From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bandipur Tiger Reserve (BTR)
Why in the News?
An elephant was rescued from a rail barricade in the Maddur range of Bandipur Tiger Reserve.
About the Bandipur Tiger Reserve (BTR):
Details
Location
Mysore and Chamarajanagar districts, Karnataka; at the tri-junction of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala.
Part of
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Geography
“Ecological confluence” of the Western and Eastern Ghats (along with Mudumalai and Wayanad)
History
Established as Venugopala Wildlife Park in 1931; expanded as Bandipur Tiger Reserve under Project Tiger in 1973.
Surrounding Reserves
Bordered by Nagarahole Tiger Reserve (NW), Mudumalai Tiger Reserve (S), and Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary (SW).
Rivers
Surrounded by River Kabini (North) and River Moyar (South).
Climate
Tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons.
Flora
Dry deciduous to tropical mixed deciduous forests; includes rosewood, sandalwood, Indian laurel, and bamboo species.
Fauna
Home to the largest population of wild Asian elephants in South Asia; also includes Bengal tiger, gaur, sloth bear, dhole, and others.
PYQ:
[2017] From the ecological point of view, which one of the following assumes importance in being a good link between the Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Read the attached story
Why in the News?
The Indian Army has announced two significant events, HIM-DRONE-A-THON 2 and HIMTECH-2024, aimed at advancing military technologies for operations in high-altitude areas.
About HIM-DRONE-A-THON 2
HIM-DRONE-A-THON 2 is scheduled to take place at Wari La, near Leh on 17-18 September 2024.
This event serves as a platform for the Indian Drone Industry to demonstrate drone solutions tailored for high-altitude areas, where the Indian Army frequently operates.
The event will be conducted under actual terrain and environmental conditions at altitudes ranging from 4,000 to 5,000 meters to test the drones’ performance in realistic scenarios.
Indigenous drone manufacturers are invited to participate, demonstrating various drone types, including:
Surveillance drones
Loitering munitions
Logistics drones
Swarm drones
Drones with specialized roles and payloads, such as Electronic Warfare, Synthetic Aperture Radar, Communication Intelligence, and Electronic Intelligence.
It is conceptualized to discuss, demonstrate, and explore new opportunities for the development and integration of technologies for high-altitude military operations.
It has been organized in collaboration with FICCI (Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry).
It will highlight the latest technologies and systems developed to meet the operational requirements along India’s Northern Borders.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Project ‘Strawberry’; LLMs.
Why in the News?
OpenAI has planned to release its most powerful AI model likely as part of ChatGPT-5. Initially called Project Q* (Q-star), it is now codenamed Project Strawberry.
What is Project Strawberry?
Nearly six months ago, OpenAI’s secretive Project Q* (Q-Star) gained attention for its innovative approach to AI training.
OpenAI is now working on a new reasoning technology under the code name “Strawberry” believed to be the new name for Project Q*.
Strawberry aims to enable AI models to plan ahead, autonomously search the internet, and conduct deep research.
What are Large Language Models (LLMs)?
LLMs are advanced artificial intelligence (AI) systems designed to understand, generate, and process human language.
They are built using deep learning techniques, particularly neural networks, and are trained on vast amounts of text data.
Difference from Existing AI Models
Existing Large Language Models (LLMs) can summarize texts and compose prose but struggle with common sense problems and multi-step logic tasks.
Current LLMs cannot plan ahead effectively without external frameworks.
Strawberry models are expected to enhance AI reasoning, allowing for planning and complex problem-solving.
These models could enable AI to perform tasks that require a series of actions over an extended time, potentially revolutionizing AI’s capabilities.
Potential Applications of Strawberry Models
Advanced AI models could conduct experiments, analyze data, and suggest new hypotheses, leading to breakthroughs in sciences.
In medical research, AI could assist in drug discovery, genetics research, and personalized medicine analysis.
AI could solve complex mathematical problems, assist in engineering calculations, and participate in theoretical research.
AI could contribute to writing, creating art and music, generating videos, and designing video games.
PYQ:
[2020] With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following?
Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units.
Create meaningful short stories and songs.
Disease diagnosis.
Text-to-Speech Conversion.
Wireless transmission of electrical energy.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2, 4 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Review Petition
Why in the News?
Some medical students have filed a review petition against the Supreme Court’s dismissal of their plea to cancel NEET UG 2024 over alleged malpractices.
What is a Review Petition?
Details
Constitutional Provision
Article 137 of the Constitution allows the Supreme Court to review any of its judgments or orders.
Scope of Review
Corrects “patent errors” and not minor mistakes.
