Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : IT rules, 2021 and other such provisions
Mains level : Menace fake news, deepfakes, government's efforts for fact checking units and criticism associated with it
Central Idea
- The IT (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Amendment Rules, 2023 aim to tackle the dissemination of false or misleading information through the introduction of fact-checking units. In light of the detrimental impact of fake news, particularly during the Covid-19 crisis, governments worldwide have recognized the urgency to combat this menace. India, in particular, has experienced a surge in fake news related to the pandemic, making it crucial for the government to proactively address the issue.
What is mean by Fake news?
- Fake news refers to intentionally fabricated or misleading information presented as if it were real news. It can be spread through traditional media sources like newspapers or television, but it is more commonly associated with social media platforms and other online sources.
- Fake news can range from completely made-up stories to misleading headlines and selectively edited or out-of-context information designed to deceive readers.
- It is often used for political purposes, to manipulate public opinion or to spread misinformation about individuals, organizations or events
- Scholars at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology even found that falsified content spreads six times faster than factual content on online platforms.
The Menace of Fake News
- Dissemination of misinformation: Fake news spreads false or misleading information, leading to a distortion of facts and events. This can misguide individuals and the public, leading to incorrect beliefs and actions.
- Erosion of trust: Fake news undermines trust in media organizations, journalism, and sources of information. When people encounter fake news repeatedly, it becomes challenging to distinguish between reliable and unreliable sources, eroding trust in the media landscape.
- Manipulation of public opinion: Fake news is often created with the intent to manipulate public sentiment and shape public opinion on specific issues, individuals, or events. This manipulation can have far-reaching effects on public discourse and decision-making processes.
- Polarization and division: Fake news can contribute to the polarization of society by promoting extreme viewpoints, fostering animosity, and deepening existing divisions. It can exacerbate social, political, and cultural conflicts.
- Personal and reputational harm: Individuals, public figures, and organizations can suffer reputational damage due to false information circulated through fake news. Innocent people may be targeted, leading to personal, professional, and social repercussions.
- Public safety concerns: Fake news related to public safety issues, such as health emergencies or natural disasters, can spread panic, hinder effective response efforts, and jeopardize public safety. It can impede the dissemination of accurate information and guidance.
What is mean by Deepfakes?
- Deepfakes refer to synthetic media or manipulated content created using deep learning algorithms, specifically generative adversarial networks (GANs).
- Deepfakes involve altering or replacing the appearance or voice of a person in a video, audio clip, or image to make it seem like they are saying or doing something they never actually did. The term “deepfake” is a combination of “deep learning” and “fake.
- Deepfake technology utilizes AI techniques to analyze and learn from large datasets of real audio and video footage of a person.
The Rise of Deepfakes
- Advanced manipulation technology: Deepfakes leverage deep learning algorithms and artificial intelligence to convincingly alter or generate realistic audio, video, or images. This technology enables the creation of highly sophisticated and deceptive content.
- Spreading disinformation: Deepfakes can be used as a tool to spread disinformation by creating fabricated videos or audio clips that appear genuine. Such manipulated content can be shared on social media platforms, leading to the viral spread of false information.
- Political implications: Deepfakes have the potential to disrupt political landscapes by spreading misinformation about politicians, political events, or election campaigns. Fabricated videos of political figures making false statements can influence public opinion and undermine trust in democratic processes.
- Amplifying fake news: Deepfakes can amplify the impact of fake news by adding a visual or audio component, making false information appear more credible. Combining deepfakes with misleading narratives can significantly enhance the persuasive power of fabricated content.
- Challenges for content verification: The emergence of deepfakes presents challenges for content verification and authentication. The increasing sophistication of deepfake technology makes it harder to detect and debunk manipulated content, leading to a potential erosion of trust in online information sources.
- Detection and mitigation efforts: Efforts are underway to develop deepfake detection tools and techniques. Researchers, tech companies, and organizations are investing in AI-based solutions to identify and combat deepfakes, aiming to stay ahead of the evolving manipulation techniques.
Existing Provisions to Combat Fake News
- Intermediary Guidelines of 2021: The most preferred democratic process to combat the threats and impact of fake news on a polity would be through Parliament-enacted laws. India opted for the speedier alternative of an addition to the Intermediary Guidelines of 2021 (as amended), through Rule 3(1)(v).
- Can not disseminate misleading content: Under this rule, intermediaries including social media platforms have to ensure that users do not disseminate content that deceives or misleads on the origin or knowingly and intentionally communicates any information which is patently false or misleading in nature but may reasonably be perceived as a fact.
Facts for prelims
Digital India Act, 2023
- The act is a new legislation that aims to overhaul the decades-old Information Technology Act, 2000.
- The Act covers a range of topics such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), cybercrime, data protection, deepfakes, competition issues among internet platforms, and online safety.
- The Act also aims to address “new complex forms of user harms” that have emerged in the years since the IT Act’s enactment, such as catfishing, doxxing, trolling, and phishing
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Importance of Fact-Checking Units
- Ensuring accuracy: Fact-checking units play a crucial role in verifying the accuracy of information circulating in the media and online platforms. They employ rigorous research and investigation techniques to assess the credibility and truthfulness of claims, helping to distinguish between reliable information and misinformation.
- Countering fake news: Fact-checking units are instrumental in combating the spread of fake news and misinformation. By systematically debunking false claims, identifying misleading narratives, and providing accurate information, they help to minimize the impact of false information on public perception and decision-making.
- Promoting media literacy: Fact-checking units contribute to promoting media literacy and critical thinking skills among the general public. Their work serves as a valuable resource for individuals seeking accurate information, encouraging them to question and verify claims rather than relying solely on unsubstantiated sources.
- Enhancing transparency: Fact-checking units operate with transparency, providing detailed explanations and evidence-based assessments of their findings. This transparency helps to build trust with the audience, fostering credibility and accountability in the information ecosystem.
- Holding accountable those spreading misinformation: Fact-checking units contribute to holding accountable those who deliberately spread misinformation or engage in disinformation campaigns. By publicly exposing false claims and identifying the sources of misinformation, they discourage the dissemination of false information and promote ethical standards in media and public discourse.
Conclusion
- With over 80 million Indian citizens online, the challenge of combating false information cannot be underestimated. The Indian government’s initiative to introduce fact-checking units reflects an understanding of the urgent need to tackle the spread of fake news. Jonathan Swift’s timeless quote, “Falsehood flies, and the truth comes limping after,” captures the essence of the problem we face today.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : Provisions related to territorial alteration of the states and tribes in news
Mains level : Increasing demand for a separate administration in Manipur causes, advantages and challenges
Central Idea
- The recent demand for a separate administration in Manipur has sparked widespread discussions on the sanctity of borders and the territorial integrity of the state. The demand, supported by various Kuki-Zo legislators highlights the alleged tacit support of the Manipur government towards violence against the Chin-Kuki-Mizo-Zomi hill tribals. The counter-response from Meitei groups advocating for the protection of the state’s territorial integrity further complicates the situation.
Causes of the riots in Manipur
- The principal cause of the riots in Manipur is the failure of the state government to recognize and accommodate the territorial rights and identities of the different communities in the state.
- The state’s aggressive integrationist project, which seeks to dissolve tribal land rights in the valley areas, has been a major source of tension between the Meitei and tribal communities.
- Additionally, in April 2023, The Manipur High Court’s order to expedite the recommendation for granting ST status to the Meiteis further inflamed the tribal sentiments and led to the massive protest on May 3.
Factors contributing to the increasing demand for a separate administration in Manipur
- Ethnic Tensions and Divisions: Manipur is home to diverse ethnic communities, including the Kuki-Zo and Meitei groups. Ethnic tensions and historical divisions have persisted for years, leading to a sense of marginalization and a desire for separate administrative arrangements.
- Failure of Previous Arrangements: Previous attempts to address the concerns of tribal communities, such as the proposal for a Union Territory or inclusion in the Sixth Schedule, have been perceived as inadequate or non-serious. The lack of tangible progress has intensified the demand for a more comprehensive and separate administrative setup.
- Demographic Changes and Displacement: The extensive violence, displacement of populations, destruction of property, and loss of lives in recent times have significantly altered the demographic landscape of Manipur. These changes have deepened the divide between different communities and created a sense of irreparable separation.
- Economic Considerations: The Kuki-Zo-dominated districts of Manipur, such as Pherzawl and Churachandpur, possess valuable natural resources and strategic gateways to Southeast Asia. Proponents of a separate administration argue that harnessing these resources and leveraging the region’s economic potential would be better served under a distinct administrative framework.
- Lack of Trust in the Current System: The demand for a separate administration reflects a deep-seated mistrust in the existing political and administrative structures. Some communities believe that their interests and concerns are not adequately represented or addressed within the current system, leading to a call for a separate administrative entity.
- Popular Support and Mobilization: The current demand for a separate administration enjoys unprecedented popular support among the Kuki-Zo groups. This widespread backing has galvanized community members and fueled a sustained mobilization effort, making the demand a significant force in Manipur’s political landscape.
- Alleged Government Support for Violence: The demand stems from allegations that the Manipur government has tacitly supported violence against the Chin-Kuki-Mizo-Zomi hill tribals. The perception of government inaction or indifference has fuelled discontent among the affected communities.
Constitutional Challenges for the implementation of a separate administration in Manipur
- Article 3 of the Constitution: The power to effect changes in a state’s border lies with the central government, as outlined in Article 3 of the Constitution. This provision grants unilateral power to the center to alter state boundaries.
- Opposition from Naga Groups: Granting a separate administration for Kuki-Zo in Manipur’s hill areas could face opposition from certain Naga groups. These groups may be reluctant to compromise on their territorial aspirations, particularly concerning the Naga’s demand for a sovereign ‘Nagalim.’ Finding a resolution that satisfies the demands of both communities is a significant challenge.
- Resistance from the State Government and Meitei Groups: The Manipur state government and Meitei groups may staunchly oppose the demand for a separate administration. They might advocate for maintaining the territorial integrity of Manipur and resist any attempts to alter the administrative setup.
- Revisiting Constitutional Arrangements: Establishing a separate administration in Manipur would necessitate revisiting and potentially amending the existing constitutional arrangements. This could involve dissolving sub-state constitutional asymmetrical arrangements, such as Article 371C, district councils, and tribal land rights.
- Overlapping Ethnic Boundaries: Manipur’s ethnic dynamics present a challenge when determining the territorial boundaries of a separate administration. Some districts, such as Chandel, Kamjong, and Tengnoupal, have mixed populations and historical territorial disputes between the Kukis and Nagas. Resolving these territorial complexities and addressing the concerns of all communities is a delicate task.
- Economic Viability: Critics may raise concerns about the financial sustainability and resource allocation for the proposed administrative entity. Demonstrating the economic potential and strategic advantages of a separate administration is crucial to counter these arguments.
Facts for prelims: Major tribes of Manipur
- Naga Tribes: The Nagas are one of the largest and most prominent tribes in Manipur. They are primarily concentrated in the hill areas of the state, and are known for their distinct culture and traditions.
- Kuki Tribes: The Kukis are another major tribe in Manipur, and are also primarily concentrated in the hill areas. They are known for their love of music and dance, and have a rich cultural heritage.
- Meitei Tribe: The Meitei are the dominant community in the valley areas of Manipur, and have their own distinct language and culture. They are known for their love of traditional sports such as Thang Ta (a form of martial arts) and Sagol Kangjei (a game similar to polo).
- Hmar Tribe: The Hmars are a smaller tribe in Manipur, but are still an important part of the state’s cultural fabric. They are known for their traditional dance forms, such as the Cheraw and Chheihlam
- Zomi Tribe: The Zomis are another smaller tribe in Manipur, but are spread across several states in Northeast India. They are known for their love of music and dance, and have a rich cultural heritage.
- Pangal Tribe: The Pangal tribe, also known as the Manipuri Muslims, is a minority community in Manipur. They have a distinct culture and language and are primarily concentrated in the valley region.
- Anal Tribe: The Anal tribe is a smaller ethnic group in Manipur and is primarily concentrated in the hill areas. They have a unique culture and are known for their traditional dress, dance, and music.
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Way ahead
- Dialogue and Negotiation: Facilitating a dialogue between the various stakeholders, including the Kuki-Zo groups, Meitei communities, Nagas, and the state government, is essential. Open and constructive discussions can help identify common ground and potential areas of compromise.
- Constitutional Reforms: Given the constitutional complexities involved, exploring options for constitutional reforms may be necessary. This could involve amending Article 3 to ensure greater involvement of the affected states in decisions regarding border changes, thereby addressing concerns about the exercise of unilateral power by the Centre.
- Devolution of Power: Considering the overlapping ethnic boundaries in Manipur’s districts, there could be a focus on devolving power and granting autonomy to local communities within a framework of non-territorial and territorial autonomy.
- Resource Management and Economic Development: Strategically leveraging the rich natural resources and strategic gateways in the Kuki-Zo-dominated districts, such as the natural gas belt and access to Southeast Asia, can contribute to the economic development of the region and provide incentives for a separate administration.
Inclusive Governance: Any solution should prioritize inclusive governance that recognizes and respects the rights and aspirations of all communities in Manipur. Ensuring equitable representation, protection of minority rights, and mechanisms for peaceful coexistence are essential components of a sustainable way forward.
- Learning from International Examples: Drawing lessons from federal polities like Belgium, Canada, the Netherlands, and Switzerland, where territorial divisions have been managed successfully, can provide valuable insights. Understanding their experiences and practices in accommodating territorially mobilized groups can inform the way forward in Manipur.
- Building Trust and Reconciliation: Addressing historical grievances, fostering social harmony, and promoting reconciliation among communities are crucial for long-term stability. Efforts should be made to build trust, bridge divides, and promote understanding among different ethnic groups in Manipur.
Conclusion
- With unprecedented popular support and the Rubicon of division already crossed, Manipur faces constitutional challenges in effecting this demand. The unresolved debate surrounding Manipur’s administrative future hinges on aligning agendas, ideas, and interests across India’s multi-level federal polity and processes.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : ETS, CBAM and FTA's
Mains level : Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism and associated concerns
Central Idea
- The European Union’s (EU) Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) has raised concerns in India due to its potential impact on the country’s carbon-intensive exports to the EU. While India has criticized CBAM as protectionist and discriminatory, the debate highlights the delicate relationship between trade and environmental considerations.
Understanding The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)
- CBAM is a key climate law introduced by the European Union (EU). It is designed to address the issue of carbon leakage and create a level playing field for EU industries by imposing carbon-related costs on certain imported products.
- In 2005, the EU implemented the Emissions Trading System (ETS), a market-based mechanism aimed at reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
- Under the ETS, industries within the EU are allocated allowances for their GHG emissions, which can be traded among themselves.
- However, the EU is concerned that imported products may not account for embedded emissions due to less stringent environmental policies in exporting countries.
- This disparity could put EU industries at a competitive disadvantage and potentially lead to carbon leakage, where European firms relocate to countries with less strict emission norms.
- To address these concerns, the CBAM imposes carbon-related costs on imports of specific carbon-intensive products. The products currently included are cement, iron and steel, electricity, fertilizers, aluminium, and hydrogen.
- The CBAM requires importers to pay a price linked to the average emissions cost under the EU’s ETS. If the imported products have already paid an explicit carbon price in their country of origin, a reduction can be claimed.
Advantages of CBAM in addressing climate-related challenges
- Addressing Carbon Leakage: CBAM helps address the issue of carbon leakage, which occurs when domestic industries relocate to countries with less stringent climate policies, leading to increased global emissions. By imposing carbon-related costs on imported products, CBAM aims to discourage carbon-intensive industries from shifting production to countries with lower environmental standards, thereby reducing carbon leakage.
- Encouraging Global Climate Action: CBAM incentivizes countries with carbon-intensive industries to adopt more stringent climate policies. The mechanism sends a signal that products exported to the EU market should meet similar environmental standards as EU-produced goods. This encourages exporting countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and transition to cleaner production processes, contributing to global climate action.
- Levelling the Playing Field: CBAM aims to create a level playing field for EU industries by ensuring that imported goods face similar carbon costs as domestic products. This helps prevent unfair competition, as it aligns the cost of carbon across different markets. It incentivizes domestic industries to invest in cleaner technologies and processes, knowing that imported goods will also be subject to equivalent carbon-related costs.
- Revenue Generation for Climate Initiatives: CBAM has the potential to generate revenue for the EU, which can be used to fund climate initiatives and support the transition to a low-carbon economy. The funds collected through CBAM can be reinvested in research and development, renewable energy projects, or supporting industries in their decarbonization efforts.
