Human Rights Issues

The issue of genocide and the world court

op-ed snap | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Important International Institutions

Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:
Prelims level: Erga Omnes Obligation
Mains level: rules-based international order
Central Idea:

The article discusses the legal proceedings at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) initiated by South Africa against Israel, alleging violations of the Genocide Convention in the conduct of military operations in Gaza. The international legal context, arguments presented by both sides, and potential provisional measures are highlighted.

Key Highlights:
- South Africa’s legal action against Israel based on the Genocide Convention.
- Debate and international reactions to the case, with Bangladesh and Jordan supporting South Africa, and Germany supporting Israel.
- The significance of provisional measures in protecting rights before a final determination.
- Challenges in proving the specific intent for genocide and contrasting arguments from South Africa and Israel.
- Potential outcomes and the broader context of international law legitimacy.
Key Challenges:
- Demonstrating specific intent for genocide.
- Varying international reactions and political divisions.
- Crafting effective provisional measures acceptable to both parties.
- Addressing the split between formerly colonial powers and others in international law opinions.
Key Terms:
- Genocide Convention: An international treaty prohibiting acts committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group.
- Provisional Measures: Interim orders issued by a court to protect rights pending a final determination of a case.
- Erga Omnes Obligation: The obligation of states to take action to prevent genocide, a duty owed to the international community as a whole.
- Dolus Specialis: Specific intent required to establish the crime of genocide.
- International Criminal Court (ICC): An international tribunal that prosecutes individuals for the international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes.
- Rules-Based International Order: A system where international relations are governed by agreed-upon rules and principles.
Key Phrases:
- “Provisional measures” as interim orders.
- “Erga omnes obligation” for states to prevent genocide.
- “Dolus specialis” indicating specific intent for genocide.
- “Rules-based international order” questioned by the proceedings.
Key Quotes:
- “Provisional measures are issued pending the final determination of a case.”
- “The split seems to track the divide between formerly colonial or imperial powers and others.”
- “The legitimacy of international law itself is at stake.”
Key Statements:
- South Africa’s claim based on being unrelated to the conflict but having an obligation to prevent genocide.
- Israel’s defense focused on the absence of a dispute and the multiple interpretations of statements.
- International law viewed as invented by the imperial “West.”
Key Examples and References:
- The Gambia versus Myanmar case.
- Germany’s contrasting positions in different legal cases.
- Alleged genocidal statements by Israeli politicians echoed by soldiers on TikTok.
Key Facts:
- December 29, 2023: South Africa initiates ICJ proceedings against Israel.
- January 11-12, 2024: ICJ hearing on provisional measures.
- 24,000-plus deaths in Gaza during the present war.
- Destruction of civilian infrastructure in Gaza.
- Germany’s intervention in The Gambia versus Myanmar case.
Key Data:
- Data includes 24,000-plus deaths in Gaza during the present war and destruction of civilian infrastructure in Gaza.
Critical Analysis:

The article critically examines the challenges of proving genocide, the international split in opinions, and questions the legitimacy of the “rules-based international order.” It underscores the broader implications of the ICJ’s decision on the perception of international law.

Way Forward:
- Await the ICJ’s ruling on provisional measures.
- Consider potential alternatives for provisional measures, such as a humanitarian ceasefire or facilitating resource entry into Gaza.
- Observe how nation-states respond to the ICJ’s decision and its impact on international law legitimacy.
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How Basic Structure doctrine became one of the strongest safeguards for Indian democracy

op-ed snap | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution – historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure

Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:
Prelims level: Kesavananda Bharati case
Mains level: relevance and importance of the Basic Structure doctrine in maintaining a balance of power in a democracy
Central Idea:

The article underscores the significance of the Kesavananda Bharati case in Indian constitutional history, highlighting how it established a crucial safeguard against potential tyranny and dictatorship. The case introduced the concept of the Basic Structure doctrine, asserting that even constitutional amendments passed by a parliamentary majority could be declared unconstitutional if they violated the fundamental principles integral to the Indian Constitution.

