Q.1) Criminalising Triple Talaq is Unnecessary Overkill. Critically discuss
Q.8) Do you think India is right in opposing WTO deal to end fisheries subsidies? Critically analyse
(i) Apologise from the leader so that you are not transferred.
(ii) Asks your husband who also knows some senior minister to help you get out of the matter.
(iii) Be firm on your stand and decide to go to your new posting.
(iv) Highlighting the matter in the media to get more people support.
Q.1) If India Wants to Remain Secular, the New Citizenship Bill Isn’t the Way to Go? Critically Comment.
Q.6) Discuss the pros and cons of increasing the area of pictorial warnings in Ciggerate packs?
Q.10) What do you understand by Block-chain technology? Discuss its potential and challenges of using it.
Source: https://www.cnbc.com/2016/02/29/the-challenges-of-using-blockchain-technology.html
Ethics test
Before we deep-dive into the topic, have a look at the TED talk below.
Broadly speaking, Stem cells is a naïve/immature/unspecialized cell that can
i. divide to form similar cells (self renewal) and
ii. develop into different specialized cells that perform distinct function
A. Classification of Stem Cells
Depending on their ability (potency) to develop into different specialized cells, stem cells can be
Depending on from where they come from different places in the body or are formed at different times in our lives. These include
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) which exist only at the earliest stages of development
Adult stem cells also called somatic stem cells that appear during fetal development and are present in different tissues of our bodies throughout life.
Induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs cells are not found in the body but engineered in a laboratory from cells of the body, such as those from the skin. The iPSC cells have properties similar to those of embryonic stem cells.
A fertilised egg has a totipotency for about 3-4 days. It then remains turns into a multipotent cell. Finally specializes further.
B. Stem Cell Therapy
C. Advantages
D.Challenges in SCT
E.Applications of SCT
F. India and Stem Cell Therapy
N4S
Genetic Engineering concepts, specially their applications highlight the practical implications of Biotechnology. Hence, they become the most important area for UPSC. Students are expected to be thorough with it.
Genetic Engineering is an overarching term referring to modification of an organism’s genome. Here is a summary video outlining important techniques and applications which you might find interesting.
The techniques of genetic engineering include the creation of recombinant DNA, use of gene cloning and gene transfer.
A. Recombinant DNA technology
Recombinant DNA technology involves several steps in specific sequence such as
1.isolation of DNA,
2.fragmentation of DNA,
3.isolation of a desired DNA fragment,
4.ligation of the DNA fragment into a vector,
5.transferring the recombinant DNA into the host,
6.culturing the host cells in a medium at large scale and extraction of the desired product.
The DNA molecule thus produced is called recombinant DNA.
B. Gene Cloning
It is the creation of a genetic copy of a sequence of DNA or of the entire genome of an organism.
It is usually done through two approaches: Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer(SCNT) and Artificial Embryo Twinning
1.Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer(SCNT)
2. Artificial Embryo Twinning
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FvjWKip6Pm8
Summing up the similarities and differences
| Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer(SCNT) | Artificial Embryo Twinning | |
| Differences | Genetic information is inserted in an enucleated egg cell. | Cells of an embryo are manually divided. |
| Similarities | An exact genetic copy is made.
A surrogate mother is used |
An exact genetic copy is made.
A surrogate mother is used |
C. Gene Silencing
Certain genes in a cell may be defective and could cause undesirable traits. The process of regulation or suppression of such genes is called Gene Silencing.
RNA Interference(RNAi) and Antisense Technology are two common processes by which this is achieved. More details are not required.
D. CRISPR-Cas9
CRISPR-Cas9 technique has appeared extensively in news
Salient features
E. Gene splicing
Gene splicing is the process of chemically cutting DNA in one organism and inserting it into the DNA strand of a vector, usually a plasmid. The DNA is cut using special chemicals called restriction enzymes. Through this technique, microorganisms are genetically engineered. Gene splicing primarily involves the following steps
1.Cutting of DNA or genes from the donor cell.
Tool Used – Chemicals called restriction enzymes. Restriction enzymes are chemicals extracted from certain strains of bacteria. Different restriction enzymes recognize and cut at particular nuclear sequences.
2.Transportation of the cut or desired DNA
A.DNA Micro injection – Direct Micro-injection of the chosen gene.
B.Retrovirus mediated gene transfer. Retroviruses are used as vectors to transfer genetic material taking advantage of their natural ability to infect host cells and insert their DNA into host cell DNA.
C.Embryonic Stem Cell mediated gene transfer.
APPLICATIONS
A. Three-parent babies
Three-parent babies have repeatedly remained in news. The world’s first three-parent baby was born in 2016 in Mexico to Jordanian parents.
In 2017, UK became the first country to give licenses to use this technique to prevent incurable genetic diseases being inherited by children.
Remember we had very briefly touched upon the Mitochondria when we discussed the Cell and the Nucleus. Mitochondria contains mtDNA and mutations in it can give rise to various genetic disorders. Since mtDNA is transferred from mother to child, these disorders are also transferred. The three-parent babies technique tries to overcome this shortcoming by preventing the transfer of mitochondria from mother to child.
There are 2 versions – Pronuclear Transfer and Spindle Transfer
Pronuclear Transfer
Spindle Transfer
https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/how-make-three-parent-baby
B.Gene Therapy
It is a technique through which a new DNA is introduced into a patient to treat a genetic disease. The new DNA usually contains a functioning gene to correct the effects of a non-functioning or disease causing gene.
