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  • [pib] National Mission on Cultural Mapping  

    Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    Why in the News?

    The Union Minister for Culture and Tourism has provided details of the National Mission on Cultural Mapping in the Rajya Sabha.

    About National Mission on Cultural Mapping (NMCM):

    Details
    • Launched by: Ministry of Culture, Government of India.
    • Implemented by: Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA).
    Aims and Objectives
    • Document India’s cultural heritage, including art forms, artists, crafts, and performing arts.
    • Mapping of 6.5 lakh villages across India; Initial stages will focus on Bihar.
    • IT-enabled platform to store and manage cultural data. Web portal and mobile app (Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar).
    Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar (MGMD):

    • Part of NMCM, by the Ministry of Culture and IGNCA.
    • Purpose: Documents India’s villages, focusing on culture, history, and traditions.
    • 7 Categories: Covers Arts & Crafts, Ecology, Scholastic Traditions, Epics, History, Architecture, and unique features.
    Features
    • Raise awareness about cultural heritage’s role in economic development and national unity.
    • Create National Register of Artists and Art Practices.

     

    PYQ:

    [2018] Safeguarding the Indian Art Heritage is the need of the moment. Discuss.

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  • Tiger Conservation Efforts – Project Tiger, etc.

    India got its 58th Tiger Reserve

    Explained | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Why in the News?

    • Ratapani Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh has become India’s 57th tiger reserve after receiving approval from the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change.
      • Madhav National Park also received approval to be declared a tiger reserve, which will make it India’s 58th tiger reserve after the official notification.

    About Ratapani Tiger Reserve and Madhav Tiger Reserve:

    Ratapani TR Madhav TR
    Location
    • Raisen district, Madhya Pradesh, Vindhya Range, 50 km from Bhopal;
    • 824 sq km (318 sq mi) total area.
    • Shivpuri district, Madhya Pradesh, near the Madhav National Park;
    • 354.85 sq km (137.3 sq mi) total area.
    History
    • Established as Wildlife Sanctuary in 1976.
    • Designated as Tiger Reserve on 2 Dec 2024
    • It was initially a national park.
    • Designated as Shivpuri National Park in 1956.
    • Renamed as Madhav National Park in 1959 after Madho Raj Scindia, Maharaja of Gwalior.
    Flora and Fauna
    • Biome: Dry and moist deciduous forests, 55% covered with teak.
    • Fauna: Tigers, leopards, spotted deer, sloth bear, wild boar, sambar, jackals, wild dogs.
    • Water Bodies: Barna Reservoir, Ratapani Dam, seasonal streams.
    • Biome: Dry deciduous forests with significant scrub and grasslands.
    • Fauna: Tigers, leopards, spotted deer, sloth bear, wild boar, sambar, jackals, wild dogs.
    • Water Bodies: Sindh River, Pitakhal Lake, and seasonal streams.

     

    Why and when did the first Tiger Reserve come up in India?

    • A tiger reserve is a protected area created under the Project Tiger initiative launched in 1973 by the Indian government to protect tigers and their natural habitats.
    • A TR is administered by the National Tiger Conservation Authority.
    • These reserves are a part of the conservation efforts to ensure the survival of tigers, preserve biodiversity, and maintain ecological balance.
      • The first TR in India was the Corbett Tiger Reserve in Uttarakhand, established in 1973. It was also the first national park to be part of the Project Tiger initiative.
    • Key Features of a Tiger Reserve:
      • Core Area: A core area is designated as a national park or sanctuary, where human activity is restricted to protect the wildlife.
      • Buffer Area: Surrounding the core area, the buffer zone consists of a mix of forest and non-forest land, used for controlled human activity while ensuring wildlife conservation. These buffer zones serve as transitional areas for wildlife, providing essential corridors for movement.

     

    PYQ:

    [2020] Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under “Critical Tiger Habitat”?

    (a) Corbett

    (b) Ranthambore

    (c) Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam

    (d) Sunderbans

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  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-Africa

    India’s strategic focus on West Africa

    Explained | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Why in the News?

    Despite China’s increasing involvement in financing and infrastructure development, India continues to hold a significant position as one of Nigeria’s key partners in West Africa.

    What are the strategic objectives of India in West Africa?