It is not an appeal; it does not involve re-evaluating the entire case but correcting grave errors resulting in a miscarriage of justice.
Filing Review Petition
Can be filed by any person aggrieved by a ruling, not necessarily a party to the case.
Must be filed within 30 days of the judgment or order.
Delay can be condoned if justified with strong reasons.
Grounds for Review
Discovery of new and important evidence not available earlier despite due diligence.
Mistake or errors apparent on the face of the record.
Procedure in the Court
Review petitions are usually heard through circulation without oral arguments.
In exceptional cases, oral hearings may be allowed, especially in death penalty cases.
Heard by the same bench of judges who delivered the original judgment or order.
Option After Review Fails
If a review petition is dismissed, a curative petition can be filed as per the Roopa Hurra v. Ashok Hurra (2002) ruling, on very narrow grounds similar to a review petition.
PYQ:
[2017] In India, Judicial Review implies:
(a) the power of the Judiciary to pronounce upon the constitutionality of laws and executive orders.
(b) the power of the Judiciary to question the wisdom of the laws enacted by the Legislatures.
(c) the power of the Judiciary to review all the legislative enactments before they are assented to by the President.
(d) the power of the Judiciary to review its own judgements given earlier in similar or different cases.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: World's orogenic gold systems;
Mains level: Reason and significance of the world's orogenic gold systems;
Why in the News?
Researchers have been curious about why the majority of gold nuggets discovered throughout history have been found in orogenic quartz veins.
Location and distribution of Gold:
Orogenic gold systems are commonly found in mountainous regions where large-scale geological processes, such as the collision of tectonic plates, have occurred.
For example, the Himalayas, the Canadian Shield, and the Western Australian goldfields.
Large gold nuggets are often found in orogenic quartz veins formed during the tectonic processes that create mountains.
These nuggets form because, during earthquakes, the stress on quartz crystals causes a reaction that deposits gold on their surfaces. This process happens repeatedly, leading to the accumulation of gold nuggets.
Note:
Gold nuggets are naturally occurring pieces of gold that have formed into lumps or chunks. They are typically found in riverbeds, streams, or within rock formations, often in quartz veins.
Orogenic quartz veins are quartz veins that form in mountainous regions.
Findings by Researchers:
Piezocatalytic Effect and Gold Accumulation: Researchers discovered that the piezocatalytic effect of quartz under seismic stress causes the accumulation of gold in quartz veins.
The piezoelectric quartz crystal generates an electric field when subjected to stress.
This field can drive electrochemical reactions at the interface between the quartz and a surrounding aqueous solution containing dissolved gold. These reactions cause gold to be deposited on the quartz surface.
Seismic Activity and Localized Gold Deposits: The study suggests that gold nuggets in orogenic systems are formed through repeated piezocatalytic reactions over time, driven by natural seismic activity. This process explains the highly localized and interconnected nature of gold deposits within quartz veins.
Conclusion: Researchers have found that gold nuggets in orogenic quartz veins form through piezocatalytic reactions caused by seismic stress on quartz. This process drives gold deposition on quartz surfaces, explaining the concentration and localization of gold in mountainous regions.
Mains PYQ:
Q Craze for gold in Indian has led to surge in import of gold in recent years and put pressure on balance of payments and external value of rupee. In view of this, examine the merits of Gold Monetization scheme. (UPSC IAS/2015)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Impact of tax cut on the economy;
Why in the News?
Before the pandemic, the U.S. and India reduced corporate taxes to boost growth but we now we can evaluate their effects.
Case Study on the Effects of Tax Cuts in the U.S.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), enacted in December 2017, significantly reduced the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%. A recent analysis by economists Gabriel Chodorow-Reich, Owen Zidar, and Eric Zwick highlights several key findings:
Investment Increase: The TCJA led to an estimated increase in investment of approximately 8% to 14%.
GDP Growth: The long-term increase in GDP is projected to be modest, around 0.9%, which is substantially lower than initial expectations.
Wage Impact: The increase in annual wages due to the tax cuts was less than $1,000 per worker, contrasting sharply with earlier claims of increases between $4,000 and $9,000.
Tax Revenue Decline: The TCJA is expected to result in a long-term reduction in tax revenue of nearly 41%, raising concerns about the fiscal health of the U.S. economy.
Tax Cuts in India
In September 2019, India also implemented corporate tax cuts, reducing the rate for existing companies from 30% to 22% and for new companies from 25% to 15%. The primary reason for this move was to stimulate economic growth and attract investment, particularly in the manufacturing sector.