A four-year old girl became the first gene therapy patient. She had adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency, a genetic disease which left her defenseless against infections.
There are two types of gene therapy:
Somatic Gene Therapy: The genes are transferred into the somatic cells of a patient. Any modifications and effects will be restricted to the individual patient only and will not be inherited by the offspring.
Germline Gene Therapy: The genes are transferred into the germ cells(sperm or eggs). This would allow the therapy to be heritable and passed onto the offspring.
C. Genetic Modification of Plants(GM Crops)
The DNA of plants used in agriculture are modified using genetic engineering techniques
There are two primary processes through which plants are modified:
Cisgenic: Genes are artificially transferred between organisms that could be conventionally bred i.e. from a crossable or sexually compatible plant.
Transgenic: Genes from a non-plant species or from a donor plant that is sexually incompatible with the recipient plant are inserted, which is a form of horizontal gene transfer
Biotech firms make use of the following technologies to ensure sterile seeds and crops with specific properties
Terminator Technology: It is the genetic modification of plants to make them produce sterile seeds. They are also known as suicide seeds.
Traitor Technology: Traitor technology can allow traits in genetically modified seeds to be switched on and off by using special proprietary chemicals.
D. In-vitro Fertilization
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J1xHUA_fiQ4
It is the process of fertilization by extracting eggs, retrieving a sperm sample, and then manually combining an egg and sperm in a laboratory dish. The embryo(s) is then transferred to the uterus to induce pregnancy.
N4S
Biotechnology is one of the most important topics with at least 1 question in both prelims and mains year after year. Nevertheless, it remains a major pain point for students. They have issues right from understanding the most basic terms like chromosomes, DNA, RNA, gene, codons, amino acids, proteins, etc. to recent breakthroughs.
Understanding the level of depth expected by the exam is the key to cracking the topic. NCERTs and other reference books are detailed and technical than required.
We will start with the basics, develop a conceptual understanding and then move to contemporary breakthroughs.
The figure below depicts the basic hierarchy within a cell.
1. Cell
Cells are basic building blocks of all living organisms. Cells make up tissues which makeup organs and then organ systems further on.
There are 2 kinds of cells – Prokaryotic(pro=before and karyos=nucleus) and Eukaryotic(eu=with)
Prokaryotic Cells – These are simpler more archaic cells lacking most basic cell organelle including nuclei. DNA is present in the cytoplasm. Eg.Bacteria
Eukaryotic Cells – These cells are well differentiated and contain many cell organelle. The genetic material is sequestered inside the nucleus. All plant and animal cells are examples of eukaryotic cells.
https://www.difference.wiki/prokaryotic-cell-vs-eukaryotic-cell/
The organelles of Animal and Plant cells are highlighted in the figure given below.
We will discuss the two most important organelles from the point of view of the exam.
Nucleus – contains all the genetic material(code to replicate the cell and conduct all its functions). Genetic material is in the form of Chromosomes.
Mitochondria – Besides the nuclear DNA contained in the nucleus, cells have organelles called Mitochondria which contains Mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA or Maternal DNA. This is exclusively passed down from mothers to children(we do not inherit any Mitochondrial DNA from our fathers). We will revisit this organelle again when we discuss 3-parent-baby technique.
The rest are given in the table below –
In the next segment, we will cover Chromosomes, DNA, and Genes. The following figure will come in handy.
2. Chromosomes
Chromosomes are thread-like structures present in the nucleus.
These are nothing but DNA tightly coiled around a protein called histone. (just like a thread wound around a cardboard tube).
From the above figure, you can conclude,
3. Deoxyribonucleic Acid(DNA)
https://i.pinimg.com/736x/73/6c/eb/736ceb06de3858d85d5b8669845f912c–complementary-dna-nitrogenous-base.jpg
DNA is called the blueprint of life because it contains the genetic code which are instructions needed for an organism to grow, develop, survive and reproduce. DNA does this by controlling protein synthesis, a process we will explain later but not in much detail. For now, simply understand that Proteins are the most important material in our body. Many would associate them with muscles but they also aid the production of enzymes which are responsible for conducting all chemical processes and reactions within the body. So, it could be derived that protein synthesis is responsible for all activities carried on by the body and it is controlled by the genes.
The famous Double Helix model for the structure of DNA as shown in the above image is one of the most well-known models.
The salient features
4. Genes and Alleles
Genes, as we know, are hereditary markers from which we derive various characteristics like skin color, height, etc. More technically, each DNA molecule consists of sequences of Genes. Each gene is a particular set of instructions for specific functions. Eg. globin gene would aid the production of hemoglobin, another gene would do so for insulin, so on and so forth. Each gene naturally consists of a sequence of nucleotides and base pairs.
Alleles are alternate form genes which correspond to the same characteristic but provide for variations in that characteristic. A very crude example is as follows –
Assume a hen. A particular gene would be responsible for the color of its feathers, say black and white. Hence we say the same gene has 2 variants. Hence they are known as Alleles. Naturally, the nucleotide sequence in them will differ.
5. Codons, Amino acids, Peptides, and Proteins
While describing DNA, we said that it helps with Protein Synthesis, a very fundamental process to sustain life. The concept of codons helps establish the link between Genes and protein synthesis reactions.
