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Subject: Conservation & Mitigation

1. Conservation Progs.
2. Worldwide initiatives
3. Mitigation Strategies
4. Conventions and Protocols

  • Bandipur Tiger Reserve (BTR)

    Why in the News?

    An elephant was rescued from a rail barricade in the Maddur range of Bandipur Tiger Reserve.

    About the Bandipur Tiger Reserve (BTR):

    Details
    Location Mysore and Chamarajanagar districts, Karnataka; at the tri-junction of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala.
    Part of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
    Geography “Ecological confluence” of the Western and Eastern Ghats (along with Mudumalai and Wayanad)
    History Established as Venugopala Wildlife Park in 1931; expanded as Bandipur Tiger Reserve under Project Tiger in 1973.
    Surrounding Reserves Bordered by Nagarahole Tiger Reserve (NW), Mudumalai Tiger Reserve (S), and Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary (SW).
    Rivers Surrounded by River Kabini (North) and River Moyar (South).
    Climate Tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons.
    Flora Dry deciduous to tropical mixed deciduous forests; includes rosewood, sandalwood, Indian laurel, and bamboo species.
    Fauna Home to the largest population of wild Asian elephants in South Asia; also includes Bengal tiger, gaur, sloth bear, dhole, and others.

     

    PYQ:

    [2017] From the ecological point of view, which one of the following assumes importance in being a good link between the Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats?

    (a) Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve

    (b) Nallamala Forest

    (c) Nagarhole National Park

    (d) Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve

  • Species in News: Atlantic Bluefin Tuna

    Why in the News?

    The Atlantic bluefin tuna, already heavily overfished, now faces a new threat from warming seas, causing it to migrate further north.

    Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus thynnus)

    Details
    Scientific Classification Family: Scombridae; Species: Thunnus thynnus.
    Common Names Northern bluefin tuna, Giant bluefin tuna (for individuals over 150 kg), formerly known as “tunny”.
    Habitat and Range Western and Eastern Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea; extinct in the Black Sea.
    Size Can weigh up to 680 kg; one of the largest Perciformes.
    Commercial Importance Highly valued in the Japanese market for sushi and sashimi; foundation of a major global fishery.
    Conservation Status Overfished; dramatic stock declines (72% in Eastern Atlantic, 82% in Western Atlantic);

    Moved to “Least Concern” by IUCN in 2021 due to some population recovery;

    Proposed for CITES Appendix I.

     

    PYQ:

    [2015] With reference to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which of the following statements is/are correct?

    1. IUCN is an organ of the United Nations and CITES is an international agreement between governments

    2. IUCN runs thousands of field projects around the world to better manage natural environments.

    3. CITES is legally binding on the States that have joined it, but this Convention does not take the place of national laws.

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • Chile’s Atacama Salt Flat sinking due to Lithium Mining

    Why in the News?

    • A recent study published in journal IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing has found that Chile’s Atacama salt flat (Salar de Atacama) is sinking at a rate of 1 to 2 centimetres per year due to lithium brine extraction.
      • Lithium brine extraction involves pumping salt-rich water to the surface and letting it evaporate in ponds to collect lithium.

    About Salar de Atacama  

    • The Salar de Atacama in Chile boasts the highest lithium concentration (0.15% by weight) among all brine sources worldwide.
    • Argentina boasts more than half of the world’s total lithium resources.
    • It holds the distinction of having the 2nd-largest lithium resources, the 3rd-largest lithium reserves, and the 4th-largest lithium production in the world.
    • It is a part of the Lithium Triangle comprising of Uyuni (Bolivia) and Hombre Muerto (Argentina).

    Key Findings of the Study:

    • Researchers analyzed satellite data from 2020 to 2023 to observe deformations in the Earth’s crust in the salt flat.
    • The area experiencing subsidence measures approximately 8 km north to south and 5 km east to west.
    • The study indicates that subsidence occurs because the rate of lithium brine pumping is faster than the recharge rate of aquifers, leading to the ground sinking.

    What is Lithium?

    • Lithium is an alkali metal, often referred to as ‘white gold’ due to its value and color.
    • It is a soft, silvery-white metal, and notably, it is the lightest metal on the periodic table.
    • It is typically found in various minerals like spodumene, petalite, and lepidolite, from which it is extracted and refined.
    • The leading producers of lithium are Australia, Chile, China, and Argentina.

    Effects of Lithium Mining on Environment:

    • Water Use: Lithium mining, especially from salt flats and brine pools, requires substantial water usage, which can deplete local water resources in arid areas.
    • Ecological Disruption: The extraction process can alter the chemical balance of the natural environment, affecting local flora and fauna.
    • Pollution: Mining and processing lithium can release harmful chemicals into the environment, impacting air and water quality.