Key Highlights:
- The Kesavananda Bharati case marked a turning point by introducing the Basic Structure doctrine, preventing the constitutionalization of gross aberrations or tyranny through amendments.
- The Basic Structure doctrine empowers the judiciary to act as a check against potential misuse of power by the majority, safeguarding democracy.
- The article traces the evolution of this doctrine from earlier cases, such as Shankari Prasad, Sajjan Singh, and Golaknath, leading up to the Kesavananda Bharati judgment.
Key Challenges:
- The Basic Structure doctrine has faced challenges from those seeking to dilute or ignore its significance, posing a threat to the enduring democratic principles it upholds.
- The potential for misuse or misinterpretation of the Basic Structure doctrine could lead to controversies and confrontations in politics and governance.
Key Terms:
- Basic Structure: The fundamental principles and core features of the Indian Constitution that cannot be altered by constitutional amendments.
- Parliamentary Majority: The voting majority in the Parliament required to pass constitutional amendments.
- Constitutional Amendments: Changes made to the constitution, often requiring a special majority in the Parliament.
Key Phrases:
- “Basic Structure makes it impossible to constitutionalize gross aberrations.”
- “Anti-majoritarian safeguards”: Mechanisms in place to protect against the potential tyranny of the majority in a democracy.
Key Quotes:
- “Even a constitutional amendment can be declared unconstitutional if it violates the Basic Structure.”
- “The power of amendment… does not include the power to abrogate the Constitution.”
Anecdotes:
- The unsavoury episode of Chief Justice A N Ray attempting to unilaterally review the Kesavananda Bharati judgment in 1975 is highlighted, adding drama to the historical significance of the case.
- The description of Nani Palkhivala’s arguments as “divinity speaking through him” during the case adds a personal touch to the historical narrative.
Key Statements:
- “The highest bulwark of such safeguards is the Indian Constitution.”
- “Long live Basic Structure, despite the attempt of constitutional pygmies to jettison, dilute or ignore it.”
Key Examples and References:
- Reference to the Shankari Prasad, Sajjan Singh, and Golaknath cases to illustrate the evolution of the Basic Structure doctrine.
- Mention of the 24th to 26th constitutional amendments enacted in 1971 to overrule specific judgments and provide context to the Kesavananda Bharati case.
Key Facts and Data:
- The Kesavananda Bharati case involved 703 pages of judgment spread over 11 judicial opinions, making it India’s longest argued case with the largest bench.
- The Golaknath case in 1967 had a 6-5 majority holding the entire Part 3 of the Constitution unamendable.
Critical Analysis:

The article presents a critical analysis of the Kesavananda Bharati case, highlighting its significance as a safeguard against potential misuse of power. It underscores the importance of the Basic Structure doctrine in preserving democratic principles and preventing constitutional aberrations.

Way Forward:
- Emphasize the continued relevance and importance of the Basic Structure doctrine in maintaining a balance of power in a democracy.
- Advocate for a nuanced understanding and application of the doctrine to ensure its integrity while addressing any legitimate concerns about its misuse.
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Industrial Sector Updates – Industrial Policy, Ease of Doing Business, etc.

The truth about India’s booming toy exports

op-ed snap | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Issues relating growth and development, employment

Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:
Prelims level: Non-tariff barriers (NBTs). Quality control order (QCO)
Mains level: success of 'Make in India' policies in the toy industry
Central Idea:

The article discusses India’s toy industry’s recent shift to net exports, attributing the success to protectionist measures under the ‘Make in India’ initiative. It raises questions about the efficacy of these policies and calls for a public release of an officially sponsored research study by the Indian Institute of Management Lucknow (IIM-L) to facilitate a more informed policy discussion.

Key Highlights:
- Between 2014-15 and 2022-23, India’s toy exports increased significantly, turning the country into a net exporter, while imports declined.
- An unpublished IIM-L case study, sponsored by DPIIT, credits the export success to promotional efforts under ‘Make in India.’
- The article questions the reported success and analyzes official statistics to understand the factors behind the industry’s turnaround.
Key Challenges:
- Lack of transparency regarding the IIM-L case study, creating ambiguity about the actual impact of ‘Make in India’ on the toy industry.
- Concerns about the sustainability of protectionist measures and the potential for “rent-seeking” behavior in the absence of complementary policies.
- The decline in labor productivity and other indicators in the toy industry despite protectionist measures.
Key Terms:
- ‘Make in India’ initiative.
- Net exports (exports minus imports).
- Protectionism.
- Non-tariff barriers (NBTs).
- Quality control order (QCO).
- Annual Survey of Industries (ASI).
- Fixed capital per worker.
- Gross value of output.
Key Phrases:
- “Turnaround in the labour-intensive industry.”
- “Rising protectionism since 2020-21.”
- “Infant industry argument.”
- “Learning by doing.”
- “Virtuous circle of expanding domestic capabilities.”
Key Quotes:
- “India has turned into a net toys exporter since 2020-21. ‘Make in India’ policies made it possible.”
- “Perhaps the IIM-L’s study uses different evidence to buttress its contention.”
- “Rising tariff and non-tariff barriers have made it possible.”
Key Statements:
- The article questions the correlation between ‘Make in India’ policies and the reported success in the toy industry.
- Concerns are raised about the impact of protectionism on the industry’s long-term competitiveness.
- Calls for transparency and public release of the IIM-L case study to facilitate informed policy discussions.
Key Examples and References:
- Reference to the tripled customs duty on toys in February 2020 and the imposition of non-tariff barriers since January 2021.
- Mention of the decline in labor productivity and other indicators in the toy industry despite protectionist measures.
Key Facts and Data:
- Toy exports increased significantly between 2014-15 and 2022-23, making India a net exporter.
- The trade balance for toys turned positive in 2020-21 after a gap of 23 years.
- Customs duty on toys was raised to 70% in March 2023.
Critical Analysis:
- The article critically examines the reported success of ‘Make in India’ policies in the toy industry, emphasizing the role of protectionism.
- Concerns are raised about the sustainability of protectionist measures and the need for complementary policies to enhance domestic capabilities.
- The decline in labor productivity challenges the notion that protectionism has led to improved industry competitiveness.
Way Forward:
- Advocate for transparency by making the IIM-L case study public to inform meaningful policy discussions.
- Emphasize the need for a comprehensive policy approach, combining protectionism with investment policies and infrastructure development.
- Encourage a dialogue on the long-term impact of protectionist measures on the toy industry’s competitiveness and the potential for “rent-seeking” behavior.
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Start-up Ecosystem In India

