutional democracy with a basic structure that assures a secure and spacious home for all Indians.
    • Being partitioned on religious grounds, India has to undertake a balancing act for protecting the religious minorities in its neighbourhood.
    • These minorities are under constant threat of persecution and vandalism.
    • India needs to balance the civilization duties to protect those who are prosecuted in the neighbourhood.

     

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  • Places in news: Darvaza Gas Crater

    Turkmenistan President has ordered experts to find a way to extinguish a fire in a huge natural gas crater, the Darvaza gas crater also known as the ‘Gateway to Hell’.

    Darvaza Gas Crater

    • Located in the Karakum desert, 260 kilometres away from Turkmenistan’s capital, Ashgabat, the crater has been burning for the last 50 years.
    • The crater is 69 metres wide and 30 metres deep.
    • While the details of the origin of the crater are contested but it has been said that the crater was created in 1971 during a Soviet drilling operation.
    • In 1971, Soviet geologists were drilling for oil in the Karakum desert when they hit a pocket of natural gas by mistake, which caused the earth to collapse and ended up forming three huge sinkholes.

    Why is it flamed?

    • This pocket of natural gas contained methane, hence to stop that methane from leaking into the atmosphere, the scientists lit it with fire, assuming the gas present in the pit would burn out within a few weeks.
    • The scientists seemed to have misjudged the amount of gas present in the pit, because the crater has been on fire for five decades now.

    A popular tourist attraction

    • The crater has become a significant tourist attraction in Turkmenistan.
    • In 2018, the country’s president officially renamed it as the “Shining of Karakum”.

    Why did Turkmenistan order to extinguish it?

    • Calling it a human-made crater, it has negative effects on both environment and the health of the people living nearby.
    • It also ends up losing valuable natural resources for which could fetch significant profits.

    How harmful are methane leaks?

    • Methane is the primary contributor to the formation of ground-level ozone, a hazardous air pollutant and greenhouse gas, exposure to which causes 1 million premature deaths every year.
    • Methane is also a powerful greenhouse gas. Over a 20-year period, it is 80 times more potent at warming than carbon dioxide.

    Back2Basics: TAPI Gas Pipeline

    • The Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India (TAPI) Pipeline is a natural gas pipeline being developed with the participation of the Asian Development Bank.
    • It will be a 1,814km trans-country natural gas pipeline running across four countries.
    • It will transport natural gas from the Galkynysh Gas Field in Turkmenistan through Afghanistan into Pakistan and then to India.
    • The plan for the TAPI project was originally conceived in the 1990s to generate revenue from Turkmenistan’s gas reserves by exporting natural gas via Afghanistan to Pakistan and India.
    • Construction on the project started in Turkmenistan on 13 December 2015, work on the Afghan section began in February 2018, and work on the Pakistani section was planned to commence in December 2018.
    • Presently, the construction work has been stalled due to terror activities of Taliban in Afghanistan since few years.

     

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  • Red Sanders falls back in IUCN’s ‘endangered’ category

    Red Sanders (Red Sandalwood) has fallen back into the ‘endangered’ category in the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Red List.

    A recently released and trending Telugu movie plot provides a fictional account of red sandal smuggling.

    About Red Sanders

    • The species, Pterocarpus santalinus, is an Indian endemic tree species, with a restricted geographical range in the Eastern Ghats.
    • It is endemic to a distinct tract of forests in Andhra Pradesh.
    • It is mainly found in Chittoor, Kadapa, Nandhyal, Nellore, Prakasam districts of Andhra Pradesh.
    • It was classified as ‘near threatened’ in 2018 and has now joined the ‘endangered’ list once again in 2021.
    • It is listed under Appendix II of CITES and is banned from international trade.

    Status of legal protection in India

    • The Union Environment Ministry had decided to keep Red Sanders (red sandalwood) OUT of the Schedule VI of Wild Life Protection Act, 1972, arguing that this would discourage the cultivation of the rare plant species.
    • Schedule VI regulates and restricts the cultivation, possession, and sale of a rare plant species.

    Significance of listing

    • It was a moment of celebration when the species was lifted off from the endangered category for the first time since 1997.
    • Over the last three generations, the species has experienced a population decline of 50-80 percent.
    • It is also scheduled in appendix II of the CITES and Wildlife Protection Act.

    Threats to this species

    • Red Sanders are known for their rich hue and therapeutic properties, are high in demand across Asia, particularly in China and Japan.
    • They are used in cosmetics and medicinal products as well as for making furniture, woodcraft and musical instruments.
    • Its popularity can be gauged from the fact that a tonne of Red Sanders costs anything between Rs 50 lakh to Rs 1 crore in the international market.

    Try this question from CSP 2016:

    Q.With reference to ‘Red Sanders’, sometimes seen in the news, consider the following statements:

    1. It is a tree species found in a part of South India.
    2. It is one of the most important trees in the tropical rain forest areas of South India.

    Which of the above statements is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

     

    Post your answers here.


    Back2Basics: Red List Categories of IUCN

    Species are classified by the IUCN Red List into nine groups specified through criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation. They are:

    • Extinct (EX) – beyond reasonable doubt that the species is no longer extant.
    • Extinct in the wild (EW) – survives only in captivity, cultivation and/or outside native range, as presumed after exhaustive surveys.
    • Critically endangered (CR) – in a particularly and extremely critical state.
    • Endangered (EN) – very high risk of extinction in the wild, meets any of criteria A to E for Endangered.
    • Vulnerable (VU) – meets one of the 5 red list criteria and thus considered to be at high risk of unnatural (human-caused) extinction without further human intervention.
    • Near threatened (NT) – close to being at high risk of extinction in the near future.
    • Least concern (LC) – unlikely to become extinct in the near future.
    • Data deficient (DD)
    • Not evaluated (NE)

     

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  • National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)

    Delhi and most of the other non-attainment cities under the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) have shown only a marginal improvement, said a new analysis released.

    About NCAP

    • The NCAP was implemented across India in 2019 to reduce particulate matter levels in 132 cities by 20-30% in 2024.
    • Cities are declared non-attainment if they consistently fail to meet the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) over a five-year period.

    What are NAAQ standards?

    • The mandate provided to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act empowers it to set standards for the quality of air.
    • Hence the current National Ambient Air Quality Standards were notified in November 2009 by the CPCB.
    • Prior to this, India had set Air Quality standards in 1994, and this was later revised in 1998.
    • The 2009 standards further lowered the maximum permissible limits for pollutants and made the standards uniform across the nation.
    • Earlier, less stringent standards were prescribed for industrial zones as compared to residential areas.