- Aligning Trade and Climate Objectives: CBAM highlights the interlinkage between trade and environmental concerns. It creates an opportunity to align trade policies with climate objectives, fostering greater coherence between economic growth and sustainability. CBAM encourages countries to consider the carbon intensity of their exports and provides an impetus for the adoption of climate-friendly practices in international trade.
Key issues associated with CBAM
- Trade Protectionism: CBAM has been accused of being protectionist in nature. Critics argue that it could create barriers to trade and hinder the export capabilities of countries, particularly those with carbon-intensive industries. By imposing carbon-related costs on imports, CBAM may give an advantage to domestic industries and discriminate against foreign competitors.
- Discrimination and Non-Discrimination Principles: CBAM may face challenges in adhering to the principles of non-discrimination within the WTO. While it is designed to be origin-neutral, in practice, it could potentially discriminate between goods from different countries based on varying carbon pricing policies or reporting requirements. This could lead to disputes and challenges under WTO rules.
- Complexity and Implementation Challenges: CBAM implementation involves complex calculations and mechanisms to determine the carbon-related costs of imported products. Setting up effective monitoring, reporting, and verification systems to ensure compliance could be challenging, both for the EU and exporting countries. The administrative burden and costs associated with implementing CBAM may also pose practical difficulties.
- Potential for Double Regulation: Some argue that CBAM may lead to overlapping regulations and duplicate efforts. Exporting countries may already have their own carbon pricing mechanisms or environmental regulations in place. CBAM’s imposition of additional costs on top of these existing measures could be seen as redundant and burdensome.
- Impact on Developing Countries: Developing countries, which often have carbon-intensive industries, may face disproportionate negative effects from CBAM. These countries might struggle to comply with the stringent requirements and costs associated with CBAM, hindering their economic development and ability to compete in global markets.
- Incomplete Accounting of Emissions: CBAM focuses on explicit carbon prices, which may not fully account for the implicit costs associated with products from different countries. This incomplete accounting could result in arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination and may not effectively incentivize countries to adopt more stringent environmental policies.
WTO Consistency and CBAM potential discrimination
- WTO’s non-discrimination principle: The World Trade Organization (WTO) operates on the principle of non-discrimination, treating ‘like’ products from different countries equally.
- Origin-neutral CBAM: While CBAM appears origin-neutral in design, its application could potentially discriminate between goods based on inadequate carbon pricing policies or burdensome reporting requirements for importers. Whether the products affected by CBAM are truly ‘like’ is a key consideration.
- For instance: While steel products may seem similar, different production methods lead to varying carbon intensity. This raises the question of whether processes and production methods should be relevant for comparing products. Critics argue that CBAM violates WTO law by discriminating based on embedded emissions
General Exceptions under WTO and potential application for CBAM
- Exceptions allow countries to deviate from trade rules: The General Exceptions, outlined in Article XX of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), provide a set of policy grounds under which WTO members can justify trade measures that would otherwise violate their WTO obligations. These exceptions allow countries to deviate from certain trade rules for specified policy reasons.
- Justification for exception: Article XX of the GATT lists various policy justifications, including public health, conservation of natural resources, and protection of the environment. The use of these exceptions is subject to meeting specific requirements, known as the chapeau. The chapeau sets out conditions that must be satisfied to justify a trade measure.
- In the context of the CBAM: A WTO member implementing CBAM measures might seek to invoke the General Exceptions in Article XX of the GATT to justify any potential inconsistency with non-discrimination obligations.
- For example: A country might argue that CBAM measures are necessary for the conservation of exhaustible natural resources or the protection of the environment, thereby justifying any deviation from non-discrimination principles.
What are the concerns raised in India?
- Impact on Export of Carbon-Intensive Products: India fears that CBAM implementation could severely affect its export of carbon-intensive products, particularly in sectors like aluminium, iron, and steel. These sectors may face significant challenges in accessing the EU market if they are subjected to additional economic costs due to CBAM.
- Protectionism and Discrimination: India has criticized CBAM as being protectionist and discriminatory. It argues that the mechanism may create trade barriers and hinder the export competitiveness of Indian industries. India fears that CBAM could give an unfair advantage to EU domestic industries at the expense of Indian exporters.
- Potential Economic Disruption: The implementation of CBAM may disrupt India’s trade flows and economic stability. The imposition of additional costs on carbon-intensive products exported to the EU market could lead to reduced demand, loss of market share, and potential negative impacts on employment and economic growth in India.
- World Trade Organization (WTO) Challenge: India has contemplated the possibility of challenging CBAM at the WTO’s dispute settlement body. It raises concerns about the compatibility of CBAM with WTO rules, particularly regarding non-discrimination and trade-related principles
- Interplay between Trade and the Environment: The concerns raised by India highlight the broader issue of the interplay between trade and environmental considerations. While acknowledging the need for environmental protection, India emphasizes the importance of ensuring that environmental measures do not become a smokescreen for trade protectionism.
Facts for prelims
What is Regional Trade Agreement (RTA)?
- RTA is a treaty between two or more countries in a particular region that aims to reduce or eliminate trade barriers, such as tariffs and quotas, to facilitate increased trade between the member countries.
- RTAs can take various forms, such as Free Trade Agreements, Customs Unions, Common Markets, and Economic Unions.
What is Free Trade Agreement (FTA)?
- FTA is a specific type of RTA that eliminates tariffs and other trade barriers on goods traded between the member countries.
- FTAs may also include provisions on trade in services and investment, but they are primarily focused on reducing tariffs on goods
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Conclusion
- The implementation of the EU’s CBAM has sparked concerns in India, primarily due to its potential impact on carbon-intensive exports. Analyzing its WTO consistency and potential justifications under the General Exceptions clause is crucial. In the ongoing India-EU free trade agreement negotiations, India should actively engage with the EU to safeguard its interests regarding CBAM while remaining open to the possibility of a WTO challenge.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : C+C5 summit and other such developments
Mains level : Central Asian countries complex dynamics and multi vectored foreign policy
Central Idea
- China recently hosted the inaugural C+C5 summit in Xi’an, which brought together the leaders of five Central Asian countries. The summit resulted in the signing of the ‘Xi’an Declaration’ and emphasized the Belt and Road cooperation as a new starting point for China-Central Asia relations. However, the central Asian countries have successfully implemented a multi-vectored foreign policy, balancing their engagements with various regional and international powers.
What is C+C5 summit?
- The C+C5 stands for China plus Central Asia, indicating the participation of both China and the five Central Asian nations, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
- The purpose of the C+C5 summit is to strengthen the relations and cooperation between China and these Central Asian countries.
- The first C+C5 summit took place in Xi’an, China, and resulted in the signing of the ‘Xi’an Declaration,’ which outlines the shared vision and goals for China-Central Asia cooperation.
Facts for prelims
G7 Summit Hiroshima
- The 49th annual G7 Summit took place in Hiroshima. Japan hosted the summit in its capacity as the President of the G7.
- Prime Minister Kishida’s commitment to nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation was evident through the choice of Hiroshima as the host city.
- Prime Minister Modi attended the summit at the invitation of the Japanese Prime Minister.
- The participating leaders issued a leaders’ communiqué on the second day of the summit. The communiqué will be adopted officially at the end of the summit on the 21st.
- Current Members: US, UK, Canada, France, Germany, Italy and Japan
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Complex Regional Dynamics of Central Asian countries
- Geopolitical Competition: China’s growing influence in Central Asia can be seen as a challenge to Russia’s historical dominance in the region. This geopolitical competition between the two powers shapes the dynamics of China-Central Asia relations.
- Multi-vector Engagements: Central Asian countries pursue multi-vectored foreign policies, engaging with various regional and international powers. This approach allows them to maintain balanced relations and leverage different partnerships to their advantage.
- Regional Cooperation Organizations: Central Asian countries are members of various regional cooperation organizations such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO). These organizations influence the dynamics of regional interactions and shape cooperation initiatives.
- Economic Interests: China’s economic investments and infrastructure projects in Central Asia, driven by the Belt and Road initiative, have both positive and complex implications for the region. Balancing economic benefits with potential dependencies and competition is crucial for the Central Asian countries.
- Historical and Cultural Connections: Central Asia shares historical and cultural ties with both China and Russia. These historical connections influence the perceptions, interactions, and priorities of the countries involved, impacting regional dynamics.
- Balancing Global Engagements: Central Asian countries navigate their relationships with major global powers, including the European Union, the United States, and regional actors such as Turkey. Balancing these engagements is necessary to safeguard their interests and maintain stability in the region.
- Afghanistan’s Impact: The situation in Afghanistan has implications for regional dynamics in Central Asia. Stability and security concerns in Afghanistan directly affect neighboring countries and influence their interactions with external powers.
Significance of C+C5: Strengthening China-Central Asia Relations
- ‘Xi’an Declaration: The C+C5 summit held in Xi’an, China, served as a platform for leaders from China and the Central Asian countries to discuss and strengthen their bilateral relations. The summit resulted in the signing of the ‘Xi’an Declaration,’ which laid out a blueprint for future cooperation.
- Belt and Road Cooperation: The summit focused on the 10th anniversary of the Belt and Road initiative, emphasizing its role as a new starting point for China-Central Asia cooperation. The Belt and Road initiative aims to enhance connectivity and promote economic development through infrastructure projects.
- Cultural Silk Road Program: The ‘Cultural Silk Road’ program was discussed during the summit, which aims to enhance cultural cooperation, preserve shared heritage, and promote cultural exchange between China and Central Asian countries.
- China-Central Asia Summit Mechanism: The establishment of the China-Central Asia Summit mechanism during the summit paves the way for future biennial summits between the participating countries. This institutional framework ensures regular high-level engagement and facilitates ongoing cooperation.
Successes of a Multi-Vectored Foreign Policy
- Diversified Economic Ties: Central Asian countries have successfully diversified their economic ties through a multi-vectored foreign policy. By engaging with multiple regional and international partners, they have expanded trade relations, attracted foreign investments, and accessed various markets.
- Enhanced Diplomatic Influence: A multi-vectored foreign policy allows Central Asian countries to expand their diplomatic influence. By cultivating relationships with different actors, they can assert their interests, advocate for regional stability, and participate actively in international forums.
- Balancing Regional Security: Central Asian countries have effectively balanced regional security concerns through multi-vectored foreign policies. By cooperating with different security organizations and partners, such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), and Russia, they have successfully managed common security challenges, including terrorism, extremism, and drug trafficking.
- Preserving Sovereignty: Pursuing a multi-vectored foreign policy allows Central Asian countries to maintain their sovereignty and independence. By engaging with multiple actors, they prevent overreliance on any single power and safeguard their decision-making autonomy in international affairs.
- Regional Cooperation Initiatives: Central Asian countries have actively participated in regional cooperation initiatives and organizations, such as the SCO and the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) program.
- Improved Resilience and Flexibility: Central Asian countries’ multi-vectored foreign policy has made them more resilient and adaptable in the face of changing geopolitical dynamics. By diversifying their partnerships, they can navigate shifting regional dynamics and respond effectively to evolving challenges and opportunities.
- Peaceful Coexistence: The success of a multi-vectored foreign policy in Central Asia highlights the region’s ability to maintain peaceful coexistence among major regional and global powers. By pursuing balanced engagements, Central Asian countries contribute to stability, reduce tensions, and promote cooperation between different actors.
Conclusion
- The C+C5 summit and the successful implementation of a multi-vectored foreign policy by Central Asian countries highlight the importance of balanced regional engagements. As Georgia and Moldova strive for EU/NATO membership, they should embrace a multi-vectored approach to ensure regional stability and security. Only through this pragmatic path can lasting peace be achieved, despite existing challenges and geopolitical complexities.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : NA
Mains level : The internal unrest in Pakistan and its implications for India
Central Idea
- The events of May 9, 2023, which saw violent protests and attacks on military installations in Pakistan, are expected to have far-reaching consequences for the country. The repercussions of these developments raise questions about the implications for India’s national security, given the limited influence India has over the situation in Pakistan.
Factors attributed to the Pakistan’s Internal Unrest
- Political Turmoil: Pakistan has witnessed political instability over the years, with frequent changes in government and power struggles among political parties. The arrest of former Prime Minister Imran Khan and the subsequent protests by PTI activists have added fuel to the political turmoil, leading to further unrest.
- Dissatisfaction with Governance: Widespread dissatisfaction with governance, corruption, and economic challenges have fuelled public discontent. High levels of poverty, unemployment, inflation, and inadequate public services have contributed to frustrations among the population, especially the youth.
- Military Interference: The history of military intervention and its influence on civilian affairs in Pakistan has created a complex power dynamic. The perception of the military’s meddling in political matters has raised concerns about democratic processes and civilian control over governance.
- Radicalization and Extremism: Pakistan has been grappling with the rise of radicalization and extremist ideologies within certain segments of society. Militant groups, such as Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and sectarian organizations, pose a significant threat to stability. Their ability to exploit social unrest and ideological divisions further exacerbates internal tensions.
- Socio-economic Disparities: Pakistan faces significant socio-economic disparities, with a large portion of the population living in poverty and lacking access to basic necessities. Economic inequalities, coupled with ethnic and regional grievances, contribute to social unrest and political instability.
- Ethnic and Sectarian Divisions: Pakistan is a diverse country with various ethnic and sectarian groups. Historical grievances, competition for resources, and political marginalization of certain groups have led to tensions and sporadic violence.
Internal Dynamics within the Pakistani Army
- Leadership Disputes: In recent years, there have been instances of discord between political leaders and successive army chiefs, including the prolonged discord between former Prime Minister Imran Khan and two successive chiefs. These leadership disputes have highlighted potential fissures within the army’s leadership and raised questions about unity and loyalty within its ranks
- Perceptions of Political Support: There have been perceptions that support for political actors, such as Imran Khan, exists at various levels within the army. While initial perceptions suggested that support for Khan was mainly concentrated in the middle and lower ranks and among retired service personnel. These perceptions add complexity to the army’s internal dynamics and raise concerns about its role in political affairs.
- Influence on Civilian Affairs: The Pakistani army has a long history of interfering in civilian affairs and exerting influence over the country’s political processes. This interference has often been seen as undermining democratic institutions and civilian control over governance.
- Institutional Cohesion: The recent events, such as the attacks on military installations and the subsequent arrests have tested the army’s unity and revealed potential fault lines within the Pakistan Army set up.
Implications for National Security of India
- Regional Stability: The events of internal unrest in Pakistan can have spillover effects on regional stability. A political and economic meltdown leading to widespread chaos and social unrest in Pakistan can create a volatile environment in the region. India shares a long and sensitive border with Pakistan, and any instability in its neighbor directly affects India’s security interests.
- Security of Pakistan’s Nuclear Arsenal: The internal unrest and potential vulnerabilities within the Pakistani army raise questions about the safety and security of Pakistan’s nuclear weapons. The risk of extremist elements or terrorist organizations gaining access to nuclear components or fissile material could have severe implications for the entire region, including India.
- Potential for Terrorist Exploitation: The presence of numerous terrorist organizations within Pakistan, such as Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), creates a fertile ground for extremist elements to exploit situations of chaos and instability.
- Escalation of Cross-Border Tensions: In the past, during periods of internal instability, Pakistan has attempted to divert attention and rally support by escalating tensions with India. Any provocative actions or attempts to divert attention from internal issues could lead to increased border tensions, posing risks to regional stability.
- Impact on Counterterrorism Efforts: If internal unrest in Pakistan leads to a weakening of the country’s institutions and security apparatus, it could hamper the effectiveness of counterterrorism efforts.
- Humanitarian and Refugee Concerns: A political and economic meltdown in Pakistan could result in a significant humanitarian crisis, including a large influx of refugees across the border into India. This could strain resources and infrastructure in border areas, creating additional security challenges for India.
Way ahead
- Strengthening Governance and Institutions: Efforts should be made to strengthen democratic institutions, enhance transparency, and promote good governance. This includes addressing issues of corruption, improving public service delivery, and ensuring the rule of law.
- Counterterrorism Measures: Pakistan needs to accelerate its efforts to counter terrorism effectively. This includes robust intelligence gathering, coordination among security agencies, and targeted operations against terrorist networks. Enhancing border security and cooperation with neighboring countries, including intelligence sharing, can help in curbing cross-border terrorism.
- Addressing Socio-Economic Disparities: Addressing socio-economic disparities and promoting inclusive development are essential to undermine the appeal of radical ideologies. This involves investing in education, healthcare, infrastructure, and job creation to uplift marginalized communities.