The need to overhaul a semiconductor scheme

op-ed snap | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Indigenization Of Technology

Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:
Prelims level: Semiconductor Fabless Accelerator Lab (SFAL)
Mains level: Semiconductor global value chain (GVC)
Central Idea:

The Semiconductor Design-Linked Incentive (DLI) scheme in India, designed to foster semiconductor design capabilities, faces challenges due to limited results and structural issues. The article suggests a comprehensive revamp, addressing key challenges, emphasizing the importance of the design ecosystem, and proposing a shift in focus to cultivate indigenous semiconductor design capabilities.

Key Highlights:
- The DLI scheme, part of the $10 billion Semicon India Program, has approved only seven start-ups, falling significantly short of the target to support 100 over five years.
- India’s semiconductor strategy aims to reduce dependence on imports, build supply chain resilience, and leverage its comparative advantage in chip design.
- The article underscores the need to prioritize the design stage for stimulating India’s semiconductor industry.
Key Challenges:
- The DLI scheme has witnessed lackluster results and low participation.
- Barriers include restrictions on foreign funding and ownership for beneficiary start-ups.
- Modest incentives and a challenging funding landscape impede semiconductor start-ups in India.
- Concerns are raised about the nodal agency’s role, posing potential conflicts of interest.
Key Terms:
- Semiconductor Design-Linked Incentive (DLI) scheme.
- Semiconductor global value chain (GVC).
- Foundry and assembly stages of the semiconductor GVC.
- Electronic design automation (EDA) tools.
- Production-Linked Incentive schemes.
- Semiconductor Fabless Accelerator Lab (SFAL).
- India Semiconductor Mission.
Key Phrases:
- “Cultivate semiconductor design capabilities.”
- “Build supply chain resilience.”
- “Delink ownership from semiconductor design development.”
- “Shift focus to facilitate design capabilities for a wide array of chips.”
- “Revise policy to boost financial stability and provide global exposure.”
Key Quotes:
- “Stimulating the design ecosystem is less capital-intensive than foundry and assembly stages.”
- “The primary aim should be to cultivate semiconductor design capabilities in India.”
- “Enhance the financial outlay of the scheme substantially to support this policy shift.”
Key Statements:
- The article critiques the DLI scheme for its limited results and highlights barriers hindering effectiveness.
- Challenges faced by semiconductor start-ups, including funding issues and policy restrictions, are discussed.
- The need for a revamped DLI scheme, focusing on broader objectives and increased financial support, is emphasized.
Key Examples and References:
- Reference to the Karnataka government’s Semiconductor Fabless Accelerator Lab (SFAL) as a potential model for an implementing agency.
- Mention of the Union government’s recent statement emphasizing the importance of “India-designed chips.”
Facts and Data:
- Only seven start-ups approved under the DLI scheme, significantly below the target of supporting 100.
- Modest incentives under the DLI scheme, capped at ₹15 Crore for Product DLI and ₹30 Crore for Deployment Linked Incentive.
- The Semiconductor Design-Linked Incentive (DLI) scheme is a part of India’s $10 billion Semicon India Program.
Critical Analysis:
- The article critically evaluates the current DLI scheme, emphasizing the need for a more comprehensive and effective approach.
- Concerns about the nodal agency’s role and potential conflicts of interest are highlighted.
- The article stresses the significance of cultivating indigenous semiconductor design capabilities in India for sustained success.
Way Forward:
- Revise the DLI scheme to delink ownership, enhance financial incentives, and broaden the focus on semiconductor design capabilities.
- Consider a new implementing agency, such as the Semiconductor Fabless Accelerator Lab (SFAL), for a more effective approach.
- Emphasize the importance of cultivating indigenous semiconductor design capabilities in India for long-term success.
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Coal and Mining Sector

Fired up and plugged in

op-ed snap | International Relations | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:
Prelims level: COP-28:
Mains level: indigenize supply chains for clean energy
Central Idea:

India aims to balance economic growth and environmental concerns as it strives to become the fastest-growing economy, focusing on decarbonizing the power sector, ensuring development, and securing energy needs. Coal remains crucial, but strategies involve managing existing assets, enhancing coal fleet flexibility, incentivizing energy storage, and promoting domestic manufacturing of renewable energy technologies.

Key Highlights:
- India is actively involved in climate action, reducing fossil fuel subsidies, and planning a threefold increase in renewable power capacity by 2030.
- Coal, despite being essential, is slated to persist until India attains developed country status.
- Strategies include better managing thermal plant outages, increasing coal fleet flexibility, incentivizing energy storage, and promoting domestic clean energy manufacturing.
Key Challenges:
- Balancing economic growth with the imperative to phase down unabated coal.
- Uncertainty in predicting India’s coal reliance due to rising electricity demand.
- Adapting existing coal plants for flexibility in integrating renewable energy.
- Compensating entities for energy storage services and boosting domestic value and job creation in clean energy.
Key Terms:
- COP-28: The 28th Conference of the Parties, relevant to global climate change negotiations.
- Unabated Coal: Coal burning without a reduction in carbon emissions.
- Renewable Power Generation: Electricity from sustainable sources like wind, solar, and hydropower.
- Atmanirbhar: A Hindi term signifying self-reliance, commonly used in promoting domestic manufacturing.
Key Phrases:
- “Decarbonizing the power sector while ensuring economic development and energy security.”
- “Reducing overall fossil fuel subsidies” and “tripling installed renewable power generation capacity by 2030.”
- “Managing thermal plant outages during peak demand periods.”
- “Increasing the flexibility of the existing coal fleet to integrate more renewable energy into the grid.”
- “Indigenizing supply chains for battery storage and renewable energy technologies.”
Key Quotes:
- “India has reduced overall fossil fuel subsidies by 76% between FY14 and FY22.”
- “Coal will remain a vital energy source until India reaches the status of a developed country.”
- “Entities deploying batteries must be compensated for the value they bring to grid operation.”
- “Boosting domestic value and job creation in clean energy will mitigate concerns associated with disruptions in the global supply chain.”
Key Statements:
- “To keep the economy powered while decarbonizing, India must use existing assets better and invest in energy storage capabilities.”
- “Improving availability and utilization of existing plants can mitigate the need for investments in new thermal assets.”
- “Indigenizing supply chains for clean energy will support exports and domestic value additions, mitigating concerns of global supply chain disruptions.”
Key Examples and References:
- “In 2023, coal-based power plants in India witnessed unplanned outages during peak demand days.”
- “The PLI scheme committed funds to solar manufacturing, supporting domestic value additions.”
Key Facts and Data:
- “India reduced overall fossil fuel subsidies by 76% between FY14 and FY22.”
- “India produced coal worth substantial amounts in FY22, providing significant revenues to the government.”
- “The PLI scheme committed funds to solar manufacturing, supporting potential domestic value addition.”
Critical Analysis:
- The article underscores the tension between economic growth and environmental concerns in India’s energy strategy.
- Emphasizing strategies for managing existing assets and enhancing coal fleet flexibility reflects a pragmatic approach to the transition to renewables.
- Highlighting the importance of incentivizing energy storage services and promoting domestic manufacturing underscores the need for a comprehensive and sustainable energy policy.
Way Forward:
- Prioritize transparent assessments of long-term opportunity costs of conventional power sources.
- Focus on affordable electricity for all segments of the economy.
- Build on the success of the PLI scheme to further indigenize supply chains for clean energy.
- Implement policies encouraging flexibility in the coal fleet and compensating entities for energy storage services.
- Continue investing in renewable energy and storage technologies to align with global decarbonization commitments while ensuring energy security.
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One Nation, One Election: Prospects and Challenges

The idea of one nation, one election is against federalism

op-ed snap | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Representation Of People’s Act

Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:
Prelims level: S.R. Bommai case
Mains level: potential consequences of One Nation, One Election
Central Idea:

The article discusses the formation and potential implications of the ‘High Level Committee on One Nation, One Election’ set up by the Union Government in September 2023. It delves into the reasons for and against the concept, focusing on the financial aspects and governance downtime. The author raises legal concerns, particularly regarding the constitutional autonomy of states, linguistic bias in consultations, and the role of the Election Commission. The looming possibility of a constitutional showdown in the Supreme Court is emphasized, drawing parallels with the U.S. case of Baker v. Carr.

Key Highlights:
- Formation of the ‘High Level Committee on One Nation, One Election’ chaired by former President Ramnath Kovind.
- Reasons supporting the concept include reducing election expenses and minimizing governance downtime caused by the Model Code of Conduct.
- Opposition argues that democratic processes, including elections and the Model Code of Conduct, are essential for a functioning democracy.
- Legal concerns raised, citing potential violation of state autonomy and constitutional provisions, particularly as stated in the S.R. Bommai case.
- The linguistic bias in consultations, with the committee’s website available only in English and Hindi, is highlighted.
- The Election Commission’s seemingly passive role and lack of involvement in the process are questioned.
Key Challenges:
- Constitutional and legal concerns regarding the potential alteration of the duration of State Legislative Assemblies.
- Linguistic bias in consultations, limiting the inclusivity of the decision-making process.
- Potential compromise of the Election Commission’s independence and autonomy.
- Balancing financial considerations with the fundamental principles of democracy.
- The challenge of ensuring a fair and unbiased decision-making process amid political interests.
Key Terms and Phrases:
- One Nation, One Election
- High Level Committee
- Model Code of Conduct
- S.R. Bommai case
- Constitutional autonomy
- Governance downtime
- Baker v. Carr moment
- Linguistic bias
- Election Commission
- Constitutional showdown
Key Quotes:
- “The cost of holding free and fair elections… is a price that can never be high.”
- “The introduction of a common election process would necessarily require alteration of the existing duration of a number of State Legislatures.”
- “Similar to demonetisation, when the Reserve Bank of India was kept in the dark, the Election Commission seems to be a silent spectator.”
Key Statements:
- “The Supreme Court would be called upon to determine the ultimate fate of Indian democracy.”
- “The potential alteration of the duration of State Legislatures would be anti-federal and unconstitutional.”
- “The stage is set for a constitutional showdown in the not-too-distant future.”
Key Examples and References:
- Baker v. Carr case in the U.S. as a reference for the potential role of the Supreme Court in a constitutional showdown.
- Comparison with demonetization to highlight concerns about the Election Commission’s apparent lack of involvement.
Key Facts and Data:
- The estimated cost of the 2014 general elections was ₹3,870 crore.
- The High Level Committee’s website is available only in English and Hindi.
Critical Analysis:

The article critically examines the potential consequences of One Nation, One Election, questioning its feasibility and highlighting legal and constitutional concerns. It underscores the importance of democratic processes and the need for the Supreme Court to play a pivotal role in preserving India’s constitutional architecture.

Way Forward:
- Ensure comprehensive and inclusive consultations in multiple languages to address linguistic bias.
- Strengthen the autonomy of the Election Commission and ensure its active participation in decision-making processes.
- Balance financial considerations with the preservation of democratic principles.
- Address legal concerns, particularly those related to state autonomy and constitutional provisions.
- Encourage public discourse to raise awareness and engage citizens in the decision-making process.
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Tax Reforms

Tax contribution by States needs to be revisited

op-ed snap | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Federalism

Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:
Prelims level: 16th Finance Commission
Mains level: inclusion of tax contribution, particularly from Goods and Services Tax (GST) and petroleum consumption, as a significant efficiency indicator in the distribution formula used by Finance Commissions to allocate Union tax revenue among states.
Central Idea:

The article advocates for the inclusion of tax contribution, particularly from Goods and Services Tax (GST) and petroleum consumption, as a significant efficiency indicator in the distribution formula used by Finance Commissions to allocate Union tax revenue among states. The authors argue that these measures provide a fair and stable representation of a state’s economic contribution to the national exchequer.

Key Highlights:
- Finance Commissions play a crucial role in recommending the distribution of Union tax revenues among states.
- Historically, tax contribution had less weight in the distribution formula, but it was completely dropped since the 10th Finance Commission.
- The article contends that tax contribution, especially under the GST regime, is a reliable measure of efficiency, unlike other indicators like tax effort and fiscal discipline.
- The authors propose that GST and petroleum consumption, being stable and indicative of income, should be given a substantial weight in the distribution formula.
Key Challenges:
- Resistance from states that may perceive a potential shift in their shares based on tax contribution.
- The stability of indicators like tax effort and fiscal discipline is questioned, making it challenging to assign them higher weights.
- The need to ensure that the inclusion of tax contribution does not lead to unfair outcomes or discourage states from adopting progressive tax policies.
Key Terms:
- Goods and Services Tax (GST): A unified consumption-based destination tax equally divided between the State and Central governments.
- Tax Contribution: The amount of revenue generated by a state through taxes, considered as an efficiency indicator.
- Finance Commission: A body responsible for recommending the distribution of Union tax revenues among states in India.
Key Phrases:
- “Equity and efficiency in tax revenue transfers.”
- “Tax contribution as an efficiency indicator.”
- “GST and petroleum consumption as fair measures of states’ contributions to the national exchequer.”
Key Quotes:
- “Tax contribution is an efficiency indicator because a State’s level of development and economic structure decides its tax contribution.”
- “GST satisfies the criterion of stability in tax structure, making it an ideal efficiency indicator.”
- “There is a persuasive case for the 16th Finance Commission to debate and include these ratios as a measure of efficiency.”
Key Statements:
- “Since the 10th Finance Commission, tax contribution was dropped from the distribution formula.”
- “GST is a consumption-based destination tax that is equally divided between the State and Central governments.”
- “The Finance Commissions have always favored assigning more than 75% weight to equity indicators.”
Key Examples and References:
- The article references the 15th Finance Commission’s distribution formula, which included tax effort, fiscal discipline, and demographic performance.
- The stability of GST as an efficiency indicator is supported by calculations presented by the authors.
Key Facts:
- The share of personal and corporate income taxes is 64% in Central tax revenue in 2021-22.
- Finance Commissions historically assigned 10% to 20% weight to tax contribution in the distribution formula.
Key Data:
- The weightage of tax effort in the 15th Finance Commission’s distribution formula was 2.5%, with demographic performance receiving a weight of 12.5%.
- The recommended weight for equity indicators in the same formula was 85%.
Critical Analysis:

The article provides a compelling argument for the inclusion of tax contribution in the distribution formula, highlighting the stability and fairness of GST as an efficiency indicator. However, potential challenges such as resistance from states and the need for careful consideration to prevent unintended consequences are acknowledged.

Way Forward:

The authors suggest that the 16th Finance Commission should actively debate and consider including GST and petroleum consumption with a substantial weight in the distribution formula. This, they argue, would better represent states’ contributions to the national exchequer and promote efficiency in resource allocation.
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Higher Education – RUSA, NIRF, HEFA, etc.

Better use of technology needs free access

op-ed snap | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:
Prelims level: ASER 2023
Mains level: ASER 2023 report underscores the importance of smartphone ownership in shaping deeper access and skills, with a focus on gender disparities
Central Idea:

The Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2023 highlights the widespread access to smartphones among 14-18 year olds in India, emphasizing the ownership gap between boys and girls. While most youth can use smartphones for basic tasks, ownership significantly impacts the depth of access to information and services. The study suggests that motivation, often fueled by entertainment during the COVID-19 pandemic, drives learning technology skills. Gender disparities in smartphone ownership contribute to variations in online participation, especially in certain services. Access to devices without constraints promotes self-learning, as evidenced by an earlier Pratham experiment.

Key Highlights:

Widespread Smartphone Access: ASER 2023 reveals that 92% of surveyed 14-18 year olds in India know how to use a smartphone.

Ownership Disparities: Nearly half of boys own smartphones, while only 20% of girls possess one.

Impact on Skills: Ownership influences skills like using social media safety features, indicating deeper access and understanding.

Motivation and Learning: Motivation, driven by entertainment and the COVID-19 pandemic, plays a crucial role in acquiring smartphone skills.

Gender Disparities: Girls may show less participation in certain online activities, potentially due to social obstacles rather than technological barriers.

Educational Use: Regardless of ownership and gender, around 70% of youth report using phones for studies, but the impact on academic learning is unclear.

Key Challenges:

Gender Disparities in Ownership: The significant gap in smartphone ownership between boys and girls may limit girls’ access to certain online services and skills.

Social Obstacles: Girls may face social barriers that affect their participation in online activities and use of certain features.

Impact on Learning: The ASER 2023 report does not conclusively determine the impact of smartphone use on academic learning and performance.

Inequality in Skills: Ownership disparities contribute to differences in skill levels, particularly in tasks requiring ownership, such as sharing videos.

Key Terms and Phrases:

Smartphone Skills: Refers to the ability to effectively use and navigate smartphones, encompassing various tasks and applications.

Gender Disparities: Differences between boys and girls in terms of smartphone ownership, access, and skills.

Social Obstacles: Challenges related to societal norms and expectations that may hinder certain groups’ access to and use of technology.

Key Quotes:

“Access to a common smartphone can be described as basic, but owning a smart device is necessary for deeper access to information and services.”

“Motivation to use and learn new technology came during the COVID-19 pandemic.”

“Girls seem to show less participation than boys in certain online services, which may have more to do with social obstacles than technological barriers.”

Key Examples and References:

ASER 2023 Report: Provides comprehensive data on smartphone access, ownership, and skills among 14-18 year olds in India.

Pratham Experiment (2017): Demonstrates how children, given unfettered access to technology, can learn and adopt digital skills on their own.

Key Facts and Data:

92% of surveyed 14-18 year olds in India know how to use a smartphone.

Nearly half of boys and 20% of girls own smartphones.

Nearly 70% of youth, both boys and girls, report using phones for studies.

Critical Analysis:

Ownership Impact: Ownership of smartphones significantly influences the depth of access to information and services.

Motivation and Learning: Motivation, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, plays a pivotal role in driving self-learning of technology skills.

Gender Disparities: While access is widespread, gender disparities in ownership contribute to variations in online participation.

Way Forward:

Addressing Gender Disparities: Initiatives to bridge the gender gap in smartphone ownership and access.

Promoting Digital Literacy: Educational programs emphasizing digital literacy, especially for girls, to overcome social obstacles.

Integration into Education: Exploring ways to integrate smartphones into education to enhance learning opportunities.

Understanding Impact: Further research to understand the impact of smartphone use on academic learning and performance.

In summary, the ASER 2023 report underscores the importance of smartphone ownership in shaping deeper access and skills, with a focus on gender disparities. Motivation and overcoming social obstacles are crucial in promoting self-learning, and initiatives to address ownership gaps can contribute to a more inclusive digital landscape
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Foreign Policy Watch: India-Middle East

A revival of the IMEC idea amid choppy geopolitics

op-ed snap | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:
Prelims level: Suez Canal
Mains level: The Yemen conflict has seen an alarming erosion in the shipping industry’s confidence in the Suez Canal
Central Idea:

The article discusses the growing relevance of the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) in light of the Yemen conflict and its impact on the shipping industry’s confidence in the Suez Canal. The author highlights the potential challenges and geopolitical considerations for IMEC, emphasizing its significance for trade, infrastructure, and strategic partnerships.

Key Highlights:
- Shippers are considering alternative routes around Africa due to concerns about the Suez Canal’s reliability amid the Yemen conflict.
- IMEC gains importance as a viable alternative, connecting Saudi Arabia to Israel and potentially transforming trade routes.
- Challenges include geopolitical complexities, opposition from the Arab Street, and alternative proposals by countries like Turkey.
- Existing rail projects in the Middle East, such as Etihad Rail and GCC Railway, align with IMEC’s objectives, targeting ports like Fujairah and Jebel Ali.
- Hydrogen pipelines and containerization through rail and road are proposed components of IMEC, contributing to decarbonization and efficient trade.
Key Challenges:
- Geopolitical hurdles, especially after the Gaza war, may impact the implementation of IMEC.
- Opposition from the Arab Street and concerns about major trade links between Saudi Arabia and Israel pose challenges.
- Turkey’s proposed alternative route and its exclusion from IMEC could complicate regional dynamics.
- The uncertain political landscape and potential changes in U.S. leadership raise questions about the project’s future.
Key Terms/Phrases:
- India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC).
- Suez Canal.
- Yemen conflict.
- Gaza war.
- Geopolitics.
- Containerization.
- Hydrogen pipelines.
- Rail freight corridors.
- Decarbonization.
- Strategic partnerships.
Key Quotes:
- “The Yemen conflict has seen an alarming erosion in the shipping industry’s confidence in the Suez Canal.”
- “Critics of IMEC say the Arab Street would simply not allow any major trade link between Saudi Arabia and Israel.”
- “Turkey, which has been explicitly left out of IMEC, has already been expressive about its irritation.”
- “IMEC will be the sort of project that would sync with a business-focused Trump if he were to become President of the U.S. again.”
Key Statements:
- The Yemen conflict has raised concerns about the reliability of the Suez Canal, prompting consideration of alternative routes like IMEC.
- Geopolitical challenges and opposition from the Arab Street may impact the realization of IMEC.
- The exclusion of Turkey and uncertainties in U.S. leadership pose additional complexities for the project.
Key Examples and References:
- Etihad Rail and GCC Railway as existing rail projects aligning with IMEC.
- The Gaza war’s impact on the potential meeting for stakeholders to flesh out IMEC details.
- The Adani stake in Haifa port and its potential role in capacity expansion, drawing parallels with the Colombo deepwater container terminal.
Key Facts/Data:
- The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) aims to connect Al Haditha in Saudi to Haifa in Israel.
- Containerization through rail and road in IMEC is highlighted as a significant aspect for India’s trade goals.
- IMEC promises to cut delivery schedules by 40%, emphasizing efficiency in trade.
Critical Analysis:
- The article critically evaluates the geopolitical challenges and potential impediments to the successful implementation of IMEC.
- It discusses the impact of recent conflicts and political developments on the project’s feasibility.
- The inclusion of hydrogen pipelines and containerization as components of IMEC is analyzed in the context of global trends and India’s logistics goals.
Way Forward:
- Advocate for addressing geopolitical hurdles and building consensus among stakeholders for IMEC.
- Consider potential modifications to the project to accommodate geopolitical sensitivities, such as involving Turkey.
- Emphasize the importance of IMEC in the context of global trade, decarbonization, and efficiency, especially with changing political landscapes.
- Ensure that key stakeholders, including the U.S., European nations, and Saudi Arabia, remain committed to the project’s financing and implementation.
- Explore opportunities for collaboration and financing models, drawing from successful templates like the United States International Development Finance Corporation funding for the Colombo deepwater container terminal.
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Post Office Act, its unbridled powers of interception

op-ed snap | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Governance, Transparency & Accountability, Citizens Charters

Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:
Prelims level: Post Office Act
Mains level: Need of robust procedural safeguards in the Post Office Act, 2023, to prevent arbitrary use of interception powers
Central Idea:

The central idea of the article is the concern over the recently enacted Post Office Act, 2023 in India, and the potential threats it poses to privacy due to unchecked interception powers granted to post office authorities. The author also draws parallels with the Telecommunications Bill, 2023, highlighting the importance of procedural safeguards in interception-related legislation to prevent misuse of power by authorities.

Key Highlights:
- The Post Office Act, 2023, replacing the colonial-era Indian Post Office Act, is critiqued for lacking procedural safeguards and providing unchecked interception powers to post office authorities.
- Concerns are raised about the undefined term ’emergency’ and the absence of conditions for interception, leaving room for arbitrary use by authorities.
- The Telecommunications Bill, 2023, which replaces the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885, and the Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1933, is mentioned for its similar provisions on interception but with some procedural safeguards.
- Historical instances, such as the Supreme Court’s intervention in the People’s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) vs Union of India (1996) case, are referenced to emphasize the need for safeguards against arbitrary interception.
Key Challenges:
- Lack of procedural safeguards in the Post Office Act, 2023, leading to concerns about potential misuse of interception powers.
- Undefined terms like ’emergency’ in the legislation, creating ambiguity in the conditions for interception.
- Absence of provisions to hold authorities accountable for misuse of interception powers.
- The potential intrusion into individual privacy due to unchecked interception.
Key Terms/Phrases:
- Post Office Act, 2023.
- Indian Post Office Act, 1898.
- Telecommunications Bill, 2023.
- Indian Telegraph Act, 1885.
- Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1933.
- Information and Technology (IT) Act, 2000.
- Procedural safeguards.
- Unchecked interception powers.
- Right to privacy.
- Emergency conditions.
Key Quotes:
- “Unchecked powers of interception of any item by the post office authorities.”
- “The right to privacy is not lost if some personal items are entrusted to the post office for correspondence.”
- “The right to communication has been held to be a part of the right to privacy.”
- “The Constituent Assembly had not expressly resolved to reject the notion of the right to privacy.”
Key Statements:
- The Post Office Act, 2023, lacks procedural safeguards, raising concerns about potential misuse of interception powers.
- Undefined terms in the legislation create ambiguity regarding the conditions for interception.
- Historical legal interventions emphasize the need for safeguards against arbitrary interception.
Key Examples and References:
- People’s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) vs Union of India (1996) case.
- Distt. Registrar & Collector, Hyderabad & Anr vs Canara Bank (2005).
- Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) & Anr. vs Union of India & Ors. (2017).
- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966.
- Directive Principle 51(c) of the Constitution.
Key Facts/Data:
- Post Office Act, 2023, was enacted on December 24, 2023.
- The Indian Post Office Act, 1898, is a colonial-era legislation.
- The Telecommunications Bill, 2023, received the President’s assent on December 24, 2023.
- The Indian Telegraph Act, 1885, and the Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1933, are replaced by the Telecommunications Bill, 2023.
Critical Analysis:
- The article critically evaluates the potential threats to privacy posed by the lack of safeguards in the Post Office Act, 2023.
- Historical legal cases are cited to underscore the significance of procedural safeguards in interception-related legislation.
- The comparison with the Telecommunications Bill, 2023, highlights the importance of incorporating safeguards to prevent misuse of interception powers.
- The article stresses the need for accountability of authorities in case of misuse of interception powers.
Way Forward:
- Advocate for the inclusion of robust procedural safeguards in the Post Office Act, 2023, to prevent arbitrary use of interception powers.
- Clearly define terms like ’emergency’ in the legislation to avoid ambiguity.
- Ensure provisions for holding authorities accountable for any misuse of interception powers.
- Align legislation with constitutional principles, international conventions, and directive principles regarding the right to privacy.
- Consider historical legal interventions and lessons from past legislation, such as the Telecommunications Bill, 2023, to inform the development of interception-related laws.
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Type: op-ed snap