    PYQ:

    [2008] Which one of the following pairs of metals constitutes the lightest metal and the heaviest metal, respectively?

    (a) Lithium and mercury

    (b) Lithium and osmium

    (c) Aluminium and osmium

    (d) Aluminium and mercury

  • Why has Malaysia tweaked its ‘Orangutan Diplomacy’?

    Why in the News?

    Malaysia, after initially introducing its version of soft power called “Orangutan Diplomacy” following China’s successful “panda diplomacy,” has now reversed its decision.

    What is Orangutan Diplomacy?

    • It is a Malaysian strategy that seeks to use orangutan conservation as a tool of soft power, inspired by China’s “panda diplomacy.”
    • It had first announced plans to gift orangutans (IUCN Status: Critically Endangered) to palm oil-buying countries.
    • It engages other countries in conservation efforts, focusing on symbolic adoptions rather than sending animals abroad.
    • Reasons behind:
      • Palm Oil Industry Criticism: Malaysia faces criticism for deforestation due to palm oil plantations, threatening orangutans.
      • Enhance Image: It aims to counter negative perceptions and showcase commitment to sustainability and position Malaysia as a leader in wildlife protection.
      • Global Cooperation: It seeks to strengthen ties with major palm oil importers like China, India, and the EU through conservation partnerships.

    Criticisms:

    • Habitat Concerns: Critics argue real conservation requires protecting habitats, not just symbolic actions.
    • Comparisons to Panda Diplomacy: Malaysia’s effort lacks the infrastructure and commitment seen in China’s panda conservation.

    PYQ:

    [2021] With reference to ‘palm oil’, consider the following statements :​

    1. The palm oil tree is native to Southeast Asia.​

    2. The palm oil is a raw material for some industries producing lipstick and perfumes.​

    3. The palm oil can be used to produce biodiesel.​

    Which of the statements given above are correct?​

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • [pib] Schedule IV of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972

    Why in the News?

    • Many individuals, organizations, and zoos in India currently possess living specimens of exotic animal species listed under Schedule IV of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972.
      • These exotic species must be reported and registered as mandated by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change in the PARIVESH 2.0 Portal.

    Legal Framework for Reporting of Animals in Possession

    • The Living Animal Species (Reporting and Registration) Rules, 2024, were notified under Section 49 M of the Wild Life (Protection) Act via a Gazette Notification on February 28, 2024.
    • Who Must Register: Any person or entity in possession of a living specimen of species listed in Schedule IV of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972.
      • Failure to report and register these species within the stipulated time frame may result in penal actions.

    About Schedule IV of the WPA

    Details
    Protection Level Provides legal protection to species, prohibiting their hunting, capture, or trade. Protection is less stringent compared to Schedules I & II.
    Offenses and Penalties Violations can lead to fines and imprisonment, but penalties are generally less severe than those for species in higher schedules.
    New Amendment (2022) The Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act, 2022, inserted a new Schedule IV for specimens listed in the CITES Appendices.
    Examples of Species Flamingos, Hares, Falcons, Kingfishers, Magpie, and Horseshoe Crabs.
    Purpose Ensures legal protection to prevent exploitation and population decline of species that are not critically endangered but still need protection.
    General Protection Role Plays an important role in broader conservation efforts, offering safeguards to a wider range of species in India.

     

    PYQ:

    [2020] If a particular plant species is placed under Schedule VI of The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, what is the implication?

    (a) A licence in required to cultivate that plant.

    (b) Such a plant cannot be cultivated under any circumstances.

    (c) It is a Genetically Modified crop plant.

    (d) Such a plant is invasive and harmful to the ecosystem.

  • Yaks from China stray into eastern Ladakh

    Why in the News?

    Around 40 Chinese yaks ventured into Indian Territory in the “Demchok” area of eastern Ladakh and are currently under the control of the local villagers.

    Grazing land issue at LAC:

    • Nomads from both sides traditionally access grazing grounds across the LAC.
    • Indian nomads have been stopped by Chinese soldiers when crossing to the Chinese side.
    • Demchok nomads lost access to Lungkar Valley in 2022 and Nilung Valley in 2017.
    • Loss of these areas has negatively impacted the livelihoods of border residents.
    • China expanded its presence on the Indian side of Charding nala (adjacent to Demchok) since 2020 stand-off.

