💥Join UPSC 2027,2028 Mentorship (July Batch) + XFactor Notes & Microthemes PDF
Talk to Mentor

Civilsdaily

Login

Subject: History

  • The Battle of Udagai: Cholas vs. Cheras

    Why in the news?

    • The southern part of India historically ruled by the Chera, Chola, and Pandya kings, was known for its great literature, art, culture, and temple architecture.
    • It also witnessed fierce battles among these kingdoms led by Raja Raja I.

    Who was Raja Raja I?

    • His reign marked a golden era for the Chola Empire through extensive military conquests, administrative reforms, and cultural patronage.
    • Ponniyin Selvan (The Son of Ponni) is a Tamil language historical fiction novel with the story of the early days of Prince Raja Raja I (also called Arulmozhivarman).

    Here are detailed facts and key events from the reign of Raja Raja I:

    Background and Ascension to the Throne:

    • Full Name: Arulmozhivarman, popularly known as Raja Raja Chola I.
    • Reign:
      • He reigned from 985 AD to 1014 AD, taking the throne following the death of his father Sundara Chola.
      • He was succeeded by Rajendra I.

    Military Conquests:

    Raja Raja I embarked on several military campaigns that significantly expanded the Chola Empire.

    • He conquered parts of what is now Tamil Nadu, northern parts of Sri Lanka, and the Maldives, consolidating the Chola influence across the region.
    • His most notable military achievement was the conquest of the ancient Chera capital of Mahodayapuram and the invasion of Sri Lanka, where he captured the northern half of the island.
    • Nagapattinam Port was his major naval base.
    • His success allowed his son Rajendra Chola to lead the Chola invasion of Srivijaya (Sumatra) and Kadaram (Malaysia).

    Administrative Reforms:

    • He streamlined the administrative structure of the empire with precise revenue collection and management systems.
    • He implemented a well-organized provincial administration with efficient governance, dividing his empire into various provinces under the control of local governors.

    Cultural Contributions and Temple Building:

    Raja Raja I was a great patron of the arts and architecture. Under his reign, Chola architecture and Tamil literature flourished.

    • Construction of the Brihadeeswara Temple in Thanjavur (Dravidian style).
    • Completed in 1010 AD
    • He also supported the revival of Hinduism and promoted Shaivism, actively endowing temples and supporting the livelihood of the temple priests. He called himself ‘Shivapada Shekhara’.
    • He also allowed for the flourishing of other religious practices for example Vaishnavism and Buddhism.

    Trade and Diplomacy:

    • His reign saw an increase in trade and diplomatic contacts with far-off kingdoms, including those in Southeast Asia.
    • The Chola navy played a crucial role in protecting and enhancing trade routes in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.
    • To promote trade, Rajaraja sent the first Chola mission to China.

    About the Battle of Udagai/Udayagiri

    • It occurred in 1003 CE between the Cholas and the Cheras at Udagai, now known as Udayagiri in Kalkulam taluk of Kanniyakumari district, during the reign of Raja Raja I, the greatest of Chola kings.
    • It was the bloodiest war in medieval Indian history, where the Cholas plundered Udagai and returned to their headquarters in Thanjavur with tonnes of gold and the best elephants.
    • The battle began with the conquest of Kanthalur Salai in the Chera Kingdom.
    • The Chola army was led by Raja Raja’s son Rajendra.

    Evidence from Epigraphy

    • The Discovery of a Chola period epigraphy near Chengam suggests that Salai was an army training centre run by the Cheras.
    • The training centre was a challenge to the Cholas.
    • The battle marked the end of the relationship between the Cholas and the Cheras, which had been established through marriages.

    Aftermath of the War

    • The battles terminated the relationship between the Cholas and Cheras during the reign of Rajendra Chola.
    • In 1004 CE, Raja Raja celebrated his birthday grandly in the Chera kingdom, renaming the village Muttam as Mummudi Chola Nalloor.
    • He granted the temple at Thirunanthikarai for a seven-day celebration of his birthday.
    • Subsequently, he returned to Thanjavur with gold, elephants, and cattle.
    • Kamban Manian, a Chola general, brought a Shiva idol made of emerald to Thirupazhanam near Thanjavur, though it is no longer found there.