    Pollutants covered:

    • Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
    • Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2),
    • Particulate Matter (size less than 10 µm) or PM 10
    • Particulate Matter (size less than 2.5 µm) or PM2.5
    • Ozone (O3)
    • Carbon Monoxide (CO)
    • Ammonia (NH3)

    (Air Pollutants that most of us NEVER heard of:)

    • Lead
    • Benzene (C6H6)
    • Benzo(a)Pyrene (BaP)
    • Arsenic(As)
    • Nickel (Ni)

    Source: Arthpaedia

     

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  • What is Samba Cultivation?

    Around four lakh more acres have been brought under the Crop Insurance Scheme for the Samba Cultivation season of 2021-22 in Tamil Nadu.

    What is Samba Cultivation?

    • It is a Tamil name for paddy cultivation season.
    • Other paddy seasons in Tamil Nadu include:
    1. Kuruvai: June-July
    2. Samba: August
    3. Late Samba / Thaladi: September- October
    4. Navarai: December- January

    Back2Basics: Major crop seasons

    (1) Kharif Crop

    • Kharif crops, monsoon crops, or autumn crops are cultivated and harvested in the monsoon season.
    • The farmers sow seeds at the beginning of the monsoon season and harvest them at the end of the season. i.e., between September and October.
    • Kharif crops need a lot of water and hot weather for proper growth.
    • Examples: Rice, Maize, Millet, Soybean, Arhar, Cotton. etc.

    (2) Rabi Crop

    • Rabi means spring in Arabic. Crops grown in the winter season [October to December] and harvested in the spring season [Aril-May] are called Rabi crops.
    • These crops require a warm climate for germination and maturation of seeds and need a cold environment for their growth.
    • Rain in winter spoils the Rabi crop but is good for the Kharif crop.
    • Examples: Wheat, Gram, Barley, Peas, Oats, Chickpea, Linseed, Mustard, etc.

    (3) Zaid Crop

    • Zaid crops are grown between Kharif and Rabi Seasons, i.e., between March to June.
    • They require warm, dry weather as a vital growth period and longer day length for flowering.
    • Zaid crop is significant for farmers as it gives fast cash to the farmers and is also known as gap-filler between two chief crops, Kharif and Rabi.
    • Examples: Cucumber, Pumpkin, Bitter gourd, Watermelon, Muskmelon, Sugarcane, Groundnut, Pulses, etc.

     

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  • Here are the ways You Can Fight Inconsistency in Your UPSC-CSE Preparation|| How to Make Studying a Daily  Habit for Your UPSC Goal?|| Fill Civilsdaily Free 1-on-1 Counselling Session for Guidance by Veterans within 24 Hrs

    Here are the ways You Can Fight Inconsistency in Your UPSC-CSE Preparation|| How to Make Studying a Daily Habit for Your UPSC Goal?|| Fill Civilsdaily Free 1-on-1 Counselling Session for Guidance by Veterans within 24 Hrs

    Everything that has a value in life is a product of consistency — Health, Fitness, Wealth, Relationships and Your UPSC Aspiration as well. Choosing consistency is better than chasing perfection. Nobody can be perfect, but everyone can stay consistent.

    Choosing to be a UPSC Aspirant means you have signed up for a roller-coaster of emotions for a period of 1-2 years. Not all days are going to be the same, that is for sure. Some days you’re extremely motivated and positive, and on other days, you might find yourself questioning EVERYTHING about your preparation! It is absolutely normal. This is something extremely inevitable. Even the best of the toppers can have the worst days during the preparation phase simply because it is an extremely long and often a lonely process.

    It’s fine to be inconsistent for a short while. Maybe a day or two in the initial phase. But don’t make it a habit. Regular inconsistency won’t fetch you the desired result. But what exactly is inconsistency?

    What did Aspirants say made them Inconsistent 1-on-1 Free Counselling Session?

    Last month, we had counselled about 4000 aspirants and found out the major reasons why are in inconsistent in their UPSC preparation. Here are few of the responses we received (we have withheld names to respect their privacy)

    1. “I am inconsistent because my thoughts don’t line up with my actions. I like the idea of being an IAS officer, but I am unable to study for it.”

    2. “There are days when I brood about the competition and think do I really stand a chance? That’s what keeps me studying for many days together.”, shared another

    3. “I am a working professional and I am unable to find time to study for weeks together.”

    4. “I am unable to make a timetable that can do justice to both my pace and the vast syllabus of UPSC”

    5. “This is my third attempt. The thought of repeating the same cycle of studies and reading those dreary books once again keeps me from staying consistent.”

    6. “I feel burnt out. There are days I put in so much effort studying for UPSC that I won’t feel like the next day.”

    7. “Social Media. I get distracted often.”

    8. “The preparation makes me feel lonely. Sometimes I wish I had a well-wisher who could pull me out of my inconsistent ways.”

    What we could understand from this is that self-doubt kills enthusiasm to prepare for UPSC. And fear of failure stops you from staying consistent. It’s important to inculcate consistency as a UPSC aspirant as consistency leads to habits. Habits lead to action and action makes you successful.

    Inconsistency is the frenemy of every UPSC aspirant — they look like your friend at first, but they are your enemy in disguise. It doesn’t even let you achieve 10% of your actual potential. You know that you are capable of so many things if you stopped being inconsistent.

    Keeping this in mind, we have launched our mentorship program this week. The highlight of our free 1-on-1 sessions would be to suggest ways that can help you stay focused during your long preparation journey for UPSC.

    How does 1-on-1 Mentorship fights inconsistency in UPSC Preparation?

    Our philosophy behind MENTORSHIP is to get you out of this Snooze cycle. This ensures that you are the BEST VERSION of yourself in this journey. If you are under the impression that mentorship is weekly calls you attend, then you are mistaken, my friend. Trust us, your mentor will be your ‘FRIEND, PHILOSOPHER AND GUIDE’.

    TO EACH THEIR OWN – Every aspirant is different. Their strengths and weaknesses are different. Their time availability is also different. Identifying this is important so you don’t end up making unrealistic targets and lose momentum. Your mentor will make sure you start slow but remain consistent to build your confidence. Making your schedule structured based on our experience of working with 2500+ students is our first priority. 

    TRACK YOUR PROGRESS – When you see yourself grow, it becomes easier to motivate yourself to push boundaries. Tracking your progress can happen in many ways like mentorship calls or chat sessions or by regular tests. The idea is to ensure that you don’t go off track in your preparation, and even if you do, we have your back.

