Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

The problem of equity in IPCC reports | Explained

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Important Reports and Analysis;

Mains level : Conservation and Mediation; Government Initiatives; IPCC Reports;

Why in the news? 

In a study published on March 4, researchers analyzed more than 500 future emissions scenarios the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessed in its latest reports.

Context-

  • These scenarios relate to mitigation actions like reducing carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels and increasing carbon sequestration through forestry.
  • It found that across all 556 scenarios, income, energy use, and emissions disparities between developed and developing countries are projected to continue up to 2050.

What are IPCC assessment reports?

  • The IPCC’s Seventh Assessment Cycle (AR7) includes three Working Group reports covering physical science, climate adaptation, and mitigation action, along with a synthesis report consolidating their findings.
  • Thematic special reports are also issued, all aimed at assessing climate-related scientific literature to provide comprehensive knowledge on climate change.

How does it assess future scenarios?

  • Modeled Pathways: The IPCC utilizes “modeled pathways” to estimate the measures necessary to limit the warming of the Earth’s surface. These pathways are constructed using Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs), which analyze human and earth systems.
  • Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs): IAMs are sophisticated models that encompass various disciplines, including macroeconomics, energy, vegetation, and earth systems. They provide insights into potential futures of the energy and climate system, as well as economies.
  • Components of IAMs: IAMs include macroeconomic models that forecast GDP growth, energy models that project consumption patterns, vegetation models that assess land-use changes, and earth-system models that predict climate evolution based on physical laws.
  • Policy-Relevant Guidelines: IAMs aim to offer policy-relevant guidance on climate action by integrating insights from diverse disciplines. They help policymakers understand the potential implications of various mitigation strategies and inform decision-making processes.
  • Shortcomings of IAMs: Despite their usefulness, IAMs have limitations. They primarily prioritize least-cost assessments, which may not adequately address equity concerns. For example, the cost of implementing climate mitigation measures varies across countries and regions.
  • Equitable Burden Sharing: Experts suggest that IAMs could be modified to enable countries to equitably share the burden of climate action. This approach could involve wealthier nations undertaking more substantial mitigation efforts, considering their greater capacity to bear the costs.
  • Global Cooperation: Addressing climate change requires global cooperation and equitable distribution of responsibilities. IAMs can play a crucial role in informing international climate negotiations and agreements by providing insights into the potential impacts of different policy scenarios.

What did the new study find?

  • Projection of Inequities in GDP: The scenarios indicate that per-capita GDP in regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, West Asia, and the rest of Asia will remain below the global average even by 2050. These regions collectively represent 60% of the world’s population.
  • Inequities in Consumption and Energy Use: The study identifies disparities between the Global North and the Global South in terms of consumption of goods and services, as well as energy and fossil fuel consumption.
  • Carbon Sequestration and Mitigation Burden: Developing countries are projected to have higher carbon sequestration from land-based carbon sinks (e.g., forests) and greater deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies compared to developed countries. This indicates that poorer countries would bear the burden of both mitigation action and carbon dioxide removal.
  • Disregard for Historical Responsibility: The study highlights that the scenarios disregard the historical responsibility of the Global North in contributing to climate change.
  • Neglect of Future Energy Needs: The scenarios also overlook the future energy requirements of the Global South to achieve development goals, indicating a lack of consideration for the development needs of these regions in the models.

Why does equity matter?

  • Principles of Equity and Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR): Enshrined in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), these principles emphasize that climate action should be guided by equity and recognize the differing responsibilities and capabilities of countries.
  • Article 3 of UNFCCC: Article 3 underscores the obligation to protect the climate system for the benefit of present and future generations based on equity and common but differentiated responsibilities. Developed countries are urged to take the lead in combating climate change.
  • Differential Responsibilities: The principles acknowledge that while addressing climate change is a global imperative, developed nations, being wealthier and more technologically advanced, should bear a greater burden of climate action compared to developing nations.
  • Equity Considerations in Climate Action: Researchers argue that mitigation pathways modeled using Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) often neglect equity considerations. These models may not align with the principle of equity, as they may not prioritize the responsibility of developed regions to accelerate towards net negative emissions and support less developed regions.
  • Contradictory Scenarios: Despite the principles of equity and CBDR, the scenarios projected by IAMs may indicate the opposite, with developed regions not accelerating towards net negative emissions and potentially exacerbating global inequalities in climate action.
  • Need for Redistribution of Carbon Budget: Equity principles imply that developed regions should expedite efforts towards achieving net negative emissions and allocate the remaining carbon budget to less developed regions. However, IAM scenarios may not reflect this redistribution of responsibility.

To address the equity issues highlighted in IPCC reports, several measures can be suggested: (Way Forward)   

  • Equity-Centered Modeling: Modify Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) to prioritize equity considerations, ensuring that mitigation pathways promote fair burden-sharing between developed and developing countries.
  • Redistribution of Resources: Advocate for the redistribution of financial resources and technology transfer from developed to developing countries to support their climate mitigation and adaptation efforts.
  • Climate Finance: Increase funding for climate adaptation and mitigation projects in developing countries through mechanisms such as the Green Climate Fund, ensuring that resources are allocated equitably and reach the most vulnerable communities.
  • Technology Transfer: Facilitate the transfer of clean and sustainable technologies to developing countries at affordable rates, enabling them to transition to low-carbon development pathways.
  • Policy Coordination: Strengthen international cooperation and coordination on climate policies to ensure coherence and alignment with equity principles, fostering trust and collaboration among countries.
  • Empowerment of Marginalized Communities: Prioritize the inclusion and empowerment of marginalized communities, including indigenous peoples and women, in climate decision-making processes to ensure their voices are heard and their needs addressed.
  • Public Awareness and Education: Promote public awareness and education on the importance of equity in climate action, fostering a sense of shared responsibility and solidarity across countries and communities.

Conclusion:

The study on IPCC’s AR6 scenarios reveals persistent inequities in GDP, consumption, and mitigation burden between developed and developing countries. It underscores the importance of integrating equity considerations into climate action to address historical responsibilities and promote fair burden-sharing.

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Foreign Policy Watch: United Nations

India abstains in UNGA on Pak Resolution on Islamophobia

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : UNGA, Non-members, Resolutions

Mains level : NA

Why in the news

  • India abstained from voting on a UN General Assembly draft resolution on Islamophobia introduced by Pakistan and co-sponsored by China.
  • India asserted that while condemning all acts of religious discrimination, it’s crucial to recognize religiophobia against various faiths rather than singling out one religion.