- Balancing National Security and Civil Liberties: While ensuring national security is crucial, it should be done in a manner that respects civil liberties, human rights, and the rule of law. Striking a balance between security measures and preserving individual freedoms is essential for maintaining societal harmony and preventing further radicalization.
Conclusion
- The internal unrest in Pakistan following the violent events implications for both Pakistan’s national security and India’s interests. The security of Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal, the potential influence of terrorist organizations, and the internal dynamics within the Pakistani army are critical considerations. In light of these developments, India must exercise caution and adopt a prudent approach, focusing on regional stability and maintaining a cautious stance rather than embracing triumphalism.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : India's Services and manufacturing sector
Mains level : India's Manufacturing versus Services Debate, performance, challenges and way forward
Central Idea
- The ongoing debate regarding India’s preferred path for economic growth, whether it should prioritize manufacturing or services, has resurfaced in public discussions. While India’s software exports previously flourished, questioning why the services sector couldn’t spearhead the nation’s progress. In light of the disappointing manufacturing growth post the 1991 economic reforms, it becomes evident that a structural obstacle inhibits the sector’s progress
Unfulfilled Promises of Manufacturing Reforms
- Limited Increase in Manufacturing Share: Despite the economic reforms of 1991, which were primarily focused on manufacturing, there was not a significant increase in the share of manufacturing in the economy. The expected growth and expansion in the sector did not materialize as anticipated.
- Rising Income Inequality: Although there have been qualitative improvements in the range and quality of products manufactured in India since 1991, the limited expansion of manufacturing in proportion to the overall economy has resulted in a rising income inequality. The benefits of these improvements have not been distributed equitably across the population.
- Persistence of Structural Challenges: Despite policy initiatives and reforms focused on manufacturing, the sector continues to face deep-rooted structural challenges. These challenges have impeded the sector’s growth and hindered its ability to reach its full potential. There is a need for a comprehensive approach to address these underlying issues.
- Limited Demand Constraints: Manufacturing growth is constrained by demand considerations, which are largely independent of supply-side reforms. Household demand for manufactured goods is closely linked to the satisfaction of basic necessities such as food, housing, health, and education. The dominance of food expenditure in a significant portion of Indian households limits the growth of demand for other manufactured products.
- Educational Gap and Skill Development: India lags behind successful manufacturing nations in terms of educational outcomes. Poor performance in international assessments and low literacy and numeracy levels among Indian children highlight the need for significant improvements in the education system.
- Insufficient Focus on Ecosystem Development: The economic reforms of 1991 primarily focused on policy changes but overlooked the need for a comprehensive ecosystem to support manufacturing growth. This ecosystem should encompass aspects such as schooling, training, infrastructure, and supportive policies. A more holistic approach is required to build a conducive environment for the manufacturing sector to flourish.
Recent Initiatives and Underwhelming Performance
- Make in India: Launched in 2014, this initiative aimed to promote manufacturing in India and attract foreign direct investment (FDI). Despite its ambitious goals, the initiative has not yielded the expected results in terms of substantial manufacturing growth and contribution to the economy.
- Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme: This scheme, introduced more recently, provides production subsidies to incentivize the manufacturing of specific products. While announced with fanfare, the article highlights that the record of these schemes has been unimpressive.
- Low Manufacturing Growth: The first advance estimates for 2022-23, as mentioned in the article, indicate a manufacturing growth rate of only 1.3% for the year. This growth rate lags behind agriculture and major segments of the services sector, suggesting a lack of substantial progress in manufacturing.
The Need for a Manufacturing Push in India’s economy
- Job Creation: Manufacturing sectors have the potential to generate a significant number of jobs, particularly for the growing workforce in India. The government and policymakers recognize the importance of manufacturing in addressing the unemployment challenge and providing livelihoods for the population.
- Economic Growth: A vibrant manufacturing sector can contribute to overall economic growth. By expanding manufacturing, India can increase its GDP and strengthen its position as a global economic player. A robust manufacturing base can enhance productivity, attract investments, and drive economic development.
- Private Sector Readiness: The finance minister, in addressing corporate leaders, emphasizes that the private sector needs to be ready to contribute to the manufacturing push. The private sector’s active involvement is seen as crucial for driving manufacturing growth.
- Public Investment: The government’s increased capital expenditure in the last Union Budget is expected to support the private sector by raising aggregate demand. This investment in infrastructure and other sectors can provide a stimulus to manufacturing and create an enabling environment for its expansion.
Demand Constraints and the Role of Food
- Household Expenditure: Demand for manufactured goods is influenced by household expenditure patterns, which are largely determined by the satisfaction of basic necessities such as food, housing, health, and education. These necessities take up a significant share of household expenditure and are considered non-discretionary expenses that cannot be postponed.
- Food Expenditure: Food occupies a large share of expenditure for a substantial section of Indian households. The high share of food expenditure leaves a smaller portion of disposable income available for spending on other goods and services, which can constrain the growth of demand for manufactured products.
- Negative Relationship with Per Capita Income: Globally, there is a strong negative relationship between per capita income and the share of food in household expenditure. Wealthier countries, such as the United States and Singapore, tend to have lower shares of expenditure allocated to food. In contrast, India, with its lower GDP per capita, experiences a larger share of food expenditure, which can limit the growth of demand for manufactured products.
- Manufacturing Demand Implications: The dominance of food expenditure in household budgets suggests that the demand for manufactured goods is closely linked to the satisfaction of basic needs. As households prioritize spending on food, housing, health, and education, the demand for other manufactured products may be constricted, affecting the growth potential of the manufacturing sector.
- Export Potential: Smaller countries in East Asia have achieved significant manufacturing growth by relying on global markets rather than relying solely on their domestic markets. By diversifying into exports, manufacturers can tap into broader consumer markets and mitigate the constraints imposed by domestic demand limitations.
Exports as a potential solution for the manufacturing sector
- Overcoming Limited Domestic Market: Exporting provides a significant opportunity for the manufacturing sector to overcome the constraints of a limited domestic market. By tapping into global markets, manufacturers can reach a larger customer base and increase their sales potential beyond domestic demand alone.
- Diversification of Markets: Exporting allows manufacturers to diversify their markets and reduce dependency on a single market. This helps mitigate risks associated with fluctuations in domestic demand or economic conditions in the home country.
- Global Competitiveness: To succeed in the export market, manufacturers need to focus on enhancing their global competitiveness. This includes factors such as product quality, innovation, pricing, branding, and customer service. Manufacturers must strive to offer products that meet international standards and are competitive in terms of cost and quality.
- Infrastructure and Logistics: Manufacturers need reliable transportation networks, including roads, railways, and ports, to move their goods to international markets. Access to efficient seaports, airports, and customs facilities helps streamline export processes and reduce turnaround times.
- Cost of Production: Manufacturers need to ensure that their cost structure, including labor, raw materials, energy, and overheads, is competitive compared to other exporting countries. Cost-efficient production methods and economies of scale can contribute to enhancing export competitiveness.
- Trade Agreements and Market Access: Engaging in trade agreements and securing preferential market access can provide manufacturers with a competitive advantage. By accessing markets with reduced tariffs or trade barriers, manufacturers can improve their competitiveness and expand their export opportunities.
- Export Promotion and Support: Governments can play a crucial role in supporting exports through export promotion initiatives, financial incentives, export credit facilities, and market intelligence services. These measures help manufacturers navigate export procedures, access information on international markets, and avail financial assistance to expand their export capabilities.
Conclusion
- India’s economic growth requires careful consideration of the manufacturing versus services debate. While the services sector has played a significant role, a comprehensive ecosystem supporting manufacturing is crucial. Only through concerted efforts and holistic reforms can India truly unlock its manufacturing potential and secure long-term economic prosperity.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : Graphene, semiconductors and its applications
Mains level : Potential of graphene to transform industries
Central Idea
- In the realm of technological advancements, certain breakthroughs possess the power to revolutionize entire industries. Artificial Intelligence (AI) for software, quantum computing for computers, and graphene for materials are such game-changers. While India has made commendable progress in AI and shows promise in quantum computing, it is crucial for the country to catch up in the domain of graphene.
What is Graphene?
- Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice pattern. It is a two-dimensional material that is incredibly thin, strong, and lightweight. In fact, it is the thinnest material known to date, with a thickness of just one atom.
- Despite its thinness, graphene is remarkably strong, around 200 times stronger than steel, yet incredibly flexible.
Why Graphene is known as The Wonder Material?
- Exceptional Strength: Despite being only one atom thick, graphene is incredibly strong. It is approximately 200 times stronger than steel, yet it is incredibly flexible. This combination of strength and flexibility makes it highly desirable for applications where strength and durability are crucial.
- Superb Electrical Conductivity: Graphene is an excellent conductor of electricity, even surpassing traditional conductors like copper. It allows the flow of electrons with minimal resistance, making it ideal for developing high-performance electronics and electrical devices.
- High Thermal Conductivity: Along with its electrical conductivity, graphene also exhibits excellent thermal conductivity. It can efficiently transfer heat, making it valuable for applications requiring efficient heat management, such as in electronics, thermal management systems, and energy storage devices.
- Transparency: Graphene is nearly transparent and can absorb only 2% of light passing through it. This property makes it an intriguing material for optoelectronic devices, transparent conductive films, and touchscreens, as it enables the transmission of light while maintaining conductivity.
- Impermeability to Gases: Graphene is impermeable to gases, even those as small as hydrogen and helium. This property opens up possibilities for applications in gas separation, filtration, and storage, as well as creating barriers against moisture or gas permeation in various industries.
- Versatility and Composite Formation: Graphene can be combined with other materials to create composite materials with enhanced properties. Even in small quantities, graphene can significantly improve the strength, conductivity, and other characteristics of composite materials. This versatility expands its potential applications in fields such as aerospace, automotive, construction, and sports equipment.
- Wide Range of Applications: Graphene has the potential to revolutionize numerous industries and sectors. It can be used in energy storage devices like batteries and supercapacitors, for developing sensors, inks, membranes for water purification, and in healthcare for drug delivery systems and biosensors. Its applications also extend to areas such as defense and aerospace, where its exceptional strength, conductivity, and sensitivity to environmental changes offer unique advantages.
Global Graphene Landscape
- China: China declared graphene a priority in its 13th Plan. China has emerged as a global leader in the production and commercialization of graphene. China’s emphasis on graphene is evident from its graphene-related patent filings, which have surpassed those of other leading nations in recent years.
- United States: The United States has a strong presence in the graphene landscape, with active research and development initiatives. Several universities, research institutions, and companies in the U.S. are at the forefront of graphene research, exploring its potential applications and commercialization prospects. The country has a considerable number of graphene-related patents and is home to leading graphene companies and startups.
- United Kingdom: The UK has been a pioneer in graphene research since its discovery. The University of Manchester, where graphene was first isolated, remains a hub for graphene research and innovation. The UK government has invested in the National Graphene Institute and the Graphene Engineering Innovation Centre to support research and development in graphene applications.
- South Korea: South Korea has active research programs, industry collaborations, and graphene-related patent filings. South Korean companies are involved in graphene production, commercialization, and application development across various sectors.
- Japan: Japan has a significant presence in graphene research and commercialization. Japanese universities and research institutions have made notable contributions to the field. The country has a strong focus on developing graphene-based technologies in areas such as electronics, energy storage, and composite materials. Japanese companies are actively involved in graphene production and application development.
- Russia: Russia has a growing presence in the graphene landscape, with notable research activities and patents in the field. Russian universities and research institutes are engaged in graphene research, and the country has witnessed the establishment of graphene-focused companies.
- Singapore: Singapore has invested in graphene research and development, aiming to position itself as a regional hub for graphene-related technologies. The country has established research institutes and centers focused on graphene and has attracted collaborations with international partners.
India’s progress in the graphene sector
- Research and Academic Contributions: The Centre for Nano Science and Engineering at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) Bangalore, in collaboration with KAS Tech, has been actively involved in graphene research and development.
- Start-ups and Industry Initiatives: Several start-ups and foreign subsidiaries have emerged in India, focusing on graphene or graphene derivatives. Notably, Tata Steel has achieved success in growing graphene using annealing and extracting atomic carbon from steel surfaces. They have also explored the use of graphene in recycling plastic products. Other start-ups, such as Log 9 and RF Nanocomposites, have patented graphene-based technologies for ultracapacitors, EMI shielding, and stealth applications, respectively.
- Graphene Innovation Centre in Kerala: In a laudable step, the India Innovation Centre for Graphene was established in Kerala. This center, implemented by the Digital University Kerala in partnership with Tata Steel and C-MET, Thrissur, aims to foster large-scale innovation activity around graphene. It serves as a collaborative platform for research, development, and commercialization of graphene-based technologies.
- Patents and Intellectual Property: While India’s graphene-related patent filings are relatively modest compared to other leading countries, there have been efforts to secure intellectual property. Indian researchers and institutions have filed patents for graphene-based technologies and applications, demonstrating innovation and progress in the field.
Facts for prelims: Semiconductors
- Semiconductors are materials that have properties that are in between those of conductors (such as copper) and insulators (such as rubber).
- They have the ability to conduct electricity under certain conditions, but not under others.
- The conductivity of semiconductors can be manipulated through the introduction of impurities or doping with other materials.
- This process alters the electronic properties of the material and creates regions of excess or deficit of electrons, called p-type and n-type regions respectively.
- The interface between these regions is known as a p-n junction, which is a fundamental building block of many semiconductor devices.
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Way Ahead: India’s graphene sector
- National Graphene Mission: Establish a dedicated National Graphene Mission, similar to initiatives undertaken by other countries. This mission should focus on fostering research, development, and commercialization of graphene-based technologies, with clear objectives, timelines, and allocated resources.
- Increased Research and Development: Encourage and fund research and development activities in graphene across academic institutions, research organizations, and industry. Foster collaborations between academia, industry, and government to drive innovation and accelerate the discovery of new applications for graphene.
- Infrastructure and Facilities: Invest in infrastructure and facilities for large-scale production, characterization, and testing of graphene. Develop advanced laboratories equipped with state-of-the-art instruments to support graphene research and development.
- Skill Development and Training: Promote skill development programs and training initiatives to build a skilled workforce with expertise in graphene technology. Develop specialized courses and training modules at educational institutions to produce a talent pool proficient in graphene research, fabrication, characterization, and application development.
- Industry-Academia Collaboration: Foster stronger collaboration between industry and academia to bridge the gap between research and commercialization. Encourage joint research projects, technology transfer, and the establishment of industry-academia consortia focused on graphene.
- Funding and Financial Support: Increase funding for graphene research and development through government grants, industry investments, and venture capital. Provide financial support and incentives for start-ups and companies working on graphene technologies to encourage entrepreneurship and product development.
- Intellectual Property Protection: Strengthen intellectual property protection mechanisms and encourage researchers and companies to file patents for graphene-based technologies and applications. Support the development of patent pools and licensing frameworks to facilitate technology transfer and commercialization.
Conclusion
- The potential of graphene to transform industries cannot be understated. As the world advances towards the graphene age, India must secure its position as a leader rather than a bystander. The time to prioritize graphene is now, as the production of high-grade graphene may become concentrated in select global locations, similar to semiconductors. India has witnessed the consequences of missing out on the semiconductor wave, and it cannot afford to repeat history.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : Biodiversity, National Mission on Biodiversity and Human Wellbeing
Mains level : Biodiversity, significance challenges and conservation
Central Idea
- The observance of International Biodiversity Day on May 22 serves as a powerful reminder of the critical role our natural world plays in addressing the climate change crisis and the threat to our future posed by declining biodiversity. Preserving and enhancing biodiversity emerges as a cost-effective approach to sequester carbon dioxide and mitigate climate change.
What is Biodiversity?
- Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms found on Earth, including plants, animals, microorganisms, and their interactions within ecosystems. It encompasses the diversity of species, genetic diversity within species, and the diversity of ecosystems.
- Biodiversity is not limited to specific areas but exists everywhere, from terrestrial habitats like forests, grasslands, and deserts to aquatic environments such as rivers, lakes, and oceans.
- It also includes the diversity of habitats, ecological processes, and the complex web of relationships between organisms and their environment.
- Biodiversity is crucial for the functioning of ecosystems and provides numerous benefits to humans. It supports essential ecosystem services, such as pollination, nutrient cycling, soil formation, and water purification.
- Biodiversity also contributes to food security by providing a variety of crops, livestock, and wild foods. Additionally, it plays a vital role in medicine, as many pharmaceuticals are derived from natural sources.