    PYQ:

    [2020] Consider the following events in the history of India:

    1. Rise of Pratiharas under King Bhoja.
    2. Establishment of Pallava power under Mahendravarman-I.
    3. Establishment of Chola power by Parantaka-I.
    4. Pala dynasty founded by Gopala.

    What is the correct chronological order of the above events, starting from the earliest time?

    (a) 2 – 1 – 4 – 3

    (b) 3 – 1 – 4 – 2

    (c) 2 – 4 – 1 – 3

    (d) 3 – 4 – 1 – 2

  • [pib] Rabindranath Tagore and his legacy

    Why in the news?

    The Conservation and Cultural Archives Division of Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA) hosted an exhibition and lecture celebrating Rabindranath Tagore’s birth anniversary in New Delhi.

    Tagore’s Journey to France

    • Tagore had visited the battlefields of the First World War, highlighting his deep humanity.
    • The narrative includes mentions of Alexandra David Neel, who recommended Tagore during his European tours, and Victoria Ocampo, who taught French to Tagore, enhancing his connection with French culture and intellectual society.

    About Rabindranath Tagore

    Details
    Birth and Early Life – Born on May 7, 1861, in Calcutta, India.
    Literary Career – Published his first poems at age 16 under the pen-name ‘Bhanusimha’.

    – Key works include “Gitanjali“, “Ghare-Baire“, “Gora“, and “Manasi“.
    Music and Art – Composed over 2,000 songs known as ‘Rabindra Sangeet’.

    – Our National Anthem was composed by him and it was first sung on 27 December 1911 at the Calcutta Session of INC.

    – Created more than 2,000 paintings, influenced by European expressionism.
    Education – Founded Visva-Bharati University in 1921, integrating Eastern and Western philosophies.
    Political Views – He is said to have given the title of ‘Mahatma’ to Mohandas

    – Renounced his ‘Knighthood’ (awarded to him in 1915 by the British King George V) in 1919 following the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
    Cultural Influence – Wrote the National Anthems of India (“Jana Gana Mana”) and Bangladesh (“Amar Sonar Bangla”).

    – Inspired the national anthem of Sri Lanka through a student.
    Awards and Recognition – Awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913 for “Gitanjali“, the first non-European to win.

    – Awarded, and later renounced, a knighthood by British King George V in 1915.
    Philosophical Contributions – Advocated for the incorporation of the best aspects of Western culture with Indian culture to achieve anti-colonialism.
    Death – Passed away on August 7, 1941, in Calcutta.
    Legacy – Revered as ‘Gurudev’, ‘Kabiguru’, and ‘Biswakabi’. Highly influential in introducing Indian culture to the West and reshaping Bengali literature and music.
    Additional Contributions – Advocated for ‘Unity in Diversity’ and ‘National Integration’.

    – Spoke at the World Parliament of Religions, Chicago in 1929 and 1937.

    – Modernized Bengali prose and poetry, remembered for songs like ‘Ekla Chalo Re’ and his environmental efforts at Santiniketan.

    About Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA)

    • The IGNCA, New Delhi is a premier government-funded arts organisation in India.
    • It is an autonomous institute under the Union Ministry of Culture.
    • It was established on 19 November 1985 by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi.
    • IGNCA is envisioned as a centre for the study and experience of arts in the field of:
    1. Creative literature – written and oral;
    2. Visual arts inclusive of architecture;
    3. Sculpture, painting and graphics to general material culture, photography and film; and
    4. Performing arts of music, dance and theatre.

    PYQ:

    [2019] Examine the linkages between the nineteenth century’s Indian Renaissance and the emergence of national identity.

    [2021] Who among the following was associated as Secretary with Hindu Female School, later known as Bethune Female School?​

    (a) Annie Besant

    (b) Debendranath Tagore

    (c) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

    (d) Sarojini Naidu

  • [pib] Ramcharitmanas, Panchatantra, and Sahrdayaloka-Locana enter ‘UNESCO’s Memory of the World Asia-Pacific regional register’

    Why in the news?

    The Ramcharitmanas, Panchatantra and Sahrdayaloka-Locana have been included in ‘UNESCO’s Memory of the World Asia-Pacific regional register’.

    About UNESCO’s ‘Memory of the World (MOW) Asia-Pacific regional register’

    Details
    History and Establishment Initiated in 1992 by UNESCO.

    Asia-Pacific Regional Committee (MOWCAP) was set up in 1998.
    Parent Organization Overseen by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).
    Objective To safeguard, preserve, facilitate access to, and increase awareness of documentary heritage. Focuses specifically on the Asia-Pacific region.
    Examples of Inscribed Items Includes items like Japan’s “Sugihara’s Visas for Life”, Australia’s “Mabo Case Manuscripts”, and Vietnam’s “Ba Chuc Massacre Archives”.
    Impact and Outreach Supports preservation, digitization, accessibility of documents; provides grants and organizes workshops, meetings, and exhibitions to promote knowledge sharing. 
    Reference

    About the Texts

    • Ramcharitmanas:

    • Written by Tulsidas in the 16th century, the Ramcharitmanas is an epic poem in Awadhi, a dialect of Hindi, and is a retelling of the Sanskrit epic Ramayana.
    • It narrates the life of Lord Rama, his virtues, the ideals of Dharma, and his reign during Ram Rajya.
    • Hanuman Chalisa is a combination of 40 verses from the same epic.

    • Panchatantra:

    • The Panchatantra is a collection of ancient Indian animal fables that dates back to at least the 3rd century BCE. 
    • Originally written in Sanskrit by Vishnu Sharma.
    • Its stories are crafted as simple yet vibrant narratives that aim to impart practical life lessons through the interactions of anthropomorphized animals.

    • Sahrdayaloka-Locana

    • The Sahrdayaloka-Locana is a Sanskrit treatise on poetics written by Jagannatha Paṇḍitaraja in the 17th century.
    • It is considered one of the most important works of Sanskrit literary criticism.
    • The text discusses the concept of “Sahrdaya“, which refers to a sensitive or discerning reader or critic.

     

    PYQ:

    [2016] With reference to the cultural history of India, the memorising of chronicles, dynastic histories and epic tales was the profession of who among the following?

    (a) Shramana

    (b) Parivraajaka

    (c) Agrahaarika

    (d) Maagadha
  • UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Indian Culture

    UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Indian Culture

    We will be going through the UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Indian Culture. The official UPSC Syllabus reads – Indian Culture – Salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.

    Before starting by yourself for Mains, understand the process. Connect 1:1 with Arvind Sir

    Talk to our Mentor
    QuestionSubjectYearMarksSub-theme
    Explain the role of geographical factors towards the development of Ancient India.Art and Culture202310Geographical factors in Ancient India development
    What are the main features of Vedic society and religion? Do you think some of the features are still prevailing in Indian society?Art and Culture202315Vedic society and religion- Main features and elements of continuity
    What were the major technological changes introduced during the Sultanate period? How did those technological changes influence the Indian society?Art and Culture202315Sultanate period- Major technological changes and their influence on Indian society
    How will you explain that medieval Indian temple sculptures represent the social life of those days?Art and Culture202210Temple sculptures of medieval India
    Discuss the main contributions of Gupta period and Chola period to Indian heritage and culture.Art and Culture202215Gupta and chola- Contribution to Indian heritage and culture
    Discuss the significance of the lion and bull figures in Indian mythology, art and architecture.Art and Culture202215Lion and bull figures- Significance in mythology, art and architecture
    Evaluate the nature of the Bhakti literature and its contribution to Indian culture. Art and Culture202110Bhakti literature- Nature and contribution to Indian culture
    The rock-cut architecture represents one of the most important sources of our knowledge of early Indian art and history. Discuss. Art and Culture202010Rock-cut architecture- Source of Indian Art and history
    Pala period is the most significant phase in the history of Buddhism in India. Enumerate. Art and Culture202010Pala period- Contribution in promoting Buddhism
    Indian philosophy and tradition played a significant role in conceiving and shaping the monuments and their art in India. Discuss.Art and Culture202015Impact of Indian Philosophy- In Ancient, Medieval and modern India
    Persian literary sources of medieval India reflect the spirit of the age. Comment.Art and Culture202015Persian literary sources of medieval India
    Highlight the Central Asian and Greco -Bactrian elements in Gandhara art.Art and Culture201910Central Asian and Greco -Bactrian elements in Gandhara art
    Do we have cultural pockets of small India all over the nation? Elaborate with examples.(15m,250 words)Art and Culture201915cultural pockets of small India across the nation
    Safeguarding the Indian art heritage is the need of the moment. Discuss.Art and Culture201810Indian art heritage- Need to safeguard and government steps
    Assess the importance of the accounts of the Chinese and Arab travellers in the reconstruction of the history of India.Art and Culture201810Chinese and Arab travellers’ account
    The Bhakti movement received a remarkable re-orientation with the advent of Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. Discuss.Art and Culture201815Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and Bhakti movement
    How do you justify the view that the level of excellence of Gupta numismatic art is not at all noticeable in later times?Art and Culture201710Gupta numismatic art- comparison with later times
    Early Buddhist Stupa-art, while depicting folk motifs and narratives successfully expounds Buddhist ideals. Elucidate.Art and Culture201612.5Early Buddhist Stupa-art
    Krishnadeva Raya, the King of Vijayanagar, was not only an accomplished scholar himself but was also a great patron of learning and literature. Discuss.Art and Culture201612.5Krishnadeva Raya- As Eminent scholar and as great patron of learning and literature
    The ancient civilization in Indian sub-continent differed from those of Egypt, Mesopotamia and Greece in that its culture and traditions have been preserved without a breakdown to the present day. Comment.Art and Culture201512.5Reasons for continuity of elements of culture and traditions of ancient civilization, unlike in Egypt, Mesopotamia and Greece
    Mesolithic rock cut architecture of India not only reflects the cultural life of the times but also a tine aesthetic sense comparable to modern painting. Critically evaluate this comment.Art and Culture201512.5Mesolithic rock cut architecture- Reflecting cultural life of that times and comparable to modern painting
    Gandhara sculpture owed as much to the Romans as to the Greeks. Explain.Art and Culture201410Roman and Greeks element in Gandhara sculpture
    Sufis and medieval mystic saints failed to modify either the religious ideas and practices or the outward structure of Hindu/Muslim societies to any appreciable extent. Comment.Art and Culture201410Challenges faced by Sufis and medieval mystic saints
    Though not very useful from the point of view of a connected political history of South India, the Sangam literature portrays the social and economic conditions of its time with remarkable vividness. Comment.Art and Culture201310(Economic) and (Social) life of south India portrayed by (Sangam literature)
    Chola architecture represents a high watermark in the evolution of temple architecture. Discuss.Art and Culture201310Evolution of temple architecture by Cholas
    Taxila university was one of the oldest universities of the world with which were associated a number of renowned learned personalities of different disciplines. Its strategic location caused its fame to flourish, but unlike Nalanda, it is not considered as a university in the modern sense. Discuss.Art and Culture201410Taxila University- its renowned disciples and comparison with Nalanda
    To what extent has the urban planning and culture of the Indus Valley Civilization provided inputs to the present day urbanization? Discuss.Art and Culture201410Indus valley civilization- Urban planning & culture and element of continuity in present day Urbanization
    Discuss the Tandava dance as recorded in the early Indian inscriptions.Art and Culture201310Tandava dance

    Read More – Complete UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs (2013-2023)

    Don’t know how to make notes for UPSC Mains? Learn 1:1 from Arvind Sir

    Talk to our Mentor

  • ‘Hicky’s Bengal Gazette’: India’s First Newspaper

    Why in the news?

    • World Press Freedom Day, observed annually on May 3, underscores the significance of journalism in society, tracing its roots back to pivotal moments in history.
    • Hicky’s Bengal Gazette, founded by James Augustus Hicky in 1780, marked the inception of Indian journalism, serving as a platform for social discourse and political critique.

    Who was James Augustus Hicky?

    • Born in Ireland in the 1730s, James Augustus Hicky ventured to India, then known as the “Jewel in the Crown of the British Empire“, in search of better opportunities.
    • Faced with initial setbacks, including debts that led to his imprisonment, Hicky demonstrated resilience by setting up a printing press within the jail premises.