India’s Position on Islamophobia:

 

  • Prevalence of Religiophobia: India emphasized that religiophobia extends beyond Abrahamic religions and affects followers of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism.
  • Opposition to Precedence: India expressed concerns that adopting the resolution could set a precedent for numerous resolutions centered on specific religious phobias, potentially dividing the United Nations along religious lines.
  • Religious Autocracy: India urged member states to consider the broader scope of religious discrimination globally in non-secular theocracies, highlighting the need to address challenges faced by all faiths.
  • Contemporary Forms: India cited examples of attacks on religious places of worship and the spreading of hatred against non-Abrahamic religions as evidence of contemporary religiophobia.

 What is UN General Assembly?

  • The UNGA is the main policy-making organ of the United Nations, founded in 1945.
  • It serves as a forum for all Member States to discuss and make recommendations on a wide range of international issues covered by the UN Charter.
  • The UNGA is the only universally representative body of the UN, focusing on topics like international peace and security, development, disarmament, human rights, and international law.

Members/Observers

  • The UNGA comprises all Member States, with each having an equal vote in the assembly. It elects non-permanent members of the Security Council, appoints the Secretary-General, and approves the UN budget.
  • It has granted observer status to international organizations, entities, and non-member states, allowing them to participate in its work with certain limitations.
  • Notable observers include the European Union, the Holy See, and the State of Palestine.

Functions

  • The UNGA discusses, debates, and makes recommendations on various international issues within its competence, including political, economic, humanitarian, social, and legal matters.
  • It plays a central role in standard-setting, codification of international law, and making recommendations to promote international political cooperation.
  • It has the power to
  1. Consider and approve the UN budget,
  2. Elect non-permanent members of the Security Council, and
  3. Make recommendations on maintaining international peace and security, disarmament, and other matters outlined in the UN Charter.

What are UNGA Resolutions?

  • A UNGA resolution is a formal expression of the General Assembly’s opinion, will, or intention on various matters of global significance.
  • UNGA resolutions are adopted through a voting process during plenary sessions of the General Assembly.
  • Each member state has one vote, and decisions are typically made by a two-thirds majority of those present and voting.
  • While UNGA resolutions are not legally binding on their own, they can influence the development of customary international law and provide guidance for the interpretation of treaties and conventions.
  • Types of Resolutions:
    1. Binding Resolutions: Some resolutions are legally binding on member states, requiring them to take specific actions or comply with certain obligations.
    2. Non-binding Resolutions: Many resolutions are non-binding, serving as recommendations, expressions of concern, or statements of principle. While non-binding, these resolutions carry significant political weight and influence.

PYQ:

With reference to the United Nations General Assembly, consider the following statements:

  1. The UN General Assembly can grant observer status to the non-member States.
  2. Inter-governmental organisations can seek observer status in the UN General Assembly.
  3. Permanent Observers in the UN General Assembly can maintain missions at the UN headquarters.

Which of the statements given above are correct? (2022)

  1. 1 and 2 only
  2. 2 and 3 only
  3. 1 and 3 only
  4. 1, 2 and 3

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Foreign Policy Watch: India-United States

[pib] Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF)

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF)

Mains level : NA

Why in the news-

What is the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF)?

  • It is a US-led initiative that aims to strengthen economic partnerships among participating countries to enhance resilience, sustainability, inclusiveness, economic growth, fairness, and competitiveness in the Indo-Pacific region.
  • The IPEF was launched in 2021 with 12 initial partners who together represent 40% of the world GDP.
  • The IPEF is NOT a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) but allows members to negotiate the parts they want to.

 

Four main “Pillars” of IPEF

 

  1. Trade that will include digital economy and emerging technology, labor commitments, the environment, trade facilitation, transparency and good regulatory practices, and corporate accountability, standards on cross-border data flow and data localisations;
  2. Supply chain resilience to develop “a first-of-its-kind supply chain agreement” that would anticipate and prevent disruptions;
  3. Clean energy and decarbonization that will include agreements on “high-ambition commitments” such as renewable energy targets, carbon removal purchasing commitments, energy efficiency standards, and new measures to combat methane emissions; and
  4. Fair Economy Agreement, with commitments to enact and enforce “effective tax, anti-money laundering, anti-bribery schemes in line with [American] values”.

 

Members Countries include:

  • Currently, India and 13 countries other located in the Pacific Ocean are its members: Australia, Brunei, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, United States, and Vietnam.

How is IPEF different from other trade deals?

  • No market access or tariff reductions have been outlined in the IPEF, although experts say it can pave the way to trade deals.
  • It’s not a take-it-or-leave-it arrangement, like most multilateral trade deals are.
  • Since the IPEF is not a regular trade pact, the members so far are not obligated by all four pillars despite being signatories.

Practice MCQ:

Regarding the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF), consider the following statements:

  1. It is a US-led initiative launched in 2021.
  2. It is basically a Free Trade Agreement (FTA).
  3. India is not a member of IPEF.

How many of the given statements is/are correct?

(a)   One

(b)   Two

(c)   Three

(d)    None

 

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Freedom of Speech – Defamation, Sedition, etc.

India ‘one of the Worst Autocratisers’: V-Dem Democracy Report

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Liberal Democratic Index (LDI)

Mains level : Propaganda reports against India

In the news

  • India, previously categorized as an “electoral autocracy” in 2018, has further declined to become one of the “worst autocratizers,” according to the ‘Democracy Report 2024’ by the Gothenburg-based V-Dem (or Varieties of Democracy) Institute.

Key highlights on India

  • Deteriorating Status: India, previously downgraded to an electoral autocracy in 2018, has further declined to become “one of the worst autocratizers.”
  • Historical Comparison: India’s level of “liberal democracy” has regressed significantly, reaching levels last seen in 1975 during the state of emergency declared by Indira Gandhi.
  • Regime Classification: India falls into the category of electoral autocracy, characterized by multiparty elections alongside insufficient levels of freedom of expression and fair elections.
  • Erosion of Democratic Freedoms: The report highlights the gradual deterioration of freedom of expression, media independence, and attacks on civil society under the current government.

About the V-Dem Democracy Report

  • Publication: The V-Dem Institute releases the Democracy Report annually, offering insights into the state of democracy worldwide, focusing on democratization and autocratization.
  • Regime Classification: Countries are categorized into four regime types based on their scores in the Liberal Democratic Index (LDI), encompassing a spectrum from liberal democracy to closed autocracy.

What is Liberal Democratic Index (LDI)?