Impact of the Tax cuts:
Revenue Loss: The tax cuts resulted in a revenue loss of approximately ₹1 lakh crore in 2020-21.
Gig workers (insecure forms of work): Although unemployment has decreased since the pandemic, much of the new employment is in insecure forms of work.
Decline in Regular Employment: According to the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) in India, the share of regular wage employment fell from 22.8% in 2017-18 to 20.9% in 2022-23.
Tax Burden Shift: There has been a notable shift in the tax burden from corporate taxes to individual income taxes. The share of corporate taxes in gross tax revenues fell from about 32% in 2017-18 to 26.5% in 2024-25.
What must be the next step? ( Way forward)
Focus on Future Investment: Policymakers should consider implementing high taxes on existing profits while providing incentives for future investments to stimulate economic activity.
Addressing Income Inequality: Tax policies should be designed to ensure that the benefits of tax cuts do not disproportionately favour wealthier individuals or corporations at the expense of wage earners.
Evaluating Economic Conditions: Need to evaluate the tax cuts to ensure they are not merely providing short-term benefits without addressing long-term growth and fiscal stability.
Mains PYQ:
Q Enumerate the indirect taxes which have been subsumed in the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India. Also, comment on the revenue implications of the GST introduced in India since July 2017. (UPSC IAS/2019)
Explained | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: About Harm Principle,
Mains level: Significance of Freedom of Speech and Expression and its limitation;
Why in the News?
A minor girl’s gang rape in Assam led to Chief Minister Sarma’s anti-Muslim remarks, criticized as hate speech, violating India’s secular Constitution and potentially harming societal harmony, breaching Mill’s Harm Principle.
What does the Harm Principle Say?
The harm principle, articulated by philosopher John Stuart Mill in his essay on ‘Liberty’, asserts that the actions of individuals should only be limited to prevent harm to others.
Legitimate Use of Power: The only justification for exercising power over any member of a civilized community, against their will, is to prevent harm to others. This means that individual liberties should be respected unless they infringe upon the rights or well-being of others.
Self-Regarding vs. Other-Regarding Actions: Mill distinguishes between self-regarding actions (which affect only the individual) and other-regarding actions (which affect others).
Society or the state has no right to interfere in self-regarding actions, but it can regulate other-regarding actions that cause harm.
Definition of Harm: Harm is defined as wrongful setbacks to interests to which individuals have rights. Mill emphasizes that mere offence or disapproval does not constitute harm.
For example, someone may be offended by another’s opinion, but this does not justify restricting that opinion unless it incites violence or causes direct harm.
Limitations of Freedom: Mill acknowledges that while individuals should have the freedom to act as they choose, this freedom can be curtailed when their actions pose a significant threat to others. For instance, inciting violence is harmful and justifies state intervention.
What does Mill say about ‘Freedom of Speech and Expression’?
Importance of Free Speech: Mill talks about the idea that all opinions, whether true or false,should be allowed to flourish because they contribute to the pursuit of truth.
Silencing any opinion robs humanity of the opportunity to challenge and refine its beliefs.
Truth and Error: Mill argues that the collision of differing opinions helps people correct their errors and strengthen their understanding of the truth. Even false beliefs are valuable as they force us to defend and reinforce our beliefs.
Limitations: While Mill strongly advocates for free speech, he acknowledges that it can be limited in cases where speech directly incites harm, such as inciting violence against a specific group. He provides the example of expressing harmful opinions to an agitated crowd, which could lead to immediate danger.
Balancing Freedom and Harm: Mill recognizes that while free speech is vital, it must be balanced against the potential harm it might cause, especially when it leads to violence or significant psychological harm to targeted groups.
Way forward:
Strengthen Legal Frameworks: Enhance laws against hate speech to ensure accountability, balancing the right to free expression with the need to protect societal harmony and prevent violence.
Promote Inter-Community Dialogue: Encourage programs fostering tolerance and understanding between communities, reinforcing the secular principles of the Constitution and mitigating divisive rhetoric.
Mains PYQ:
Q What do understand by the concept “freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do the films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2014)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Jaipur, World Heritage Sites in India
Why in the News?
The Walled City of Jaipur, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2019, is set for heritage conservation and development with a budget of ₹100 crore.
Aboutthe World Heritage City of Jaipur:
Founded in 1727 by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II, Jaipur was designed as a commercial capital with a grid layout that reflects Vedic architectural principles.
Unlike many other Indian cities built in hilly terrains, Jaipur was established on a plain, allowing for a systematic urban design characterized by wide streets and public squares known as chaupars.
Architectural Significance
Jaipur’s urban planning is notable for its geometric structure, which integrates traditional Hindu concepts with modern Western influences.
The city is divided into nine blocks, with two reserved for state buildings and the remaining for public use. Known for its distinctive pink-colored buildings, which give it the nickname “Pink City.”
The architecture features uniform facades along the main streets. Key monuments include:
Hawa Mahal: A palace known for its intricate façade and numerous windows.
City Palace: A royal residence that blends Mughal and Rajput architecture.
Jantar Mantar: An astronomical observatory built by Jai Singh II.
Govind Dev Temple: A significant religious site reflecting the city’s cultural heritage.
Jaipur’s (Pink City) Criteria for UNESCO Recognition
Criterion (ii): Exhibiting an important interchange of human values in architecture and urban planning.
Criterion (iv): Representing a significant example of a planned city that reflects the cultural traditions of its time.
Criterion (vi): Being directly associated with events or living traditions of universal significance, particularly in the context of its festivals and cultural practices.
Other Important Places Contributing to World Heritage Status
Amber Fort (Amer Fort)
A majestic fort known for its artistic Hindu and Mughal architectural style, located on a hill overlooking Maota Lake.
Famous for its intricate carvings, mirror work, and expansive courtyards.
City Palace
A complex of palaces, courtyards, and museums in the heart of Jaipur, reflecting the rich cultural heritage of the region.
Combines Rajput and Mughal architectural styles, showcasing royal artifacts, costumes, and weapons.
Hawa Mahal (Palace of Winds)
A five-story palace with 953 small windows (jharokhas), designed to allow royal women to observe street activities while remaining unseen.
An iconic example of Rajput architecture with intricate latticework and unique design.
Jantar Mantar
An astronomical observatory with 19 large instruments, including the world’s largest stone sundial.
A separate UNESCO World Heritage Site, reflecting the scientific achievements of the 18th century.
Nahargarh Fort
Built in 1734, located on the Aravalli Hills, offering panoramic views of Jaipur city.
Served as a retreat and defensive structure for the royal family, showcasing the military architecture of the period.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lothal and other IVC Sites
Why in the News?
A recent study by the Indian Institute of Technology-Gandhinagar (IITGn) has presented new evidence supporting the presence of a dockyard (222 x 37 metres) at Lothal, which was earlier debated.
Evidence of Lothal’s Dockyard
The discovery of Lothal, located in the Bhal region of Gujarat during the 1950s, initiated debates among archaeologists about the existence of a dockyard.
The IITGn study reveals that the Sabarmati River once flowed close to Lothal during the Harappan period, contrasting its current course, which is 20 km away.
The study suggests a trade route linking Ahmedabad, through Lothal, Nal Sarovar, and the Little Rann, to Dholavira, another prominent Harappan site.
Satellite imagery and multi-sensor data analysis have uncovered the ancient channels of the Sabarmati River, confirming Lothal’s strategic location on a significant riverine route.
The study also suggests that traders might have arrived in Gujarat via the Gulf of Khambhat, collected materials from Ratanpura, and transported them to Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq).
About Lothal:
Details
Location
Bhal region, Gujarat, India
Historical Significance
Built around 2200 BC; major trade centre for beads, gems, and ornaments
Name Meaning
“Lothal” means “the mound of the dead” in Gujarati (Similar to Mohenjodaro)
Discovery
Discovered by S.R. Rao; excavated from 1955 to 1960
Port City Evidence
Earliest known dock; connected to the ancient Sabarmati River
Key Features
Tidal dockyard, marine microfossils, and a basin for sailing boats
Heritage Status
Nominated for UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2014; only port-town of the Indus Valley Civilization
PYQ:
[2021] Which one of the following ancient towns is well-known for its elaborate system of water harvesting and management by building a series of dams and channelling water into connected reservoirs?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Anti-Naxal Operations in India
Why in the News?
In a significant anti-Naxal operation, nine Maoists were killed by security forces in the forests along the border of Chhattisgarh’s Dantewada.
This operation was part of ongoing efforts to eliminate Naxalite influence in the region.
Anti-Naxal Operation in Dantewada
Dantewada, a district in the Bastar region of Chhattisgarh, India, is known as a hotbed of Naxal (Maoist) insurgency.
The region has seen numerous anti-Naxal operations over the years due to its dense forests, rugged terrain, and the presence of significant Naxalite (Maoist) cadres.
Important security operations against Naxalism:
Details
Operation Greyhounds
1989 – Ongoing: A specialized anti-Naxal force created to combat Naxal insurgency in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.
Operation Green Hunt
2009 – Ongoing: To flush out Naxalite insurgents in the “Red Corridor ” from their strongholds.
Operation Thunderstorm
2010: To target Naxal cadres in the dense forest regions of Lalgarh, West Bengal.
Operation Octopus
2014: To clear Maoist influence from the Sukma district of Chhattisgarh.
Operation All Out
2015 – Ongoing: To launch coordinated offensive operations against Naxalites in Jharkhand and Bihar.
Operation Samadhan
2017 – Ongoing: A comprehensive strategy to combat LWE by addressing both security and developmental issues.
Operation Prahar
2017 – Ongoing: To eliminate top Maoist leaders and dismantle support networks in the Bastar region of Chhattisgarh.
Operation Monsoon
2018: To target Maoist groups during the monsoon season when their activities are restricted.
PYQ:
[2022] Naxalism is a social, economic and developmental issue manifesting as a violent internal security threat. In this context, discuss the emerging issues and suggest a multi-layered strategy to tackle the menace of Naxalism.
Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SCOMET List
Why in the News?
The Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT), under the Ministry of Commerce & Industry, has released the updated SCOMET (Special Chemicals, Organisms, Materials, Equipment, and Technologies) list for the year 2024.
What is the SCOMET List?
Details
Purpose
To regulate the export of dual-use items that can be used for both civilian and military applications, particularly those that could contribute to the development of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) and their delivery systems.
Regulatory Authority
Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India.
Notification
Notified by DGFT under Appendix 3 to Schedule 2 of the ITC (HS) Classification of Export and Import Items.
Legal Framework
Governed by Chapter IVA of the Foreign Trade (Development & Regulation) Act, 1992, as amended in 2010.
This chapter provides the legal basis for export control of dual-use items and outlines penalties for non-compliance.
Policy and Procedures
Outlined in Chapter 10 of the Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) and the Handbook of Procedures (HBP) 2023.
These documents provide the detailed procedure for licensing, application, and compliance for exporting SCOMET items.
Categories
The SCOMET List includes multiple categories:
1. Category 0: Nuclear materials and nuclear-related dual-use items.
2. Category 1: Toxic chemical agents and precursors.
3. Category 2: Materials and materials processing equipment.
4. Category 3: Electronics.
5. Category 4: Computers.
6. Category 5: Telecommunications and information security.
7. Category 6: Sensors and lasers.
8. Category 7: Navigation and avionics.
9. Category 8: Marine.
10. Category 9: Aerospace and propulsion.
New Licensing Authority for Category 6
Department of Defence Production (DDP), Ministry of Defence is the new licensing authority for the export of items under Category 6 (Sensors and Lasers).
Export Licensing
Exporters must obtain a specific license from DGFT (or DDP for Category 6) to export SCOMET items.
The licensing process includes a comprehensive review to ensure that exports do not contribute to the proliferation of WMDs or unauthorized military use.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC);
Mains level: India-Africa relation;
Why in the News?
The 9th edition of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) is scheduled to be held in Beijing from 4th to 6th September, 2024.
About the China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC)
The Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) was established in 2000 to enhance the strategic partnership between China and African nations. It serves as a platform for collective dialogue and cooperation in various sectors, including trade, investment, and development.
Challenges of China-Africa Debt:
Chinese loans to African countries amounted to approximately $170 billion from 2000 to 2022. However, Chinese lenders represent only about 12% of Africa’s total public and private debt, indicating that China is not the primary creditor.
A significant portion of Chinese loans is not disclosed in sovereign debt records, complicating the understanding of Africa’s overall debt levels. This lack of transparency raises concerns about the sustainability of these debts.
Despite concerns over “debt trap diplomacy,” China is unlikely to forgive or cancel debts but may consider writing off smaller, interest-free loans.
African Priorities at FOCAC 2024
Economic Goals: African nations are focusing on enhancing trade relations with China, with a modest goal of $300 billion in imports from Africa between 2022-2024. As of mid-2024, trade has reached $167 billion, primarily dominated by raw materials.
Agricultural Development: There is a pressing need to develop a sustainable agricultural industry in Africa. This includes improving the processing of agricultural commodities and leveraging the expertise of countries like China and India to enhance crop resilience and productivity.
Green Energy and Industrialization: African countries are advocating for the establishment of refining and processing hubs to increase the value added from their raw materials.
What are the learnings that India can have?
Continuity in Engagement: India should emphasize consistent engagement with Africa, particularly by organizing the India-Africa Forum Summit (IAFS-IV) to capitalize on recent momentum, especially after the African Union’s inclusion in the G-20.
Support for Industrialization: Indian companies are encouraged to invest in higher value-added sectors in Africa, such as agriculture and pharmaceuticals, to foster local employment and market development.
Private Sector Participation: Greater involvement of the Indian private sector is essential, along with innovative financing solutions like public-private partnerships to support projects in Africa.
Digital and Financial Connectivity: Utilizing India’s digital stack and establishing rupee-based financial transactions can enhance connectivity and reduce forex risks for African nations.
Conclusion: India should deepen its strategic partnerships with African nations by expanding bilateral and multilateral engagements, focusing on key sectors like healthcare, digital infrastructure, and renewable energy. Leveraging India’s experience in these areas can help address African development needs while enhancing India’s influence on the continent.
Mains PYQ:
Q Increasing interest of India in Africa has its pros and cons. Critically Examine. (UPSC IAS/2015)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Proportional Representation;
Mains level: Pros and cons of Proportional Representation;
Why in the News?
On July 30, Germany’s constitutional court approved downsizing the Bundestag, citing concerns over financial strain and efficiency due to its unprecedented 736 deputies.
(Note: The Bundestag is the Lower house of Germany)
Why has the German Constitutional Court upheld the move to downsize the lower house of parliament?
Constitutional Rationale: The court approved the plan to reduce the size of the Bundestag to improve its efficiency and reduce costs, as it had become the world’s largest elected assembly.
The court backed the government’s decision to limit the Bundestag to 630 members by removing “overhang” and “balance” seats, which had caused the number of legislators to grow significantly.
Legal Compliance: The court’s decision aligns with previous rulings that emphasized the need for electoral equality and the fair representation of political parties in the Bundestag, ensuring that the election system remains constitutionally valid.
How does a mixed-member Proportional Representation system work?
Dual Voting System: In Germany, each voter casts two votes in federal elections:
First Vote: Directly elects a candidate from a local constituency via the first-past-the-post method (299 seats).
Second Vote:Chooses a political party, which determines the distribution of another 299 seats proportionally across Germany’s 16 regions.
Seat Allocation: The second vote is crucial as it determines the overall proportion of seats each party holds in the Bundestag. The final seat count for each party is based on a combination of directly elected candidates and the proportion of the second vote.
Overhang Seats: If a party wins more direct seats than the proportion of the second vote would allow, these extra seats are known as “overhang seats.” These were traditionally retained, leading to an increase in the total number of seats.
How does a mixed-member Proportional Representation system work in India?
No MMP System in India: India does not use a mixed-member proportional representation system at the national level. The Indian electoral system primarily follows the first-past-the-post method, where the candidate with the most votes in each constituency wins a seat in the parliament.
Proportional Representation: In India, proportional representation (Single transferable) is used only in certain cases, such as elections to the Rajya Sabha (the upper house) and the President.
Types of Proportional Representation:
Single Transferable Vote (STV): This system allows voters to rank candidates in order of preference. It is used to elect members of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the President of India.
Party-List PR: In this system, voters cast their votes for a party rather than individual candidates. Seats are allocated to each party based on the proportion of votes they receive. A minimum threshold (usually between 3-5%) is often required for a party to gain representation, preventing excessive fragmentation in the legislature.
Mixed-Member Proportional Representation (MMP): This combines elements of FPTP and PR, allowing voters to cast two votes—one for a candidate and another for a party. This system aims to balance the benefits of direct representation with proportionality.
What are balance or overhang seats and why were they deemed Unconstitutional?
Overhang Seats: These are additional seats that a party wins when it secures more direct constituency seats than it would be entitled to based on its second vote share. This situation arises due to the mixed-member proportional system.
Balance Seats: Introduced to maintain proportionality and fairness, balance seats are given to other parties to offset the overhang seats, ensuring that the overall seat distribution reflects the second vote shares accurately.
Unconstitutionality: In 2008, the German Constitutional Court ruled that the increasing number of overhang seats violated the principle of electoral equality. The recent judgment further upheld the move to eliminate these seats to simplify the electoral system and maintain fairness.
Conclusion: Germany should swiftly implement the downsizing plan, ensuring that the transition to a 630-member Bundestag is smooth and transparent, with clear communication to the public and political parties.
Mains PYQ:
Q Critically examine the procedures through which the Presidents of India and France are elected. (UPSC IAS/2022)
Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 348(1)(a), Article 348 (2)
Why in the News?
A growing movement in India is advocating for use of regional languages in High Court proceedings to make justice more accessible to the common citizen.
Current Scenario: Regional Languages in High Courts
Out of India’s 25 High Courts, only 4 — Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar — are authorized to use Hindi in their proceedings and legal documents.
BiharHC was the last High Court to receive authorization to use Hindi in 1972.
A litigant possesses the fundamental right to comprehend and engage in courtroom proceedings, under Article 19 and Article 21.
She/ He is entitled to present their case in a language they understand before the magistrate.
Additionally, the “Right to Justice” is explicitly recognized under Article 21 of the Constitution.
Despite these provisions, the use of regional languages in High Courts remains limited.
Constitutional Provisions for Regional Languages in Judiciary:
Provision
Details
Article 348(1) (a)
Language of Proceedings
English is the official language for proceedings in the Supreme Court, High Courts, and specified tribunals.
All records and ordersmust be in English.
Purpose
Ensures uniformity and consistency in legal proceedings and documentation at the highest judicial levels.
Scope
Applies to the Supreme Court, High Courts, and all authorities mentioned in Article 323A or Article 323B.
Article 348(2)
Use of Other Languages
The President may authorize the use of Hindi or any other regional language in addition to English.
Authorization is subject to conditions specified by the President.
Purpose
Allows for regional languages to be used in judicial proceedings, making the system more accessible to non-English speakers.
Scope
Can be applied in the Supreme Court, High Courts, and other authorities as mentioned in Article 323A or Article 323B.
PYQ:
[2021] Which one of the following in Indian polity is an essential feature that indicates that it is federal in character?
(a) The Independence of the judiciary is safeguarded.
(b) The Union Legislature has elected representatives from constituent units.
(c) The Union Cabinet can have elected representatives from regional parties.
(d) The Fundamental Rights are enforceable by Courts of Law.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Vision JK @2047
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions has presented the Vision J&K @2047 describing it as an integral part of Vision India @2047.
What is J&K @2047?
Vision J&K @2047 is a long-term strategic plan for Jammu and Kashmir (J&K).
It seeks to develop the region into a model of sustainable development, economic growth, and social harmony by the year 2047, coinciding with India’s 100th year of independence.
Key features of Vision J&K @2047:
Vision J&K @2047 focuses on restoring democratic governance through Assembly elections and establishing Zilla Parishads.
It aims to enhance infrastructure, create job opportunities, and drive economic development in the region.
Significant improvements in education and healthcare are planned, along with empowerment initiatives for women and minorities.
Governance reforms aim to enhance administrative efficiency and reduce bureaucratic hurdles.
Promotion of local industries and entrepreneurship is a key component to achieve economic self-sufficiency.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rule 170 of Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 2018
Why in the News?
The Supreme Court has raised concerns over the AYUSH ministry’s notification, which advised state licensing authorities not to take action under Rule 170 of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act in the context of the ongoing case against Patanjali Ayurved.
Rule 170 of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 2018:
Details
What is it?
Rule 170 was introduced in 2018 to regulate the manufacture, storage, and sale of Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani medicines, focusing on controlling misleading advertisements in the AYUSH sector.
Requirements
• AYUSH drug manufacturers must obtain approval and a unique identification number from state licensing authorities before advertising their products.
• Required documentation includes textual references, rationale, indications for use, and evidence of safety, effectiveness, and quality.
Key Provisions
Prohibits advertisement of AYUSH products without prior state authority approval.
Advertisements may be rejected if they:
– Lack of contact details of the manufacturer.
– Contain obscene or vulgar content.
– Promote products for enhancing sexual organs.
– Feature endorsements from celebrities or government officials.
– Refer to government organizations.
– Convey false impressions or make misleading or exaggerated claims.
Rationale Behind
• Introduced following a parliamentary standing committee’s concerns about misleading claims in the AYUSH sector.
• Aims to ensure proactive measures by the AYUSH ministry against such advertisements.
Challenges
• AYUSH drug manufacturers are required to obtain licenses from drug controllers similar to allopathic medicines. • Unlike allopathic drugs, AYUSH drugs do not need to undergo Phase I, II, or III trials for approval.
PYQ:
[2019] How is the Government of India protecting traditional knowledge of medicine from patenting by pharmaceutical companies?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India Semiconductor Mission
Why in the News?
The Union Cabinet has approved the proposal by Kaynes Semicon Pvt Ltd to establish a semiconductor unit in Sanand, Gujarat. This is the 5th semiconductorunit to be approved under the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM).
About India’s Semiconductor Mission (ISM):
Details
Launch Year
2021
Financial Outlay
₹76,000 crore
Backing by
Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY)
Objective
Develop a sustainable semiconductor and display ecosystem in India.
Primary Goal
Provide financial support to companies investing in semiconductor and display manufacturing and design ecosystem.
Leadership
Envisioned to be led by global experts in the Semiconductor and Display industry.
Components
Scheme for Semiconductor Fabs: Fiscal support to set up semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities.
Scheme for Display Fabs: Fiscal support for setting up TFT LCD/AMOLED display fabrication facilities.
Scheme for Compound Semiconductors / Silicon Photonics / Sensors Fab and ATMP/OSAT: 30% fiscal support for setting up compound semiconductors, silicon photonics, sensors fabs, and ATMP/OSAT facilities.
Design Linked Incentive (DLI) Scheme: Financial incentives and design infrastructure support for semiconductor design for ICs, chipsets, SoCs, systems & IP cores.
Vision
To develop India into a global hub for semiconductor and display manufacturing and design.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Digital Bharat Nidhi Rules, 2024
Why in the News?
The Centre has published the first set of rules under the Telecommunications Act, 2023 (44 of 2023), titled ‘Telecommunications (Administration of Digital Bharat Nidhi) Rules, 2024.’
AboutTelecommunications (Administration of Digital Bharat Nidhi) Rules, 2024:
Responsible for overseeing the implementation and administration of DBN
Key Focus Areas
• Enhancing telecommunication services in underserved and remote areas
• Promoting access to mobile and broadband services
• Improving telecom security
• Supporting next-generation telecom technologies
Target Beneficiaries
• Marginalized groups (e.g., women, persons with disabilities, economically weaker sections)
• Remote and underserved regions
Project Criteria
• Provision of telecom services and equipment
• Enhancing telecom security
• Improving access and affordability
• Promoting innovation, R&D, and indigenous technology
• Supporting start-ups
• Encouraging sustainable and green technologies
Funding Conditions
Entities receiving DBN funding must provide telecom services on an open and non-discriminatory basis
Vision Alignment
Aligned with Viksit Bharat (Developed India) by 2047
Sustainability Focus
Emphasizes the promotion of green technologies in telecommunications
PYQ:
[2019] In India, which of the following review the Independent regulators in sectors like telecommunications, insurance, electricity, etc.?
Ad Hoc Committees set up by the Parliament
Parliamentary Department Related Standing Committees
Finance Commission
Financial Sector Legislative Reforms Commission
NITI Aayog
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Digital Agriculture Mission
Why in the News?
The Union Cabinet has approved the “Digital Agriculture Mission” with a budget of ₹2,817 Crore, including ₹1,940 Crore as the central share.
AboutDigital Agriculture Mission
Category
Details
Historical Context
Originally planned for the financial year 2021-22 but delayed due to the Covid-19 pandemic.
Announced in the Union Budgets of 2023-24 and 2024-25.
Funding Breakdown
Total outlay: Rs 2,817 crore
• Rs 1,940 crore from the Centre
• Remaining amount from states and Union Territories (UTs)
Objective
To create Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) in the agriculture sector, similar to other e-governance initiatives like Aadhaar, DigiLocker, eSign, UPI, and electronic health records.
Major Components of DPI
1.AgriStack:
– A comprehensive digital platform integrating various agricultural services.
– Facilitates access to information, services, and benefits related to farming and agricultural practices.
– Centralizes agricultural data to improve accessibility and efficiency.
2.Krishi Decision Support System (DSS):
– Provides data-driven insights and recommendations for farmers.
– Assists in decision-making related to crop management, pest control, and resource optimization based on real-time data.
– Utilizes advanced analytics to enhance productivity and mitigate risks.
3.Soil Profile Maps:
– Detailed digital maps on a 1:10,000 scale covering approximately 142 million hectares.
– Provides comprehensive information about soil characteristics and health.
– Supports precision agriculture by offering targeted soil data for optimal crop planning.
Additional Component
Digital General Crop Estimation Survey (DGCES):
– A tech-based system to provide accurate estimates of agricultural production.
– Aims to offer reliable data for policy decisions, agricultural planning, and resource allocation.
Impact on Farmers
The mission will enable farmers to access a range of digital services, improve decision-making through data analysis, enhance productivity with detailed soil information, and provide accurate crop estimations to better manage agricultural practices.
Timeline
Rolled out across the country over the next two years (until 2025-26).
PYQ:
[2020] In India, the term “Public Key Infrastructure” is used in the context of:
(a) Digital security infrastructure
(b) Food security infrastructure
(c) Health care and education infrastructure
(d) Telecommunication and transportation infrastructure