    • Strengthening Bilateral Relations: India aims to enhance its strategic partnership with Nigeria, which is pivotal as Nigeria is both the largest economy and democracy in Africa. This partnership is expected to extend beyond Nigeria, influencing broader regional dynamics in West Africa.
    • Focus on Security Cooperation: Given the challenges of terrorism, piracy, and drug trafficking in Nigeria, India seeks to bolster security cooperation. This includes defence collaboration and joint efforts in counterterrorism operations against groups like Boko Haram.
    • Development Partnerships: India positions itself as a development partner by providing concessional loans and capacity-building programs, demonstrating a commitment to supporting Nigeria’s socio-economic growth.
    • Promotion of Global South Aspirations: Both India and Nigeria share common goals as leaders of the Global South, aiming to amplify their voices in international forums like the UN Security Council.

    How does India plan to enhance its economic ties with West African countries?

    • Diversifying Trade Relations: India plans to revitalize trade with Nigeria, which has seen a decline recently. Efforts include negotiating trade agreements such as the Economic Cooperation Agreement (ECA) and the Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) to facilitate investment and trade.
    • Sectoral Collaboration: The focus areas for economic collaboration include defence, energy, technology, health, and education. India’s PM discussions with the President of Nigeria emphasized leveraging India’s expertise in these sectors to foster mutual growth.
    • Infrastructure Development: India aims to support infrastructure development through concessional loans and technical assistance, building on existing projects that have benefited from Indian investment.
    • Cultural and People-to-People Exchanges: Enhancing cultural ties and promoting exchanges between citizens are also part of India’s strategy to strengthen bilateral relations, fostering goodwill and mutual understanding.

    What challenges does India face in its engagement with West Africa?

    • Geopolitical Competition: India’s engagement is challenged by China’s significant presence in Nigeria, where Chinese companies dominate various sectors including infrastructure and telecommunications. This competition complicates India’s efforts to establish itself as a key partner.
    • Economic Fluctuations: The decline in trade between India and Nigeria from $14.95 billion in 2021-22 to $7.89 billion in 2023-24 highlights vulnerabilities due to shifting global oil markets and increasing imports from other countries like Russia.
    • Political Instability: The political landscape in Nigeria can be unpredictable, posing risks for long-term investments and cooperation initiatives that require stability for successful implementation.
    • Capacity Constraints: While India offers developmental assistance, the effectiveness of these initiatives can be hindered by local capacity constraints in Nigeria, necessitating a tailored approach that considers local needs and capabilities.

    Way forward: 

    • Deepen Strategic Collaboration: Strengthen defence and security partnerships, diversify trade, and enhance collaboration in sectors like energy, technology, and health to counter China’s growing influence and foster mutual growth.
    • Focus on Regional Capacity Building: Expand developmental assistance with tailored initiatives addressing local needs, while supporting Nigeria’s stability through diplomatic engagement and joint Global South aspirations in international forums.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Increasing interest of India in Africa has its pros and cons. Critically Examine. (UPSC IAS/2015)

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  • Make in India: Challenges & Prospects

    Why some PLI schemes are in the slow lane?

    Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth

    Why in the News?

    Six out of the 14 Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes, including textiles, solar modules, IT hardware, automobiles, advanced chemical cells (ACC), and speciality steel, are progressing at a relatively slower pace.

    What are the primary reasons for the slow implementation of PLI schemes?

    • Stringent Eligibility Norms: Many industries have reported that the eligibility criteria for participation in PLI schemes are too stringent, which limits the number of companies that can benefit from the incentives.
    • Initial Setup Challenges: Establishing a domestic manufacturing base from scratch is a monumental task. Industries such as solar modules and advanced chemistry cells (ACC) require substantial time—ranging from one-and-a-half to three years—to set up manufacturing operations, delaying employment generation.
    • Access to Resources: Companies face difficulties in accessing critical resources, including Chinese machinery and skilled technicians, which can hinder their ability to ramp up production quickly.
    • Market Dependency: Some sectors remain heavily reliant on imports and have not yet transitioned to a self-sufficient manufacturing model, impacting their growth under the PLI framework.
    • Slow Disbursement of Funds: The initial years of the scheme saw minimal disbursement of funds, with only a small percentage of the total incentive outlay being paid out in the first two years.

    Which sectors are experiencing the most significant slowdowns, and why?