  • Comprehensive Assessment: The LDI evaluates both liberal (individual and minority rights) and electoral aspects (free and fair elections) of democracy.
  • Indicators: It comprises 71 indicators, encompassing the Liberal Component Index (LCI) and the Electoral Democracy Index (EDI), capturing various dimensions of democratic governance.
    1. LCI: Measures aspects like protection of individual liberties and legislative constraints on the executive.
    2. EDI: Considers indicators ensuring free and fair elections such as freedom of expression and association.
  • Components of the LDI include:
  1. Egalitarian Component Index: Assesses the extent of equality among different social groups within a democracy.
  2. Participatory Component Index: Evaluates the health of citizen groups and civil society organizations, indicating the degree of citizen engagement.
  3. Deliberative Component Index: Gauges whether political decisions are driven by public reasoning focused on the common good or influenced by emotional appeals, solidarity attachments, or coercion.
  4. Publication Schedule: The Democracy Report is typically published annually in March, presenting a comprehensive analysis of global democratic trends.

Key Findings from the Democracy Report 2024:

  • Collaborative Effort: The report is a collaborative endeavour involving 4,200 scholars from 180 countries, leveraging 31 million datasets spanning from 1789 to 2023 to assess the democratic status of 202 countries.
  • Global Trends:
  1. Autocratization: In 2023, 42 countries, representing 35% of the world’s population, were undergoing autocratization.
  2. Population in Autocracies: Currently, 71% of the world’s population, amounting to 5.7 billion people, resides in autocracies, marking a significant increase from 48% a decade ago.
  3. Decline in Democracy: The level of democracy experienced by the average individual globally has regressed to 1985 levels, with Eastern Europe, South, and Central Asia experiencing the sharpest declines.

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Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

11 African countries sign ‘Yaounde Declaration’

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Yaounde Declaration, Malaria

Mains level : NA

In the news

  • Health ministers from 11 African nations grappling with the heaviest malaria burdens have recently signed the Yaounde Declaration.

What is Yaounde Declaration?

Details
Signed at Yaoundé conference, hosted by WHO and the Government of Cameroon in Yaoundé, Cameroon (capital).
Participants Ministers of Health, global malaria partners, funding agencies, scientists, civil society organizations, and other malaria stakeholders.
Signatory countries
  • Burkina Faso, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Sudan, Uganda, and Tanzania.
  • These countries collectively account for over 70% of the global malaria burden.
Pledges
  • Effective tackling of malaria threat in Africa, leading better and investing more money in fighting malaria, using new technology for data, etc.
  • Investing more in health infrastructure, personnel, and programs, collaborating across sectors, forming partnerships for funding, research, and innovation.
  • Showing strong commitment to quickly reducing malaria deaths and holding each other and their countries accountable for the commitments.

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Women empowerment issues – Jobs,Reservation and education

India ranks 113 out of 190 countries in Women, Business and Law Index by World Bank

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Women, Business and Law Index

Mains level : NA

In the news

  • India’s ranking in the World Bank’s Women, Business and Law index saw a significant improvement, climbing to 113 out of 190 countries in the latest edition of the report.
  • It is intriguing to know that none of the countries globally achieved a full score in the new index, indicating pervasive gender disparities in legal rights worldwide.

About Women, Business and Law Index

  • Overview: The Women, Business and Law Index is a World Bank initiative aimed at measuring how laws and regulations impact women’s economic opportunity.
  • Objective: The index provides objective and measurable benchmarks for evaluating global progress towards legal gender equality.
  • Scores: Range from 0 to 100, where 100 denotes equal legal rights for men and women.
  • Areas Covered: The report assesses eight critical areas: mobility, workplace, pay, marriage, parenthood, entrepreneurship, assets, and pension.
  • Milestone Edition: The 2024 edition marks the 10th iteration of the report.

India’s Performance

  • Legal Rights Gap: Indian women now enjoy 60% of the legal rights granted to men, slightly below the global average of 64.2%.
  • Regional Comparison: India outperformed its South Asian counterparts, where women typically have access to only 45.9% of the legal protections compared to men.
  • Supportive Frameworks: India’s performance in establishing supportive frameworks fell short, with only 54.2% of the necessary frameworks in place.
  • Policy Efforts: India aims to increase female labour force participation, which stood at 37% in 2022-23, significantly lower than many advanced economies.
  • OECD Comparison: The female labour force participation rate in OECD countries exceeded 50% in 2022, highlighting the gap India seeks to bridge.

Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2015:

‘Global Financial Stability Report’ is released by which organisation?

(a) Organization for Economic Cooperation and development (OECD)

(b) World Economic Forum

(c) World Bank

(d) World trade Organization (WTO)

 

Post your answers here.

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Nuclear Diplomacy and Disarmament

India seizes Dual-Use Items bound for Pakistan from China

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Dual-Use Items, SCOMET

Mains level : Regulation of Dual-Use Items


In the news

  • Indian customs officials at Mumbai Port seized two advanced Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines manufactured by GKD, Italy, en route to the port of Karachi from China.
  • The CNC machines, critical for manufacturing parts utilized in Pakistan’s missile development program, were destined for Karachi.

What are Dual-Use Items?

  • Definition: Dual-use items refer to commodities that possess the potential for application in both civilian and military contexts.
  • Regulatory Scrutiny: These items are subject to stringent regulation due to their capability to be initially designed for civilian purposes but later repurposed for military or even terrorist activities.
  • Examples: Examples of dual-use items include global positioning satellites, missiles, nuclear technology, chemical and biological weapons, night vision technology, drones, precision-engineered aluminium pipes, and specific types of ball bearings.

Global Control Mechanisms for Dual-Use Items

(1) Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR):

  • Established: In 1987 by G-7 countries.
  • Purpose: To limit the proliferation of missiles capable of delivering weapons of mass destruction.
  • Membership: Consists of 35 member countries.
  • Guidelines: Members coordinate national export controls to prevent missile proliferation.
  • India’s Membership: India became the 35th member in 2016.

(2) Wassenaar Arrangement (WA):

  • Established: In 1996 with 42 participating states.
  • Purpose: Prevent destabilizing accumulations of conventional arms and dual-use goods and technologies.
  • Export Controls: Member countries apply controls on listed items to avoid enhancing military capabilities.
  • India not a member: It it has expressed interest in joining to strengthen its export controls and enhance its non-proliferation efforts.

(3) Australia Group (AG):

  • Formation: Prompted by Iraq’s use of chemical weapons in 1985.
  • Focus: Initially on chemical weapons precursor chemicals, expanded to include biological weapons prevention.
  • Membership: Composed of 42 member countries. India is NOT a member.
  • Objective: Harmonization of international export controls on chemical and biological technologies.