Each Gene can be represented as a sequence of codons where codons are a sequence of base triplets – meaning 3 bases combine together to form a Codon.
Each codon corresponds to a specific Amino acid. Eg. AUG codon corresponds to the Amino acid Methionine. Amino Acids combine together to form a particular peptide chain. The peptide chains undergo a structural transformation to form 3-Dimensional molecules called proteins.
Types of Proteins in a Human Body
| S No. | PROTEIN | FUNCTION | EXAMPLES |
| 1 | Enzymes | Facilitate biochemical reactions | Lactase, Pepsin |
| 2 | Hormonal | Messenger proteins that help to coordinate bodily activities | Insulin, Oxytocin |
| 3 | Structural | Provide support | Keratin, Collagen |
| 4 | Contractile | Responsible for movement | Actin, Myosin |
| 5 | Transport | Move molecules from one place to another | Haemoglobin, Cytochromes |
6. Genotype and Phenotype
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lYAHx7NiF3g
7. Ribonucleic Acid(RNA)
The bridge between DNA and protein synthesis is RNA.
RNA is chemically similar to DNA, except that it contains ribose as its sugar and substitutes the nitrogenous base uracil for thymine.
It is single-stranded rather than a double helix.
To get from DNA, written in one chemical language, to protein, written in another, requires two major stages, transcription and translation.
The process from DNA to RNA is known as Transcription. During transcription, a DNA strand provides a template for the synthesis of a complementary RNA strand. Transcription of a gene produces a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule.
During translation, the information contained in mRNA is used to determine the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide. Translation occurs at ribosomes.
Source: https://www.civilsdaily.com/op-ed-snap-looking-for-balance-in-power/
Source: https://www.civilsdaily.com/op-ed-snap-gender-based-laws-a-double-edged-sword/
Q.4) Critically discuss the salient features of the Financial Resolution and deposit insurance bill?
Source: https://www.civilsdaily.com/op-ed-snap-perils-of-going-cashless/
https://www.civilsdaily.com/op-ed-snap-bail-in-doubts-on-financial-resolution-legislation/
Source: https://www.civilsdaily.com/op-ed-snap-in-an-elite-club-on-indias-wassenaar-entry/
Source: https://www.civilsdaily.com/sc-eases-petcoke-ban-for-2-sectors/
https://www.civilsdaily.com/india-is-biggest-importer-of-u-s-oil-refinery-by-product-petcoke/
Source: https://www.civilsdaily.com/maternity-benefit-amendment-bill/
https://thewire.in/195658/amendment-maternity-act-tool-gender-diversity/
Q.10) Discuss the argument for and against the Women Reservation bill?
Source: https://www.civilsdaily.com/will-womens-reservation-bill-be-passed-in-lok-sabha-this-winter-session/
Ethics Questions
(i) Resign from the job and look after your child.
(ii) Continue your job and call your mother in law to look after the child or appoint a caretaker for the child.
(iii) Have an argument with your husband that why only you should compromise with your job.
(iv) Getting your child admitted in a crèche near your office
Source: https://www.civilsdaily.com/story/foreign-policy-watch-india-iran/#post-93837
Introduction
Chabahar port is located in the Gulf of Oman has been is jointly developed by India and Iran. It holds significance in strategic, economic and political ways.
Body.
Strategically, Chabahar port can be a competitor to Gwadar port and Dubai port. It will decongest the Bandar Abbas port and reduce Iran’s dependence on UAE port. It would counter Chinese presence in the Arabian sea through the support to Pakistan in developing Gwadar port. It can be used to station security vessels for merchant ships off the African coast apart from giving the country a foothold in the western Arabian Sea, which is important as many of its energy imports pass through the route.
Politically, the port development represents India’s independent foreign policy towards Iran and India’s capability to overcome the barriers to develop ties with Afghanistan. It will help India plays its role in Afghanistan to bring peace in the region.
Economically, it will strengthen India’s economic ties with Afghanistan and central Asia which is a resource rich region and has been largely neglected due to its landlocked geography. India has made several investments in infrastructure and industries such as gas discovery by ONGC, urea plant etc. in Iran. The port will further boost trade and investment and will reduce import cost of oil to India.
Conclusion
Thus Chabahar port will provide India a greater role in the region and will further help in exploring its extended neighborhood policy.
Source: https://www.civilsdaily.com/story/innovation-ecosystem-in-india/#post-93819
Introduction;
According to the Journal of Clinical Research and Bioethics , India represents 17.5% of the world’s population but conducts only 1.4% of global clinical research. This is unfortunate, considering we have all the requisite factors, such as English-speaking health-care professionals, a large number of experts, etc.
Why are we lagging behind?
Efforts done by the Government
Conclusion part
The way forward
Source: https://www.civilsdaily.com/type/oped-snap/?utm_source=websidebar&utm_medium=cpc#post-93914
Simultaneous elections in Indian context refers to holding elections to Parliament and State Assemblies(SA) simultaneously. This was practiced was discontinued some years after independence resulting in SA holding election during different time period.PM Modi and Ex-President Pranab Mukherjee recommended.
Pros of Simultaneous elections
2.Reduce expenditure on polls: Holding elections simultaneously is a costly affair since in last few decades. Holding elections together reduces expenditure made by political parties on election campaigns because of frequent elections.
3.Allows leaders not to be always engaged in campaigning: Holding elections at one time will allow the political leaders to focus more on governance rather than on election campaigning.