    • Textiles: This sector is struggling due to high competition and stringent norms that have slowed down participation and growth.
    • Solar Modules: Despite being a strategic sector for renewable energy, delays in establishing manufacturing capabilities have led to slow progress. 
      • As of June 2024, India’s solar module manufacturing capacity reached 77.2 GW, but the solar cell capacity was only 7.6 GW, leading to supply shortages that delayed projects.
    • Automobiles: While some companies are making progress, the automobile sector overall is hindered by initial setup challenges and fluctuating market conditions. 
      • Factors such as rising raw material costs and shifts in consumer preferences towards electric vehicles are creating a complex environment for traditional automakers.
    • Advanced Chemical Cells (ACC): Similar to solar modules, this sector faces long commissioning periods that delay employment outcomes. Because of the lengthy development timelines for manufacturing facilities and the need for substantial investment in technology are contributing to slower growth in this strategic area.
    • IT Hardware: Although recently upgraded with increased funding, it still lags behind in implementation compared to more successful sectors like mobile manufacturing.

    What measures can be taken to enhance the effectiveness of PLI schemes? (Way forward)

    • Revising Eligibility Criteria: Simplifying the eligibility requirements could encourage more companies, especially smaller firms, to participate in the schemes and benefit from incentives.
    • Increasing Support for Supply Chains: Establishing robust supply chains is crucial. The government could provide additional support to smaller suppliers who are essential for scaling up production across sectors.
    • Streamlining Resource Access: Facilitating easier access to necessary machinery and skilled labor can help companies ramp up production more effectively and reduce dependency on imports.
    • Regular Reviews and Adjustments: Continuous monitoring and adjustments based on sector performance can help identify bottlenecks early and allow for timely interventions.
    • Encouraging Ancillary Industries: Promoting the establishment of ancillary industries around larger beneficiaries could create additional jobs and enhance local manufacturing capabilities.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q  Can the strategy of regional-resource-based manufacturing help in promoting employment in India? (UPSC IAS/2019)

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  • [pib] National Cooperative Policy

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

    Why in the News?

    • The Union Minister of Cooperation has provided crucial information regarding India’s National Cooperative Policy to the Lok Sabha.
      • The new National Cooperative Policy is almost ready and will be announced in 2-3 months.

    Update regarding the New National Cooperative Policy:

    Details
    National Level Committee Formation • A 48-member National Level Committee was formed under the chairmanship of Shri Suresh Prabhakar Prabhu.
    • The committee includes experts from the cooperative sector, representatives from National, State, District, and Primary level cooperative societies, and officers from Central Ministries/Departments.
    • The task of the committee was to formulate the New National Cooperation Policy for the development of the cooperative sector in India.
    • 17 meetings and 4 regional workshops were conducted across the country to finalize the draft report of the policy.
    Aims and Objectives • Revitalize the cooperative sector and enhance its efficiency at national, state, district, and primary levels.
    • Strengthen the cooperative movement in India by creating a structured policy that fosters growth and sustainability.
    • Establish financial viability and governance mechanisms for cooperatives.
    • Ensure cooperative federalism by allowing state cooperatives to function autonomously, avoiding undue centralization.
    Features of the Policy • The policy adopts an inclusive approach, including all levels of cooperatives from district to primary.
    • Close collaboration with State Governments to promote the cooperative sector and implement cooperative federalism.
    • The draft policy was developed after extensive consultations, ensuring broad public and expert participation.
    Provisions under the Policy • Strengthening Cooperative Structure: Set up District Central Cooperative Banks (DCCBs) and district milk producers’ unions in all uncovered districts. NABARD will prepare an action plan for this.
    • Expansion of Multipurpose PACS: New multipurpose PACS, primary dairy/fishery cooperative societies will be established in uncovered Panchayats/villages across India within the next five years.

     

    PYQ:

    [2011] In India, which of the following have the highest share in the disbursement of credit to agriculture and allied activities?

    (a) Commercial Banks

    (b) Cooperative Banks

    (c) Regional Rural Banks

    (d) Microfinance Institutions

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  • Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

    [pib] Maha Kumbh Mela, 2025

    Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    Why in the News?

    The 2025 Maha Kumbh Mela will take place in Prayagraj from January 13 to February 26.