The Decline of Biodiversity: key contributing factors
- Habitat Loss: The conversion of natural habitats into agricultural lands, urban areas, and industrial zones is a primary driver of biodiversity loss. Deforestation, land degradation, and habitat fragmentation disrupt ecosystems and displace numerous species.
- Climate Change: Rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events associated with climate change have a profound impact on biodiversity. Species may struggle to adapt or migrate quickly enough, leading to population declines and even extinction.
- Pollution: Pollution, including air and water pollution, poses a severe threat to biodiversity. Chemical contaminants, such as pesticides, herbicides, and industrial pollutants, can accumulate in ecosystems and harm both flora and fauna.
- Overexploitation: Unsustainable harvesting of wildlife, overfishing, and illegal wildlife trade put immense pressure on species populations. This overexploitation disrupts ecological balance and can lead to the collapse of ecosystems.
- Invasive Species: Non-native species introduced into new environments can outcompete native species, disrupt ecological interactions, and cause harm to local ecosystems. Invasive species often lack natural predators or controls, allowing them to multiply rapidly.
- Agricultural Practices: Intensive agricultural practices, including the use of chemical inputs, monoculture farming, and the destruction of natural habitats for agriculture, contribute to the loss of biodiversity. This impacts both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
- Disease and Pathogens: The spread of diseases and pathogens, both natural and human-mediated, can have devastating effects on wildlife populations. Diseases can cause mass die-offs and population declines, leading to decreased biodiversity.
- Inadequate Conservation Efforts: Inadequate conservation measures, weak enforcement of protective laws, and insufficient funding for conservation initiatives contribute to the decline of biodiversity. Conservation efforts are often fragmented and not prioritized, further exacerbating the problem.
- Lack of Public Awareness and Engagement: Limited awareness among the general public about the importance of biodiversity and the consequences of its decline hinders collective action. Engaging communities and fostering a sense of responsibility towards biodiversity is crucial for effective conservation.
Reimagining Biodiversity Management: A holistic and inclusive approach
- Multifunctional Landscapes: Moving beyond the traditional focus on forests, biodiversity management should encompass diverse ecosystems such as grasslands, savannas, alpine pastures, and deserts. Recognizing the value of multifunctional landscapes allows for the conservation and sustainable use of various ecological communities.
- Community Engagement: Empowering local communities and indigenous groups in biodiversity management is crucial. Their traditional knowledge, practices, and direct involvement are valuable assets for effective conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Establishing platforms such as gram sabhas and biodiversity management committees facilitates community participation and decision-making.
- Mainstreaming Biodiversity: Biodiversity considerations should be integrated into all sectors and aspects of society. Development programs, government departments, public and private institutions, and industries should incorporate biodiversity conservation and sustainable practices as core principles.
- Policy and Legal Frameworks: Ensuring effective implementation of regulations, enforcing laws against biodiversity crimes, and revisiting policies that hinder biodiversity protection are key steps. It is also important to support the rights of indigenous communities and local stakeholders through legal mechanisms.
- Education and Awareness: Promoting biodiversity education and raising awareness about its importance among the general public, policymakers, and stakeholders is crucial. This includes integrating biodiversity topics into educational curricula, conducting awareness campaigns, and disseminating information about the benefits of biodiversity conservation.
- Research and Science-Based Approaches: Investing in scientific research, monitoring, and data collection is vital for evidence-based decision-making and effective biodiversity management. This includes studying biodiversity patterns, understanding ecosystem dynamics, and identifying key species and habitats for conservation priorities.
- Collaborative Partnerships: Building partnerships and collaborations among various stakeholders is essential. This includes government agencies, non-governmental organizations, research institutions, local communities, and private sectors. Collaboration fosters knowledge sharing, resource mobilization, and the implementation of joint initiatives for biodiversity conservation.
- Sustainable Financing: Ensuring sustainable financing mechanisms for biodiversity conservation is crucial. This includes exploring innovative funding models, leveraging public-private partnerships, and integrating biodiversity into sustainable development financing frameworks.
- International Cooperation: Collaborating at the global level is necessary to address transboundary biodiversity issues. Sharing best practices, knowledge exchange, and aligning efforts with international conventions and agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) can strengthen biodiversity management.
Facts for prelims
What is biosphere reserve?
- Protected area: A biosphere reserve is an area of land or water that is protected by law in order to support the conservation of ecosystems, as well as the sustainability of mankind’s impact on the environment.
Current status of Biosphere reserves
- Worldwide: There are 738 biosphere reserves in 134 countries, including 22 transboundary sites.
- In India:
- Presently, there are 18 notified biosphere reserves in India. Ten out of the eighteen biosphere reserves are a part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, based on the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme list.
- In India, the first biosphere reserve was designated by UNESCO in 2000, namely, the blue mountains of the Nilgiris stretching over Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala.
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Our Role as Caretakers: key actions we can take as responsible stewards
- Sustainable Land Use: Promoting sustainable land use practices is essential to minimize habitat loss and degradation. This includes supporting initiatives such as reforestation, afforestation, and sustainable agriculture that maintain ecosystem integrity.
- Responsible Consumption: Making informed choices as consumers can have a significant impact on biodiversity. Supporting sustainable and ethically sourced products, reducing waste, and opting for environmentally friendly practices can reduce the demand for products that harm biodiversity.
- Preservation of Natural Habitats: Protecting and preserving natural habitats, including forests, wetlands, and marine ecosystems, is critical. This involves advocating for the establishment and expansion of protected areas, national parks, and wildlife reserves.
- Sustainable Fisheries: Supporting sustainable fishing practices, such as responsible fishing quotas, implementing fishing regulations, and avoiding overfishing, helps maintain healthy marine ecosystems and protect marine biodiversity.
- Support Conservation Organizations: Contributing to and supporting conservation organizations and initiatives can make a significant difference. Donations, volunteering, and participation in citizen science projects can aid in research, conservation efforts, and advocacy for biodiversity protection.
What is The National Mission on Biodiversity and Human Wellbeing?
- Objective: The mission aims to integrate biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services into various sectors to address critical challenges related to climate change, regenerative agriculture, and ecosystem and public health.
- Enhancing Human Wellbeing: The mission focuses on fostering human well-being by enhancing and conserving biodiversity. It aims to support the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals related to poverty alleviation, nutrition and health, and environmental protection.
- People-Centric Approach: The mission recognizes the importance of active engagement and participation of all citizens in biodiversity conservation and sustainable use. It places people at the center of the mission’s activities.
- Mainstreaming Biodiversity: The mission seeks to embed biodiversity considerations into development-oriented programs of both the public and private sectors. This ensures that biodiversity conservation becomes an integral part of decision-making processes and actions.
- Education and Awareness: The mission aims to create awareness about the importance of biodiversity and foster curiosity about nature. It seeks to instill a sense of responsibility for safeguarding biodiversity in every child and student.
- Nature-Based Solutions: The mission emphasizes the utilization of nature-based solutions to address challenges related to climate change, agriculture, and public health. It recognizes the value of ecosystems and biodiversity in providing sustainable solutions.
- Traditional Knowledge and Community Participation: The mission promotes the integration of traditional knowledge and the active participation of local communities and indigenous groups in biodiversity management. It acknowledges their role in conservation efforts.
- Sustainable Development Goals Alignment: The mission aligns with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, aiming to contribute to poverty alleviation, nutrition and health, and environmental protection.
- Pending Implementation: Although the mission has received preliminary approval from the Prime Minister’s Science, Technology, and Innovation Council, it is still in the proposal stage and yet to be fully implemented.
Conclusion
- The mainstreaming of biodiversity represents a significant step toward securing a sustainable future. Recognizing the interconnectedness of all life forms and ecosystems, we must redefine our approach to biodiversity management. The proposed National Mission on Biodiversity and Human Wellbeing provides a roadmap and empowers all citizens to take part in safeguarding our precious natural heritage.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : India's parliamentary democracy and key constitutional provisions
Mains level : Increasing subordination of Parliament and executive dominance in India's democracy
Central Idea
- The recent inauguration of a new Parliament building in India was accompanied by both grandeur and controversy. While the exclusion of the President and the symbolic gestures surrounding the Sengol stirred significant debate, there is a deeper issue that remains overlooked the growing subordination of Parliament in India’s parliamentary democracy.
What is mean by Parliamentary Democracy?
- Parliamentary democracy is a form of government in which the executive branch, headed by a Prime Minister or equivalent position, derives its legitimacy and authority from the legislative branch, known as Parliament. In this system, the executive is accountable to Parliament and relies on its support to govern effectively.
What is mean by Executive Democracy?
- Executive democracy refers to a form of governance where the executive branch of government holds a dominant or disproportionate amount of power and influence compared to other branches, such as the legislature or judiciary. In an executive democracy, the executive branch, usually headed by a President or Prime Minister, exercises significant control over policy-making and decision-making processes
Executive Democracy vs. Parliamentary Democracy
| Aspect |
Executive Democracy |
Parliamentary Democracy |
| Concentration of Power |
Executive branch holds dominant power and control |
Power is shared between executive and legislature |
| Decision-making |
Decisions made primarily by the executive |
Decisions made through deliberation in Parliament |
| Checks and Balances |
Limited checks on executive power |
Robust system of checks and balances |
| Accountability |
Limited avenues for holding executive accountable |
Strong mechanisms to ensure executive accountability |
| Legislative Influence |
Legislature may have limited influence |
Legislature plays a significant role in shaping policies |
| Separation of Powers |
Potential for blurred separation of powers |
Clear separation of powers between branches |
| Opposition Role |
Opposition may have limited influence |
Opposition has an important role in holding the government accountable |
| Civic Engagement |
Limited avenues for civic engagement |
Opportunities for civic engagement and participation |
| Pluralism and Representation |
Potential for limited representation of diverse interests |
Emphasis on diverse representation and pluralism |
| Policy Stability |
Potentially streamlined decision-making |
Decision-making through debate and deliberation |
| Potential for Authoritarianism |
Increased risk of authoritarian tendencies |
Strong democratic safeguards against authoritarianism |
Factors attributed to the diminishing role of the Parliament in India’s democracy
- Minimal Deliberation: Bills are often passed with minimal or no deliberation, resulting in a lack of in-depth scrutiny and discussion on important legislative matters. This reduces the effectiveness of Parliament as a deliberative body.
- Decreased Sitting Days: Parliament sits for fewer and fewer days in a year, leading to a reduced opportunity for lawmakers to engage in meaningful debates, pass legislation, and hold the executive accountable.
- Adjournment of Sessions: Parliamentary sessions are frequently adjourned, further limiting the time available for legislative business and impeding the functioning of Parliament.
- Dominance of Presidential Ordinances: Presidential ordinances have become a parallel, and at times dominant, form of law-making. This bypasses the traditional legislative process and diminishes the role of Parliament in shaping and scrutinizing laws.
- Limited Role of Backbenchers: Backbenchers, who are ruling party parliamentarians not part of the cabinet, play a crucial role in exercising checks over the executive. However, their influence and ability to dissent within Parliament have been curtailed.
- Absence of Prime Minister’s Questions: Unlike other parliamentary democracies, the Indian Constitution does not provide for a dedicated session where the Prime Minister faces direct questioning from the Leader of the Opposition and other politicians. This diminishes the opposition’s ability to hold the executive accountable.
- Lack of Impartial Speakers: The Speaker, who should act as a neutral and independent authority, often maintains party membership and lacks constitutional obligations to act impartially. This has resulted in partisan behavior, affecting the quality of deliberations in the lower house and impeding effective scrutiny by the Upper House.
- Undermining the Role of the Upper House: The Upper House, specifically the Rajya Sabha, acts as a revising chamber where diverse interests beyond the majority are represented. However, misclassification of bills as “money bills” and the use of ordinance-making power bypass the scrutiny and revision processes in the Upper House.
How the safeguards against executive dominance are being diluted?
- Intra-Party Dissent: The anti-defection law, introduced through the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution in 1985, suppresses intra-party dissent by disqualifying members who defy the party whip. Despite its intention to curb horse-trading and unprincipled floor-crossing, this law has reinforced the power of party leadership, particularly the executive, while making intra-party dissent more difficult due to the risk of disqualification from Parliament.
- Limited Space for Opposition: Unlike other parliamentary democracies, the Indian Constitution does not allocate specific space for the political opposition in the House. As a result, parliamentary proceedings are largely under the control of the executive, leaving no constitutional checks on how that control is exercised. This hampers the opposition’s ability to hold the executive accountable.
- Partisan Speakers: The Speaker, who should be an impartial authority representing the interests of Parliament, often acts in a partisan manner. The Speaker’s allegiance to their political party and the absence of constitutional obligations to act impartially have led to instances of advancing the executive’s interests over those of the House. This compromises the quality of deliberations in the lower house and affects the Upper House as well, as seen in the classification of bills as “money bills” to bypass scrutiny in the Rajya Sabha.
- Undermining the Role of the Upper House: The Upper House’s role is further undermined by the misclassification of bills and the constitutional power to issue ordinances. Ordinances, meant for emergency situations when Parliament is not in session, are increasingly used as a parallel process of law-making, bypassing the scrutiny of the Upper House and creating a fait accompli.
The implications of executive dominance
- Weakened Checks and Balances: Executive dominance can undermine the system of checks and balances that is vital for democratic governance. When the executive branch holds excessive power, the ability of other institutions, such as the legislature and judiciary, to effectively monitor and limit executive actions can be compromised.
- Reduced Accountability: The concentration of power in the executive can diminish accountability mechanisms. Transparency and oversight mechanisms may suffer, limiting public scrutiny and the ability to hold the government accountable for its decisions, actions, and policies.
- Limited Legislative Influence: Executive dominance may curtail the influence and effectiveness of the legislature. The executive may have significant control over the legislative agenda, which can limit the ability of lawmakers to shape policies, propose amendments, and exercise meaningful oversight.
- Diminished Role of Opposition: Executive dominance can marginalize the role and impact of the political opposition. With limited avenues to influence decision-making, the opposition’s ability to present alternative viewpoints, challenge government actions, and hold the executive accountable may be restricted.
- Impaired Deliberative Democracy: Executive dominance may result in limited deliberation and debate on important legislative matters. When decision-making is centralized in the executive, opportunities for comprehensive discussion, public input, and the exploration of diverse perspectives may be diminished.
- Potential for Policy Capture: Concentrated executive power can create opportunities for special interest groups or powerful individuals to exert undue influence over policy decisions. This can lead to policy capture, favoritism, and a lack of equitable representation of diverse interests.
- Threat to Judicial Independence: Executive dominance can pose risks to the independence of the judiciary. The executive’s influence over judicial appointments and the potential for encroachment on the judiciary’s autonomy can undermine the impartial administration of justice and compromise the protection of individual rights.
- Democratic Backsliding: Excessive executive dominance without proper checks and balances can contribute to democratic backsliding. It can erode democratic norms, undermine institutional integrity, and potentially lead to authoritarian tendencies.
Facts for prelims: key constitutional provisions related to India’s parliamentary democracy
| Constitutional Provision |
Description |
| The Preamble |
Declares India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic |
| Article 79 |
Establishes the Parliament of India as the supreme legislative body |
| Article 74 |
Outlines the role and powers of the President as the head of the executive branch |
| Article 75 |
Deals with the appointment and powers of the Prime Minister |
| Article 86 |
Outlines the powers and functions of the Rajya Sabha (Upper House of Parliament) |
| Article 105 |
Grants privileges and immunities to members of Parliament |
| Article 266 |
Establishes the Consolidated Fund of India and Contingency Fund of India |
| Article 368 |
Outlines the procedure for amending the Constitution of India |
| Article 226 |
Grants High Courts the power to issue writs and remedies for the enforcement of rights and laws |
Way forward: Restoring the prominence of Parliament
- Review and Amend the Anti-Defection Law: Revisit the anti-defection law, Tenth Schedule of the Constitution, to strike a balance between party discipline and intra-party dissent. The law should focus on curbing unprincipled floor-crossing while allowing space for lawmakers to express dissenting views within their parties.
- Strengthen Opposition Rights: Allocate specific space and time for the political opposition in the House to hold the executive accountable. Consider implementing sessions like Prime Minister’s questions, where the Prime Minister faces direct questioning from the Leader of the Opposition and other politicians.
- Enhance Impartiality of the Speaker: Encourage the Speaker to act independently and impartially by introducing reforms that require the Speaker to relinquish party membership and impose constitutional obligations to ensure neutrality and fairness in conducting House proceedings.
- Preserve the Role of the Upper House: Protect the role and importance of the Upper House, the Rajya Sabha, by ensuring that bills are not misclassified as “money bills” to bypass its scrutiny. Limit the misuse of ordinances to maintain the integrity and effectiveness of the legislative process.