(4) Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG):

  • Established: In 1974 in response to India’s nuclear tests.
  • Purpose: Control nuclear and nuclear-related technology to prevent proliferation.
  • Membership: Consists of 48 participating governments.
  • Guidelines: Aim to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons through control measures.

[Note: India is also party to key conventions such as the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and Biological and Toxic Weapons Convention (BWC).]

India’s in-house mechanisms against Dual-Use Items

  • Role of DGFT: The Director General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) in India oversees the regulation of dual-use items through the SCOMET list (Specialty Chemicals, Organisms, Materials, Equipment, and Technologies).
  • SCOMET List: SCOMET items encompass special chemicals, organisms, materials, equipment, and technologies with dual-use potential.
  • Regulatory Framework: Exporting SCOMET items is subject to strict regulations, either requiring a license or being prohibited altogether.
  • Alignment with International Controls: The SCOMET control list aligns with the control lists of various multilateral export control regimes and conventions.

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Russian Invasion of Ukraine: Global Implications

EU Sanctions Indian Tech Firm over Dual-Use Items

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Dual-Use Items

Mains level : NA

In the news

  • The EU has sanctioned Si2 Microsystems, an Indian tech company for its connections with Russia.
  • It has faced previous sanctions, including being banned by the US from transferring “dual-use” technology.

What are Dual-Use Items?

  • Definition: Dual-use items refer to commodities that possess the potential for application in both civilian and military contexts.
  • Regulatory Scrutiny: These items are subject to stringent regulation due to their capability to be initially designed for civilian purposes but later repurposed for military or even terrorist activities.
  • Examples: Examples of dual-use items include global positioning satellites, missiles, nuclear technology, chemical and biological weapons, night vision technology, drones, precision-engineered aluminium pipes, and specific types of ball bearings.

Global Control Mechanisms for Dual-Use Items

(1) Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR):

  • Established: In 1987 by G-7 countries.
  • Purpose: To limit the proliferation of missiles capable of delivering weapons of mass destruction.
  • Membership: Consists of 35 member countries.
  • Guidelines: Members coordinate national export controls to prevent missile proliferation.
  • India’s Membership: India became the 35th member in 2016.

(2) Wassenaar Arrangement (WA):

  • Established: In 1996 with 42 participating states.
  • Purpose: Prevent destabilizing accumulations of conventional arms and dual-use goods and technologies.
  • Export Controls: Member countries apply controls on listed items to avoid enhancing military capabilities.
  • India is not a member: It it has expressed interest in joining to strengthen its export controls and enhance its non-proliferation efforts.

(3) Australia Group (AG):

  • Formation: Prompted by Iraq’s use of chemical weapons in 1985.
  • Focus: Initially on chemical weapons precursor chemicals, expanded to include biological weapons prevention.
  • Membership: Composed of 42 member countries. India is NOT a member.
  • Objective: Harmonization of international export controls on chemical and biological technologies.

(4) Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG):

  • Established: In 1974 in response to India’s nuclear tests.
  • Purpose: Control nuclear and nuclear-related technology to prevent proliferation.
  • Membership: Consists of 48 participating governments.
  • Guidelines: Aim to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons through control measures.

[Note: India is also party to key conventions such as the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and Biological and Toxic Weapons Convention (BWC).]

India’s in-house mechanisms against Dual-Use Items

  • Role of DGFT: The Director General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) in India oversees the regulation of dual-use items through the SCOMET list (Specialty Chemicals, Organisms, Materials, Equipment, and Technologies).
  • SCOMET List: SCOMET items encompass special chemicals, organisms, materials, equipment, and technologies with dual-use potential.
  • Regulatory Framework: Exporting SCOMET items is subject to strict regulations, either requiring a license or being prohibited altogether.
  • Alignment with International Controls: The SCOMET control list aligns with the control lists of various multilateral export control regimes and conventions.

Try this PYQ from CSP 2015:

Q.Consider the following countries

  1. China
  2. France
  3. India
  4. Israel
  5. Pakistan

Which among the countries given above are Nuclear Weapons States as recognized by the Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known as Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)?

  1. 1 and 2 only
  2. 1, 3, 4 and 5 only
  3. 2, 4 and 5 only
  4. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
Post your answers here.

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Foreign Policy Watch: United Nations

Are INTERPOL Blue Corner Notices being Politically Exploited?

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : INTERPOL

Mains level : Read the attached story

interpol

Why in the News?

Concerns arise over the misuse of Interpol notices, especially blue corner notices, raising issues about balancing police cooperation and preventing abuse of power.

About INTERPOL (International Criminal Police Organization)

Details
Overview
  • Established in Vienna, Austria (1923), it enables cross-border police cooperation and supports and assists all organizations, authorities and services whose mission is to prevent or combat international crime.
  • An inter-governmental organization comprising 195 member countries,
  • Facilitates better coordination among police forces globally
Functions
  • Enables member countries to share and access data on crimes and criminals
  • Offers technical and operational support to member countries
  • Manages 19 police databases containing information on crimes and criminals, accessible in real-time
  • Provides investigative support, including forensics, analysis, and assistance in locating fugitives worldwide.
Working
  • Run by a Secretary General
  • Headquarters located in Lyon, France
  • Global complex for innovation based in Singapore
  • Several satellite offices in different regions.
India’s Membership
  • Joined in June 1956.
Functioning in Member Countries
  • Each member country has a National Central Bureau (NCB), serving as the central point of contact for the general secretariat and other NCBs worldwide
  • NCBs are typically managed by police officials and situated in the government ministry responsible for policing (e.g., MHA in India)
  • Interpol’s databases contain various information, from names and fingerprints to stolen passports, accessible in real-time to member countries
  • Provides investigative support to member countries, aiding in forensic analysis and locating fugitives globally.

 

What are Blue Corner Notice?

  • Types of Notices: Interpol issues seven types of notices, including Blue Notice.
  • Purpose: Blue corner notice, also known as an “enquiry notice,” facilitates sharing critical crime-related information, including criminal records verification and locating individuals.
  • Example: In January 2020, Interpol issued a blue corner notice to locate fugitive Nithyananda, a self-styled godman.

Distinguishing Blue from Red Corner Notice

  • Red Corner Notice: It is issued by a member state for the arrest of a wanted criminal, often following criminal convictions, allowing arrests in any member state.
  • Difference: Blue notices precede criminal charges, while red notices typically follow convictions. Red notices enable arrests and other consequences like bank account closures, while blue notices facilitate information exchange.