    [pib] Maha Kumbh Mela, 2025

    About Kumbh Mela

    Details A major pilgrimage and festival in Hinduism, occurring four times in twelve years at different locations in India. It attracts millions of pilgrims for spiritual purification.

    Types of Kumbh Mela:

      1. Kumbh Mela: Regular festival, celebrated every 12 years at one of the four locations.
      2. Maha Kumbh Mela: The largest, celebrated once every 12 years at Prayagraj (confluence of Ganges, Yamuna, and Sarasvati).
      3. Ardh Kumbh Mela: Held every 6 years in Prayagraj (half of the full Kumbh Mela).
    • Purna Kumbh Mela: Held when a complete 12-year cycle is completed.

    Locations:  Kumbh Mela rotates between four cities:

      1. Haridwar (on the banks of the Ganges),
      2. Prayagraj (confluence of the Ganges, Yamuna, and the mythical Sarasvati river),
      3. Ujjain (on the banks of the Shipra River),
    • Nashik (on the banks of the Godavari River).

    Key Rituals:

    • Shahi Snan (Royal Bath) – A ritual where pilgrims in Akharas (processions) bathe in the holy river.
    • Worship and Prayers – Pilgrims offer prayers along riverbanks, attend spiritual discourses, and perform fire rituals.
    • Religious Processions – Several religious processions involving saints, gurus, and devotees take place.
    • Community Prayers and Spiritual Discourses – Saints and religious leaders conduct spiritual teachings for the devotees.
    Significance and Features  
    • Spiritual Significance: Considered a sacred event for Hindus, aimed at spiritual cleansing, salvation, and liberation from the cycle of rebirth (Moksha).
    • Cultural Unity: It is a remarkable event showcasing India’s unity and diversity, where millions of people from across the world come together.
    • Mass Gathering: It holds the Guinness World Record for the largest peaceful gathering, with millions of pilgrims attending the event. In 2019, Kumbh Mela witnessed the largest peaceful public gathering ever recorded, with around 120 million people.
    • Pilgrimage Tourism – The Kumbh Mela also significantly boosts local tourism, with a major influx of national and international pilgrims, contributing to local and national economies.

    UNESCO Recognition – Kumbh Mela was recognized as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in 2017.

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  • RBI Notifications

    What is Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)?

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

    Why in the News?

    • The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) began its three-day monetary policy review.
      • There is increasing speculation that the RBI may announce a cut in the Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) to ease liquidity pressures.

    What is Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)?

    • CRR is the percentage of a bank’s total deposits that it must maintain as liquid cash with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as a reserve.
    • It is a tool used by the RBI to manage inflation and check excessive lending by banks.
      • It serves as a safety net during times of banking stress, ensuring banks have enough liquidity for day-to-day operations.
    • As of now, the CRR is set at 4.5% of a bank’s Net Demand and Time Liabilities (NDTL).
    • Banks do not earn interest on the amount they maintain as CRR with the RBI.
    • CRR Requirements for Different Types of Banks:
      • Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs): Includes Public Sector Banks (PSBs), Private Sector Banks (PVBs), Regional Rural Banks (RRBs), Small Finance Banks (SFBs), Payments Banks, Primary (Urban) Co-operative Banks (UCBs), State Co-operative Banks (StCBs), and District Central Co-operative Banks (DCCBs).
      • Non-Scheduled Co-operative Banks & Local Area Banks: They must maintain CRR with themselves or with the RBI.
    • Restrictions on CRR Funds
      • Banks cannot lend the funds held as CRR to corporates or individual borrowers.
      • The money held under CRR cannot be used for investment purposes by the bank.
      • No Interest is earned on the funds maintained as CRR by banks with the RBI.

    What is Incremental CRR (I-CRR)?

    • Introduced temporarily on August 10, 2023, to absorb surplus liquidity in the banking system.
    • Banks were required to maintain 10% I-CRR on the increase in their NDTL between May 19, 2023, and July 28, 2023.
    • The I-CRR was implemented from August 12, 2023, and applied during periods of excess liquidity in the financial system.

    Impacts of Declining CRR on the Economy

    • Positive Impacts: 
      • Increased Bank Liquidity: A reduction in CRR frees up more funds for banks, improving credit availability and promoting investment and consumption.
      • Stimulus for Economic Growth: With more funds to lend, businesses can secure loans more easily, boosting economic activity and encouraging growth across sectors.
      • Lower Interest Rates: As banks have more liquidity, they may lower interest rates on loans, making credit cheaper and encouraging investment and consumer spending.
    • Negative Impacts: 
      • Potential Inflationary Risks: Increased lending and spending can raise demand, which, if not matched by supply, can lead to inflationary pressures in the economy.
      • Asset Bubbles: Excess liquidity may result in overvalued assets like stocks or real estate, creating the risk of unsustainable price increases and potential market instability.

    PYQ:

    [2010] When the Reserve Bank of India announces an increase of the Cash Reserve Ratio, what does it mean?

    (a) The commercial banks will have less money to lend

    (b) The Reserve Bank of India will have less money to lend

    (c) The Union Government will have less money to lend

    (d) The commercial banks will have more money to lend

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  • Wildlife Conservation Efforts

    Nilphamari narrow-mouthed frog

    Species | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Why in the News?

    A study highlights that endemic frog species, like the Nilphamari narrow-mouthed frog (Microhyla nilphamariensis), face challenges due to habitat loss and land use changes in agroforestry habitats like orchards and paddy fields.

    About the Nilphamari narrow-mouthed frog:

    Details
    About A species of narrow-mouthed frog, characterized by a small size, narrow triangular mouth, and reduced webbing between toes.

    It has light brown dorsal coloration with a dark brown diamond-shaped marking.

    (Not listed by either IUCN or CITES.)
    Geographical Location Found in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and northern Pakistan.
    Habitat and Challenges Prefers moist environments like grassy fields near ephemeral pools.

    Faces challenges due to habitat loss and land use changes, particularly in agroforestry areas like orchards and paddy fields.

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  • Land Reforms

    How land degradation is threatening Earth’s capacity to sustain humanity?

    Explained | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Why in the News?

    The UNCCD, a treaty addressing desertification and drought, partnered with Germany’s Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research to release an analysis ahead of COP16’s launch in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

    What is Land Degradation?

    Land degradation is defined by the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as the “reduction or loss of the biological or economic productivity and complexity of rainfed cropland, irrigated cropland, or range, pasture, forest and woodlands” due to various pressures, including land use and management practices. This phenomenon results in diminished soil quality and productivity, affecting both ecosystems and human livelihoods.

    Why is it a Matter of Concern?

    Land degradation poses significant risks to both humans and ecosystems:

    • Water Insecurity: Land degradation exacerbates water scarcity and reduces access to safe water, leading to a higher incidence of water- and food-borne diseases.
      • The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that unsafe drinking water and inadequate sanitation lead to approximately 829,000 deaths per year from diarrheal diseases alone.
    • Food Security: It reduces the quality and quantity of food production, increasing malnutrition risks.
    • Health Risks: Degraded lands contribute to the spread of water- and food-borne diseases due to poor hygiene and lack of clean water. Respiratory issues can arise from soil erosion and dust.
    • Environmental Impact: Eroded soil carries fertilizers and pesticides into water bodies, harming aquatic life and communities dependent on these resources.
    • Climate Change: Healthy soils act as carbon sinks. Degradation leads to the release of stored carbon and nitrous oxide, exacerbating global warming. The report indicates that land ecosystems’ capacity to absorb human-caused carbon dioxide has decreased by 20% over the last decade.

    What is Causing Land Degradation?

    • Chemical Overuse: Excessive fertilisers and pesticides degrade soil; 50% of agricultural land suffers from nutrient depletion, salinisation, and waterlogging affecting 30% of irrigated lands globally.
    • Soil Erosion: Unsustainable farming practices lead to the loss of 24 billion tons of fertile soil annually, reducing crop yields by up to 50% in some regions.
    • Climate Change: Extreme weather events reduce global crop yields by 10%-50% by 2050; 12.6% of drylands were degraded between 1982-2015, affecting 213 million people.
    • Urbanization: Rapid urban growth of 1 million hectares per year destroys habitats, reduces farmland, and increases runoff, exacerbating soil erosion and biodiversity loss.
    • Deforestation and Overgrazing: 420 million hectares of forest lost since 1990; overgrazing degrades 34% of the global degraded area, weakening soil health and ecosystems.

    Which Areas are the Worst Affected?