    EVOLUTION – A constant guidance is important to bring consistency to your UPSC preparation. Guidance is not about clearing your doubts or asking you to study when you don’t. It is also about the evolution of your preparation. This is where you and your mentor work as a team. A constant effort to PLAN AND BUILD UP YOUR ABILITY to learn in a faster and more efficient way.RECEIVE PERSONAL GUIDANCE FOR UPSC (REGISTER HERE)

    TALK IT OUT – The biggest hurdle in achieving your highest level of consistency is the emotional part. Every now and then, you. surround yourself with negative thoughts, you feel scared and depressed. Instead of resolving these emotional issues, you avoid them as it seems like a waste of your precious time. You have to understand that ignoring emotional troubles does not solve them. What your doing is building an emotional time bomb that may burst a week before your mains or prelims! This is where your MENTOR AS A FRIEND comes in. All our mentors have been through this journey. We understand your fears and anxieties. So, TALK IT OUT.

    Don’t let inconsistency keep you away from your dreams.

    Fill up the SAMANVAYA form given below. Let us know your problems and we will find a solution to it, just like our students say ” TOGETHER WE CAN AND WE WILL”.

    How has Civilsdaily Mentorship, helped Aspirants become Toppers?

    The most difficult challenge faced by EVERY candidate is inconsistency. Be it inconsistency in studies, answer-writing practice, covering the syllabus, or revision, every candidate finds it difficult to cope with. But how do successful candidates manage to FIGHT Inconsistency so consistently?

    In UPSC 2020, Civilsdaily helped 80+ students secure ranks in their exams. In the top 100, every 3rd ranker was a Civilsdaily student.

     A very recent success story would be Vishwa Shah, student of Civilsdaily Mentor, Sukanya Ma’am. Vishwa has cleared the GPSC exam to become the Deputy Superintendent of Police in Gujarat. He has penned a thank-you note yesterday. Heartiest Congratulations to Vishwa!

    One of our other Civilsdaily Student, Shubham Nagargoje cleared the exams in 2020 to become an IPS Officer. Shubham was gracious enough to let us know how he felt about Civilsdaily Samanvaya Guidance under Parth sir.

    To know how all of them cleared the exam with our mentorship, visit the Unherd Podcast.

    Now that results are announced for UPSC 2021 Prelims, out of 15 out of 25 students of Santhosh Gupta sir have been recommended to Mains. One such student, Rahul expresses his gratitude and extends his appreciation.

    Most of our Mentors like Sudhanshu sir, Sajal sir, Santhosh sir, Pravin sir, Parth Verma sir and Sukanya Ma’am were UPSC aspirants themselves and have attended UPSC Mains more than five times and UPSC Interview more than twice. Hence their mentorship is always a blend of the best test series, comprehensive notes and current affairs knowledge.

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    All of them dedicate their time weekly to give 1-on-1 mentorship to every student where they discuss last week’s performance and next week’s approach.

    Be it Telegram, Whatsapp or Habitiat channels, they are always available and clear student’s doubts in a turnaround time of 24 Hours.

    Why Civilsdaily Mentors are the GPS for Your UPSC-CSE Preparation

    Remember there is always light at the end of the tunnel and if you want to get out of the tunnel you have to follow the direction of the light! Our mentors’ give you direction which is divided into daily modules. All you have to do is study and complete them on time.

    See the source image

    As every year passes by, we don’t get confident by the previous years’ performance and become laidback. Instead, we become more hungry to convert all our students into toppers.

    How are Current Civilsdaily Students Gearing up for UPSC-CSE 2022?

    Initially, our Civilsdaily student Smriti wasn’t confident about Prelims when she began her preparation. Though she had joined Civilsdaily in 2020, she started studying for UPSC-CSE back in 2019. At that time, Smriti had enrolled in multiple institutes. Though, most of these institutes had promised a personal mentor, she was unable to get in touch with them on a daily basis. Also those mentors never scheduled test-series on a weekly basis. Hence, despite preparing for a year, Smriti had scored only 35 marks out of 200 in her first test series by Civilsdaily.

    She then started writing 20-25 test series over the course of UAP 2021 and in her last test, her scores have drastically improved. She now scores in the range of 130-135 marks in prelims’ and 110+ in mains’ papers.

    In Smriti’s own words she describes her Samanvaya Mentorship Experience to be —

    Our parents provide us financial and emotional support, friends provide us moral support and the right mentor gives you logistic and logical support for UPSC. There are days when I felt I won’t be able to compete against lakhs of aspirants. That’s when my mentor, Ravi sir reminded me of my improvement and encouraged me that I can crack it with the same consistency. We need someone, who tells us we are performing well especially when we cannot see that ourselves. The mentorship at Civilsdaily helped me become mentally stronger as a person. In other institutes, mentors are allotted only for doubt resolution. But at Civilsdaily, I am getting end-to-end mentorship via value added notes, classes, test series and detailed evaluation.”

    Similarly our another Civilsdaily student, Ashish sums up his Samanvaya experience with Civilsdaily mentor, Pravin Sir, “Because of Pravin sir’s support, I am able to understand a topic in lesser time.”

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    This is how Pravin sir evaluates Ashish’s Mains Test Series every week. After every test series evaluation, Pravin sir schedules a 1 hour call to discuss how Ashish can improve his marks and the sources he can refer for key topics.

    It’s Your Turn Get the Free 40 Min Counselling Session By a CD Mentor

    Civilsdaily mentors are so dedicated, consistent and focused for your UPSC goal, that you will eventually become focused into turning your dreams to reality.

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    At the core of Civilsdaily UPSC mentorship, lies the fact that each one of you will have a unique journey while preparing for the exam. Some will get through on the first attempt without much effort while others will take both more time and more effort.

    We want to understand you better to help you optimize your journey so you can focus on the right things and not waste time on the wrong ones. We are asking you to tap into the valuable experiences of mentors who underwent the same grind and realize the pitfalls and understand the shortcuts to make it.

    In the first counselling session, we will understand your weaknesses. We then help you to stick to one plan or strategy throughout your preparation. We will then follow up with you on a daily basis to check if you are right on track. To get an idea of how your 1st 1-on-1 mentorship will look like, watch this sample video —

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  • [Burning Issue] Gig Economy in India

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    The surge in demand for gig workers, particularly in the shared services and logistics segments, in the aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic led to mushrooming of job discovery platforms.

    What is the gig economy?

    • In a gig economy, temporary, flexible jobs are commonplace and companies tend toward hiring independent contractors and freelancers instead of full-time employees.
    • A gig economy undermines the traditional economy of full-time workers who rarely change positions and instead focus on a lifetime career. e.g Employee models of Uber, Ola, Swiggy etc
    • In this economy, tech-enabled platforms connect the consumer to the gig worker to hire services on a short-term basis. Gig workers include self-employed, freelancers, independent contributors and part-time workers.
    • This project-based gig economy allows the service adopter to cut overhead costs, and the gig worker to get paid for a specific task performed instead of receiving a fixed salary.
    • The gig economy can benefit workers, businesses, and consumers by making work more adaptable to the needs of the moment and demand for flexible lifestyles.
    • At the same time, the gig economy can have downsides due to the erosion of traditional economic relationships between workers, businesses, and clients.
    • Sectors such as media, real estate, legal, hospitality, technology-help, management, medicine, allied and education are already operating in gig culture.