Examples of Notice Issuance

  • Red Corner Notice: In 2018, a red corner notice was issued against Nirav Modi for the Punjab National Bank scam.
  • Interpol’s Decision: However, in October 2022, Interpol rejected India’s request for a red notice against Gurpatwant Singh Pannun, citing insufficient information and political dimensions.

Concerns of Misuse

  • Political Misuse: Despite Interpol’s prohibition on political activities, concerns persist regarding its enforcement.
  • Instances: Russia, China, Iran, Turkey, and Tunisia face accusations of abusing Interpol notices for political purposes.
  • Criticism: While Interpol tightened oversight of red notices, vulnerabilities remain, especially with blue notices, which experts suggest are less scrutinized before publication.

Debates on Notice Issuance

  • Turkey’s Argument: Countries like Turkey argue against excessive restraint in notice issuance, citing hampered police cooperation and sovereignty concerns.
  • Global Response: International human rights groups call for stricter enforcement of Interpol’s rules to prevent authoritarian exploitation.

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Defence Sector – DPP, Missions, Schemes, Security Forces, etc.

India-US Defence Acceleration Ecosystem (INDUS-X) Summit

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : INDUS-X

Mains level : India-US defence collaboration

About the News:

  • The INDUS-X Summit will be held on February 20-21 in New Delhi, marking a significant milestone in the collaborative efforts between India and the US in defense innovation.

What is INDUS-X?

  • The ‘INDUS-X’ summit is a joint initiative between India and the US, which signifies a pivotal milestone in bilateral defense cooperation, fostering strategic technology partnerships and industrial collaboration.
  • Inception: June 2023.
  • Aim: To bolster defense innovation and technology collaboration between the two nations.
  • Objectives:
    1. Advancing strategic co-operation: By expanding strategic technology partnerships and defense industrial cooperation.
    2. Bridging Innovation Gaps: Establish a defense innovation bridge encompassing joint challenges, academia engagement, industry-startup connect, and investment in defense projects.
  • Focus Areas:
    1. Fostering greater horizontal cooperation between governments, academia, and laboratories, as well as vertical partnerships between established defense primes and startups or Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs).
    2. Increasing the number of contact points between startups and prime contractors for critical defense assets such as jet engines, long-range artillery, and infantry vehicles.
    3. Supporting India’s goal of achieving $5 billion in defense exports by 2025.
    4. Contributing to a more stable and secure Indo-Pacific region.
  • Key Participants:
    • India’s Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX), U.S. Department of Defense, U.S.-India Business Council (USIBC), U.S. Chamber of Commerce, and Society of Indian Defence Manufacturers (SIDM).

About Innovations for Defense Excellence (iDEX)

  • iDEX is a flagship initiative launched in 2018 by the Ministry of Defence, Government of India.
  • Aim: Fostering innovation and technology development in the defense and aerospace sectors.
  • Objective: Creating an ecosystem to rapidly develop new, indigenized, and innovative technologies for the Indian defense and aerospace sector.
  • It’s Significance:
    • Funding: The program provides grants and funds to support research and development efforts and facilitate the creation of functional prototypes of products/technologies relevant to national security.
    • Inclusive Growth: The program creates a culture of engagement with innovative startups, encourages co-creation for defense and aerospace sectors, and empowers a culture of technology co-creation and co-innovation within the defense and aerospace sectors.
    • Engagement with the Industrial sector: The program focuses on engaging industries, including MSMEs, startups, and individual innovators, to deliver technologically advanced solutions for modernizing the defense and aerospace sectors.
    • Collaboration: iDEX works through various programs such as the Defense India Startup Challenge (DISC), which involves problem statements from the Armed Forces, DPSUs, and OFB.
  • Implementation of Program:
    • The iDEX framework is implemented by the Defense Innovation Organization (DIO) a not-for-profit company formed under the Companies Act 2013, which acts as a bridge between the requirements of the Armed Forces and the solution providers.
    • Therefore, the program focuses on making India self-reliant and self-sufficient in defense matters by fostering innovation, entrepreneurship, and technology development in the defense and aerospace sector.

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Trade Sector Updates – Falling Exports, TIES, MEIS, Foreign Trade Policy, etc.

India Rejected Demand for Data Exclusivity in Drug Development in EFTA

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : European Free Trade Association (EFTA) Bloc

Mains level : Issues with FTA

Introduction

  • India has firmly rejected the demand from four European nations in the EFTA bloc for the inclusion of a ‘data exclusivity’ provision in proposed free trade agreements, citing its commitment to protecting the interests of the domestic generic drugs industry.

About the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) Bloc

Description
Member Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland
Formation Established in 1960 by seven European countries as an alternative trade bloc to the EU
Trade Relations Free trade agreements among themselves and with other regions
Activities Participate in European Single Market through the EEA Agreement
Institutions EFTA Court, EFTA Surveillance Authority, EFTA Secretariat
Relationship with EU Not part of the EU,

But have close economic ties and trade agreements with EU countries

Debate over Data Exclusivity

  • Pharmaceutical Sector Implications: Data exclusivity provides innovator companies with exclusive rights over the technical data generated through expensive global clinical trials, preventing competitors from obtaining marketing licenses for low-cost versions during the exclusivity period.
  • Influence of Swiss Pharma Firms: Switzerland, home to major pharmaceutical firms like Novartis and Roche, has been advocating for data exclusivity, but India remains steadfast in its stance against it.

Protection of Generic Industry

  • Significance of Generic Industry: Barthwal highlighted the significant contribution of the generic drug industry to India’s exports and emphasized the government’s commitment to protecting its interests.
  • Export Growth: India emphasized that the generic drug industry’s growth aligns with its objective of promoting exports, showcasing its importance to the national economy.

Negotiations and Progress

  • Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA): India and EFTA have been negotiating the TEPA since January 2008 to enhance economic ties, with talks covering various chapters, including intellectual property rights.
  • Advanced Stage of Talks: Negotiations are at an advanced stage, with both parties discussing trade in goods, rules of origin, intellectual property rights, and other key areas.

Conclusion

  • India’s firm stance against the inclusion of data exclusivity provisions in FTAs reflects its commitment to safeguarding the interests of its generic drug industry.
  • As negotiations with EFTA progress, India remains focused on promoting fair and equitable trade relations while upholding its principles of protecting domestic industries.