4.Increase in voting percentage: This would lead to improvement in voting percentage as migrant workers would have to move back to home town only once for polling their vote.
5.Reduce money spent on manpower deployment: When elections are held separately, crucial manpower has to be deployed for prolonged periods on election duty. This idea will save the large amount of money spent on manpower deployment.
Overall, conducting the election once will bring down the overall cost of conducting election in terms of distributing voter slips, bringing the staff, calling the Central personnel, delay in schemes deemed as popular, etc.
Cons of holding elections together
Conclusion:
The idea is not bad overall but there are serious challenges overall in the implementation of one nation one election. There are some basic changes which need to be made in the Constitution apart from building a consensus on this issue.
https://www.civilsdaily.com/op-ed-snap-new-india-formula/#post-94061
Finance commission is a constitutional body set up by President to provide for fiscal federalism in the country.
Finance Commission under Article 280 has following mandate:
1. Provides for percentage of tax devolution to states from Union’s collection
2. Suggest formula to divide this tax between states
3. To determine factors governing Grants-in-aids to the states and magnitude of same
4. To suggest to Presidents measures to supplement state’s financial resources for ensuring development
15th Finance Commission has given a mandate to provide performance based incentives based on
– initiatives for Ease of Doing business
– deepening of GST net
– attaining replacement rate in population growth
The commission faces challenge due to recent changes in taxation system.
– On the other hand, reducing the tax devolution is counter-federal. This would be against the cooperative federalism. State could lose fiscal autonomy.
As per the 2011 Census, a little less than a third of India has urbanized. Six years later, based largely on anecdotal information, it is clear that this trend has accelerated. The change is welcome; unfortunately, public policy has failed to keep pace. Consequently, what you see around us is urbanization through trial and error. Finance Commission should recognize that India is transforming and should make its recommendations accordingly.
Conclusion
The commission has a huge responsibility to ensure balance. None of the governments could be left with too less resources. At the end, people’s interest and good governance have to kept at the forefront. It is then clear that the 15th Finance Commission provides an enormous opportunity in setting out a blueprint for India’s future that rests on the foundation of a strong federal polity.
https://www.civilsdaily.com/story/tuberculosis-elimination-strategy/#post-94072
Introduction
Every Year 1 Lakh Children die because of diarrhoea. India is the country with the highest burden of TB. The World Health Organisation (WHO) TB statistics for India for 2016 give an estimated incidence figure of 2.79 million cases of TB for India.
Even after so much prevalence of poverty associated infections, the vaccine infrastructure in India is lacking which can be seen from the fact that the BCG vaccine that is currently in use for TB treatment in India (developed in the early 20th century) is ineffective for young people and adults.
-There is dearth of overall R&D on diseases concentrated in India
Why there is lack of investment in vaccine Development in countries like India.
Way forward
https://www.civilsdaily.com/story/health-sector/#post-94083
Introduction:
Three recent incidents involving the health-care sector in Delhi have sparked widespread outrage over the alleged mercenary motives and callous conduct of high-profile corporate hospitals
Two cases involved children with dengue who died soon after leaving these hospitals in a serious condition after their families were presented huge hospitalisation and treatment bills. The third case involved a live premature baby being “declared dead” and handed over to the parents wrapped in plastic
Major issues
Steps to improving access
Steps to improving quality of care
https://www.civilsdaily.com/op-ed-snap-let-us-be-realistic-about-the-unsc/#post-94140
Answer:
The most important Organ of United nations is UN Security Council, as it decides on major International disputes and agenda of the Secretariat.India is fighting for a permanent seat in UNSC for decades
Because Being a permanent member gives:
Other benefits
What should be India’s Strategy?
https://www.civilsdaily.com/story/trade-sector-updates/#post-94144
Reasons for this trend
What India can do to increase competitiveness?
India will have to work on multiple levels to increase its competitiveness
https://www.civilsdaily.com/story/foreign-policy-watch-india-maldives/#post-94147
Introduction:
China has been developing close cooperation with many of India’s neighbours which can be seen from the fact that they have developed ports in Pakistan, Srilanka, Myanmar and Bangladesh. India has termed China’s growing encirclement of India through port development as String of pearls policy. Furthering policy of string of pearls to encircle India, China has recently signed FTA with small Island country Maldives. This has been considered by experts as yet another diplomatic success of China in South Asia.
The recent FTA between Maldives and China have the following effects on Delhi-Male ties.
ECONOMIC effect
POLITICAL
SECURITY
Way forward:
a) India must strengthen the soft diplomacy with Male.
b) Shouldn’t involve in the Male Domestic Politics and strengthen relations with any type of Government safeguarding India’s strategic, economic and Political interests.
Conclusion
China’s growing presence in the Indian Ocean presents a challenge to India. It is creating worries as India is trying to define its place in the U.S.-led “Indo-Pacific” realignment.
https://www.civilsdaily.com/story/start-up-ecosystem-in-india/#post-93816
Introduction:
Various schemes of the Government
Schemes and initiatives of the government has played an important role in success of start-up sector in India.
State intervention and policy along with efforts of the central Government will positively affect the sector. We can see the example of Israel in this regard. Israel is the most celebrated success story of state intervention and policy creating and shaping an innovations powerhouse.
You are confused what to do. What will you do in such a situation? Will you go ahead with the marriage or not? How can they keep their ideology and personal choices separate in case they get married?
Answer:
Everyone may not have same ideology and interest in this world. People may have different political ideologies and thinking and still they may be good partners. It is about respecting a person’s individual choice.
In the above case, when all the things are settled between the families and even between the persons who are going to get married, the difference in political ideology arises. The person knows the girl from a long time. Even his family likes the girl. Political ideology may not be the sole criteria when it comes to judging compatibility between two people. If he likes the girl, he should go ahead with the marriage. He should understand that Everybody may not have same opinions. Difference of opinion is likely to happen. People may have their have our own influences, history of experiences, psychological makeup, and subjective lens through which they view the world, some differences are bound to exist or arise. If they get married, they can still lead a happy life if certain things are taken care of. He should talk to the girl and discuss it with her that what does she want. Having discussion with her is important as her opinion also matters.
If two of them get married, they can keep their ideology and personal choices separate in ways like:
It can be said that the antidotes to contempt within any relationship are fondness and admiration, both of which can be maintained and strengthened by expressing appreciation and respect. Difference of opinion on political issues does not make much difference if both partners are mature to handle them. Political differences in a relationship can work if both respect each other’s differences and are able to appreciate one another’s perspectives.
(i) Convince the family and ask them not to send their daughter to her inlaws place despite marriage being performed.
(ii) Talk to the girl and know her stand as that is most important.
(iii) Take strict action against the family under the law against child marriage.
(iv) Initiating a drive in the area in order to prevent such incidents in future.
Answer:
Child marriage is one of the evil practices that still exists in some parts of the country when we are living in 21st century. It is an outcome of broad social norms and societal pressures. Financial poverty further adds to the pressures along with low level of education.
In the above case, the girl who comes to the officer is well educated and tells him that despite her convincing the parents of the girl who are getting her married at an early age of 15 years. After talking to the family, he comes to know that the family is not well educated and its opinions are surrounded by the general perceptions of others in the community.
The various options along with their merits and demerits are discussed as:
(i) Convince the family and ask them not to send their daughter to her inlaws place despite marriage being performed.
This will save the girl from engaged in household chores at an early age of 15 years. Her parents can be convinced that though the marriage has been performed, they should not send their daughter to her in laws place since she is too small to bear family responsibilities. This way a middle solution cab ne found to the problem.
(ii) Talk to the girl and know her stand as that is most important.
The DM should talk to the girl if she has been forced to marry or the marriage is performed against her wish. Knowing her opinion on the matter is important. He should tell her about the ill effects of this evil practice and convince her that she should tell her parents not to send her to inlaws place.
(iii) Take strict action against the family under the law against child marriage.
This will send a strong signal in the area to the people as it is a common practice to marry their girls at an early age. This will set a good precedent in the area and they will be fearful of law when they think of doing so. But taking action might be a late step now as the marriage has already been performed. DM should have taken pre hand measures to create awareness among the people so that such incident would not have happened.
(iv) Initiating a drive in the area in order to prevent such incidents in future.
This will educate the people about ill effects of child marriage. Drives and campaigns can be run to tell people about importance of education for girls and tell them that girl;s are not burden. This will decrease the cases of child marriage. But such a change might not happen overnight and may take time.
The officer should take steps to create awareness in the village regarding ill effects of child marriage. Steps should be taken to increase access to accessible, high quality and safe schooling for girl students. For change to happen, the values and norms which support the practice of child marriage need to shift. Supporting young people to be agents of change can be an effective measure of bringing change in the attitude of the people in the area.
Source: https://www.civilsdaily.com/op-ed-snap-quad-confusion/
Explain about Quad Arrangement as a security dialogue between four nations. Explain about its prime motives and general perception about its initiations. Talk about the major problems associated with member countries which will halt the progress of Quad. Finally add conclusion.
Hints:
Motives of Quad Arrangement:
Major issues Quad Arrangement is facing:
Conclusion:
Source: https://www.civilsdaily.com/op-ed-snap-responsibility-without-power/
Hints:
Source: https://www.civilsdaily.com/op-ed-snap-the-danger-of-electoral-bonds/
Hints:
How it will usher a new era of transparency?
How it will endanger democracy?
Way forward:
https://www.civilsdaily.com/responding-to-the-china-pakistan-economic-corridor-challenge/
Hints:
Concerns faced by India:
What should India do?
https://www.civilsdaily.com/op-ed-snap-how-to-free-indians-from-the-medical-poverty-trap/
Hints:
Prevalence of Medical Poverty Trap in India:
Ways to free Indian’s from the medical poverty trap:
https://www.civilsdaily.com/op-ed-snap-eliminate-torture/
Hints:
As per National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), 591 people died in police custody between 2010 and 2015. In this regard, Law Commission in its recent 273rd report has recommended ratification of UN Convention on Torture and framed draft law “The Prevention of Torture Bill, 2017”.
Need for Ratification and separate law:
1.In India’s National Interest:
a)Fail to cover torture other than physical injuries.
b)Doesn’t distinguish between public servant and others.
2.Positive Implications for protection of Human Rights:
Challenges
Conclusion
As per Seventh Schedule, police and public order are state subjects. Thus, the new law for prevention of torture, should form part of wider police reforms of autonomy and capacity building needed to be undertaken by states. This will ensure effective implementation and upheld principle of justice enshrined in the constitution.
https://www.civilsdaily.com/op-ed-snap-towards-a-new-direct-tax-system/
Hints
Government has appointed a committee under Arbind Modi to draft a new tax law to replace the Income Tax act, 1961.