    Is Gig economy a new concept?

    • The ‘Gig concept’ is very common in advanced countries like the US, Europe, who hire part time workers.
    • With freelancing evolving into the Gig Economy, the concept is attracting a lot of people in India as well.
    • Gig economy is remunerative and gives a wide range of choices but it also leads to casualization of the labor.

    Trends in Gig Economy 

    • The digital gig economy generated a gross volume of approximately $204 bn from worldwide customers in 2018. Transportation-based services contributed to over 50% of this value.
    • The size of the gig economy is projected to grow by a 17% CAGR and generate a gross volume of ~$455 bn by 2023.
    • Digital platforms have emerged as enablers for employment creation with the power to easily discover job seekers and job providers in the absence of middlemen.
    • Due to the rapid developments in technology, the transaction cost for outsourcing non-core activities is reducing and facilitating an increase in the number of tasks which can be performed by each worker.
    • Thus, firms are shrinking in size and we are witnessing a rise in start-ups which are outsourcing many activities to expert service providers on a contractual basis.
    • While the gig economy is popular amongst the blue-collar workers in India, there is now huge potential for the white-collar workers as well, due to increasing demand in industries – project-specific consultants, logo/content design, web design etc.
    • The gig economy is expanding from less skilled services to more skilled jobs.

    Gig Economy in India

    • The COVID-19 pandemic-induced remote working has blurred the age-old skepticism over the efficiency and dependability of contractual or part-time employees, with companies increasingly looking to hire gig workers.
    • As per a report by ASSOCHAM, India’s gig sector is expected to increase to US$455 billion at a CAGR of 17% by 2024 and has the potential to expand at least 2x the pre-pandemic estimates.
    • India has emerged as the 5th largest country for flexi-staffing after US, China, Brazil and Japan. 
    • Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Telangana have most opportunities in terms of growth for the flexi-workers.
    • In another estimate, India is likely to have 350 million gig jobs by 2025, presenting a huge opportunity for job seekers to capitalize and adapt to the changing work dynamics.
    • At present, India has a pool of ~15 million freelance workers staffed in projects across IT, HR and designing. In addition, India’s workforce is growing by ~4 million people annually.
    • And as most of them are young millennials, they are showing an increasing preference for gig contracts. This trend is expected to significantly impact gig economy in the near future.

    Key Drivers for Gig Economy

    (1) Unconventional work approach by millennials

    • Hectic lifestyles of employees in private sectors have created a negative perception of full-time employment among millennials.
    • Factors such as growth opportunities, flexibility, better work-life balance and option to not acquire a college degree are encouraging millennials to opt for freelancing opportunities as opposed to corporate work culture.

    (2) Emergence of a start-up culture

    • The start-up ecosystem in India has been developing rapidly. For start-ups, hiring full-time employees leads to high fixed costs and therefore, contractual freelancers are hired for non-core activities.
    • Start-ups are also looking at hiring skilled technology freelancers (on a per project basis) in areas such as engineering, product, data science and ML to bolster their tech platforms.

    (3) MNCs are hiring contractual employees

    • MNCs are adopting flexi-hiring options, especially for niche projects, to reduce operational expenses after the pandemic. This trend is significantly contributing to the gig culture in India.

    (4) Rise in freelancing platforms

    • Rise in freelancing platforms has also aided in the development of the gig economy. Many home-grown platforms such as Upwork, Truelancer and Guru provide access to high-skilled freelancers.
    • The number of freelancing platforms has significantly increased—from 80 in 2009 to 330 in 2021. These platforms boast of a clientele comprising not only start-ups, but also Fortune 500 companies.

    (5) Business Models

    • Gig employees work on various compensation models such as fixed-fee (decided during contract initiation), time & effort, actual unit of work delivered and quality of outcome.
    • The fixed-fee model is the most prevalent; however, time & effort model comes a close second.

    (6) Impact of Covid-19

    • According to the survey, India stands to lose ~135 million jobs because of the pandemic and this is likely to push the full-time workforce towards the gig economy.
    • Moreover, many laid-off employees are focusing on developing skills to avail freelance job opportunities and become a part of this burgeoning economy.

    Why is Gig Economy preferred by workers?

    • One can work on freelancing as well as work full-time somewhere else. Hence it is profitable to the worker as he can hit two targets together and multitask.
    • It is very beneficial for women who work on this concept when they cannot continue their work or take a break from career due to marriage or child birth.
    • Retired people can stay active after retirement as this will keep them engaged away from loneliness and depression and can earn as well on their own rather than depending on their children or pensions.
    • It offers flexibility and diversity to the workers. It offers flexibility when workers can work according to their convenience and schedule rather than routine like in full-time jobs.
    • The travel costs and energy to travel to the workplace is reduced.

    Why is Gig Economy preferred by Employers?

    • The efficiency, efficacy and productivity of workers in gig economy are much more than that of a stable full-time job.
    • More Economical for employers – When employment givers can’t afford to hire full-time workers, they hire people for specific projects and pay them.
    • Start-up companies and entrepreneurs – who do not have big financial space – can grow only if they can leverage the services of contract employees or freelancers.
    • In a gig economy, businesses save resources in terms of benefits, office space and training. (Reference – Whatis)
    • Competition and efficiency among workers improved.

    Challenges faced in Gig economy

    • There are no labour welfare emoluments like pension, gratuity, etc. for the workers.
    • Gig workers may face unfair termination. They may also attain minimum wages and less paid leave.
    • Workers do not have the bargaining power to negotiate a fair deal with their employers.
    • Unionization of workers will be difficult.
    • Confidentiality of documents etc of the workplace is not guaranteed
    • The gig economy is not accessible for people in many rural areas where internet connectivity and electricity is unavailable.
    • The social welfare objectives can be neglected if business and profitable avenues of freelancing are prioritized.

    What are the major impacts of the gig economy?

    • Gig economy companies had introduced innovative systems and methods to the labour market. These methods are offering workers flexibility and the freedom to choose how and when they work.
    • But this chaotic and amoebic environment has helped create an environment of exploitation where workers get minimal protection and low wages.
    • A government study in the UK recently established that a quarter of the people working in the country’s gig economy are being paid below the national minimum wage.
    • As most of the gig economy companies act as an aggregator and digital companies, their interaction with the labourers and customers is minimal.