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Foreign Policy Watch: India – EU

Schengen Area: A Milestone in European Integration

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Schengen Area, Eurozone

Mains level : NA

Schengen Area

Introduction

  • Kosovo recently achieved visa-free access to the Schengen zone in Europe, marking a significant milestone in its integration with the European Union (EU) and the broader international community.

What is Schengen Area?

  • Definition: A zone comprising 27 European countries where internal borders have been abolished for the free movement of people.
  • Membership: Includes 23 of the 27 EU member states and all members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) – Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland.
  • Key Features:
    1. No internal border checks except in specific threat situations.
    2. Harmonized controls at external borders based on defined criteria.

About Eurozone

  • A geographic and economic region consisting of European Union countries that have adopted the euro as their national currency.
  • As of January 2023, consists of 20 EU countries: Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain.
  • Key Features:
    1. Coordination of economic policy-making to support EU economic aims.
    2. Replacement of national currencies with the euro.

Requirements for Joining the Eurozone

EU nations must meet specific criteria, including four macroeconomic indicators:

  1. Price Stability: Maintain sustainable price performance with average inflation no more than 1.5 percent above the rate of the three best-performing member states.
  2. Public Finances: Maintain a budget deficit no greater than 3% of GDP and public debt no greater than 60% of GDP.
  3. Durability of Convergence: Assessed through long-term interest rates, which cannot exceed 2 percent above the rate in the three most price-stable member states.
  4. Exchange Rate Stability: Demonstrate stability by participating in the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) II for at least two years without severe tensions or devaluation against the euro.

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Wildlife Conservation Efforts

Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS) COP14 begins in Uzbekistan

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS)

Mains level : NA

Introduction

  • The Fourteenth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (COP14) will be hosted by the Government of Uzbekistan, in Samarkand from 12-17 February 2024
  • CMS COP is a Triennial Event.

About Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS)

Information
About
  • Intergovernmental treaty under UNEP, known as the Bonn Convention
  • Signed in 1979, in force since 1983
  • 133 Parties as of March 2022, including India since 1983
Aim
  • Conserve terrestrial, marine, and avian migratory species
  • Lay legal foundation for global conservation measures
Legal Instruments under CMS Range from legally binding Agreements to less formal MoUs
Appendices
  1. Appendix I: Threatened Migratory Species
  2. Appendix II: Migratory Species requiring international cooperation
India and the CMS
  • Signed non-legally binding MoUs with CMS for various species conservation (Siberian Cranes, Marine Turtles, Dugongs, Raptors)
  • Hosts several migratory species
  • India hosted the last COP 13 of CMS in February 2020 at Gandhinagar, Gujarat.
Migratory Species Wild animals whose populations cyclically and predictably cross national boundaries
Efforts made by India  
  • National Action Plan for Conservation of Migratory Birds (2018-2023)
  • Marine Turtle Policy and Marine Stranding Management Policy
  • Project Snow Leopard
  • Dugong Conservation Reserve

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Indian Ocean Power Competition

7th Edition of Indian Ocean Conference (IOC)

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Indian Ocean Conference (IOC)

Mains level : Read the attached story

Indian Ocean Conference

Introduction

  • The 7th Edition of Indian Ocean Conference (IOC) is being held in Perth, Australia.

About Indian Ocean Conference (IOC)

  • IOC started in 2016, serving as the premier consultative forum for countries in the Indian Ocean region on regional affairs.
  • The first edition of the Conference was held in Singapore in 2016.
  • It is organised by India Foundation in partnership with other organizations in the region.
  • It aims to bring together critical states and maritime partners to discuss regional cooperation under the concept of Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR).

What is SAGAR?

  • SAGAR stands for ‘Security and Growth for All in the Region’ and was initiated by PM Narendra Modi in 2015 at Mauritius.
  • It aims to leverage the blue economy and maintain strategic partnerships with littoral states in Asia and Africa.
  • It seeks to provide leadership in capacity building and capability enhancement programs transparently, aligning with other maritime initiatives like Act East Policy, Project Mausam, and Blue Economy.

Key Statements by Dignitaries this Year

  • Challenges to International Rule of Law: EAM S. Jaishankar highlighted challenges to international rule of law from the Red Sea to the Indo-Pacific, implicitly targeting China’s actions.
  • Call for Conflict Reduction: Australian Foreign Minister emphasized the necessity of reducing conflict in the region amid growing tensions.
  • Veiled References to China’s Actions: Jaishankar made indirect references to China’s troop buildup at the Line of Actual Control and actions in the South China Sea, stressing the importance of adhering to internationally negotiated regimes.

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Historical and Archaeological Findings in News

Will Europe ever return ‘Looted’ Asian Artifacts?

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : 1970 UNESCO Convention

Mains level : Return of Artifacts

Artifacts

Introduction

  • European museums have faced increasing pressure to return cultural artifacts to their countries of origin.
  • The restitution of these artifacts carries significant implications for diplomacy and international relations.

France’s Pledge and Precedent

  • France’s Commitment: President Emmanuel Macron pledged support during the visit of Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Manet to return Khmer artifacts and expand the National Museum of Cambodia.
  • First European Leader: Macron became the first European leader to address demands for the return of looted antiquities in 2017, emphasizing France’s commitment to restoring cultural heritage.

Cases of Repatriation

  • Musee Guimet’s Return: France’s National Museum of Asian art, Musee Guimet, agreed to return a seventh-century Khmer statue to Cambodia, taken during the colonial era.
  • Global Initiatives: Germany and France allocated funds for reviewing African heritage objects, possibly signaling similar efforts for Asian artifacts.
  • The Met’s Decision: The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York pledged to return sculptures to Cambodia and Thailand, setting a precedent for other institutions.

Legal Basis and Challenges

  • UNESCO Convention: 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property
  • Non-binding: It is a key legal framework for repatriation, but it doesn’t apply retrospectively to colonial-era looting.
  • National Legislation: Some countries, like Austria, are proposing national laws for returning objects acquired during colonialism.

Reasons for repatriation

  • Soft Power Benefits: Repatriation can enhance a nation’s soft power, showcasing a commitment to international law, reconciliation, and better relations with affected countries.
  • Rebranding Opportunity: Returning artifacts is seen as an opportunity for Western governments to rebrand and mend historical wrongs, especially in regions like Southeast Asia.
  • EU’s Role: The European Parliament discusses the need for recognizing and addressing colonial legacies and restitution, potentially creating a permanent EU body on restorative justice.
  • Cooperation is Key: To gain recognition similar to the United States, European museums need to cooperate openly with the governments of the regions from which the artifacts originated.