    About Himalayan Yaks in India:

    Details
    Species Belongs to the Bovini tribe, including bison, buffaloes, and cattle.
    Adaptation Can tolerate extreme cold, down to -40°C; adapted for high altitudes with long, insulating hair.
    Cultural Significance Valued by Himalayan peoples;

    Linked to Tibetan Buddhism legend of Rinpoche.
    Raising Method Traditionally reared under a transhumance system; involves significant hardship.
    Habitat Endemic to the Tibetan Plateau and high-altitude regions.
    Altitude Preference Thrives above 14,000 feet; typically climbs to 20,000 feet and rarely descends below 12,000 feet.
    Yak-Rearing States in India Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir.
    Population Decline 2019 census: 58,000 yaks in India, a 25% drop from 2012; decline due to low remuneration and market.
    Significance Provides crucial nutritional and livelihood security for pastoral nomads in high-altitude regions.
    Threats Climate change causing heat stress; inbreeding due to closed borders limiting genetic diversity.
    Protection Status* – IUCN Red List: Vulnerable
    – CITES: Appendix I
    – Indian Wildlife Act: Schedule I
    Food Status* Approved as a ‘food animal’ by the Food Safety and Standard Authority of India (FSSAI).

     

    PYQ:

    [2016] What is/are unique about ‘Kharai camel’, a breed found in India?

    1. It is capable of swimming up to three kilometres in seawater.

    2. It survives by grazing on mangroves.

    3. It lives in the wild and cannot be domesticated.

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • Banni Grasslands of Kachchh

    Why in the News?

    A study conducted by researchers at Kachchh University assessed the suitability of different areas in Banni for sustainable grassland restoration, with ecological value being the primary criterion.

    Restoration of Banni Grasslands: Highlights of the Study

    Recent Study:

    • Objective: A study conducted by researchers at KSKV Kachchh University assessed the suitability of different areas in Banni for sustainable grassland restoration, with ecological value being the primary criterion.
    • Need for restoration: Originally covering about 3,800 sq. km, the Banni grasslands have shrunk to about 2,600 sq. km.
    • Categories of Restoration Zones: The researchers divided the grassland into five categories based on restoration suitability:
      • Highly Suitable: 937 sq. km (36%)
      • Suitable: 728 sq. km (28%)
      • Moderately Suitable: 714 sq. km (27%)
      • Marginally Suitable: 182 sq. km (7%)
      • Not Suitable: 61 sq. km (2%)
    • Restoration Potential: The “highly suitable” and “suitable” zones, making up nearly two-thirds of the Banni grasslands, can be restored easily by providing adequate water sources.

    About Banni Grasslands:

    • The Banni Grassland is a salt-tolerant ecosystem located in the Kutch district of Gujarat, covering around 3,847 square km.
    • It is said to be Asia’s largest grassland (TOI).
    • The climate is arid and semi-arid, with extremely hot summers (temperatures above 45°C) and mild winters (12°C to 25°C), receiving 300-400 mm of annual rainfall mainly during the monsoon.
    • It is inhabited by pastoral communities like the Maldharis, who rely on livestock grazing (cattle, buffalo, and sheep) for their livelihood.
    • Agriculture is limited due to arid conditions, with some areas used for salt production.
    • Flora: Grasses such as Dichanthium, Sporobolus, and Cenchrus species, with salt-tolerant plants, shrubs, and trees like Acacia and the invasive Prosopis juliflora.
    • Fauna: Indian wolf, hyena, chinkara, Great Indian Bustard, flamingos, and various raptors, reptiles, and invertebrates.

    PYQ:

    [2021] The vegetation of Savannah consists of grassland with scattered small trees, but extensive areas have no trees. The forest development in such areas is generally kept in check by one or more or a combination of some conditions. Which of the following are such conditions?​

    1. Burrowing animals and termites​

    2. Fire​

    3. Grazing herbivores​

    4. Seasonal rainfall​

    5. Soil properties​

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.​

    (a) 1 and 2

    (b) 4 and 5​

    (c) 2, 3 and 4

    (d) 1, 3 and 5​

  • Waggle Dance of Bees

    Why in the News?

    Two scientists have raised concerns about “problematic behaviour” in papers on honeybee communication co-authored by Dr. Mandyam Srinivasan, a highly honoured neuroscientist.

    About Waggle Dance of Bees

    Details
    Purpose Communicates location of food sources to other bees.
    Dance Pattern Figure-eight (8) movement with a waggle run in the middle.
    Direction Indication Angle of waggle run shows direction relative to the sun.
    Distance Indication Duration of waggle run indicates distance to the food source.
    Efficiency Enhances foraging efficiency by guiding bees directly to food sources.
    Environmental Impact Accuracy affected by Sun position, wind, and landscape.
    Scientific Importance Decoded by Nobel laureate Karl von Frisch; an example of advanced insect communication.

     

    PYQ:

    [2023] Which of the following organisms perform waggle dance for others of their kin to indicate the direction and the distance to a source of their food?

    (a) Butterflies

    (b) Dragonflies

    (c) Honey Bees

    (d) Wasps

  • Illegal mining, encroachments, and deforestation a threat to Aravali as natural green wall   

    Why in the News?

    The Aravalli range is facing severe threats from illegal mining, deforestation, and encroachments which causing environmental degradation.