    Gig Economy and the women empowerment

    • The women are considerably placed in a victimised position in the workplace. The flexibility that the gig economy offers women help to come out of the shackles of the male domination.
    • The financial independence is often considered as the first step towards the women empowerment. The labour of the women will be valued and paid worth for.
    • Rise and participation of the women in the job market would help in improving the indicators where women participation is considered the least and they will occupy roles as the decision makers.
    • But women due to lack of certain options are forced to perform the dual responsibility of work and home.
    • Dual exploitation faced as they are sandwiched between the familial and professional responsibilities where they have to forego their professional lives.

    Code on Social Security 2019

    • To aid gig workers, the govt passed the ‘Code on Social Security’, which will provide workers with life and disability cover, accidental insurance, health & maternity benefits old age protection and others.
    • Under this code, the central and state governments will primarily fund social security measures, with a nominal contribution (1-2% of their annual turnover) by the aggregator.
    • Also, the contribution made by the aggregator/platform will not exceed 5% of the amount payable to gig and platform workers.
    • In addition, the code proposed to establish a ‘National Social Security Board’, which will supervise and formulate schemes for the well-being of gig and platform workers.

    Way Forward

    • The gig economy has been on the rise and is expected to beat the pre-pandemic estimates due the expected influx of gig workers transitioning from full-time employment.
    • While the government has taken the initial steps to ensure social security of gig workers, the ‘Code on Social Security’ needs to be fine-tuned.
    • Further, all platform workers should be offered mandatory coverage under the Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana and Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana.
      • This can be facilitated through the employer companies and will ensure employee protection; thus, guaranteeing a sustainable gig economy.
    • There should be revamped of employee policy assessments and evaluations. An effective evaluation process is required to ensure consistent and quality work, where customized assessment procedures need to be developed.
    • India should learn from developed countries like the US and basic training and courses on freelancing, etc. should be provided to people.
    • Career Avenues, choices, counselling should be available to students and workers on gig economy.
    • Companies will also need a human resource department that can manage a diverse workforce and imbue the company’s culture into gig workers.

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  • The Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) to review

    Context

    The report of the Standing Committee on External Affairs on ‘India and bilateral investment treaties (BITs)’ was presented to Parliament last month.

    Factor’s that necessitated the review of India’s BITs

    • Investor’s started suing India frequently: Since 2011, when India lost its first investment treaty claim in White Industries v. India, foreign investors have sued India around 20 times for alleged BIT breaches.
    • This made India the 10th most frequent respondent-state globally in terms of investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) claims from 1987 to 2019 (UNCTAD).
    • Adoption of new Model BIT: India adopted a new Model BIT in 2016, which marked a significant departure from its previous treaty practice.
    • Negotiating new BITs: India is in the process of negotiating new investment deals (separately or as part of free trade agreements) with important countries such as Australia and the U.K.

    Recommendations of the Committee

    • 1] Speed of the existing negotiations: India has signed very few investment treaties after the adoption of the Model BIT.
    • It recommends that India expedite the existing negotiations and conclude the agreements at the earliest because a delay might adversely impact foreign investment.
    •  2] Sign more BIT’s in core sector: The committee recommends that India should sign more BITs in core or priority sectors to attract FDI.
    • Generally, BITs are not signed for specific sectors.
    •  It will require an overhauling of India’s extant treaty practice that focuses on safeguarding certain kinds of regulatory measures from ISDS claims rather than limiting BITs to specific sectors.
    • 3] Fine-tune Model BIT: Model BIT gives precedence to the state’s regulatory interests over the rights of foreign investors.
    • The Model BIT should be recalibrated keeping two factors in mind:
    • a) tightening the language of the existing provisions to circumscribe the discretion of ISDS arbitral tribunals.
    • b) striking a balance between the goals of investment protection and the state’s right to adopt bonafide regulatory measures for public welfare.
    • 4] Improve the capacity of government officials: The committee recommends bolstering the capacity of government officials in the area of investment treaty arbitration.
    •  While the government has taken some steps in this direction through a few training workshops, more needs to be done.
    • What is needed is an institutionalised mechanism for capacity-building through the involvement of public and private universities.
    • The government should also consider establishing chairs in universities to foster research and teaching activities in international investment law.

    Need to improve poor governance

    • A very large proportion of ISDS claims against India is due to poor governance.
    • This includes changing laws retroactively which led to Vodafone and Cairn suing India.
    • Annulling agreement in the wake of imagined scam which resulted in taking away S-band satellite spectrum from Devas.
    • The judiciary’s fragility in getting its act together (sitting on the White Industries case for enforcement of its commercial award for years).

    Suggestions

    • The Committee could have emphasised on greater regulatory coherence, policy stability, and robust governance structures to avoid ISDS claims.
    • The government should promptly assemble an expert team to review the Model BIT.

    Consider the question “India is one of the most frequent respondent-state globally in terms of investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) claims. In context of this, examine the reasons for such frequent disputes and suggest the way forward.” 

    Conclusion

    The committee’s report on India’s BITs have novel suggestions, but it is lacking in several aspects.

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    Back2Basics: ISDS mechanism

    • Investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) is a mechanism in a free trade agreement (FTA) or investment treaty that provides foreign investors, with the right to access an international tribunal to resolve investment disputes.
    •  ISDS promotes investor confidence and can protect against sovereign or political risk.
    • If a country does not uphold its investment obligations, an investor can have their claim determined by an independent arbitral tribunal, usually comprising three arbitrators.
  • New prominence of the Central Asian region

    Context

    When Prime Minister Narendra Modi hosts the five Central Asia leaders at the Republic Day Parade on January 26, it will send a strong signal — of the new prominence of the Central Asian region in India’s security calculations.

    Why India needs effective continental policy

    • Factors intensifying geopolitical competition: China’s assertive rise, withdrawal of forces of the United States/North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) from Afghanistan, the rise of Islamic fundamentalist forces, the changing dynamics of the historic stabilising role of Russia (most recently in Kazakhstan) and related multilateral mechanisms — the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), the Collective Security Treaty Organisation, and the Eurasian Economic Union — have all set the stage for a sharpening of the geopolitical competition on the Eurasian landmass.
    • Progress in ties: India’s continental strategy, in which the Central Asian region is an indispensable link, has progressed intermittently over the past two decades — promoting connectivity, incipient defence and security cooperation, enhancing India’s soft power and boosting trade and investment.
    • It is laudable, but as is now apparent, it is insufficient to address the broader geopolitical challenges engulfing the region.
    • To meet this challenge, evolving an effective continental strategy for India will be a complex and long-term exercise.

