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Day: October 22, 2025

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Air Pollution

[22nd October 2025 ] The Hindu Op-ed: Unreliable air and noise data, real-time deception

op-ed snap | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

PYQ Relevance

[UPSC 2023] Describe the key points of the revised Global Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs) recently released by the WHO. How are these different from its last update in 2005? What changes in India’s National Clean Air Programme are required to achieve these revised standards?

Linkage: This PYQ directly links to the article’s focus on unreliable air quality data and weak monitoring under NCAP. Since pollution is a recurring UPSC theme, it highlights how aligning India’s policies with updated WHO standards demands scientific integrity and credible data.

Mentor’s Comment

When truth itself is blurred by flawed data, governance becomes an illusion. India’s air and noise monitoring systems, meant to be the foundation of environmental policy, are now under scrutiny for misleading the nation with inaccurate data. This is not just a story about malfunctioning sensors but about the collapse of scientific integrity, accountability, and public trust. The issue is no longer technical; it is constitutional, affecting citizens’ Right to Health and Life.

Why in the News

Two major failures in India’s environmental monitoring systems, Delhi’s Real-Time Air Pollution Network and Lucknow’s National Ambient Noise Monitoring Network, have exposed disturbing lapses in data integrity and governance. For the first time, even raw government data is being accused of misleading the public by understating pollution levels. Sensors placed in less polluted areas, faulty installations under tree cover, and outdated noise regulations have collectively raised alarm. This is significant because policy credibility, public health, and India’s global environmental reputation now stand compromised.

Introduction

Environmental governance in India has entered a critical phase. Despite massive investments and advanced technology, monitoring systems for air and noise pollution have failed to inspire confidence. When environmental data is unreliable, policies derived from it lose direction. As Delhi continues to suffocate under toxic smog and Lucknow’s soundscape exceeds permissible decibel levels, the larger question emerges — can real-time governance be meaningful when real-time data is deceptive?

Policy Built on Sand: When Data Loses Credibility

  1. Flawed Sensors: Multiple audits, including the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) report, reveal that several air-quality sensors in Delhi are placed behind walls or under tree cover, leading to inaccurate readings.
  2. Misleading Reports: Delhi’s official Air Quality Index (AQI) often shows “moderate” levels even as citizens gasp through toxic smog, undermining public trust.
  3. Governance Crisis: When data itself is unreliable, policy decisions on stubble burning, vehicular restrictions, and industrial emissions lose legitimacy.
  4. International Impact: Weak monitoring erodes India’s credibility under the Paris Agreement and WHO Air Quality Standards.

Sound of Silence: Noise Monitoring Failure in Lucknow

  1. Defective Network: Lucknow’s National Ambient Noise Monitoring Network fails to record accurate decibel levels; sensors are either malfunctioning or poorly calibrated.
  2. Outdated Regulation: India continues to rely on the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000, which are inadequate and below WHO standards.
  3. Weak Enforcement: Penalties are minor, compliance is poor, and urban noise remains unregulated, especially around airports and religious places.
  4. Constitutional Concern: The Supreme Court recently transferred pleas on noise around Delhi Airport to the NGT, acknowledging that noise is a public health and fundamental rights issue under Articles 19 and 21.

Science or Spectacle: Technology Without Transparency

  1. Spectacle over Substance: Governments deploy shiny monitoring hardware but ignore scientific calibration and audits.
  2. Opacity in Data: Citizens are misled when real-time pollution data is selectively downplayed to show moderate levels.
  3. Public Deception: Misleading indices delay judicial intervention and suppress citizen voices demanding clean air.
  4. Democratic Erosion: Governance becomes a contest between citizens and industries, with flawed numbers protecting inaction.

The Human Cost: Health and Life Expectancy

  1. Health Impact: Exposure to NO₂ and PM2.5 not only weakens lungs but also accelerates myopia and aggravates asthma in children.
  2. Data from Reports: The Air Quality Life Index (Energy Policy Institute) shows that if Delhi met WHO air standards, life expectancy would rise by 8.2 years.
  3. National Toll: Across India, air pollution cuts life expectancy by nearly 5 years, making this a silent epidemic.
  4. Flawed Data = Lost Lives: When monitoring fails, policies fail, and citizens continue to breathe poison unknowingly.

Restoring Credibility: Science as the Foundation

  1. Independent Oversight: India lacks an independent audit panel for environmental monitoring, unlike global norms.
  2. Enforcement Gaps: Though CPCB has clear guidelines on sensor location and calibration, implementation remains lax.
  3. Need for Citizen Oversight: Making raw data publicly accessible and encouraging third-party audits will restore trust.
  4. Beyond Bureaucracy: Environmental monitoring should be treated not as a formality, but as a scientific and ethical duty.

Conclusion

India’s real-time air and noise monitoring crisis is a wake-up call. The credibility of environmental governance rests not on political optics but on scientific truth. Without transparent data and independent audits, policies lose legitimacy and citizens lose trust. The real cost is borne not in GDP but in children’s lungs and sleepless nights. Science, integrity, and public accountability must anchor India’s environmental data revolution, else we risk turning real-time monitoring into real-time deception.