    • Dry Regions: Areas such as South Asia, northern China, California (USA), and the Mediterranean are particularly vulnerable.
    • Global Context: Approximately 15 million square kilometers of land are already degraded an area larger than Antarctica with an additional million square kilometers degrading each year. A third of humanity lives in drylands, which encompass three-quarters of Africa.

    Way forward: 

    • Sustainable Land Management Practices: Promote eco-friendly agricultural methods, reforestation, and efficient irrigation to restore soil health, combat erosion, and improve water retention in degraded lands.
    • Global Collaboration and Policy Implementation: Strengthen international frameworks like the UNCCD, allocate resources for affected regions, and adopt policies that integrate land restoration with climate resilience and biodiversity conservation.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q  The process of desertification does not have climate boundaries. Justify with examples. (UPSC IAS/2020)

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  • Banking Sector Reforms

    Bank Bill passes LS, allows one account, 4 nominees

    Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

    Why in the News?

    The Lok Sabha passed the Banking Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2024, marking the first piece of legislation to be approved during the Winter Session after the resolution of a week-long impasse.

    What are the key features of the Banking Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2024?

    • Nomination Provisions: The Bill allows bank account holders to nominate up to four individuals for their accounts, with options for either successive or simultaneous nominations. However, locker holders will only have the option for successive nominations.
    • Redefinition of “Substantial Interest”: The threshold for defining “substantial interest” for directorships is proposed to increase from ₹5 lakh to ₹2 crore, reflecting current economic conditions.
    • Tenure of Directors: The tenure of directors (excluding chairpersons and whole-time directors) in cooperative banks will be extended from eight years to ten years, aligning with provisions in the Constitution (Ninety-Seventh Amendment) Act, 2011.
    • Common Directorships: The Bill permits directors of Central Cooperative Banks to serve on the boards of State Cooperative Banks under certain conditions.
    • Auditor Remuneration: It grants banks greater flexibility in determining the remuneration for statutory auditors, which was previously regulated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the central government.
    • Reporting Dates: The reporting dates for regulatory compliance will shift from the second and fourth Fridays to the 15th and last day of every month, streamlining oversight processes.

    What are the reasons for this amendment?

    • Enhancing Governance: The amendments aim to strengthen governance standards within banks, ensuring better protection for depositors and investors while improving audit quality in public sector banks.
    • Customer Convenience: By allowing multiple nominations, the Bill intends to simplify inheritance processes related to bank deposits and reduce instances of unclaimed deposits after an account holder’s demise.
    • Alignment with Constitutional Provisions: Increasing director tenures in cooperative banks aligns banking regulations with constitutional amendments that govern cooperative societies.

    What would be the significant impact of this amendment?

    • Improved Customer Experience: The ability to nominate multiple individuals enhances customer convenience and ensures smoother transitions in account management after an account holder’s death.
    • Strengthened Governance Framework: By redefining substantial interest and increasing director tenures, the Bill aims to foster a more robust governance framework within cooperative banks, potentially leading to better decision-making and accountability.
    • Regulatory Compliance Efficiency: Changing reporting dates is expected to improve compliance efficiency, allowing banks to better align their reporting practices with regulatory requirements.

    What is the criticism faced by the Banking Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2024?

    • Concerns Over Financial Practices: Opposition leaders raised concerns regarding rising imports from China amid strained relations and questioned broader financial practices like demonetization and electoral bonds.
    • Banking Fees and Cybersecurity Risks: Critics highlighted issues related to fees for basic banking services such as ATM withdrawals and SMS alerts, particularly emphasizing vulnerabilities faced by senior citizens concerning cyber fraud.
    • Economic Context: Some opposition members criticized the timing of the Bill against a backdrop of economic challenges such as inflation exceeding growth rates, potentially leading to stagflation. They expressed skepticism about whether these amendments would effectively address underlying economic issues.

    Way forward: 

    • Addressing Broader Economic Concerns: The government should focus on macroeconomic reforms to manage inflation and foster sustainable growth. The Banking Laws Amendment should be complemented by policies that address the root causes of economic challenges, ensuring the banking sector thrives amidst broader financial stability.
    • Strengthening Cybersecurity and Customer Protection: Banks should enhance security measures, especially for senior citizens, to safeguard against rising cyber fraud.

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