    Leveraging maritime power

    • India’s maritime vision and ambitions have grown dramatically during the past decade, symbolised by its National Maritime Strategy, the Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) and major initiatives relating to the Indo-Pacific and the Quad, in which maritime security figures prominently.
    •  It was also a response to the dramatic rise of China as a military power.
    • Importance: Maritime security is important to keeping sea lanes open for trade, commerce and freedom of navigation, resisting Chinese territorial aggrandisement in the South China Sea and elsewhere, and helping littoral states resist Chinese bullying tactics in interstate relations.
    • However, maritime security and associated dimensions of naval power are not sufficient instruments of statecraft as India seeks diplomatic and security constructs to strengthen deterrence against Chinese unilateral actions and the emergence of a unipolar Asia.
    • Bulwarks against Chinese maritime expansionist gains are relatively easier to build and its gains easier to reverse than the long-term strategic gains that China hopes to secure on continental Eurasia.
    • Centrality of Central Asia: Like Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) centrality is key to the Indo-Pacific, centrality of the Central Asian states should be key for Eurasia.

    Challenges for India

    1] Connectivity challenge

    • Connectivity means nothing when access is denied through persistent neighbouring state hostility contrary to the canons of international law.
    • India has been subject for over five decades to a land embargo by Pakistan that has few parallels in relations between two states that are technically not at war.
    • Lack of alternative route: Difficulties have arisen in operationalising an alternative route — the International North-South Transport Corridor on account of the U.S.’s hostile attitude towards Iran.
    • With the recent Afghan developments, India’s physical connectivity challenges with Eurasia have only become harder.
    • The marginalisation of India on the Eurasian continent in terms of connectivity must be reversed.

    2] India must be aware of the limitations of the US

    • The ongoing U.S.-Russia confrontation relating to Ukraine, Russian opposition to future NATO expansion and the broader questions of European security including on the issue of new deployment of intermediate-range missiles, following the demise of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) treaty will have profound consequences for Eurasian security.
    • The U.S. would be severely stretched if it wanted to simultaneously increase its force levels in Europe and the Indo-Pacific.
    • A major conflict — if it erupts in Central Europe, pitting Russia, Ukraine and some European states — will stall any hopes of a substantial U.S. military pivot to the Indo-Pacific. 
    • India should be cognisant of the limitations of geography, obvious gaps between strategic ambition and capacity but also the inherently different standpoints of how major maritime powers view critical questions of continental security.
    • India is unique as no other peer country has the same severity of challenges on both the continental and maritime dimensions.

    Way forward for India

    • India would need to acquire strategic vision and deploy the necessary resources to pursue our continental interests without ignoring our interests in the maritime domain.
    • This will require a more assertive push for our continental rights — namely that of transit and access, working with our partners in Central Asia, with Iran and Russia, and a more proactive engagement with economic and security agendas ranging from the SCO, Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO).
    • Striking the right balance between continental and maritime security would be the best guarantor of our long-term security interests.

    Conclusion

    India will need to define its own parameters of continental and maritime security consistent with its own interests. In doing so, at a time of major geopolitical change, maintaining our capacity for independent thought and action will help our diplomacy and statecraft navigate the difficult landscape and the choppy waters that lie ahead.

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  • The Chinese challenge

    Context

    Nearly 20 months after the border crisis began in Ladakh, China has pressed on with aggressive diplomatic and military gestures against India.

    Recent anti- India moves by China

    • Beijing recently renamed 15 places in Arunachal Pradesh, following the six it had done in 2017.
    • China justifies the renaming as being done on the basis of its historical, cultural and administrative jurisdiction over the area — these old names existed since ancient times which had been changed by India with its “illegal occupation”.
    • On January 1, 2022, Beijing’s new land border law came into force, which provides the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) with full responsibility to take steps against “invasion, encroachment, infiltration, provocation” and safeguard Chinese territory.

    India’s response

    • Delhi has run out of proactive options against Beijing that will force the Chinese leadership to change course on its India policy.
    • The two countries have an increasingly lopsided trade relationship driven by Indian dependency on Chinese manufacturing, a situation further worsened by the Government’s mishandling of the novel coronavirus pandemic.
    • To restore the status quo ante on the LAC as of April 2020, India undertook internal balancing of its military from the Pakistan border to the China border and external rebalancing through a closer partnership with the United States in the Indo-Pacific.
    • Because of the China factor, the U.S. is currently looking away even as India mistreats its minorities and its democracy stands diminished.
    •  India’s difficult diplomatic and military engagement with China is going to leave it more dependent on U.S. support, rendering India more vulnerable to American pressure on ‘shared values’.
    • With a rising China as its neighbour and a more self-centred U.S. – which is uncomfortable with India’s reliable partner, Russia — as its friend, Delhi continues to face difficult choices.

    Conclusion

    Put under the harsh glare, India has been found wanting in its ability to deal with future challenges. The immediate challenge, however, remains China. It cannot be wished away and must be tackled.

    UPSC 2022 countdown has begun! Get your personal guidance plan now! (Click here)

  • All 2022 & 2023 UPSC Aspirants, Can You Answer 2021 GS 3 Mains Questions? || Paper Released, Check Details Over Here||  Fill the Samanvaya Free 1-on-1 Call for UPSC Guidance

    All 2022 & 2023 UPSC Aspirants, Can You Answer 2021 GS 3 Mains Questions? || Paper Released, Check Details Over Here|| Fill the Samanvaya Free 1-on-1 Call for UPSC Guidance

    Dear Aspirants,

    Certain questions like GDP 2015 and Food Security Act 2013 required aspirants to be well-versed with the developments happening in the last 4-5 years. The economics section demanded well-balanced static and current affairs pointers from aspirants, especially in topics like agriculture, irrigation, and land reforms. Questions on environment saw a deviation from standard books and instead asked questions on UNFCCC COP and WHO air quality. Science and Technology too continued the trend of asking current affairs questions that were more than a year old. Case in point, is the question on the 2014 Nobel Prize winner. Disaster Management was manageable with questions on landslides that is already covered in standard books. The surprise element though, was Internal Security which had more weightage this year. However several themes were repeated from previous year’s paper like terrorism, internal threats, cyber attacks and money laundering.

    Try to answer these questions. In case you are facing any difficulties, fill the form below for a dedicated Civilsdaily mentor to give you a strategy call in 24 hours. Share us your burdens and concerns, we are waiting to resolve them.

    Q.1)  Explain the difference between computing methodology of India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) before the year 2015 and after the year 2015.  (Answer in 150 words)

    Q.2)  Distinguish between Capital Budget and Revenue Budget. Explain the components of both these Budgets. (Answer in 150 words)

    Q.3) How did land reforms in some parts of the country help to improve the socio-economic conditions of marginal and small farmers?  (Answer in 150 words)

    Q.4)  How and to what extent would micro-irrigation help in solving India’s water crisis? (Answer in 150 words)

    Q.5) How is the S-400 air defence system technically superior to any other system presently available in the world?  (Answer in 150 words)

    Q.6)  Explain the purpose of the Green Grid Initiative launched at the World Leaders Summit of the COP26 UN Climate Change Conference in Glasgow in November 2021. When was this idea first floated in the International solar Alliance (ISA)  (Answer in 150 words)

    Q.7)  Describe the key points of the revised Global Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs) recently released by the World Health Organisation (WHO). How are these different from its last update in 2005? What changes in India’s National Clean Air Programme are required to achieve these revised standards?  (Answer in 150 words)

    Q.8)  Discuss about the vulnerability of India to earthquake related hazards. Give examples including the salient features of major disasters caused by earthquakes in different parts of India during the last three decades. (Answer in 150 words)

    Q.9) Discuss how emerging technologies and globalization contribute to money laundering. Elaborate measures to tackle the problem of money laundering both at national and international levels. (Answer in 150 words)

    Q.10) Keeping in view India’s Internal Security, analyze the impact of cross-border cyber attacks. Also discuss defensive measures against these sophisticated attacks  (Answer in 150 words)

    Q.11) Do you agree that the Indian Economy has recently experienced a V-shaped recovery? Give reason in support of your answer. (Answer in 250 words)

    Q.12) “Investment in Infrastructure is essential for more rapid and inclusive economic growth.” Discuss in the light of India’s experience.   (Answer in 250 words)

    Q.13) What are the salient features of the national food security act, 2013? How has the food security bill helped in eliminating hunger and malnutrition in India? (Answer in 250 words)

    Q.14) What are the present challenges before crop diversification? How do emerging technologies provide an opportunity for crop diversification? (Answer in 250 words)

    Q.15) What are the research and developmental achievements in applied biotechnology? How will these achievements help to uplift the poorer sections of society? (Answer in 250 words)

    Q.16)  The Nobel prize in Physics of 2014 was jointly awarded to Akasaki, Amano, and Nakamura for the invention of blue LEDs in 1990s. How has this invention impacted the everyday life of human beings? (Answer in 250 words)

    Q.17) Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the conference of the parties(COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (Answer in 250 words)

    Q.18) Describe the various causes and effects of landslides. Mention the important components of the National Landslide Risk Management Strategy.  (Answer in 250 words)

    Q.19) Analyze the multidimensional challenges posed by the external state and non-state actors, to the internal security of India. Also discuss measures required to be taken to combat these threats.  (Answer in 250 words)

    Q.20)  Analyze the complexity and intensity of terrorism, its causes, linkages and obnoxious nexus. Also suggest measures required to be taken to eradicate the menace of terrorism.  (Answer in 250 words)

  • MEETING LINK INSIDE, Register & Join Now|| CSAT for Non-Maths Aspirants|| Shortcuts to Get Correct Answers in Quantitative Aptitude & Logical Reasioning|| By Civilsdaily Mentor Ravi Sir|| Limited Slots Available, Register Now

    MEETING LINK INSIDE, Register & Join Now|| CSAT for Non-Maths Aspirants|| Shortcuts to Get Correct Answers in Quantitative Aptitude & Logical Reasioning|| By Civilsdaily Mentor Ravi Sir|| Limited Slots Available, Register Now

    Ask Me Anything || CSAT Prelims Strategy || by Ravi sir
    Date & Time: Jan 10, 2022 @07:00 PM (login starts 06:45 PM onwards) India

    Join Zoom Meeting

    https://zoom.us/j/97094730353?pwd=WTY1Zmt0OEg2ZlhqR2EzZm1Hb25vUT09

    Meeting ID: 970 9473 0353
    Passcode: 715698

    Most of the aspirants don’t think about CSAT preparation until the fag end of UPSC Prelims only because it’s a qualifying paper. You have to get 33% of total marks i.e 66 marks to be clear Prelims. Failure to do so, will prevent you from writing Mains even if you have scored above 100+ marks in the GS Paper.

    Since the last two years, the English Comprehension passages are getting lengthier and the Mathematical questions trickier. Let’s take a look at the 2012 CSAT Paper and compare it with the 2021 CSAT paper.

    2014 CSAT Paper

    Here the questions are asked chapter by chapter and are basic-to-moderate. Questions are direct and straightforward without much combination numerals.

    2021 CSAT Paper

    There is no particular order of questions asked. Immediately after LR questions, we have a question on time and distance. Also the questions are moderate-to-advanced. One cannot find out the answer in first glance itself. There is no one-size fits for all approach or a uniform formula by which you can crack the sequential questions.

    Free Open to All CSAT Session by Civilsdaily Mentor Ravi Sir

    If you have to clear the paper, then you have to attempt atleast 50 questions out of 80. Out of these 50 questions, 27 need to be right. There is also negative marking of 1.5 marks for every wrong answer. Hence, for aspirants from a non-mathematics background the challenge lies in practising for CSAT without reducing time for GS Preparation.

    Do you want to know how you can complete both the lengthy comprehension passages and tricky mathematical questions within the stipulated time? Then it’s time you attended Civilsdaily Mentor Ravi sir’s webinar on Sunday.

    Ravi sir has cleared UPSC Prelims six times and attended the Interview round thrice. As a mentor, Ravi sir is a lifelong UPSC aspirant because he daily reads, checks and evaluates the right study materials for his students. On Monday, he will conduct a session on CSAT which is free for every aspirant to attend. All you have to do is register yourself for the session.

    Key Takeaways in the CSAT Session Conducted by Ravi Sir

    1. Topic-wise live demonstration on how to solve problems.

    2. Examples of easy, moderate and advanced questions to solve.

    3. Variety of questions under each topic.

    4. Previous year question paper analysis from 2013 onwards. How to be ready for the new paper pattern.

    5. Books one can refer for CSAT test series practice and to understand the concepts.

    6. How to practice CSAT without compromising on GS paper studies.

    7. Topic-wise weightage in Quantitative Aptitude.

    8. Ravi sir will solve your doubts in a Q&A discussion towards the end of the session.

    Webinar Details

    If you want to know the secrets of finishing the CSAT paper in 2 hours, then this webinar is for you! We hope this webinar will help all 2022 aspirants implement the suggestions of Ravi sir

    Date: 10 January 2022 (Monday)

    Time: 7 P.M.

  • 10th January 2022| Daily Answer Writing Enhancement(AWE)

    Topics for Today’s questions:

    GS-1     Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India

    GS-2    Appointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions and responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies.