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Rural Distress, Farmer Suicides, Drought Measures

Can rural education stop youth migration?

Explained | Indian Society | Mains Paper 1: Social Empowerment

Why in the News

India stands at a demographic crossroads. According to the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) 2020–21, nearly 29% of India’s population are migrants, with 89% hailing from rural areas. Over half of these migrants are aged 15–25, indicating that the nation’s most productive youth are leaving villages in search of livelihood. This is a turning point in India’s development trajectory, education, once seen as a ladder out of poverty, has lost its power to insulate youth from migration pressures. The mismatch between education and employment, coupled with the pandemic-driven reverse migration, has sparked urgent questions: Can India reimagine rural education and economies to retain its young talent?

Introduction

Migration has long shaped India’s economic and social fabric. But what was once seen as a path to progress is now exposing deep cracks in India’s development model. The migration of rural youth to urban centres reflects unmet aspirations, inadequate rural opportunities, and disillusionment with the promise of education.

The Covid-19 pandemic acted as a brutal reminder, as nearly 40 million workers were forced to return home during the first lockdown. It exposed the vulnerability of India’s informal urban workforce and, simultaneously, revealed the untapped potential of rural revitalization.

Rethinking the Roots of Migration

  1. Structural Imbalance: Migration is not purely about aspiration; it arises from rural distress and uneven regional development.
  2. Labour Force Data: PLFS data shows rural India continues to be the main supplier of labour, not a site of dignified livelihood.
  3. Educational Mismatch: Graduates are increasingly unemployed, revealing a disconnect between degrees and employable skills.

Why is Education Failing to Prevent Migration?

  1. Broken Linkage: Education no longer guarantees employment. Youth with degrees often find no dignified jobs in their hometowns.
  2. Graduate Unemployment: India’s expansion of higher education hasn’t translated into job creation, instead, it has produced educated unemployment.
  3. Informal Urban Absorption: About 49% of youth migrants work as daily wage labourers and 39% as industrial workers, mostly on temporary contracts.
  4. Gender Disparity: While 86.8% of women migrate for marriage, most men migrate for work, reflecting limited female labour participation despite mobility.

Pandemic: A Mirror to Rural Vulnerabilities

  1. Mass Exodus: Nearly 40 million workers returned home in 2020 (RBI, 2020), exposing the fragility of India’s urban informal economy.
  2. Urban Fragility: Cities like Delhi, Mumbai, and Bengaluru struggle with slums, pollution, waste, and overcrowding.
  3. Gendered Impact: Young women were more likely to lose jobs and slower to regain them (ILO, 2021), deepening gender inequality.

Reverse Migration: Stories of Hope and Resilience

  1. Agricultural Revival: Agriculture showed unexpected resilience, with a 39% increase in sown area in 2020 as returning workers revived farmlands.
  2. Success Stories:
    • Balaram Mahadev Bandagale (Raigad, Maharashtra) diversified into mango orchards using irrigation schemes, now earning higher income.
    • Chandrakant Pawar, once a migrant worker, returned to dairy farming and became Sarpanch, a symbol of empowered reverse migration.
  3. These examples highlight the potential of self-reliant rural ecosystems driven by local enterprise and education.

How Can Rural India Retain Its Youth?

  1. Diversified Rural Employment: Beyond agriculture, India needs to expand into dairy, poultry, food processing, handicrafts, rural logistics, renewable energy, and tourism.
  2. Rural Entrepreneurship: Government schemes like Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana, Start-Up India, and FPO expansion can empower youth — but need integration and youth-focused redesign.
  3. Digital & Renewable Energy Jobs:
    • Solar panel maintenance, microgrid operations, and biofuel units can create decentralized jobs.
    • Digital infrastructure is essential to bridge divides and enable e-commerce, telemedicine, and remote work.
  4. Agri & Eco-Tourism: Leveraging local ecology and culture can create sustainable livelihoods rooted in community pride.

Changing the Narrative: Migration as a Choice, Not Compulsion

  1. Breaking Stigma: Returning to villages must not be equated with failure. Reverse migrants should be portrayed as innovators, not dropouts.
  2. Portable Social Protection: Schemes for health, education, and pensions should be location-independent, following the worker wherever they go.
  3. Balanced Urban–Rural Growth: Development must prioritize equitable access to education, digital infrastructure, and markets in rural India.

Conclusion

India’s youth migration crisis is not merely about movement, it’s about meaning. It questions what development truly offers and whether education still promises empowerment. The path forward lies in integrating rural education with employable skills, expanding decentralized job ecosystems, and redefining success beyond cities. If India invests in its rural potential, migration will no longer be a story of escape, it will become a story of choice, dignity, and empowerment.

PYQ Relevance

[UPSC 2024] Why do large cities tend to attract more migrants than smaller towns? Discuss in the light of conditions in developing countries.

Linkage: This PYQ directly links with the article’s theme by highlighting how rural distress, weak educational–employment linkages, and uneven regional development push youth towards cities. It reflects the same structural imbalance where urban centres appear as opportunity hubs while villages remain economically stagnant.

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Foreign Policy Watch: India-Afghanistan

Turning Tides: Pakistan-Afghanistan Tensions

Explained | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: India & