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20th September

Functions & Responsibilities of the Union & the States

Concept of Federalism, Federalism in India Division of powers between Union and States Administrative Relations between Centre and State (Art. 256 to 263) Financial Relations between Centre and State (Art.268 to Art.293) Miscellaneous issues: Special Category Status, Role of Finance Commission, Centrally Sponsored Schemes, National Counter Terrorism Centre, GST, Federalism and Foreign policy

Division of powers between Union and States

With reference to Indian Federation, the administration is primarily furnished by the state agencies. Unlike other federations where both the federal and state government create their own agencies for the administration of their laws and the subjects allocated to them in the constitution, even the laws of the union are left to be administered by… Continue reading

Concept of Federalism, Federalism in India

Concept of federalism There are three ways in which power can be divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country: Federal Unitary Confederation Federalism: a system of government in which the same territory is controlled by two levels of government. In this system, the Central Government usually oversees the issues that… Continue reading

Devolution of powers & finances up to local levels & challenges therein

Panchayati Raj Institution: Evolution, Features, Composition, Powers, Functions Rural Local Finance: Need, Mechanism Issues with PRIs Roadmap to Panchayati Raj: Finance, Empowerment Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996: Background, Important provisions, Associated problems Parastatals and associated problems Urban Local Government: Composition, Functions, Problems Urban Local Finance: Mechanism, Problems, Way Forward Urban Governance- Miscellaneous Issues: JNNURM,… Continue reading

Urban Governance: JNNURM, District planning committees

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) JNNURM has been a path breaking scheme, which extended the scope of government sponsored development initiatives to urban areas in addition to rural areas. JNNURM can be termed as a direct outcome of the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, which ensures urban sector reforms to strengthen municipal governance. The… Continue reading

Urban Local Finance: Mechanism, Problems, Way Forward

Municipal Corporations and Municipalities raise their own resources from a variety of sources, as provided for in the respective municipal laws. Their own revenue sources are income from (i) taxes, (ii) fees and fines, and; (iii) earning from municipal enterprises like land, tanks, markets, shops, etc. Besides these bodies receive grants from the State. Property… Continue reading

Urban Local Government: Composition, Functions, Problems

CLICK:-REGISTER & DISCUSS ETHICS CASE STUDIES & YOUR UPSC PREPARATION WITH 1-1 CD MENTORS FOR FREE Urban Local government implies the governance of an urban area by the people through their elected representatives. 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 provided constitutional status to local urban bodies. 74th Constitutional Amendment This act added a new part IX-A… Continue reading

Parastatals (Autonomous/semi autonomous institutions) and associated problems

Parastatals are institutions/organizations, which are wholly or partially owned and managed by the government (either autonomous or quasi-governmental). They may be formed either under specific State enactments or under the Societies Registration Act. These bodies are generally formed for delivery of specific services, implementation of specific schemes or programmes sponsored by the State/Union Government/international donor… Continue reading

Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996: Background, Important provisions, Associated problems

Background to PESA PESA is a law enacted by Government of India to cover the “Scheduled Areas”, which are not covered in the 73rd Constitutional amendment. This particular act extends the provisions of Part IX to the Scheduled Areas of the country. PESA brought powers further down to the Gram Sabha level. The Gram Sabha… Continue reading

Roadmap to Panchayati Raj: Finance, Empowerment

The Union Ministry of Panchayati Raj (MoPR) was established on 27 May 2004 to specifically look after the implementation of the provisions of the CAA and speed up the process of devolution to PRIs. The Ministry has carried out various capacity-building programmes, conducted research and evaluations, and instituted reward schemes to promote devolution. It has… Continue reading

Issues with Panchayati Raj Institutions

Unscientific distribution of functions The Panchayati Raj scheme is defective in so far as the distribution of functions between the structures at different levels has not been made along scientific lines. The blending of development and local self-government functions has significantly curtailed the autonomy of the local self-government institutions. Again it has virtually converted them… Continue reading

Rural Local Finance: Need, Mechanism

Sources of Income of Panchayats Panchayats can discharge their functions efficiently only if they have sufficient financial resources. For resources, Panchayats depend mainly on grants from State Government. They also have taxation powers and have some income from owned or vested assets. They may get a share in the taxes, duties, tolls and fees that… Continue reading

Panchayati Raj Institution: Evolution, Features, Composition, Powers, Functions

Panchayati Raj is a system of rural local self-government in India. It has been established in all the states of India by the acts of the state legislature to build democracy at the grass root level. It is entrusted with rural development and was constitutionalized through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992. REGISTER & DISCUSS… Continue reading

Comparison of the Indian Constitutional Scheme with that of other countries

A constitution is a set of rules through which a country or state operates. Some countries have unwritten constitutions which means there is no formal constitution written in one particular document. Their constitutional rules are originated from a number of sources. Britain sources its constitution from a number of important statutes, or laws, as well… Continue reading

Constitution of Switzerland: Features, Comparison with Indian + other constitutions

The Spirit of Republicanism is a prominent theme of the Swiss Constitution. Another important feature of the Constitution is its federal features. Switzerland is known for its direct democracy. It is hailed as a Dynamic Constitution (features like protection of individual, welfare state et al) Comparison scheme w.r.t Indian Constitution Indian Constitution Swiss Constitution Executive… Continue reading

Constitution of Australia: Features, Comparison with Indian + other constitutions

Australia’s system of government is founded in the liberal democratic tradition. Based on the values of religious tolerance, freedom of speech and association, and the rule of law, Australia’s institutions and practices of government reflect British and North American models. At the same time, they are uniquely Australian. Australian federation is modeled on the US… Continue reading

Constitution of Canada: Features, Comparison with Indian + other constitutions

The Canadian Constitution encompasses a wide set of principles and values that govern key political relations in the Canadian society. Salient Features Constitutional Monarchy It is the central component of Canada’s constitutional framework. The Constitution Act, 1867 states that executive government and authority in Canada is vested in the Canadian Monarchy (which Canada shares with… Continue reading

Constitution of Japan: Features, Comparison with Indian + other constitutions

Japan has a Parliamentary system of Government. It has a constitutional Monarchy. King is more like a ‘Rubber stamp’ authority while PM is head of the Cabinet. Election of the PM PM is elected by both the Houses of Japanese Parliament (called Diet) The two houses of the Diet are: House of Representatives; and House… Continue reading

German Constitution: Features, Comparison with Indian + other constitutions

Germany is a federation and the residuary powers in Germany lie with the states. The states are referred to as ‘Landers’. It has a Parliamentary form of Government, modeled on the British Parliamentary form. But it is not just a replicate of the system. Germany is called as ‘Chancellor’s Democracy’. Chancellor is the PM. President… Continue reading

French constitution: Features, Comparison with Indian + other constitutions

France is known as ‘Laboratory of Political experiment’. It has a unitary form of government and nature of the government is called as semi-Presidential type It has some features of Parliamentary system and others of Presidential system The French Parliament does not have supremacy even in lawmaking. There is a list for which the legislature… Continue reading

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20th September

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