    Establishment of ‘Hicky’s Bengal Gazette’:

    • ‘Hicky’s Bengal Gazette’ was the first newspaper ever published in India (indeed in Asia), with its inaugural edition released on January 29, 1780.
    • Hicky served as its founder-editor, aiming to cater primarily to the European community in Calcutta.
    • He initially focusing on local issues such as road repairs and maintenance.
    • The newspaper later delved into broader societal concerns, including government corruption and civic issues.
    • Despite its reputation for gossip and salacious content, the Gazette also published articles critical of the British East India Company and advocated for infrastructure development and sanitation improvements.
    • Hicky’s newspaper was printed once a week on Saturday, and retailed for Rs 1.
    • Its circulation was estimated to be around 400 copies per week, although possibly more.

    Challenges and Legal Battles:

    • The Gazette faced legal challenges, including multiple libel lawsuits filed by prominent figures such as Governor General Warren Hastings in 1780s and missionary Johann Zacharias Kiernander.
    • He described Hastings in an article as being Robert Clive’s “miserable successor”.
    • Hicky’s bold stance against powerful figures, including scathing critiques of Hastings’ expansion policies, led to his imprisonment and financial ruin due to legal fees and penalties.
    • The publication was ceased on 30 March 1782.

    Legacy and Impact:

    • Despite its eventual closure due to legal pressure and financial constraints, ‘Hicky’s Bengal Gazette’ left an indelible mark on Indian journalism.
    • Hicky’s pioneering efforts laid the groundwork for the development of a vibrant media landscape in India, inspiring subsequent generations of journalists and press pioneers.
    • The Gazette’s brief but impactful existence demonstrated the power of the press in advocating for societal change and holding the powerful to account.

    PYQ:

    [2020] The Vital-Vidhwansak, the first monthly journal to have the untouchable people as its target audience was published by:

    (a) Gopal Baba Walangkar

    (b) Jyotiba Phule

    (c) Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi

    (d) Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar

  • Patachitra Scroll Paintings

    Why in the news?

    Patachitra Paintings of women in Paschim Medinipur’s Pingla block in West Bengal has become popular worldwide.

    About Bengal Patachitra

    • Patachitra, also spelled as Pattachitra, is a traditional form of scroll painting that originated in the eastern Indian states of Odisha and West Bengal, as well as parts of Bangladesh. The term “Patachitra” derives from Sanskrit, where “pata” means “cloth” and “chitra” means “picture.”
    • These paintings are typically created on cloth canvas, palm leaves, or paper. Artists associated with Patachitra are known as Patuas.
    • Origin: Bengal Patachitra is believed to have originated in rural Bengal, with some historical references suggesting its existence during the Pre-Pala period.
    • Themes and Style:
      • The themes of Bengal Patachitra are diverse, ranging from religious and mythological narratives to secular subjects.
      • Religious themes often depict stories from Hindu epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata, as well as folklore such as Manasha and Chandi.
      • Secular themes include important news events, accidents, scandals, and social issues.
      • Each Patachitra is accompanied by a song called Patua Sangeet, sung by the artists while unfurling the scroll.
    • Aspects of Painting:
      • Chalchitra: Background paintings associated with religious idols, such as Durga Pratima.
      • Durga Pot: Special Patachitras worshiped during Durga Puja, often featuring images of gods and goddesses.
      • Various Technique: Different districts have distinct techniques, colors, and designs. For example, Purulia Patachitras prefer burnt sienna with white and yellow patches, while Hooghly and Manbhum scrolls exhibit modernistic abstract linear treatment.
      • Artists: Bengal Patua artists, also known as Chitrakars, are concentrated in villages like Naya in the Medinipur district.
      • Colors: Bengal Patachitra typically uses natural colors derived from materials like chalk dust (for white), pauri (for yellow), cultivated indigo (for blue), bhushakali (for black), and mete sindur (for red).

  • Unveiling of Raja Ravi Varma’s Indulekha Painting

    Why in the News?

    The first true copy of Raja Ravi Varma’s painting “Indulekha” will be unveiled at Kilimanoor Palace, the birthplace of the legendary artist, on his 176th birth anniversary celebrations.

    About the Indulekha Painting:

    • The painting depicts Indulekha, the protagonist of the first modern Malayalam novel by O. Chandu Menon, published in 1889.
    • The painting holds significance as it is believed to have inspired Ravi Varma’s famous work, “Reclining Lady.”
    • The oil painting portrays Indulekha holding a letter, dated 1892.
    • It exhibits meticulous attention to detail and symmetry, characteristic of Ravi Varma’s style.