1.Issues with existing direct tax law:
To tackle these, single unified direct tax code was proposed in 2009. Single Unified direct tax code means all direct taxes(income tax, corporate tax, dividend distribution tax, fringe benefit tax and wealth tax) are to be brought under single code with unified compliance procedures.
2.Advantages of single unified direct tax code
For Tax Payers
For Government
For Economy
Conclusion
Success of Direct Tax Code will need well established tax infrastructure in place and gradual implementation to avoid GST like disruptions. It would be better to go with Direct Tax Code after GST gets stabilised.
https://www.civilsdaily.com/locked-out-without-a-gi-tag/
Hints:
GI status is an indication that identifies goods as produced from a particular area, which has special quality or reputation attributable to its geographical origin. This gives legal protection to the products and prevents unauthorised use of a GI by others
Some of the examples of GI includes Darjeeling Tea, Mysore Silk, Mysore Agarbathi, Kancheepuram Silk, Orissa Ikat etc.
1.Importance of GI Tags
India, as a member of the World Trade Organisation-Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (WTO-TRIPS), enacted the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999.
2.Shortcomings of Indian GI act
3.Steps Needed
Conclusion
Along with resolving shortcomings of GI act, greater support to local communities is needed to utilise the benefits of Geographical Indication as collective right.
https://www.civilsdaily.com/op-ed-snap-empowering-women-through-job-creation/
Hints:
India was ranked 108 out of 144 countries in Global Gender Gap report, 2017. It fell 21 places from last year. Gender Gap report measures the parity between men and women in 4 area: health, education, economic opportunities and political participation.
1.Reasons of Drastic fall:
Health and Survival
Political Empowerment
Economic Participation
Other Factors
2.Steps Required:{many steps can be written, but recommendation of some report will add value to answer}
As per NITI aayog 3 year plan:
Health
Education
Economic
Political Empowerment
Conclusion
Governmental steps carry huge importance but still have limitations in long term. To achieve Sustainable Development Goal 5 of Gender Equality, Education and public discourse on gender issues must become the key agents of bridging the gender gap.
Hints:
Air Quality Index has remained in severe category for Delhi in early November. Year round, Delhi’s average air quality remains 3 times worse than the national average.
1.Challenges
2.Opportunity
3.Template for other cities
4.Steps Needed {Many Steps can be written, citing some report will add value}
As per EPCA(Environmental Pollution Control Authority) multi-dimensional Action Plan
Road Dust
Vehicular Emission
Industrial Pollution:
Residue Burning:
Conclusion
Tackling pollution in Delhi by implementation of EPCA multi-dimensional action plan is crucial as India aims to have sustainable cities acting as engines of growth.
(UPSC mains 2017)
Model Answer:
The savings ratio a big determinant of economic activity. Investment depends on saving rate If people save more, it enables the banks to lend more to firms for investment. An economy where savings are very low means that the economy is choosing short-term consumption over long-term investment. To starve the economy of investment can lead to future bottlenecks and shortages. Therefore, saving rate are most effective determinant. Thus, saving rate is the most effective factor for India’s potential growth.
The reduction in saving rate in India because of decline in Private saving and Government saving has been past few years
Other factors available for growth potential are following:
Foreign investment: it will increase the growth potential of the country. FDI and FII are the routes for foreign investment. FDI not just provides capital but also the technology for carrying out operations in India.
Foreign aid: it also helps in boosting investment in the country. It adds to the capital stock of the country.
Investment rate: it has also significant impact on the growth of the country. More is the investment, better would be the chances of growth of the economy.
ICOR: Incremental Capital Output Ratio (ICOR) is the additional capital required to increase one unit of output. This ratio is used to measure the efficiency of an industrial unit or country as an economic unit. The lesser the ICOR, more efficient the organization. Thus, these factors along with savings rate play important role in boosting the growth potential of the country
(UPSC mains 2017)
Explain the types of revolution- green, white, blue etc.
Role of these revolutions in poverty alleviation and food security
Answer: After independence, India witnessed green, blue and white revolutions in farm, fishery and dairy sector respectively.
Green revolution: it was initiated to achieve food security in the country. It included three components: continued expansion of farming areas, double-cropping existing farmland, using seeds with improved genetics. The Green Revolution resulted in a record grain output of 131 million tons in 1978-79. This established India as one of the world’s biggest agricultural producers. It addressed the concern of frequent famine occurring in the country and also the need of import of food was eliminated. However, green revolution strategy mainly benefitted the large farmers. Moreover, several ecological issues were also involved with excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
White revolution: Operation Flood is considered to be the world’s largest dairy development programme. Under this programme professionals were employed at every level, particularly in marketing and application, and science and technology. The central plank of the programme was to link the rural producers with urban consumers. The milk production in India increased from a level of 17 MT in 1950- 51 to about 100.9 MT at the end of 2006-07, i.e. at the end of the Tenth Plan. The per capita availability of milk increased to about 246 gm per day in 2006-07 from a level of 124 gm per day in 1950-51. Thus, this led to the poverty alleviation and food security in india.
Blue revolution : The Indian fisheries sector, which 50 years ago produced only 600 000 tonnes of fish, today produces 5 million tonnes, including 1.6 million tonnes from freshwater aquaculture. The Blue Revolution is being implemented to achieve economic prosperity of fishermen and fish farmers and to contribute towards food and nutritional security through optimum utilization of water resources for fisheries development in a sustainable manner, keeping in view the bio-security and environmental concerns.