    GS-3    Indian Economy

    GS-4    Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration: Status and problems; ethical concerns and dilemmas in government and private institutions

    Question 1)

     

    Q.1 Bring out the reasons behind growing mental health related issues in India. Also, suggest some steps which can be further taken by India in this regard. (10 Marks)

     

    Question 2)

    Q.2 The relationship between the Governor and Chief Minister has, even at the best of times, not been absolutely simple and tension free. What are the factors responsible for confrontation? Suggest the way forward. (10 Marks)

    Question 3)

    Q.3 The Indian economy is expected to expand at 9.2 per cent in 2021-22 as per the first advance estimate (FAE). What does the GDP data tell us about the state of the economy that could influence budget priorities for FY 22-23? (10 Marks)

    Question 4)  

    Q.4 Administration discretion can be a blessing if used correctly, however its misuse can prove to be a curse. Discuss with examples. (10 Marks)

     

    HOW TO ATTEMPT ANSWERS IN DAILY ANSWER WRITING ENHANCEMENT(AWE)?

    1. Daily 4 questions from General studies 1, 2, 3, and 4 will be provided to you.

    2. A Mentor’s Comment will be available for all answers. This can be used as a guidance tool but we encourage you to write original answers.

    3. You can write your answer on an A4 sheet and scan/click pictures of the same.

    4.  Upload the scanned answer in the comment section of the same question.

    5. Along with the scanned answer, please share your Razor payment ID, so that paid members are given priority.

    6. If you upload the answer on the same day like the answer of 11th  October is uploaded on 11th October then your answer will be checked within 72 hours. Also, reviews will be in the order of submission- First come first serve basis

    7. If you are writing answers late, for example, 11th October is uploaded on 13th October, then these answers will be evaluated as per the mentor’s schedule.

    8. We encourage you to write answers on the same day. However, if you are uploading an answer late then tag the mentor like @Staff so that the mentor is notified about your answer.

    *In case your answer is not reviewed, reply to your answer saying *NOT CHECKED*. 

    For the philosophy of AWE and payment: 

  • Q.4 Administration discretion can be a blessing if used correctly, however its misuse can prove to be a curse. Discuss with examples. (10 Marks)

    Mentor’s Comments-

    • Alongside a brief introduction, discuss with examples the advantages of correctly using discretionary powers in administration.
    • With examples, discuss how its misuse can prove to be a curse.
    • Conclude accordingly.
  • Registrations Closing in 1 Hr, Free Live Session Today @ 7PM|| CSAT for Non-Maths Aspirants|| Shortcuts to Get Correct Answers in Quantitative Aptitude & Logical Reasioning|| By Civilsdaily Mentor Ravi Sir|| Limited Slots Available, Register Now

    Registrations Closing in 1 Hr, Free Live Session Today @ 7PM|| CSAT for Non-Maths Aspirants|| Shortcuts to Get Correct Answers in Quantitative Aptitude & Logical Reasioning|| By Civilsdaily Mentor Ravi Sir|| Limited Slots Available, Register Now

    Most of the aspirants don’t think about CSAT preparation until the fag end of UPSC Prelims only because it’s a qualifying paper. You have to get 33% of total marks i.e 66 marks to be clear Prelims. Failure to do so, will prevent you from writing Mains even if you have scored above 100+ marks in the GS Paper.

    Since the last two years, the English Comprehension passages are getting lengthier and the Mathematical questions trickier. Let’s take a look at the 2012 CSAT Paper and compare it with the 2021 CSAT paper.

    2014 CSAT Paper

    Here the questions are asked chapter by chapter and are basic-to-moderate. Questions are direct and straightforward without much combination numerals.

    2021 CSAT Paper

    There is no particular order of questions asked. Immediately after LR questions, we have a question on time and distance. Also the questions are moderate-to-advanced. One cannot find out the answer in first glance itself. There is no one-size fits for all approach or a uniform formula by which you can crack the sequential questions.

    Free Open to All CSAT Session by Civilsdaily Mentor Ravi Sir

    If you have to clear the paper, then you have to attempt atleast 50 questions out of 80. Out of these 50 questions, 27 need to be right. There is also negative marking of 1.5 marks for every wrong answer. Hence, for aspirants from a non-mathematics background the challenge lies in practising for CSAT without reducing time for GS Preparation.

    Do you want to know how you can complete both the lengthy comprehension passages and tricky mathematical questions within the stipulated time? Then it’s time you attended Civilsdaily Mentor Ravi sir’s webinar on Sunday.

    Ravi sir has cleared UPSC Prelims six times and attended the Interview round thrice. As a mentor, Ravi sir is a lifelong UPSC aspirant because he daily reads, checks and evaluates the right study materials for his students. On Monday, he will conduct a session on CSAT which is free for every aspirant to attend. All you have to do is register yourself for the session.

    Key Takeaways in the CSAT Session Conducted by Ravi Sir

    1. Topic-wise live demonstration on how to solve problems.

    2. Examples of easy, moderate and advanced questions to solve.

    3. Variety of questions under each topic.

    4. Previous year question paper analysis from 2013 onwards. How to be ready for the new paper pattern.

    5. Books one can refer for CSAT test series practice and to understand the concepts.

    6. How to practice CSAT without compromising on GS paper studies.

    7. Topic-wise weightage in Quantitative Aptitude.

    8. Ravi sir will solve your doubts in a Q&A discussion towards the end of the session.

    Webinar Details

    If you want to know the secrets of finishing the CSAT paper in 2 hours, then this webinar is for you! We hope this webinar will help all 2022 aspirants implement the suggestions of Ravi sir

    Date: 10 January 2022 (Monday)

    Time: 7 P.M.

  • Q.3 The Indian economy is expected to expand at 9.2 per cent in 2021-22 as per the first advance estimate (FAE). What does the GDP data tell us about the state of the economy that could influence budget priorities for FY 22-23? (10 Marks)

    Mentor’s comment-
    • https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/what-gdp-data-says-about-economy-7714993/
    • In the intro, mention the FAE.
    • In the body mention the factors that could lead to changes in the first advanced estimate. In the next part mention factors such as weak consumption demand, weak recovery in sectors such as construction,  trade, hotels, tourism and other contact-based services, which are also labour-intensive. Also mention that investment in dominated by government investment etc. The normalisation of monetary policy in the US and Europe could also pose challenges for India
    • Conclude by mentioning that upcoming budget for the next fiscal year will show us how the government intends to create and use the fiscal space.
  • Q.2 The relationship between the Governor and Chief Minister has, even at the best of times, not been absolutely simple and tension free. What are the factors responsible for confrontation? Suggest the way forward. (10 Marks)

    Mentor’s comment-
    • https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/some-raj-bhavans-are-on-the-war-path/article38209686.ece
    • In the intro, recent incidents in Kerala and Maharashtra can be mentioned.
    • In the body mention factors such as discretionary powers, vagueness in powers, political disputes, etc behind the disputes. Int the suggestions mention adhering the guidelines given in SR Bommai case, ensuring the detachment on part of the Governor etc.
    • Conclude by mentioning that the governor needs to function within the four walls of the Constitution and be a friend, philosopher and guide to his government.

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