Conclusion

  • The return of cultural artifacts taken during colonialism is not only a legal and ethical issue but also a diplomatic endeavor.
  • European museums that engage in proactive repatriation efforts can build goodwill, foster cooperation, and enhance their soft power on the global stage.

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Corruption Challenges – Lokpal, POCA, etc

India ranks 93 out of 180 countries in Corruption Perceptions Index 2023

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Corruption Perception Index

Mains level : Not Much

corruption

Introduction

  • Transparency International has released its Corruption Perceptions Index for 2023, ranking countries based on their perceived levels of corruption in the public sector.
  • India’s position in the ranking has shifted, but the change is minimal.

About Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI)

Details
Introduction Introduced by Transparency International in 1995.
Frequency Published annually.
Purpose Ranks countries based on perceived corruption.
Data Sources Expert assessments and surveys of business leaders and residents.
Global Impact Widely recognized and used by governments, policymakers, businesses, and researchers.
Data Focus Primarily assesses perceived corruption within government and bureaucracy.

 

India’s Corruption Scorecard

  • India’s Global Rank: In the 2023 index, India is placed 93rd out of 180 countries, a small decline from its 85th position in 2022.
  • Corruption Score: India’s overall corruption score for 2023 is 39, down slightly from the 40 it scored in 2022.
  • Limited Change: The report highlights that India’s score fluctuations are minor, making it challenging to draw definitive conclusions about any significant changes. However, it points out that there have been actions narrowing civic space in India, including the passage of a telecommunications bill that could threaten fundamental rights.

South Asia’s Corruption Landscape

  • Pakistan and Sri Lanka: In South Asia, Pakistan (133) and Sri Lanka (115) are grappling with debt burdens and political instability. Still, strong judicial oversight in these countries helps keep the government accountable. Pakistan’s Supreme Court expanded citizens’ right to information, while Sri Lanka continues to face a crackdown on the press.
  • Bangladesh: As Bangladesh (149) moves away from its least developed country status and experiences economic growth, it faces challenges in providing public sector information due to a crackdown on the press.

Regional Insights

  • China’s Anti-Corruption Efforts: China (76) has made headlines for its aggressive anti-corruption campaign, resulting in punishments for millions of public officials over the last decade. However, doubts linger about the long-term effectiveness of these measures, which heavily rely on punishment rather than institutional checks.
  • Asia Pacific Region: The report notes that the Asia Pacific region is gearing up for a significant election year in 2024, with several countries holding elections. However, the 2023 CPI suggests little to no meaningful progress in curbing corruption in the region.

Top and Bottom Performers

  • Top-Scoring Countries: Nations like New Zealand (3) and Singapore (5) maintain their positions at the top of the index due to robust corruption control mechanisms. Other countries in the region with strong control measures include Australia (14), Hong Kong (14), Japan (16), Bhutan (26), Taiwan (28), and South Korea (32).
  • Struggling States: The lower end of the index includes fragile states with authoritarian regimes, such as North Korea (172) and Myanmar (162). Afghanistan (162) continues to grapple with one of the worst humanitarian crises in history.

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The Crisis In The Middle East

ICJ’s Interim Ruling on Gaza Genocide Case

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : International Court of Justice (ICJ)

Mains level : NA

gaza icj

Introduction

  • The recent interim ruling by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) regarding South Africa’s case against Israel has sparked global attention.
  • While the court did not pass judgment on the core issue of whether Israel is committing genocide in Gaza, it did issue six provisional measures.

ICJ’s Interim Ruling: Six Provisional Measures Ordered

  • Prevention of Genocidal Acts: A 15:2 majority mandated that Israel take all necessary steps to prevent acts defined under Article 2 of the Genocide Convention, encompassing actions with the intent to destroy a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group.
  • Immediate Military Restraint: Israel was directed to prevent its military from committing any genocidal acts “with immediate effect.”
  • Incitement to Genocide: Sixteen out of 17 judges ruled that Israel must prevent and punish direct and public incitement to commit genocide against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip.
  • Humanitarian Assistance: The court instructed Israel to provide humanitarian aid and basic services to Palestinians in Gaza, recognizing them as a protected group under the Genocide Convention.
  • Preservation of Evidence: Israel was entrusted with preserving evidence related to alleged acts under the Genocide Convention in Gaza.
  • Reporting Requirement: By a 15:2 majority, Israel was asked to submit a report on measures taken to implement the ruling within one month.

Decision on Jurisdiction

  • Jurisdiction Confirmed: The World Court clarified its jurisdiction, stating that there exists a prima facie dispute between the parties concerning the application of the Genocide Convention.
  • Article 9 of Genocide Convention: Referring to Article 9, the court emphasized that South Africa’s concerns and Israel’s dismissal indicated a genuine dispute.

Comments on Israel’s Actions in Gaza

  • Genocidal Acts: The court suggested that “at least some” of Israel’s acts and omissions may fall within the contours of the Genocide Convention.
  • Impact of Military Operation: Israel’s large-scale military operation in Gaza, causing civilian casualties and displacement, was highlighted.
  • Statements by Israeli Officials: The court pointed to concerning statements by senior Israeli officials, including orders for a “complete siege” of Gaza and dehumanizing remarks about troops.
  • Humanitarian Concerns: Expressing deep concern, the court warned of a potential deterioration in the humanitarian situation before the final judgment.

No Call for Ceasefire

  • Court’s Limitations: The ICJ refrained from ordering a ceasefire, with legal experts explaining that such an order could render Israel defenseless and fall outside the court’s purview.
  • International Impact: While the court’s rulings are legally binding, enforcement is lacking. However, its opinions carry weight with the UN and other international institutions.

Also read:

ICJ: Doing Justice without power

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The Crisis In The Middle East

Funding Pause for UNRWA: Allegations and Implications

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : UNRWA

Mains level : Not Much

unrwa

Introduction

  • Britain, Italy, and Finland have recently halted funding for the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees (UNRWA) amid allegations of its staff’s involvement in the October 7 Hamas attacks on Israel.

About UNRWA

  • UNRWA was established to aid Palestinian refugees displaced during the 1948 war surrounding Israel’s creation.
  • It provides education, health, and aid services to Palestinians in Gaza, the West Bank, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon.
  • It operates schools, health clinics, and infrastructure projects for millions of Palestinians across the Middle East.

Israel’s Criticisms

  • Israel accuses UNRWA of tolerating or collaborating with Hamas and perpetuating the Palestinian refugee crisis.
  • It alleges misuse of aid by militant groups and teaching anti-Israel sentiments in UNRWA schools.