Silver revolution: It was centred around practice of raising poultry, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, as a subcategory of animal husbandry, for the purpose of farming meat or eggs for food. Grey revolution was launched in India to increase the manufacturing of fertilizer. Other agriculture revolutions like golden revolution meant for better fruit production, pink revolution meant for better prawn production, red revolution aimed for better meat production, yellow revolution aimed for better oil seed production etc. Thus, these revolutions have significant role in poverty alleviation and food security.
(UPSC mains 2017)
Approach:
∙ Successful unmanned space missions in India.
∙ Feasibility of manned space mission Answer: Chandrayaan-1 was India’s first lunar probe.
It was launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation in October 2008. The mission included a lunar orbiter and an impactor. The mission was a major boost to India’s space program, as India researched and developed its own technology in order to explore the Moon. Mars Mission (MOM), also called Mangalyaan is a spacecraft orbiting Mars since 24 September 2014.
It is India’s first interplanetary mission and ISRO has become the fourth space agency and first Asian nation to reach Mars. India is also the first nation in the world to do so in its first attempt. Thus, India has achieved remarkable successes in unmanned space missions but has not ventured into manned space mission. Issues with Manned space mission in India:
Technology: preparation of a Crew Module, building of space suits, an environmental control and life support system on board the spacecraft, and the crew escape system – needed when the craft is back on earth are the technologies required for the feasibility of manned mission. These are all complex technologies as probability of failure has to be minimised. ISRO is in the process of developing manned missions in India.
Capital: ISRO has plans for a mission carrying a crew of two to three members, but the mission is pending approval from the Government. The expected cost of the mission is expected to be between 3 and 4 billion US dollars. Critiques have already questioned the wisdom of a country to invest in such endeavours when it houses largest number of poor and under-nourished in the world.
However, certain steps have been taken in this regard. The technologies necessary for human space flight are being developed as part of pre-project activities of a Manned Space Programme. On 18 December, 2014, ISRO successfully tested a crew module with a GSLV Mk III flight. Other major initiatives identified as part of the pre-project includes an Environmental Control & Life Support System (ECLSS), a Crew Escape System (CES), and a flight suit for the Brahmanauts. The ECLSS and CES are expected to be completed by 2017. Thus, India is going to launch manned space missions soon.
(UPSC mains 2017)
Approach:
Answer: Agenda for 2017-18 is: “Transform, Energise and Clean India” – TEC.
TEC India seeks to-
Ten distinct themes to foster this broad agenda:
Farmers : committed to double the income in 5 years; Target for agricultural credit in 2017-18 has been fixed at a record level of 10 lakh crores. To ensure flow of credit to small farmers, Government to support NABARD for computerisation and integration of all 63,000 functional Primary Agriculture Credit Societies with the Core Banking System of District Central Cooperative Banks.
Rural Population : providing employment & basic infrastructure; Aim is to bring one crore households out of poverty and to make 50,000 Gram Panchayats poverty free by 2019. Against target of 5 lakh farm ponds under MGNREGA, 10 lakh farm ponds would be completed by March 2017.
Youth : energising them through education, skills and jobs; To introduce a system of measuring annual learning outcomes in our schools. Innovation Fund for Secondary Education proposed to encourage local innovation.
The Poor and the Underprivileged : strengthening the systems of social security, health care and affordable housing; Mahila Shakti Kendra will be set up with an allocation of ` 500 crores in 14 lakh ICDS Anganwadi Centres. Affordable housing to be given infrastructure status.
Infrastructure: for efficiency, productivity and quality of life;
For transportation sector as a whole, including rail, roads, shipping, provision of ` 2,41,387 crores has been made in 2017-18.
Financial Sector : growth & stability by stronger institutions; Foreign Investment Promotion Board to be abolished in 2017-18 and further liberalisation of FDI policy is under consideration
Digital Economy: for speed, accountability and transparency; The Government will launch two new schemes to promote the usage of BHIM; these are, Referral Bonus Scheme for individuals and a Cashback Scheme for merchants.
Public Service : effective governance and efficient service delivery through people’s participation; To utilise the Head Post Offices as front offices for rendering passport services
Prudent Fiscal Management: to ensure optimal deployment of resources and preserve fiscal stability;
For the first time, a consolidated Outcome Budget, covering all Ministries and Departments, is being laid along with the other Budget documents
Tax Administration: honouring the honest. These measures are aimed to Transform, Energise and Clean India.
(UPSC mains 2017)
The Indian Constitution provides provision for joint session under article 108 in case of deadlock over a bill in the Parliament.
The joint session can be called in following situations:
* Rejection of a bill in both the houses of the parliament.
* Bill pending for more than two quarters in one of the house of the parliament.
* The house has rejected an amendment proposal to a bill.
However the session can’t be called in the following situation:
* Money bill, which is practically the sole discretion on the Lok Sabha:
– The Rajya Sabha can suggest proposal; non-binding over the Lok sabha.
– The upper house can’t hold the bill for more than 14 days otherwise the bill
considered to be passed by the Parliament.
* A bill seeks to amend the constitution itself: a safeguard provided by the constitution makers to avoid the misuse of the power in case the government is in overwhelming majority.
* Passage of budget proposal: Rajya Sabha as an house of elder can just review it and in case the budget failed to pass in Lok Sabha it means the ruling government has lost confidence.
Joint session of Indian parliament has been called for only three bills i.e. dowry prohibition act, 1960, banking service commission act, 1977 and Prevention of Terrorism Bill, 2002 which were subsequently passed.
(UPSC mains 2017)
Hints:
Suggested Reforms by Election Commission of India:
Constitutional Amendment:
Electoral Rolls:
Election Management Issues:
Nomination of candidates:
De-criminalization of politics:
Political Parties:
Election campaign:
Election petition:
Significance of the Reforms:
(UPSC mains 2017)
Hints:
Roles of Indian Diaspora in these countries’ economies:
Appraisal of Indian Diasporas role in these countries:
Conclusion:
(UPSC mains 2017)
Hints:
Q.9) Account for variations in oceanic salinity and discuss its multi-dimensional effects. (250 words)
(UPSC mains 2017)
Hints:
Why variation in salinity?
How it impacts?
(UPSC mains 2017)
Hints:
However, there are disadvantages of setting refineries near producing areas because:
Implications of setting industries away from producing sites:
(b) Corporate social responsibility makes companies more profitable and sustainable. Analyse. (150 Words, 10)
(UPSC mains 2017)
Hints:
What recommendation would you provide the management?
Discuss the merits and demerits of each of the recommendations. (250 Words, 20)
(UPSC mains 2017)
Answer. The case presents an ethical dilemma to choose between objectivity and compassion. Basing decision on objectivity and rule of law, compensation must be denied but on compassionate ground it must be given. Following are other issues and values involved in the case:
Based on the above consideration I will make following recommendations:
Compensation will not put heavy financial burden on the company. It will express management’s compassion for the workers leading to greater social capital. Loyalty and motivation of workers will increase and also their productivity. Any present and future threat of strike will also be averted.
However fulfilling the demand for compensation my lead to more such demands in future and encourage lackadaisical attitude of workers. Discipline at workplace may be hampered as a bad precedent will be set. Work culture may also get destroyed because of such techniques of collective blackmailing.
Grievance of workers may be satisfied partially by this option and it may also lead to a win-win situation for both the parties. Some relief will be there for the family of the deceased as it was not their fault. However, this will not provide a permanent solution to the problem. Unprofessional attitude of some workers may still continue in future. Unjustified demands in future may also see a rise.
This will allow the value of fraternity to get expression. This will also lead to combined responsibility of all the workers leading to check on each other in future. It may also provide a long-term solution as a combined employees welfare fund can be created with contributions from both sides.
However, it may cause delays in the proceedings thus extending the strike. It may also bring negative publicity in media, damaging its social capital. Company can also be accused for putting undue burden on the workers.
I will stress to the management to accept my first recommendation as it includes the acceptance of management’s fault as well to fail to stop drunken worker from entering the work place. Gandhiji said that corporate are trustees of workers. The decision that company takes must be in the spirit of this philosophy of Gandhiji.
Apart from this long term measures has to be taken like:
Attempt the questions individually by clicking on them.
Source: https://www.civilsdaily.com/india-coinage/
Hints:
Source:
https://www.civilsdaily.com/the-southwest-monsoon-season-jun-sep-part-2/
Hints:
Characteristics of the Monsoon climate:
Monsoon type of climate has various advantages:
Source: https://www.civilsdaily.com/communalism/
Hints:
Differences:
How religiousness got converted into communalism?
Hints:
Floods as sustainable source of irrigation: with storing and infiltration of flood water, it can effectively be utilized for irrigation apart from other uses.
Flood as all weather inland navigation:
Q.5) In spite of adverse environmental impact, coal mining is still inevitable for development”. Discuss
Source: https://www.civilsdaily.com/2017/08/18/
Hints:
However, despite numerous ill impacts, coal is inevitable for India’s development which is also emphasized by SC of India.
Hints:
Industrial Revolution:
Trade policies of Britishers:
Introduction of Railways:
Other Reasons:
Hints:
New Objectives got added to India’s freedom movement:
Conclusion:
Source: https://www.civilsdaily.com/self-help-groups/
Hints:
Role of SHGs in developmental activities:
Measures taken by Govt. of India in order to promote SHGs:
Q.9) Conflict of interest in the public sector arises when
(a) official duties,
(b) public interest, and
(c) personal interest
are taking priority one above the other.
How can this conflict in administration be resolved? Describe with an example.
Hints:
There are two approaches in resolving the Conflict of Interest in administration:
Q.10) Examine the relevance of the following in the context of civil service:
(a) Transparency
(b) Accountability
(c) Fairness and justice
(d) Courage of conviction
(e) Spirit of service
Hints:
Transparency:
Accountability:
Fairness and Justice:
Courage of conviction:
Spirit of Service:
Q.11) You are an honest and responsible civil servant. You often observe the following:
(a) There is a general perception that adhering to ethical conduct one may face difficulties to oneself and cause problems for the family, whereas unfair practices may help to reach the career goals.
(b) When the number of people adopting unfair means is large, a small minority having a penchant towards ethical means makes no difference.
(c) Sticking to ethical means is detrimental to the larger developmental goals
(d) While one may not involve oneself in large unethical practices, but giving and accepting small gifts makes the system more efficient.
Examine the above statements with their merits and demerits.
What would you have done in such a situation? Justify your action