    Who was Raja Ravi Varma (1848-1906)?

    • Raja Ravi Varma was born in April 1848 in Kilimanoor, Kerala, to a family which was very close to the royals of Travancore.
    • Often referred to as the father of modern Indian art, he is widely known for his realistic portrayal of Indian gods and goddesses.
    • While he majorly painted for the royalty, he is also credited for taking art to the masses with his prints and oleographs.
    • Patronised by Ayilyam Thirunal, the then ruler of Travancore, he learnt watercolour painting from the royal painter Ramaswamy Naidu.
    • He later trained in oil painting from Dutch artist Theodore Jensen.

    Fame as a notable painter

    • Following a portrait of Maharaja Sayajirao of Baroda, he has commissioned 14 Puranic paintings for the Durbar Hall of the new Lakshmi Vilas Palace at Baroda.
    • Depicting Indian culture, Varma borrowed from episodes of Mahabharata and Ramayana for the same.
    • He also received patronage from numerous other rulers, including the Maharaja of Mysore and Maharaja of Udaipur.
    • As his popularity soared, the artist won an award for an exhibition of his paintings at Vienna in 1873.
    • He was also awarded three gold medals at the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893.
    • Viceroy Lord Curzon honoured him with the Kaisar-i-Hind Gold Medal for his service.

    Nature of his artforms

    • Much of his celebrated art also borrows heavily from Indian mythology.
    • In fact, he is often credited with defining the images of Indian gods and goddesses through his relatable and more realistic portrayals often painted with humans as models.
    • The depictions include Lakshmi as the goddess of wealth, Saraswati as the goddess of knowledge and wisdom, and Lord Vishnu with his consorts, Maya and Lakshmi.
    • Raja Ravi Varma aspired to take his art to the masses and the intent led him to open a Lithographic Press in Bombay in 1894.
    • The first picture printed at Varma’s press was reportedly The Birth of Shakuntala, followed by numerous mythological figures and saints such as Adi Shankaracharya.

    Major works

    • It is believed that he had made around 7,000 paintings before his death at the age of 58.
    • But only one painting is now left in ‘Chithrashala,’ the artist’s studio at Kilimanoor Palace — an unfinished portrait of ‘Parsi lady’ which was his last work.
    • Some of his popular works include ‘Lady in the Moonlight’, ‘Nair Lady Adorning Her Hair’, ‘Malabar Lady with Violin’, ‘Lady with Swarbat’, and ‘Maharashtrian Lady with Fruits’.
    [2018] The well-known painting “Bani Thani” belongs to the

    (a) Bundi school

    (b) Jaipur school

    (c) Kangra school

    (d) Kishangarh school

  • In news: Yangli Festival

    Why in the news?

    Tiwa tribals dance recently celebrated the Yangli festival at Bormarjong village, in Karbi Anglong district, Assam.

    About Tiwa Tribals

    • Tiwa tribes, also known as Lalungs, inhabit both the hills and plains of Assam and Meghalaya states.
    • They hold the status of a Scheduled Tribe in Assam.
    • The hill-dwelling Tiwa villagers engage in traditional practices such as Jhum cultivation, horticulture, and the cultivation of local crops and vegetables.
    • Their language belongs to the Tibeto-Burman linguistic group.

     About Yangli Festival

    • The Yangli festival is celebrated before starting the paddy sowing
    • It is also known as the Lakshmi Puja of the Tiwa people.
    • It is celebrated with traditional rituals, emphasizing the community’s strong ties to agriculture, their primary livelihood.
    • It serves as an occasion for prayers seeking a bountiful harvest and divine protection for crops against pests and natural calamities.
    • It is held once in 5 years.
    • In April, Khelchawa festival is celebrated by Tiwa tribes marking close of the harvest season.

    Celebratory Activities:

    • Festivities commenced with traditional rituals and vibrant dances.
    • It continues with a joyous gathering along the riverbanks.
    • It draws participation from over five hundred individuals representing various groups like Amchi, Rangkhai, and Magrat.
    • Ceremonial animal sacrifices, including poultry and goats, are performed to honour the goddess and ensure her benevolence upon the Tiwa people’s granary, known as “NoBaro.”

    PYQ:

    [2014] Every year, a month long ecologically important campaign/festival is held during which certain communities/ tribes plant saplings of fruit-bearing trees. Which of the following are such communities/tribes?

    (a) Bhutia and Lepcha

    (b) Gond and Korku

    (c) lrula and Toda

    (d) Sahariya and Agariya

  • [pib] Padma Awards for 2024

    Why in the news?

    The President of India, Smt. Droupadi Murmu presented 3 Padma Vibhushan, 8 Padma Bhushan and 55 Padma Shri Awards for the year 2024.

    About Padma Awards

    • The Padma Awards are among India’s most prestigious civilian honors.
    • It is announced annually on Republic Day, following the Bharat Ratna.
    • These awards are designed to recognize outstanding achievements across various fields and disciplines, particularly those involving public service.
    • It was introduced in 1954 along with Bharat Ratna.
    • Initially, the Padma Vibhushan had three classes: Pahela Varg, Dusra Varg, and Tisra Varg, which were renamed in 1955 as Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Shri, respectively.

    Award Categories

    There are three categories of Padma Awards:

    1. Padma Vibhushan: This is awarded for ‘exceptional and distinguished service.’
    2. Padma Bhushan: This is for ‘distinguished service of a high order.’
    3. Padma Shri: This is given for ‘distinguished service.’

    Eligibility Criteria

    • The awards are open to all individuals regardless of race, occupation, position, or gender.
    • The awards are usually not given posthumously, but exceptions can be made in extraordinary cases.
    • A recipient can be considered for a higher category of Padma award only if at least five years have passed since their previous Padma honor. However, exceptions can be made for exceptionally deserving cases.
    • NOT ELIGIBLE: Government employees, except doctors and scientists.
    • The awards are not titles and cannot be used as prefixes or suffixes to the awardees’ names.
    • The number of awards given annually (excluding posthumous awards and those to NRIs/foreigners/OCIs) is capped at 120.

    Nomination Process

    • Nominations are reviewed by the Padma Awards Committee, formed annually by the Prime Minister.
    • The Committee, led by the Cabinet Secretary, includes the Home Secretary, Secretary to the President, and 4-6 distinguished members.
    • The Committee’s recommendations are forwarded to the Prime Minister and the President for final approval.

    Dignitaries of the Padma Awards 2024

    Recipient (Occupation/Field)
    Padma Vibhushan
    • M. Venkaiah Naidu (Former Vice-President)
    • Bindeshwar Pathak (posthumously) (Founder of Sulabh International)
    • Padma Subrahmanyam (Bharatanatyam dancer)
    Padma Bhushan
    • Mithun Chakraborty (Actor)
    • Usha Uthup (Singer)
    • Ram Naik (Former Governor of Uttar Pradesh)
    • Sitaram Jindal (Industrialist)
    • Tejas Madhusudan Patel (Cardiologist)
    • Dattatray Ambadas Mayaloo (Rajdutt) (Marathi film director)
    • Chandreshwar Prasad Thakur (Physician)
    Padma Shri
    • Rohan Bopanna (Tennis player)
    • Khalil Ahamad (Master carpet weaver)
    • Kaluram Bamaniya (Folk singer)
    • Rezwana Choudhury Bannya (Bangladeshi singer)
    • Naseem Bano (Chikankari embroidery artist)
    • Gita Roy Barman (Rajbongshi folk singer)
    • Chitta Ranjan Debbarma (Spiritual figure from Tripura)
    • Sarbeswar Basumatary (Tribal farmer from Assam)

     

    PYQ:

    [2021] Consider the following statements in respect of the Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards.

    1. Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards are titled under Article 18(1) of the Constitution of India.
    2. Padma Awards, which were instituted in the year 1954, were suspended only once.
    3. The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a maximum of five in a particular year.

    Which of the above statements is not correct?

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

    https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2018533

  • [pib] 2550th Bhagwan Mahavir Nirvan Mahotsav

    Why in the news?

    The Prime Minister has inaugurated the 2550th Bhagwan Mahavir Nirvan Mahotsav on the occasion of Mahavir Jayanti.

    About Vardhaman Mahavir

    Description
    Birth 540 B.C.
    Birthplace Kundagrama village near Vaishali
    Family Background Belonged to the Jnatrika clan; father Siddharta was the head of the Jnathrika Kshatriya clan, and mother Trishala was a sister of Chetaka, the king of Vaishali.
    Renunciation Renounced home at the age of 30 to become an ascetic.
    Spiritual Practice Practiced austerity for 12 years.
    Attainment of Kaivalya Attained the highest spiritual knowledge called Kaivalya (conquered misery and happiness) at the age of 42.
    First Sermon Delivered his first sermon at Pava.
    Symbol Associated with the symbol of a Lion.

    Aliases include: Nayaputta, Muni, Samana, Nigantha, Brahman, and Bhagavan
    Missions Traveled to various regions including Koshala, Magadha, Mithila, Champa, etc.
    Passing Away Passed away at the age of 72 in 468 B.C. at Pavapuri in Bihar.
    Legacy Founded Jainism as it is known today; contributed significant teachings and principles to the religion.

    Everything you need to know about Jainism:

    Description
    Origin Jainism gained prominence in the 6th century B.C. when Lord Mahavira propagated the religion.
    Founder Lord Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara, is the central figure
    Tirthankaras
    • Jainism recognizes 24 Tirthankaras or great teachers
    • Rishabhanatha being the first and Mahavira the last.
    Main Principles Jainism emphasizes the Three Jewels or Triratna:

    1. Right Faith (Samyakdarshana),
    2. Right Knowledge (Samyakjnana), and
    3. Right Conduct (Samyakcharita).
    Five Doctrines Ahimsa (non-violence), Satya (truthfulness), Asteya (non-stealing), Aparigraha (non-attachment), and Brahmacharya (chastity) are the fundamental principles of Jainism.
    Concept of God
    • Jainism does not adhere to the concept of a creator God
    • Believes in the existence of liberated souls (Siddhas) who have attained spiritual perfection.
    Major Doctrines
    1. Anekantavada: Jain doctrine of non-absolutism, recognizing that truth can have multiple perspectives or facets.
    2. Syadvada: Jain doctrine stating that all judgments are conditional and true only from certain perspectives, expressed by the term “syat” (may be).
    Sects/Schools Jainism is divided into two major sects:

    1. Digambara (sky-clad) and
    2. Svetambara (white-clad)
    Spread
    • Jainism spread gradually into regions where Brahmanical influence was weak.
    • Received royal patronage from rulers like Chandragupta Maurya
    Literature Jain literature comprises:

    1. Agama (canonical) texts, which include the direct teachings of Mahavira, and
    2. Non-agama (commentaries and elaborations) works, such as the Acaranga Sutra.
    Architecture
    • Temples, caves (layana/gumphas), statues, and ornamental pillars (manastambha), exhibiting intricate designs and religious motifs.
    • Notable Jain architecture in India includes the Dilwara Temples in Mount Abu, Rajasthan, and the Girnar and Palitana Temples in Gujarat.
    • These structures exemplify intricate craftsmanship and religious symbolism.
    Jain Councils Two significant Jain councils were held for compiling and preserving Jain scriptures and teachings:

    1. First Jain Council at Pataliputra (3rd century B.C.) and
    2. Second Jain Council at Vallabhi (512 A.D.)
    Difference from Buddhism
    • Acknowledgment of a permanent self (atman),
    • Acceptance of the varna system,
    • Belief in the concept of a soul (jiva), and
    • Advocacy of extreme asceticism ex. Santhara/Sallekhana
    Thoughts on Rebirth Acaranga Sutra: Jainism teaches the doctrine of rebirth (samsara) and various realms of existence (lokas) based on karma, with souls cyclically transmigrating through different life forms.

    PYQ:

    [2011] The Jain philosophy holds that the world is created and maintained by

    (a) Universal Law

    (b) Universal Truth

    (c) Universal Faith

    (d) Universal Soul

    [2012] With reference to the history of ancient India, which of the following was/were common to both Buddhism and Jainism?

    1. Avoidance of extremities of penance and enjoyment
    2. Indifference to the authority of the Vedas
    3. Denial of efficacy of rituals

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3