- Strengthen Parliamentary Oversight: Enhance the capacity of parliamentary committees to scrutinize executive actions, policies, and budgets effectively. Provide them with adequate resources and powers to conduct thorough investigations and hold the government accountable.
- Promote Meaningful Deliberations: Encourage a culture of robust and substantive deliberations in Parliament by ensuring sufficient sitting days and minimizing unnecessary adjournments. Foster an environment where lawmakers can engage in informed and constructive debates on legislative matters.
- Public Participation and Transparency: Promote public participation in the legislative process by making parliamentary proceedings more accessible to the public through live streaming, public consultations, and the dissemination of information. Enhance transparency by ensuring timely publication of bills, reports, and other parliamentary documents.
- Judicial Independence and Judicial Review: Uphold the independence of the judiciary and ensure that it acts as a strong check on executive power. Respect the decisions of the judiciary and safeguard its autonomy to ensure that laws and executive actions align with the constitution and protect individual rights.
Conclusion
- While the inauguration of a new Parliament building attracts attention, it is imperative to address the underlying issue of the increasing subordination of Parliament in India’s democracy. Restoring the prominence of Parliament in the democratic process necessitates comprehensive constitutional changes and reforms. Only then can India reclaim its status as a robust parliamentary democracy.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : SCO and its Anti-Terrorism Agenda
Mains level : Pakistan's State Sponsored Terrorism, SCO's Limited Authority and Implications
Central Idea
- The Council of Foreign Ministers (CFM) of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) recently convened in Goa to address pressing regional issues. Unfortunately, on the same day, the People’s Anti-Fascists Front (PAF), an offshoot of Pakistan-sponsored Jaish-e-Muhammad (JeM), claimed the lives of five Indian army personnel in Jammu and Kashmir’s Rajouri district.
Background: SCO’s Anti-Terrorism Agenda
- The SCO’s origins trace back to the establishment of the Shanghai Five in 1996, consisting of Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan.
- In 1998, the group recognized the joint fight against separatism, extremism, and terrorism originating from the Af-Pak region as a top priority. The inclusion of Uzbekistan in 2001 led to the organization’s renaming as the SCO.
- Subsequently, the Regional Anti-Terrorists Structure (RATS) was formed in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, to institutionalize and consolidate anti-terrorism efforts within the SCO.
- RATS facilitated joint counterterrorism exercises, training, and the preparation of countermeasures.
Pakistan’s Role in State-Sponsored Terrorism
- Safe Haven for Terrorist Groups: Pakistan has served as a safe haven and provided sanctuary for various terrorist groups. These groups, such as the Taliban, Haqqani Network, Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), and Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM), operate from Pakistani soil, carry out attacks in neighboring countries, and then seek refuge in Pakistan.
- Training and Recruitment: Pakistan has been involved in training and recruiting terrorists. Extremist organizations have established training camps within Pakistan where individuals are indoctrinated, radicalized, and trained in various aspects of terrorism, including bomb-making, guerrilla warfare, and ideological indoctrination.
- Financial and Logistical Support: Pakistan has been accused of providing financial and logistical support to terrorist groups. This support includes funding, weapons, ammunition, and intelligence assistance, enabling these groups to carry out their activities with impunity.
- Proxy Warfare: Pakistan has used terrorism as a proxy warfare strategy to achieve its geopolitical objectives. By sponsoring terrorist groups, Pakistan seeks to influence and destabilize neighboring countries, particularly India and Afghanistan, with the aim of furthering its own interests in the region.
- Infiltration of Terrorists: Pakistan has facilitated the infiltration of terrorists across its borders into neighboring countries. This includes providing safe passage, forged documents, and logistical support to terrorists to carry out attacks or join insurgencies in other regions.
- State-Sponsored Radicalization: Pakistan has promoted and facilitated the radicalization of individuals, both within its own territory and abroad. Madrasas (religious schools) in Pakistan have been accused of spreading extremist ideologies, fueling hatred, and recruiting individuals for terrorist activities.
- Instrument of Influence: Pakistan has used terrorism as a tool to exert influence and control over regions and communities. By supporting and sponsoring terrorist groups, Pakistan seeks to manipulate political dynamics, create instability, and maintain a degree of control over areas of strategic importance.
Impact of Pakistan-Sponsored Terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir
- Loss of Lives: Pakistan-sponsored terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir has resulted in the loss of countless innocent lives, including civilians, security forces, and terrorists themselves. The region has witnessed numerous terror attacks, suicide bombings, and armed encounters, leading to a tragic loss of human lives.
- Destabilization and Conflict: The continuous infiltration of terrorists from Pakistan into Jammu and Kashmir has fueled instability and prolonged the conflict in the region. The presence of terrorist groups has created an atmosphere of fear and insecurity, hindering the social and economic development of the region.
- Human Rights Violations: The activities of Pakistan-sponsored terrorist groups have been accompanied by human rights violations in Jammu and Kashmir. These violations include targeted killings, forced disappearances, torture, and intimidation of civilians, leading to a climate of fear and repression.
- Disruption of Normalcy: The persistent threat of terrorism has disrupted normal life in Jammu and Kashmir. Educational institutions, businesses, and daily activities have been severely affected as people live under constant fear and uncertainty.
- Obstruction of Peace Processes: Pakistan-sponsored terrorism acts as a major obstacle to the peace process between India and Pakistan. The violence and unrest created by these terrorist groups hinder any meaningful dialogue and diplomatic efforts aimed at resolving the Kashmir issue.
- Economic Impact: The sustained presence of terrorist activities has had a detrimental impact on the economy of Jammu and Kashmir. Tourism, a significant source of revenue for the region, has suffered due to the prevailing security concerns, leading to job losses and economic downturn.
- Psychological Impact: The ongoing terrorism has taken a toll on the mental health and well-being of the people of Jammu and Kashmir. The constant threat of violence, loss of loved ones, and living under a state of fear have resulted in psychological trauma for individuals and communities.
Consequences of Pakistan-sponsored terrorism on internal peace in Pakistan
- Increased Violence and Insecurity: Pakistan-sponsored terrorism has led to a rise in violence and insecurity within the country. Terrorist attacks carried out by extremist groups have resulted in the loss of numerous lives and widespread fear among the population.
- Loss of Civilian Lives: Innocent civilians have been the primary victims of terrorist attacks sponsored by Pakistan. These attacks have targeted public places, religious institutions, markets, and educational institutions, causing significant casualties among the civilian population.
- Sectarian and Ethnic Tensions: Pakistan has witnessed an escalation in sectarian and ethnic tensions as a result of state-sponsored terrorism. Extremist groups have targeted specific religious and ethnic communities, exacerbating divisions and leading to a breakdown of social harmony.
- Internal Displacement: The violence and insecurity caused by Pakistan-sponsored terrorism have resulted in internal displacement of populations within Pakistan. People are forced to leave their homes and seek refuge in safer areas, leading to the displacement crisis and additional socio-economic burdens.
SCO’s Limited Authority and Implications
- Lack of Enforcement Power: The SCO does not possess strong enforcement power or mechanisms to compel member states to adhere to its mandates or take action against state-sponsored terrorism. It heavily relies on voluntary cooperation among member states, making it challenging to address non-compliance effectively.
- Ineffectiveness in Holding States Accountable: The absence of robust mechanisms for accountability limits the SCO’s ability to hold member states accountable for their actions, including Pakistan’s involvement in state-sponsored terrorism. This undermines the credibility and effectiveness of the organization in addressing terrorism-related issues.
- Risk of Becoming a Platform for Political Maneuvering: The limited authority of the SCO creates a risk that member states, including Pakistan, may use the organization as a platform for political maneuvering rather than genuinely addressing the issue of terrorism. Geopolitical rivalries and divergent interests among member states can impede the organization’s ability to effectively combat terrorism.
- Compromised Regional Security: The limited authority of the SCO in dealing with state-sponsored terrorism hampers its ability to effectively address security threats in the region. This compromises the overall regional security and stability, as terrorist groups continue to exploit the gaps and operate with impunity.
- Diminished Credibility: The inability of the SCO to take decisive action against state-sponsored terrorism can lead to a diminished credibility of the organization in the international community. The lack of concrete measures to address terrorism undermines its role as a regional security organization and casts doubts on its effectiveness
- Weakening of Counterterrorism Efforts: The limited authority of the SCO hampers its ability to coordinate and implement comprehensive counterterrorism efforts among member states. This undermines the potential of collective action in addressing the shared threat of terrorism and limits the effectiveness of joint initiatives and cooperation.
Conclusion
- The limited authority of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) to address state-sponsored terrorism, coupled with growing divergence among member states and the inclusion of rogue nations like Pakistan, threatens its effectiveness in countering terror threats. Without stronger mechanisms and unified action, the SCO risks becoming ineffective in tackling the rising challenges of terrorism, thereby compromising regional security and stability.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : India's UNSC presidency
Mains level : Switzerland's foreign policy and alignment with India's principles
Central Idea
- Switzerland, known for its long-standing commitment to neutrality and diplomacy, has concluded its month-long presidency of the United Nations Security Council. Switzerland’s historical experiences and its alignment with the principles of ahimsa (non-violence) make it a natural partner for India, a country rooted in similar values.
Switzerland’s Historical Journey
- Civil Wars (16th to 19th century): Switzerland experienced a series of civil wars between Catholics and Protestants, lasting for up to 300 years. These conflicts ravaged the country and led to a moment of deep reflection.
- The Swiss Confederation (1848): The civil war of 1847 prompted the Swiss people to envision a more peaceful future. In 1848, the Swiss Confederation was established, creating inclusive federal institutions that aimed to build domestic peace.
- League of Nations (1920): Switzerland played a significant role in the establishment of the League of Nations, an international organization founded in Geneva after World War I. The League aimed to maintain peace and prevent future conflicts through collective security and diplomacy.
- United Nations (1945): Switzerland actively supported the founding of the United Nations, a global organization formed after World War II to promote international cooperation, peace, and security. The UN has since played a vital role in addressing global challenges and conflicts.
Priorities set by Switzerland during its UNSC presidency
- Building Sustainable Peace: Switzerland emphasized the importance of building sustainable peace in conflict-affected regions. Switzerland advocated for dialogue, trust-building, and diplomacy as essential tools to address the root causes of conflicts and promote lasting peace.
- Protection of Civilians: Recognizing the plight of civilians caught in armed conflicts, Switzerland focused on the protection of civilians as a critical aspect of its foreign policy agenda. This involved raising awareness about the challenges faced by civilians in conflict zones and urging the international community to take concrete measures to safeguard their rights and well-being.
- Humanitarian Action: Switzerland placed significant importance on humanitarian action during its UNSC presidency. It sought to mobilize support and resources for humanitarian assistance in areas affected by armed conflict, ensuring the provision of critical aid to vulnerable populations, including access to food, shelter, healthcare, and education.
- Promotion of Multilateralism: As a strong advocate for multilateralism, Switzerland prioritized the promotion of international cooperation and collaboration. Switzerland aimed to foster dialogue and consensus-building among Security Council members to effectively address pressing global issues and work towards shared solutions.
Switzerland’s Foreign Policy alignment with India’s Principles
- Non-Violence (Ahimsa): Switzerland and India both emphasize the principle of non-violence (ahimsa) in their foreign policy outlook. Switzerland’s commitment to peace promotion and the protection of civilians in zones of armed conflict resonates with India’s longstanding belief in non-violence as a means to resolve conflicts and maintain harmonious relations.
- Shared Historical Legacies: Switzerland’s historical struggles with civil wars and subsequent efforts to establish inclusive federal institutions for domestic peace parallel India’s own historical journey toward independence and the construction of an inclusive democratic system.
- Value of Diplomacy: Switzerland’s role as a neutral and diplomatic hub and India’s long-standing commitment to diplomatic engagements underline the significance of dialogue, negotiation, and consensus-building in addressing global challenges and conflicts.
- International Cooperation: Switzerland actively engages in international organizations and initiatives, such as the United Nations, while India’s active participation in multilateral platforms like the United Nations and the G20 underscores its commitment to international cooperation. Both countries value multilateralism and collaborative efforts to address shared challenges.
- Promotion of Peace: Switzerland’s focus on building sustainable peace and protecting civilians in conflict zones aligns with India’s commitment to peace promotion and conflict resolution. Both countries prioritize peaceful means of resolving disputes and work towards creating a peaceful and secure world.
Facts for Prelims: The UNITE Aware technology platform
- The UNITE Aware technology platform is a system developed by India in collaboration with the United Nations to enhance the safety and security of peacekeepers deployed in conflict zones.
- It is a real-time situational awareness system that uses advanced technologies such as satellites, drones, and geospatial tools to provide up-to-date information on the ground situation to peacekeeping forces.
- The system also includes a mobile app that allows peacekeepers to report incidents and receive alerts in real-time.
- The platform is designed to help peacekeepers make informed decisions and respond effectively to emerging threats, thereby reducing the risks to their safety and security.
|
Conclusion
- Switzerland’s foreign policy, anchored in peace promotion and protection of civilians in armed conflict zones, aligns with India’s principles of non-violence. Switzerland’s active initiatives and participation in the United Nations Security Council’s open debates reflect its commitment to fostering a peaceful future. Together, Switzerland’s position in New York and India’s G20 presidency offer a promising path towards a more harmonious and peaceful world.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : Latest developments and applications of AI
Mains level : AI, advantages, concerns and policies
Central Idea
- The second half of March 2023 may be remembered as the turning point when artificial intelligence (AI) truly entered a new era. The launch of groundbreaking AI tools such as GPT-4, Bard, Claude, Midjourney V5, and Security Copilot surpassed all expectations, defying predictions by a decade. While these sophisticated AI models hold great promise, their rapid deployment raises both positive and negative implications.
The Existential Threat of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)
- Compromising Humanity: The development of artificial general intelligence (AGI) raises concerns about its potential impact on fundamental elements of humanity. A poorly designed AGI, or one governed by unknown “black box” processes, could carry out tasks in ways that compromise our core values and ethics.
- Unpredictable Behavior: AGI’s ability to teach itself any cognitive task that humans can do poses a challenge in terms of predicting its behavior. As AGI surpasses human intelligence, its decision-making processes may become increasingly complex and opaque, making it difficult to understand and control its actions.
- Superintelligence: AGI has the potential to rapidly surpass human intelligence and become superintelligent. This raises questions about whether AGI would act in the best interests of humanity or pursue its own objectives, potentially leading to unintended and undesirable consequences.
- Unintended Consequences: AGI’s ability to optimize for specific objectives may lead to unforeseen outcomes. If these objectives are not aligned with human values, AGI could inadvertently cause harm or disrupt essential systems.
- Lack of Control: AGI’s self-improvement capabilities could enable it to evolve and surpass human understanding and control. This lack of control raises concerns about the potential for AGI to develop its own goals and values, which may not align with those of humanity.
- Accelerating Technological Progress: AGI could rapidly accelerate technological progress, leading to a potential “intelligence explosion” where AGI drives advancements at an exponential rate. This rapid pace of development could be challenging for society to adapt to and may have unintended consequences.
- Ethical Dilemmas: AGI will face complex ethical dilemmas, such as decision-making in life-or-death situations or trade-offs between different values. Determining how AGI should navigate these dilemmas poses significant challenges and requires careful consideration.
- Security Risks: AGI development could also pose security risks if advanced AI capabilities fall into the wrong hands or are misused. Malicious actors could exploit AGI for nefarious purposes, potentially leading to significant global security threats.
The Imperative for Global Governance
- Addressing Global Impact: The development and deployment of artificial intelligence (AI) have far-reaching implications that transcend national boundaries. Issues such as AI-driven job displacement, data privacy, cybersecurity, and ethical concerns require global cooperation to effectively address their impact on societies worldwide.
- Ensuring Ethical and Responsible AI Development: Collaborative efforts can help define principles and frameworks that ensure AI is developed and deployed in a responsible and transparent manner, safeguarding human rights and avoiding harm to individuals or communities.
- Promoting Fair and Equitable Access: Global governance can help bridge the digital divide by ensuring equitable access to AI tools, infrastructure, and benefits, particularly for marginalized and underserved populations.
- Managing Global Security Risks: AI technologies have implications for global security, including cyber warfare, autonomous weapons, and information warfare. International cooperation is crucial to develop norms, regulations, and agreements that mitigate security risks associated with AI and ensure responsible use of these technologies.
- Harmonizing Standards and Regulations: Harmonizing AI standards and regulations across countries can facilitate international collaboration and interoperability. Global governance frameworks can help establish common norms, protocols, and best practices that promote consistency and compatibility in AI deployment, fostering innovation and cooperation.
- Addressing Transnational Challenges: AI-driven challenges, such as cross-border data flows, algorithmic biases, and the impact on labor markets, require international coordination. Global governance can facilitate discussions, negotiations, and agreements to tackle these challenges collectively, ensuring a cohesive and coordinated approach.
- Balancing Innovation and Regulation: AI technologies evolve rapidly, outpacing the development of regulatory frameworks. Global governance can help strike a balance between fostering innovation and ensuring adequate regulation, promoting responsible AI development while allowing room for experimentation and advancement.
International cooperation to address the challenges posed by AI and emerging technologies
- Limiting Battlefield Use: International agreements are needed to limit the use of certain AI technologies on the battlefield. A treaty banning lethal autonomous weapons would establish clear boundaries and prevent the development and deployment of AI systems that can make life-and-death decisions without human intervention
- Regulating Cyberspace: International accords should be established to regulate cyberspace, particularly offensive actions conducted by autonomous bots. Clear rules and norms can help prevent cyberattacks, information warfare, and the manipulation of online platforms, ensuring a safer and more secure digital environment.
- Trade Regulations: Unfettered exports of certain technologies can empower governments to suppress dissent, augment their military capabilities, or gain an unfair advantage. International accords can establish guidelines for responsible technology trade and prevent misuse or misuse of AI capabilities.
- Ensuring a Level Playing Field: International agreements are required to ensure a level playing field in the digital economy. This includes addressing issues such as fair competition, intellectual property rights, and appropriate taxation of digital activities.
- Global Framework for AI Ethics: Supporting the efforts of organizations like UNESCO to create a global framework for AI ethics is essential. International accords can help establish ethical guidelines and principles that govern the development, deployment, and use of AI technologies. This framework can address issues such as privacy, bias, accountability, and transparency.
- Ethical Standards for Data Use: International accords can establish ethical standards for data use in AI applications. This includes addressing issues of data privacy, consent, and protection. Establishing global norms for responsible data practices can ensure that AI systems respect individual rights and maintain public trust.
- Addressing Cross-Border Implications: By establishing international accords, countries can address challenges related to cross-border data flows, algorithmic biases, and the impact on labor markets. Cooperation can enable a coordinated response to shared challenges and ensure the benefits of AI are equitably distributed.
Way ahead: Engaging with Emerging Powers
- Engagement with emerging powers, such as India, plays a crucial role in shaping the future of AI.
- As India’s economy continues to grow and its influence in the digital sphere expands, it is imperative to develop strategies that accommodate its cultural and economic context.
- Partnerships between Western economies and India, exemplified by initiatives like the US-India Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology and the EU-India Trade and Technology Council, should prioritize shared interests and mutual understanding.
- By appreciating the nuances of different nations’ approaches to AI regulation, a prosperous and secure digital future can be achieved.
Conclusion
- The era of artificial intelligence demands global governance to harness its potential while addressing its risks. Embracing responsible AI deployment and fostering global cooperation are imperative to ensure a prosperous, equitable, and secure digital era.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : Demonetization
Mains level : withdrawal of the ₹2,000, the demonetization chapter, rationale and implications
Central Idea
- The withdrawal of the ₹2,000 note from circulation by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) on May 19, 2023, marks the conclusion of a tumultuous chapter in the dramatic saga of demonetisation. The presence of this high-denomination note had been a constant reminder of the hardships faced by the people during the chaotic demonetisation period. The note’s withdrawal was long anticipated, given the government’s decision to cease its printing after 2018-19.
About the ₹2000 Notes
- The ₹2000 denomination banknote was introduced in November 2016 under Section 24(1) of RBI Act, 1934.
- It primarily aimed to meet the currency requirement of the economy in an expeditious manner after withdrawal of the legal tender status of all ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes in circulation at that time.
Reasons for withdrawal
- Demonetization purpose served: Printing of ₹2000 notes was stopped in 2018-19 as other denominations became available in adequate quantities.
- Clean Note Policy: This aims to provide good-quality currency notes with enhanced security features and withdraw soiled notes from circulation.
- Ending timespan: Majority of the ₹2000 notes were issued prior to March 2017 and have reached their estimated lifespan of 4-5 years.
- Disappeared from circulation: This denomination is not commonly used for transactions, and there is sufficient stock of banknotes in other denominations to meet public requirements.
The mixed impact of the withdrawal of the ₹2,000 note
- Reduced Circulation: As of March 31, 2023, the ₹2,000 note accounted for only 10.8% of all notes in circulation, down from 37.3% on March 31, 2018. This significant reduction indicates that the withdrawal of the ₹2,000 note will have a relatively small direct impact on the overall currency circulation in the country.
- Remnant of Demonetisation: The ₹2,000 note was closely associated with the 2016 demonetisation policy, which aimed to combat black money and promote a digital economy. Its withdrawal marks the end of a chapter in the demonetisation saga and symbolically represents the closure of that particular phase of currency reform.
- Economic Stability: The note had been associated with various challenges, including logistical issues, poor printing quality, and difficulties in conducting transactions due to the scarcity of smaller denomination notes. Removing the note from circulation could help streamline currency operations and enhance confidence in the currency system.
- Public Perception: The ₹2,000 note had become a symbol of the hardships and inconveniences faced by the public during demonetisation, with long queues and limited availability of smaller denomination notes. Its withdrawal may generate mixed reactions among the public.
- Future Monetary Policy: The withdrawal of the ₹2,000 note raises questions about the potential introduction of a new higher denomination note or alternative measures to address currency logistics and store of value concerns. It may prompt policymakers to reassess the currency composition and devise strategies to meet the evolving economic requirements
Errors occurred in relation to the ₹2,000 note during demonetization
- Insufficient Replacement Planning: The government failed to anticipate the need for an adequate supply of replacement notes when demonetisation was implemented. As a result, more ₹2,000 notes had to be printed to facilitate remonetisation, causing logistical challenges.
- Recalibration Crisis: The introduction of the new ₹2,000 note, with its larger size, necessitated the recalibration of all ATMs in India. This massive and complex exercise required coordination across various entities, leading to disruptions and delays.
- Shortage of Smaller Denomination Notes: In an ad hoc measure to address the shortage of ₹100 notes, banks filled ATMs with soiled and worn-out currency, which frequently jammed the machines and added to the chaos.
- Poor Quality Printing: Many ₹2,000 notes were poorly printed, exhibiting defects such as shadows of Mahatma Gandhi’s face, uneven borders, and variations in color shades and sizes. This compromised the authenticity of the notes and made it easier for criminals to circulate counterfeit copies.
- Difficulty in Transactions: Even when people managed to obtain a ₹2,000 note, they often faced difficulties in spending it. Businesses were reluctant to provide change or balance payments for transactions involving the high-denomination note, exacerbating the shortage of smaller denomination notes.
The need for a larger denomination note
- Store of Value: In an economy with rising per capita incomes and inflation, the highest denomination note serves as a store of value. As the value of lower denomination notes erodes over time, a higher denomination note becomes necessary to preserve and facilitate transactions involving larger amounts of money.
- Cash-to-GDP Ratio: The cash-to-GDP ratio in India has been increasing, indicating a higher circulation of cash in the economy. To accommodate this growing cash flow and maintain efficiency in currency logistics, the introduction of a larger denomination note may be warranted.
- Inflation and Real Interest Rates: With rising inflation and falling real interest rates, a larger denomination note can help individuals and businesses better manage their financial transactions and store value without being adversely affected by the eroding value of smaller denomination notes.
- Currency Management Challenges: The withdrawal of the ₹2,000 note raises questions about whether the ₹500 note, the next highest denomination, can effectively serve as a store of value. The increasing cash circulation, coupled with the challenges of managing currency logistics, may necessitate the introduction of a new higher denomination note
- Stability and Credibility: Introducing a larger denomination note can help restore stability and confidence among individuals and businesses, providing them with a reliable store of value and a means to conduct transactions more efficiently.
Way Ahead
- Introducing a New Higher Denomination Note: The introduction of a new note, such as ₹1,000, ₹5,000, or ₹10,000, could address the evolving cash-to-GDP ratio and ensure efficient currency logistics.
- Assessing Currency Logistics: The increasing circulation of cash, rising inflation, and falling real interest rates necessitate careful evaluation of currency supply and demand. The RBI will need to consider whether the current denominations are sufficient or if additional higher denomination notes are required.
- Evaluating Digital Currency Options: As technology advances, digital currencies, such as e-rupee, are being explored as potential alternatives to physical cash. However, the properties and infrastructure required for a digital currency to become a widely accepted store of value are still evolving. The RBI needs to assess the viability, stability, and acceptance of digital currencies before considering them as potential substitutes for higher denomination notes.
- Ensuring Currency Stability: To restore stability and confidence, the RBI needs to adopt consistent policies and provide clarity on the future of higher denomination notes. Maintaining a stable currency is essential for economic growth and the confidence of individuals and businesses.
- Adapting to Economic Dynamics: The evolving economic landscape, including factors like cash usage patterns, inflation, and real interest rates, should be closely monitored. Currency management strategies must align with the changing needs of the economy and the preferences of individuals and businesses
Conclusion
- The withdrawal of the ₹2,000 note signifies the end of a troubled chapter in India’s demonetisation saga. As the economy progresses, the need for a larger denomination note or alternative solutions to address currency logistics and store of value concerns must be carefully considered to ensure the stability and credibility of India’s monetary system.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : Tradition toys industry
Mains level : India's transition to a net exporter in the toy industry, reforms, challenges and way ahead
Central Idea
- India’s toy industry has witnessed a remarkable turnaround in recent years, transitioning from being a net importer to becoming a net exporter during 2020-21 and 2021-22. The credit for this achievement is often attributed to the Make in India initiative launched in 2014 and related policies. However, it is crucial to examine whether this surge represents sustained industrial growth or is a temporary outcome of protectionist measures.
The import-export dynamic of India’s toy industry
- Historical Imbalance: Historically, India’s toy industry has been characterized by a significant imbalance, with imports dominating the market. Imports accounted for a substantial share of domestic toy sales, often reaching up to 80% of the market.
- Recent Shift: In recent years, there has been a notable shift in the import-export dynamic. Between 2018-19 and 2021-22, toy exports from India have seen significant growth, increasing from $109 million (₹812 crore) to $177 million (₹1,237 crore). At the same time, toy imports have declined from $371 million (₹2,593 crore) to $110 million (₹819 crore), according to official data.
- Factors Driving the Shift: Several factors have contributed to this shift. The “Make in India” initiative launched in 2014, aimed at promoting domestic manufacturing and boosting exports, has played a crucial role. Additionally, policy measures such as higher import duties and non-tariff barriers have influenced the decline in toy imports.
- Positive Transformation: The shift in the import-export dynamic represents a positive transformation for the Indian toy industry. It signifies improved manufacturing capabilities, enhanced competitiveness, and the ability to meet domestic and international demand through domestic production and exports.
- Small Global Share: Despite the positive shift, India’s share in the global toy trade remains relatively small, representing only a fraction of the overall market. There is still room for further growth and expansion to increase market share and global competitiveness.
- Key Considerations: Monitoring and nurturing the import-export dynamic is crucial for sustaining this positive trend. Factors such as policy support, investment in research and development, innovation, quality improvement, and adherence to international standards will play essential roles in strengthening India’s position as an exporter of toys.
- Opportunities and Challenges: The evolving import-export dynamic of the toy industry presents both opportunities and challenges. Continued efforts to foster domestic manufacturing, promote innovation, enhance product quality, and implement export-oriented policies will be critical for sustained growth and competitiveness in the global market
The impact of reforms and the ‘Make in India’ initiative on India’s toy industry
- Increased Focus on Domestic Manufacturing: ‘Make in India’ aimed to promote domestic manufacturing and reduce dependence on imports. It led to a renewed focus on developing and enhancing the manufacturing capabilities of the toy industry in India.
- Policy Reforms: Reforms such as the abolition of the reservation policy and the introduction of ease of doing business measures created a more favorable environment for businesses, including toy manufacturers, to operate and invest in India.
- Boost to Organized Sector: The entry of new firms into the organized sector following the abolition of the reservation policy contributed to improved productivity growth. It allowed for the formalization of the industry and attracted investments.
- Increased Customs Duties: As part of the protectionist measures, the basic custom duty on toys was tripled from 20% to 60% in February 2020. This increase in import duties aimed to discourage toy imports and promote domestic production.
- Non-tariff Barriers: Along with higher import duties, the imposition of non-tariff barriers such as production registration orders and safety regulation codes contributed to a contraction in toy imports, further supporting the domestic toy industry.
Facts for prelims
| Traditional Toys |
Region |
Materials |
Unique Features |
| Channapatna Toys |
Karnataka |
Wood |
Colorful, organic vegetable dyes, smooth finish |
| Kondapalli Toys |
Andhra Pradesh |
Wood |
Carved, vibrant colors, rural and mythological themes |
| Thanjavur Dolls |
Tamil Nadu |
Terracotta |
Intricate details, decorative, used in ceremonies |
| Terracotta Toys |
Various regions |
Clay |
Earthy tones, rustic charm |
| Dokra Crafts |
Odisha and West Bengal |
Metal (Dokra) |
Intricate figurines, tribal-inspired designs |
Critique on Sustainable Improvements or Protectionist Measures
- Lack of Long-term Evidence: The shift from being a net importer to a net exporter has occurred in just a few years, and it may be premature to conclude that these improvements are sustainable in the long run. A more extended period of consistent growth and performance would provide a stronger basis for claiming sustainable improvements.
- Dependency on Protectionist Measures: Relying solely on protectionism can create artificial market conditions and hinder the industry’s ability to compete globally on its merits. Sustainable improvements should be based on factors like innovation, productivity, and competitiveness rather than protectionism.
- Short-term Solution: Protectionist measures, such as higher import duties and non-tariff barriers, may provide temporary relief to domestic industries by limiting imports. However, they often fail to address the underlying challenges and structural issues within the industry.
Way ahead
- Comprehensive Policy Framework: Develop a comprehensive policy framework specifically tailored to the needs of the toy industry. This framework should address issues related to infrastructure development, access to finance, technology upgradation, skill development, and innovation support.
- Encouraging Investment: Encourage both domestic and foreign investment in the toy industry by providing incentives, tax breaks, and streamlined procedures for setting up manufacturing units.
- Enhancing Competitiveness: Focus on improving the competitiveness of Indian toy manufacturers through measures such as improving quality standards, promoting design capabilities, and fostering innovation.
- Skill Development and Training: Implement skill development programs to enhance the capabilities of the workforce engaged in the toy industry.
- Strengthening Industry-Academia Collaboration: Foster collaboration between industry players and academic institutions to promote research and development activities, knowledge exchange, and skill development.
- Export Promotion: Actively promote Indian-made toys in international markets through trade fairs, exhibitions, and targeted marketing campaigns. Develop export-oriented strategies to tap into global demand and establish India as a reliable and competitive toy manufacturing hub.
- Supporting MSMEs: Provide specific support and incentives to micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in the toy industry. This can include access to finance, technology support, marketing assistance, and capacity-building programs to enhance their competitiveness and contribute to the growth of the sector.
Conclusion
- India’s transition to a net exporter in the toy industry is a positive development. While protectionist measures may have played a role in the recent turnaround, sustaining net exports necessitates strengthening domestic investment and production on a sustained basis. By considering lessons learned, India can chart a path towards sustainable growth and competitiveness in its toy industry and beyond.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : OROP, Agniveer scheme
Mains level : One Rank One Pension challenges and way forward
Central Idea
- In recent times, two prominent ideas, right-sizing and Atmanirbharta, have gained traction in the Armed Forces. However, it is essential to recognize that both these initiatives have their shortcomings and are rooted in the flawed implementation of the One Rank One Pension (OROP) scheme. These policies have far-reaching consequences and necessitate a critical evaluation to ensure the long-term sustainability and effectiveness of our armed forces
What is One Rank One Pension (OROP) Policy?
- OROP means the same pension, for the same rank, for the same length of service, irrespective of the date of retirement.
- The concept was provoked by the then decision by Indira Gandhi-led government, in 1973, two years after the historic victory in the 1971 Bangladesh war
Implications of OROP
- Enhanced Pension Benefits: OROP brings parity and fairness by addressing the concerns of veterans who felt their pensions were unjustly lower compared to their counterparts who retired earlier. This leads to improved financial security for retired armed forces personnel and their families.
- Motivation and Morale: OROP addresses long-standing grievances regarding pension disparities and recognizes the sacrifices made by veterans. The assurance of fair and equal pensions enhances the sense of dignity, honor, and respect for those who have served in the armed forces.
- Social Security: OROP enhances the financial security and social welfare of retired armed forces personnel and their families. It provides them with a stable and predictable income during their post-retirement years, ensuring a decent standard of living and supporting their well-being
- Financial Burden: OROP entails providing equal pension benefits to all military personnel retiring at the same rank with the same length of service, irrespective of their date of retirement. This results in an increased financial burden on the government, as it has to allocate additional funds to fulfill the pension requirements.
- Impact on Modernization: The financial implications of implementing OROP may impact the allocation of funds for modernization and procurement of advanced equipment and technologies. The increased pension expenditure could limit the resources available for upgrading the armed forces’ capabilities, affecting their preparedness and modernization efforts.
- Sustainability and Budgetary Constraints: Sustaining the OROP scheme in the long term poses challenges due to the increasing pension liabilities. The government needs to ensure that the pension system remains financially viable and sustainable, considering the rising life expectancy and the expanding pool of retired armed forces personnel.
Challenges in Rightsizing and Strategic Decision-making
- Improved Insurgency Situation: The considerably improved insurgency situation in Jammu and Kashmir, particularly south of Banihal, has prompted a reassessment of force requirements. While progress has been made in countering militancy, the dilution of manpower without compensatory measures, such as state-of-the-art equipment, poses challenges to sustaining effective counter-insurgency operations.
- The Northeast and Counter-insurgency: The transfer of counter-insurgency responsibilities from the Army to the Assam Rifles in the Northeast region represents a significant shift. While relieving the Army of secondary responsibilities is reasonable, reducing combat strength without adequate compensation in terms of advanced equipment may impact the effectiveness of operations, particularly in regions with ongoing ethnic conflicts like Manipur.
Zero Recruitment and Adverse Impact
- Manpower Deficiency: The absence of recruitment for two-and-a-half years until June 2022 has created significant voids in personnel strength, particularly affecting combat units. The mounting deficiencies, amounting to 1,80,000 personnel in the Army alone, have strained operational capabilities and increased the burden on existing forces.
- Combat Readiness and Strategic Concerns: The adverse impact of zero recruitment and constant personnel retirements has had serious repercussions on combat units, including those deployed in sensitive areas like Ladakh against the Chinese PLA.
Way ahead: Need for Rightsizing and Strategic Evaluation
- Effective Allocation of Resources: Rightsizing involves optimizing the allocation of resources, including manpower, equipment, and finances, to ensure efficiency and effectiveness. It helps in aligning the available resources with the desired objectives and operational requirements.
- Enhanced Operational Readiness: By conducting a strategic evaluation, the armed forces can assess their current capabilities and identify areas for improvement. This evaluation helps in identifying gaps and addressing them to enhance operational readiness and combat effectiveness.
- Financial Sustainability: Rightsizing allows for a more sustainable financial model by ensuring that the allocated funds are utilized efficiently. It helps in managing the budgetary constraints and reducing unnecessary expenditures, allowing resources to be redirected towards critical areas such as modernization and technological advancements.
- Adapting to Changing Threat Landscape: Strategic evaluation helps in assessing the evolving security threats and challenges faced by the nation. It enables the armed forces to adapt and realign their structure, capabilities, and operational concepts to effectively counter emerging threats and maintain a credible deterrence posture.
- Optimal Utilization of Human Resources: Rightsizing involves assessing the manpower requirements and aligning them with the operational needs. It helps in ensuring that the armed forces have the right personnel in the right positions, adequately trained and equipped to fulfill their roles and responsibilities.
- Modernization and Technological Upgrades: Strategic evaluation provides an opportunity to prioritize modernization initiatives and technological upgrades. It enables the armed forces to invest in cutting-edge equipment, systems, and platforms that enhance their combat capabilities and maintain technological superiority.
- Operational Flexibility and Agility: Rightsizing and strategic evaluation enable the armed forces to achieve operational flexibility and agility. It allows for the formation of versatile and adaptable units, capable of responding to a wide range of contingencies and operating in diverse environments.
- Long-Term Sustainability: By aligning the force structure, resources, and operational requirements, rightsizing and strategic evaluation contribute to the long-term sustainability of the armed forces. It ensures that the military remains capable and resilient, able to meet the nation’s security needs effectively
Conclusion
- While the ideas of right-sizing and Atmanirbharta may seem appealing, it is crucial to critically analyze their implementation and potential ramifications. The flawed execution of the OROP scheme and subsequent policies have placed a burden on the Armed Forces, affecting their modernization efforts. It is imperative to strike a balance between optimizing resources and ensuring the security and preparedness of our forces.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : Role of CJI and related constitutional provisions
Mains level : Administrative powers of the CJI, challenges and concerns
Central Idea
- A recent judicial development has raised concerns about the authority and powers of the Chief Justice of India (CJI) in influencing judicial decisions. The recall application filed by the Union of India against a judgment regarding the right to default bail, followed by an interim order from the Court of the CJI, has highlighted the need to reassess the constitutional framework and the extent of the CJI’s administrative powers
An Extraordinary Decision and its Unusual Turn
- Safeguarding the Right to Default Bail: The Division Bench of the Supreme Court in Ritu Chhabria v. Union of India recognized the right of an undertrial to be released on default bail if the investigation exceeds the statutory time limit. It criticized the practice of charge-sheeting accused individuals despite incomplete investigations and emphasized that the filing of a preliminary charge-sheet does not extinguish the right to bail.
- Surprising Recall Application: The Court of the CJI entertained a recall application filed by the Union of India against the Ritu Chhabria judgment. This move deviated from the usual course of filing a review petition before the same Bench. The interim order passed by the Court of the CJI effectively stayed the Division Bench’s decision, even though it had no direct connection to the case.
Concerns over the Role of the CJI
- Intra-court Appeal without Legislative or Constitutional Backing: The recall application before a different Bench, including the CJI, raises concerns about the absence of a legislative or constitutional framework for such appeals. This practice can be seen as bench fishing or forum shopping, creating a mechanism devoid of legal legitimacy.
- The CJI’s Administrative Powers: While all Supreme Court judges possess equal judicial powers, the CJI enjoys special administrative powers as the ‘Master of the Roster.’ These powers include constituting Benches and assigning matters for reconsideration. However, within a Bench, the CJI’s vote holds no greater weight than that of other judges.
- Issues of Judicial Equality: While historically, the CJI has authored minority opinions, the recent interim order raises concerns about the extent of the CJI’s influence on judicial decisions. Other countries, such as the United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada, have systems where judges collectively exercise power, reflecting the collective strength of the Court.
Cause for Concern
- Instances of Abuse: Recorded instances of infirmities and irregularities in case assignments have raised concerns about the potential abuse of administrative powers by the CJI. The unending nature of these powers makes it impractical to establish limits, emphasizing the need for transparency and checks.
- The Need for Checks and Balance: To maintain the integrity of the judiciary, it is crucial to limit the expansion of the CJI’s powers as the ‘Master of the Roster.’ The computerization of case assignments and the removal of discretionary powers from the CJI can mitigate concerns of undue influence and ensure a fair and impartial judicial process.
Administrative Powers of the CJI
- Constitution of Benches: The CJI has the authority to constitute various Benches within the Supreme Court, including both Division Benches and larger Constitution Benches. This power allows the CJI to assign judges to specific cases and distribute the workload among the judges.
- Assignment of Matters: The CJI has the discretion to assign specific cases or references to different Benches for adjudication. This includes allocating matters to the appropriate Benches based on subject matter, complexity, and other relevant factors.
- Reconsideration of Matters: The CJI can refer cases or issues for reconsideration by a larger Bench. This power enables the CJI to ensure consistency in judicial pronouncements, resolve conflicting decisions, or clarify legal principles through the review of previous judgments.
- Administrative Decision-Making: The CJI is responsible for making administrative decisions related to the court’s functioning, including the allocation of courtrooms, assignment of court staff, and management of infrastructure and resources.
- Appointment of Judicial Officers: The CJI plays a significant role in the appointment and transfer of judges to various high courts and other tribunals. This responsibility includes participating in the collegium system, which involves recommending suitable candidates for judicial appointments.
- Judicial Administration: The CJI oversees the overall functioning of the judiciary, including setting standards for court procedures, case management, and promoting efficiency in the delivery of justice. The CJI works closely with other judges, court officials, and stakeholders to ensure the smooth operation of the judicial system
Facts for prelims
Key provisions related to the CJI’s administrative authority
- Article 145: This article enables the CJI, as the head of the court, to exercise administrative control over the functioning of the Supreme Court.
- Article 146: This article empowers the CJI to appoint officers and servants of the Supreme Court and to determine their conditions of service. It allows the CJI to administer the court’s staff and resources in order to ensure efficient administration.
- Article 147: This article establishes the authority of the CJI in matters related to the appointment and posting of officers and servants of the Supreme Court. The CJI has the power to determine the strength and composition of the court’s administrative staff.
- Article 229: This article deals with the appointment of retired judges of the Supreme Court and high courts to act as ad-hoc judges. The CJI plays a significant role in appointing and assigning duties to these ad-hoc judges, which contributes to the efficient functioning of the judiciary.
- Article 124(3): This provision relates to the appointment of judges to the Supreme Court. The CJI, as part of the collegium system, participates in the process of recommending suitable candidates for judicial appointments. The collegium consists of the CJI and a group of senior judges, and their recommendations play a crucial role in judicial appointments.
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Conclusion
- While the administrative powers of the CJI are necessary for the efficient functioning of the Court, their exercise should adhere to constitutional principles and established legal procedures. It is imperative to establish transparent systems and minimize discretionary powers to safeguard the integrity and impartiality of the judiciary.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : 17th Lok Sabha performance and related facts
Mains level : Low performance of 17th Lok Sabha, concerns and way forward
Central Idea
- India’s new Parliament building, inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, symbolizes the aspirations of 140 crore Indians. However, as the 17th Lok Sabha nears its final year, it faces scrutiny over its performance.
Performance of 17th Lok Sabha
- Sitting Days: The 17th Lok Sabha has functioned for 230 sitting days so far. However, if it falls short of surpassing the lowest recorded full-term Lok Sabha (331 sitting days in the 16th Lok Sabha), it would become the shortest full-term Lok Sabha since 1952.
- Referral of Bills to Committees: There has been a decline in the referral of bills to Parliamentary Standing Committees. Since 2004, only 45% of the total bills introduced in Parliament have been referred to committees. This suggests a potential decrease in comprehensive scrutiny and review of proposed legislation.
- Legislative Output: The number of bills introduced and passed in the 17th Lok Sabha has seen a decline. Out of the 150 bills introduced, 131 have been passed so far (excluding Finance and Appropriation Bills). The decreasing trend raises questions about the legislative productivity of the Lok Sabha.
- Budget Discussions: The latest Budget session of the 17th Lok Sabha was one of the shortest since 1952. The limited time dedicated to discussing financial matters, particularly the Budget, raises concerns about the depth of analysis and deliberation on critical fiscal issues.
- Debates on Matters of Public Importance: The number of debates conducted in the Lok Sabha during the tenure of the 17th Lok Sabha has been limited. There have been only 11 short duration discussions and one half-an-hour discussion, indicating a restricted avenue for robust parliamentary discourse on matters of public importance.
- Delayed Election of Deputy Speaker: Despite the constitutional provision mandating the election of a Deputy Speaker, the 17th Lok Sabha has not elected one, even as it enters its final year of the five-year term. This delay raises concerns about adherence to constitutional norms and the effective functioning of parliamentary proceedings.
Value addition box from Civilsdaily
| Lok Sabha |
Term |
Total Sitting Days |
Bills Introduced |
Bills Passed |
Average Sitting Days per Year |
| 15th |
2009-2014 |
357 |
244 |
181 |
71 |
| 16th |
2014-2019 |
331 |
247 |
156 |
66 |
| 17th |
2019-2024 |
Less than 331 (projected) |
150 (as of April 2023) |
131 (as of April 2023) |
58 (projected) |
Why the 17th Lok Sabha’s productivity has been low?
- Disruptions and Protests: The 17th Lok Sabha witnessed frequent disruptions and protests from opposition parties, leading to a significant loss of time and decreased productivity. Some of the major issues that led to disruptions include the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), National Register of Citizens (NRC), and farm laws.
- Lack of Consensus: The ruling party enjoyed a clear majority in the Lok Sabha, but there was still a lack of consensus on many key issues, resulting in a delay in passing important bills and legislation.
- COVID-19 Pandemic: The COVID-19 pandemic also contributed to the low productivity of the Lok Sabha as many sessions were delayed or cancelled due to safety concerns.
- Speaker’s Decision: The decision of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha to disallow opposition MPs from raising certain issues also resulted in protests and disruptions, further reducing the productivity of the house.
- Shorter Sessions: The 17th Lok Sabha had shorter sessions compared to previous Lok Sabhas, which also contributed to lower productivity. Many important bills and issues were left pending as there was not enough time to discuss and debate them thoroughly.
The concerns associated with the performance of MPs in the old Parliament building
- Limited Parliamentary Engagement: The limited number of sitting days raises concerns about the MPs’ ability to fully engage in legislative proceedings and address the various challenges and issues faced by the country.
- Decreased Scrutiny of Legislation: The declining referral of bills to Parliamentary Standing Committees raises concerns about the thorough scrutiny and review of proposed legislation.
- Legislative Productivity: The decreased number of bills introduced and passed in the 17th Lok Sabha raises concerns about its legislative productivity. This may limit the ability of MPs to address critical issues, propose new policies, and enact necessary reforms, hindering progress and development.
- Limited Budget Discussions: The shortened Budget sessions and reduced time allocated for financial discussions raise concerns about the depth of analysis and deliberation on critical fiscal matters.
- Restricted Debates on Public Matters: The limited number of debates conducted in the Lok Sabha raises concerns about the comprehensive discussion and examination of matters of public importance.
New Parliament Building: An Opportunity for Efficiency
- Responsible Parliamentary Conduct: Members of Parliament should prioritize constructive and meaningful debates, fostering a culture of respect, collaboration, and consensus-building. It is essential to move away from disruptive tactics and focus on substantive discussions that address the complex governance challenges of our time.
- Reducing Disruptions: Long periods of deadlock and disruptions hinder the smooth functioning of Parliament. Efforts should be made to minimize disruptions and ensure that discussions remain focused on key issues. Rules and procedures can be reviewed to encourage more disciplined and productive parliamentary conduct.
- Enhancing Communication and Participation: The new Parliament building, equipped with modern facilities, offers opportunities for better communication and engagement. Members should utilize these resources effectively to engage with constituents, share information, and seek feedback, fostering a more inclusive and participatory democracy.
Conclusion
- The performance of MPs in the 17th Lok Sabha is pivotal in driving effective governance and representing the aspirations of the Indian people. It is crucial for MPs to embrace their roles as custodians of democracy, remaining accountable to their constituents and working collectively to shape a brighter future for India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : Climate change and associated facts
Mains level : Climate change impact and need of agricultural research and development
Central idea
- Recently the G-7 Summit 2023 held in Japan highlighted the urgent need to address climate change and set ambitious targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. India has the largest workforce (45.6 per cent in 2021-22) engaged in agriculture amongst G20 countries faces significant challenges. To mitigate the impact and ensure food and nutritional security, policymakers must prioritize agricultural research, development, education, and extension (ARDE).
Facts for prelims
- At the Hiroshima Summit 2023, the G7 nations stressed that the peak for global Green House Gas (GHG) emissions should be reached by 2025.
- They committed to an “Acceleration Agenda” for G7 countries to reach net-zero emissions by around 2040 and urged emerging economies to do so by around 2050.
- China has committed to net zero by 2060 and India by 2070
- World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) has forecast that global near-surface temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1°C to 1.8°C annually from 2023 to 2027.
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Importance of ARDE
- ARDE, which stands for Agricultural Research, Development, Education, and Extension, plays a crucial role in addressing the challenges faced by the agriculture sector, particularly in the context of climate change.
- Climate Resilience: Through research and development efforts, scientists and experts can identify crops and varieties that are more tolerant to changing climatic conditions, such as drought, heatwaves, or extreme rainfall. This enables farmers to adapt and minimize the negative impacts of climate change on crop yields and agricultural productivity.
- Resource Efficiency: By focusing on research and innovation, it aims to optimize the use of key resources like water, soil, and energy. This includes the development of precision farming techniques, efficient irrigation systems, soil management practices, and sustainable pest and disease control methods. Such advancements help conserve resources, reduce input costs, and minimize the environmental footprint of agriculture.