UNRWA’s Response

  • It denied allegations, takes swift action against accused employees, and asserts no links to militant groups.
  • It sought to undertake an external review to address accusations and determine political motivations.

Impact of Funding Cuts

  • The U.S., UK, Canada, Australia, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Switzerland, and Finland suspend aid.
  • These nations contribute nearly 60% of UNRWA’s budget in 2022, impacting day-to-day operations.
  • Humanitarian crisis deepens in Gaza, with one in four facing starvation, and aid operations hampered by the ongoing conflict.

Conclusion

  • The pause in funding for UNRWA raises concerns about the humanitarian crisis in Gaza and the potential long-term impact on the region’s stability.
  • The accusations against UNRWA and the subsequent funding cuts underscore the complex challenges faced in delivering aid amid geopolitical tensions.

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Russian Invasion of Ukraine: Global Implications

Turkey finally backs Sweden’s NATO bid

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : NATO

Mains level : Read the attached story

Introduction

  • Sweden’s quest to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has achieved a significant breakthrough with Turkey’s parliament endorsing its membership.
  • This crucial development underscores the evolving dynamics in global politics and Sweden’s response to regional security challenges.

About NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

Formation Established on April 4, 1949
Members Consists of 30 member countries
Headquarters Located in Brussels, Belgium
Mission Safeguard freedom and security through political and military cooperation
Key feature: Article 5 Mutual defense provision, attack on one is an attack on all
Operations Involved in peacekeeping and crisis management operations worldwide
NATO-Russia Relations Complex relationship with Russia, involving cooperation and tensions
Evolving Security Challenges Adapts to address evolving security challenges like terrorism, cyber threats, and hybrid warfare

Sweden’s Neutrality and Shift in Stance

  • A Two-Century Neutrality: Sweden has maintained a neutral position for over two centuries, staying out of conflicts, including both World Wars and the Cold War.
  • EU and NATO Collaboration: Despite joining the European Union and cooperating with NATO, Sweden had not previously indicated an intent to join the military alliance.
  • Changing Landscape: Sweden’s neutrality had to be reconsidered in the wake of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, prompting public opinion in favor of NATO membership.

Turkey’s Opposition and Resolution

  • Two Years of Opposition: Turkey and Hungary had opposed Sweden’s NATO membership for nearly two years.
  • Turkish Concerns: Turkey raised concerns about Sweden’s perceived leniency toward groups classified as terrorists, including the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK).
  • Freedom of Speech Controversy: Quran-burning protests in Sweden, protected under freedom of speech laws, further strained relations with Turkey.
  • Recent Reforms: Sweden made several efforts to address Turkey’s concerns, tightening anti-terrorism laws, cracking down on PKK activities, and easing restrictions on arms sales to Turkey.
  • Positive Developments: Sweden also pledged support for Turkey’s European Union membership bid.

Hungary’s Influence and Response

  • Following Turkey’s Lead: Hungary, under Prime Minister Viktor Orban, had been seen as aligning with Turkey in opposing Sweden’s NATO bid.
  • Grievances with Sweden: Hungary expressed dissatisfaction with Sweden’s criticisms of the rule of law and democratic state under Orban.
  • Russia-Friendly Stance: Orban maintained a more Russia-friendly stance compared to other NATO nations.
  • Invitation for Cooperation: Following Turkey’s approval, Orban invited Swedish Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson to Budapest to discuss future security and defense cooperation as allies and partners.

Sweden’s Contribution to NATO

  • Baltic Sea Territory: Sweden’s NATO membership will extend the alliance’s presence along almost the entire Baltic Sea coastline, except for the part under Russian control.
  • Strategic Bases: This expansion provides NATO with strategic bases in proximity to Russia, streamlines supply lines, and facilitates the defense of assets in the Baltic Sea.
  • Modern Military: Despite its relatively small military size, Sweden possesses modern and experienced armed forces with advanced aircraft and submarine capabilities.
  • Global Missions: Sweden’s military has participated in previous NATO missions, adding to the alliance’s operational capabilities.

Conclusion

  • Sweden’s NATO membership approval signifies a significant shift in its longstanding neutrality, driven by changing geopolitical dynamics and regional security concerns.
  • As Sweden joins the alliance, it brings strategic advantages to NATO’s posture in the Baltic Sea region and enhances the collective defense capabilities of the alliance.

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International Monetary Fund,World Bank,AIIB, ADB and India

World Economic Forum (WEF) Summit at Davos

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : World Economic Forum (WEF)

Mains level : Read the attached story

Introduction

  • The World Economic Forum (WEF) has begun its annual summit in Davos, Switzerland.

World Economic Forum (WEF)

  • Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, WEF is an international not-for-profit organization, focused on bringing the public and private sectors together to address the global political, social, and economic issues.
  • It was founded in 1971 by Swiss-German economist and Professor Klaus Schwab in a bid to promote global cooperation on these most pressing problems.
  • The first meeting of WEF was held more than five decades ago in Davos, which has been the home of the annual gathering almost ever since, also becoming the shorthand for the event.

Purpose and Essence of the WEF

  • Bringing Stakeholders Together: The WEF gathers leaders from business, government, and civil society to address global challenges and brainstorm solutions.
  • Scope Expansion: Initially focusing on European firms catching up with US management practices, the WEF’s scope broadened to encompass economic and social issues.

Annual Meeting in Davos

  • Membership: In 1975, the WEF introduced a membership system for the world’s top 1,000 companies.
  • Global Diplomacy: Davos serves as a backdrop for international diplomacy, offering leaders a conducive environment to defuse tensions and engage in critical discussions.
  • Historic Meetings: Notable meetings in Davos have included North and South Korea’s first ministerial-level talks and discussions on German reunification.
  • Birth of the G20: The idea for the G20, comprising 20 countries and initially focusing on global finance, emerged from discussions at the WEF in 1998.

Funding and Davos’s Serene Environment

  • WEF Funding: The WEF is primarily funded by partnering corporations, typically global enterprises with annual turnover exceeding $5 billion.
  • Davos Setting: Davos’s tranquil surroundings provide an ideal backdrop for the WEF’s mission to foster a more prosperous global economy.

Beyond Discussions: WEF’s Impact

  • Global Rankings: The WEF publishes influential global rankings and indices, such as the Global Competitiveness Report and the Global Gender Gap Report.
  • Significance: WEF Summit serves as a dynamic platform where leaders and stakeholders converge to address pressing global issues, fostering cooperation and innovation on a grand scale.

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