    About the Aravalli Range:

    • The Aravalli Range is one of the oldest mountain ranges in the world, stretching from Gujarat to Delhi through Rajasthan.
    • It acts as a natural green wall in the northwestern part of India, forming an ecotone zone between the Thar Desert and the Gangetic Plain in a semi-arid environment.
    • The range spans 692 km in length and varies in width from 10 km to 120 km, with over 500 hillocks. The highest peak is Guru Shikhar in Mount Abu, which is 1,722 meters above sea level.
    • Rajasthan contains 80% of the range, while the remaining 20% is shared by Haryana, Delhi, and Gujarat.

    Change in Forest Area and High Rates of Carbon Influx:

    • Reduction of forest cover: The Aravalli range has experienced a significant reduction in forest cover, with a 0.9% decrease from 1999 to 2019. The forest area decreased from 29,915 sq. km in 1999 to 29,210 sq. km in 2019.
    • Increased Human settlement and reduced water bodies: Human settlements in the region increased from 4.5% in 1975 to 13.3% in 2019, while waterbodies initially increased and then began to reduce over time.
    • Expansion of mining activities: Mining activities have expanded, particularly in districts like Jaipur, Sikar, Alwar, Ajmer, Bhilwara, Chittorgarh, and Rajsamand.
    • High rate of carbon influx: The study identified regions in the upper and lower Aravalli range with high positive rates of carbon flux due to high rainfall and protected areas. In contrast, areas near the Thar Desert in the main middle range showed negative rates of carbon flux, indicating a decline in carbon sequestration.

    How Drone Survey Can Help:

    • Use of LiDAR technology:  A comprehensive drone survey using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology is recommended to assess the Aravalli region’s surface and objects in 3D dimensions.
      • The LiDAR survey can help identify and mitigate illegal mining activities by providing detailed information on the surface structure which will allow authorities to take prompt enforcement actions.
    • Establishment of Independent Body: The establishment of an independent Aravali Development Authority, including experts from various fields, is suggested to devise and implement strategies for the sustainable preservation of the hill ecosystem.

    Steps taken: 

    • The Indian government has enacted various legal measures to protect the Aravalli Range.
      • In 1992, parts of the hills were designated as Ecologically Sensitive Areas, and in 2003, the central government prohibited mining operations in these regions.
    • The Supreme Court of India further reinforced these protections by banning mining in notified areas of the Aravalli Range in 2004 and extending this ban in 2009 to cover 448 km² across Haryana’s Faridabad, Gurgaon, and Mewat districts.

    Conclusion: Need to engage local communities in conservation efforts and promote sustainable land-use practices. Establish the proposed Aravali Development Authority to coordinate and implement long-term strategies for ecological restoration and biodiversity preservation.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Briefly mention the alignment of major mountain ranges of the world and explain their impact on local weather conditions, with examples. (UPSC IAS/2021)

  • [pib] Green Tug Transition Program (GTTP)

    Why in the News?

    The Union Minister of Port Shipping and Waterways has launched the standard operating procedures for Green Tug Transition Program (GTTP). 

    What is the Green Tug Transition Program (GTTP)?

    • The GTTP aims to transition conventional fuel-based harbour tugs to greener, more sustainable alternatives. 
    • The program is a part of India’s broader efforts to decarbonize maritime operations and promote environmental sustainability in the maritime sector.
    • The GTTP is also aligned with the ‘Panch Karma Sankalp,’ a strategic framework for enhancing India’s commitment to a greener and more sustainable maritime industry.

    Key Features:

    (1) Decarbonization of Maritime Operations

    • Objective: Replace conventional tugs with green tugs powered by cleaner fuels like battery-electric, hybrid, methanol, and green hydrogen.
    • Impact: Significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in Indian ports.

    (2) Phased Implementation

    • Phase 1 (2024-2027): Four Major Ports (Jawaharlal Nehru, Deendayal, Paradip, and V.O. Chidambaranar) will each procure or charter two green tugs.
    • Technology: Initial tugs will be battery-electric with provisions for adopting newer technologies.

    (3) Standardization and Compliance

    • ASTDS-GTTP Standards: By 2040, all tugs in Indian Major Ports will comply with green standards, ensuring an eco-friendly fleet.

    (4) Alignment with National Visions

    • Maritime India Vision 2030: Supports goals like sourcing 60% of port power from renewable energy and reducing carbon emissions by 30% per ton of cargo by 2030.
    • Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047: Aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from port vessels by 30% by 2030.

    PYQ:

    [2023] Consider the following pairs:

    Port Well known as
    1. Kamarajar Port First major port in India registered as a company
    2. Mundra Port Largest privately owned port in India
    3. Visakhapatnam Port Largest container port in India

    How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

    (a) Only one pair
    (b) Only two pairs
    (c) All three pairs
    (d) None of the pairs