- Enhanced Productivity: This involves developing high-yielding crop varieties, improving agronomic practices, and disseminating knowledge and best practices through education and extension programs. By adopting these advancements, farmers can increase their yields, improve crop quality, and contribute to food security and economic growth.
- Sustainable Agriculture: ARDE focuses on reducing reliance on chemical inputs, minimizing soil degradation, preserving biodiversity, and promoting organic farming. Through research and education, it supports the transition towards more sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural systems, ensuring the long-term viability of the sector.
- Innovation and Technology Adoption: By investing in research and development, it facilitates the discovery and dissemination of cutting-edge technologies, such as precision agriculture, genetic engineering, biotechnology, and smart farming solutions. These advancements help farmers improve efficiency, reduce losses, and enhance profitability.
- Knowledge Transfer and Capacity Building: They focus on disseminating research findings, best practices, and agricultural knowledge to farmers, rural communities, and agricultural stakeholders. By strengthening the knowledge base and building capacity, ARDE empowers farmers with the skills and information necessary to make informed decisions and improve their farming practices.
India’s challenges in adapting to climate change
- Vulnerability to Extreme Weather Events: India is highly susceptible to extreme weather events, including cyclones, floods, droughts, and heatwaves. These events can cause significant damage to infrastructure, agriculture, and livelihoods, impacting the overall resilience of communities.
- Water Scarcity and Stress: Climate change exacerbates water scarcity in many regions of India. Changes in rainfall patterns, melting glaciers, and rising temperatures affect water availability for agriculture, domestic use, and industries. This poses challenges for irrigation, drinking water supply, and overall water management.
- Agriculture and Food Security: The agricultural sector is crucial for India’s food security and rural livelihoods. However, climate change poses risks to crop yields, productivity, and quality. Erratic rainfall, increased pests and diseases, and extreme temperature fluctuations can impact crop growth and food production, leading to food security challenges.
- Coastal Vulnerability: India has a long coastline, making it highly vulnerable to sea-level rise, coastal erosion, and storm surges. Coastal regions face threats to infrastructure, settlements, agriculture, and ecosystems. Climate change-induced sea-level rise also increases the risk of saltwater intrusion, affecting freshwater sources and agriculture in coastal areas.
- Health Impacts: Climate change influences the spread of vector-borne diseases like malaria and dengue, as well as heat-related illnesses. Rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns can affect the distribution of disease vectors and impact public health systems, particularly in vulnerable communities with limited access to healthcare.
- Biodiversity Loss and Ecosystem Disruption: Climate change poses risks to India’s rich biodiversity and ecosystems. Habitats, wildlife, and fragile ecosystems like coral reefs and mangroves face threats from changing temperatures, altered rainfall patterns, and habitat loss. This can disrupt ecological balance and affect natural resources vital for human well-being.
- Infrastructure Resilience: India’s infrastructure systems, including transportation networks, energy grids, and urban settlements, face challenges in adapting to climate change impacts. Infrastructure vulnerabilities can lead to disruptions in services, increased costs for repairs and maintenance, and hindered economic growth.
- Socio-economic Inequalities: Climate change impacts can exacerbate existing socio-economic inequalities in India. Vulnerable communities, such as small farmers, tribal populations, and marginalized groups, are disproportionately affected by climate risks due to their limited resources, lack of access to information, and inadequate adaptive capacities.
Policy Reforms for Climate Resilience
- National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy: Developing a comprehensive national strategy focused on climate change adaptation is essential. This strategy should identify priority sectors, vulnerable regions, and specific adaptation measures.
- Mainstreaming Climate Considerations: Integrating climate change considerations into sectoral policies and plans is vital. This includes incorporating climate resilience into agriculture, water management, urban planning, infrastructure development, and coastal zone management policies.
- Strengthening Institutional Frameworks: Establishing robust institutional frameworks and coordination mechanisms for climate adaptation is necessary. This includes enhancing the capacity of relevant government departments, local authorities, and institutions to implement adaptation measures effectively.
- Building Climate Information Systems: Developing and strengthening climate information systems includes improving meteorological services, climate monitoring networks, early warning systems, and climate data management. Accessible and reliable climate information helps policymakers, communities, and sectors plan and respond to climate risks effectively.
- Promoting Nature-Based Solutions: Encouraging nature-based solutions can enhance climate resilience. This involves conserving and restoring natural ecosystems such as forests, wetlands, and mangroves, which provide crucial ecosystem services. Nature-based solutions contribute to flood control, water regulation, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity conservation, thereby improving resilience to climate change.
Addressing Funding and Allocation Imbalance
- Scaling Up Experiments: To address climate change challenges effectively, increased funding allocation for ARDE is essential. While there has been an increase in total expenditure on ARDE, research intensity (ARDE as a percentage of agri-GDP) has declined. It is crucial to allocate more funds to scale up experiments and innovations in sustainable agriculture.
- Sector-wise Allocation: The current allocation of ARDE shows a skewed distribution towards crop husbandry, neglecting sectors like soil, water conservation, forestry, animal husbandry, dairy development, and fisheries. This imbalance needs correction to promote holistic agricultural research and development.
Conclusion
- As global temperatures rise and climate change impacts intensify, addressing remaining gaps in agricultural research and development becomes imperative. Increased investment in ARDE, realignment of expenditures and policies, and a focus on sustainable farming practices are essential to build climate resilience in India’s agriculture sector. By prioritizing these measures, India can secure food and nutritional security while mitigating the challenges posed by climate change.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : Menstruation
Mains level : Menstrual health and Hygiene, Importance, challenges and way ahead
Central Idea
- In a recent incident in Maharashtra, a man mistakenly perceived period stains on his sister’s clothes as a sign of a sexual relationship, highlighting the prevalence of misinformation about menstruation in urban India. Despite living in the public domain, girls and women face challenges related to periods due to shame, stigma, and discrimination.
What is Menstruation?
- Menstruation, or period, is normal vaginal bleeding that occurs as part of a woman’s monthly cycle.
- It is a normal process for girls and women who have reached puberty.
- Every month, girl or women’s body prepares for pregnancy.
- If no pregnancy occurs, body gets rid of the lining in the uterus.
- The menstrual blood is partly blood and partly tissue from inside the uterus.
- The length of a period can be different for each person, but usually lasts for 3-7 days.
Barriers to Menstrual Hygiene in Urban Areas
- Lack of Awareness: Low-income groups in urban areas have limited understanding of periods and menstrual health, leading to poor practices and hygiene management.
- Limited Access to Menstrual Products: While period products are more easily available in urban areas, they are often wrapped in paper or black plastic bags, contributing to the associated shame and stigma.
- Inadequate Toilet Facilities: Low-income slums, pavement dwellers, educational institutions, and workplaces lack easily accessible, safe, clean, and convenient toilet facilities.
- Poor Waste Management: Improper disposal of menstrual waste poses health risks to sanitation workers who are forced to sort through waste without proper protection, undermining their health and dignity.
Did you know?
- The menstrual cycle can be affected by external factors such as stress, changes in temperature and altitude, and even exposure to certain chemicals and toxins.
- This can cause changes in the length of the cycle, the intensity of bleeding, and the severity of symptoms.
- There is also a small percentage of women who experience menorrhagia, which is an excessive bleeding during menstruation. This can be caused by hormonal imbalances, fibroids, endometriosis, and other underlying medical conditions.
Actions for Improvement
- Awareness and Education: Continuous efforts should be made to raise awareness about periods, address harmful social norms, and challenge gender stereotypes related to menstruation.
- Availability of Menstrual Products: Reusable and disposable menstrual products should be made more accessible through retail outlets, government schemes, social enterprises, and NGOs, ensuring people have the freedom to choose the products they prefer.
- Female-Friendly Toilets: Initiatives such as ‘She Toilets’ and ‘Pink Toilets’ that provide safe, private, and clean facilities with essential amenities for managing periods should be expanded.
- Menstrual Waste Management: Innovative solutions like providing dustbins and incinerators in female toilets, along with waste segregation initiatives like the ‘Red Dot Campaign’ and ‘PadCare Labs,’ can contribute to proper waste management.
Way ahead: Addressing Remaining Gaps
- Reaching Marginalized Groups: Efforts should be made to reach people living in unregistered slums, pavements, refugee camps, and other vulnerable conditions in urban areas. Outreach programs, community engagement, and partnerships with local organizations can help provide access to accurate information, menstrual products, and improved facilities.
- Worksites Support: Both formal and informal worksites need to cater to the menstrual needs of women who work. This can include providing clean and private toilet facilities, ensuring access to menstrual products, and promoting supportive workplace policies that address menstrual health needs.
- Innovations in Menstrual Waste Management: Continued support for innovative solutions in menstrual waste management is essential. This includes safe and effective methods for disposal, such as incineration or environmentally friendly alternatives, as well as scalable approaches that can be adopted in different urban contexts.
- Engaging Men and Boys: Promoting gender equality and breaking menstrual taboos require engaging men and boys as allies and advocates. Educating them about menstrual health, addressing gender stereotypes, and fostering supportive attitudes can help create an environment of acceptance and inclusion.
- Research and Data Collection: Robust research and data collection on menstrual health in urban areas are crucial for evidence-based interventions and policy formulation. Collecting data on access to facilities, product usage, hygiene practices, and health outcomes can guide targeted efforts and measure progress.
- Strengthening Partnerships: Collaboration among government agencies, NGOs, private sector entities, and community-based organizations is vital for comprehensive and sustainable interventions.
- Education and Awareness: Continuously raising awareness about menstrual health is pivotal. This includes comprehensive menstrual health education in schools, community workshops, and media campaigns to dispel myths, challenge social norms, and promote positive attitudes towards menstruation.
- Policy Advocacy: Advocating for supportive policies at the local, regional, and national levels can help address systemic gaps. This involves advocating for menstrual health as a public health priority, ensuring budget allocations for menstrual health initiatives, and integrating menstrual health into broader policies related to health, education, sanitation, and gender equality.
Conclusion
- As the world observes Menstrual Hygiene Day (28 May), it is essential to recognize menstrual health as vital to personal health, public health, and human rights for all. Urban India must overcome taboos, improve awareness, enhance access to products and facilities, and promote proper waste management. By addressing these issues, we can empower girls and women to navigate public spaces with dignity and ensure their overall well-being.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : G-7 Hiroshima Summit
Mains level : G-7 Hiroshima Summit, Challenges, approach and way ahead
Central idea
- The G-7 Hiroshima Summit, hosted by Japan, marks a significant event as Japan takes the lead since the 2008 summit. For Japan, the imperative lay in navigating the complex geopolitical landscape of the Indo-Pacific, reinforcing partnerships, and addressing security risks in a region crucial for global fortunes.
G7 Summit Hiroshima
- The 49th annual G7 Summit took place in Hiroshima. Japan hosted the summit in its capacity as the President of the G7.
- Prime Minister Kishida’s commitment to nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation was evident through the choice of Hiroshima as the host city.
- Prime Minister Modi attended the summit at the invitation of the Japanese Prime Minister.
- The participating leaders issued a leaders’ communiqué on the second day of the summit. The communiqué will be adopted officially at the end of the summit on the 21st.
- Current Members: US, UK, Canada, France, Germany, Italy and Japan
Challenges Facing Japan
- Russia’s Aggression in Ukraine: Japan is deeply concerned about Russia’s ongoing aggression in Ukraine, which poses a threat to regional stability. The conflict, now more than a year old, shows little signs of abating, and Japan is actively monitoring the situation due to its potential impact on its national security strategy.
- China’s Assertive Behavior: Japan is closely watching China’s increasing assertiveness in the region, both militarily and geopolitically. China’s military modernization plans, territorial disputes in the East China Sea and South China Sea, and growing influence pose significant challenges for Japan’s security and regional stability.
- Military Pressures on Taiwan: Japan is alarmed by China’s growing military pressures on Taiwan, which has the potential to escalate tensions and trigger a regional conflict. Ensuring the peace and stability of Taiwan is vital for Japan’s national security interests, given its geographical proximity to the region.
- North Korea’s Nuclear Posturing: The volatile nuclear posturing and nuclear weapons program of North Korea are major concerns for Japan’s security. North Korea’s missile tests and threats of nuclear attacks not only pose a direct threat to Japan but also contribute to regional instability.
- Economic and Technological Resilience: Japan faces challenges in ensuring economic security, particularly in the face of global supply chain instability and the impact of sensitive technologies. Reviving and strengthening its chip industry and advancing collaborations in science and technology are crucial for Japan’s economic and technological resilience.
- Climate Change Impacts: As an island nation, it is particularly vulnerable to the consequences of climate change, such as coastal erosion, increased flooding, and threats to food security.
- Regulation of Sensitive Technologies: Japan faces the complex task of regulating sensitive technologies to ensure national security without stifling innovation and economic growth. Striking a balance between fostering technological advancements and safeguarding against potential risks and misuse is a challenge that Japan must navigate.
Significance of the India-Tokyo Partnership
- Strategic Cooperation: The partnership between New Delhi and Tokyo holds significant strategic importance. As two major democracies in the Indo-Pacific region, their collaboration helps in addressing shared challenges and advancing common interests.
- Bilateral Defense Ties: The defense cooperation between India and Japan has been growing steadily in recent years. Regular joint military exercises, information sharing, and defense technology collaboration strengthen their respective defense capabilities.
- Economic Collaboration: India and Japan have been actively engaged in economic cooperation. Their partnership encompasses various sectors such as infrastructure development, technology, trade, and investment. Joint projects in the Indo-Pacific region promote connectivity, economic growth, and sustainable development.
- Regional Connectivity: The collaboration between India and Japan plays a crucial role in enhancing regional connectivity. Initiatives like the Asia-Africa Growth Corridor (AAGC) and the Indo-Pacific Economic Corridor (IPEC) aim to create infrastructure linkages and promote trade and investment in the region.
- Shared Values and Interests: India and Japan share common values of democracy, rule of law, and respect for international norms. Their partnership is built on a foundation of shared interests, including a free and open Indo-Pacific, multilateralism, and a rules-based international order.
- Counterbalancing China’s Influence: The New Delhi-Tokyo partnership serves as a counterbalance to China’s growing influence in the Indo-Pacific. Both countries share concerns about China’s assertiveness and seek to uphold a rules-based order and promote a free and open Indo-Pacific.
- Middle Power Diplomacy: The partnership between India and Japan is an exemplar of middle power diplomacy. By joining forces, they can amplify their respective influence and promote stability and cooperation in the region. Their partnership serves as a model for other middle powers seeking to address global challenges collectively.
Way ahead: Advancing Shinzo Abe’s Legacy
- Strengthening Alliances and Partnerships: Like Shinzo Abe, current Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida can continue to prioritize the strengthening of alliances and partnerships. This includes nurturing relationships with key allies such as the United States, Australia, and India, and expanding cooperation in various areas such as security, trade, and technology.
- Network Building and Diplomatic Partnerships: Prime Minister Kishida can follow Shinzo Abe’s footsteps by actively engaging in network building and developing diplomatic partnerships across the world. This includes reaching out to countries in the Indo-Pacific region and beyond to foster collaboration, enhance understanding, and create a network of like-minded nations.
- Regional Leadership in the Indo-Pacific: Japan has a crucial role to play in shaping the strategic contours of the Indo-Pacific region. Prime Minister Kishida can continue Shinzo Abe’s efforts in reinforcing Japan’s leadership position by actively engaging with regional forums and initiatives such as the Quad (Australia, India, Japan, and the U.S.), ASEAN, and the Indo-Pacific initiatives.
- Economic Engagement and Trade Initiatives: Shinzo Abe was instrumental in advancing Japan’s economic engagement with the world through initiatives like the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). Prime Minister Kishida can build upon this legacy by further promoting free trade, pursuing economic cooperation agreements, and supporting initiatives that foster economic growth and innovation.
- Active Engagement in Global Governance: Shinzo Abe played an active role in global governance by advocating for reform in international institutions and promoting Japan’s candidacy for key positions. Prime Minister Kishida can continue this legacy by actively engaging in global forums, working towards international reforms, and contributing to the development of global norms and rules.
Conclusion
- The G-7 Hiroshima Summit provided a platform for Japan to consolidate approaches in addressing pressing global challenges. Additionally, the deepening partnership between India and Japan contributes to middle-power diplomacy, upholding a rules-based order and countering unilateral attempts to alter regional dynamics. The summit reinforced Japan’s position as a crucial security actor and its willingness to actively engage in shaping the global order.
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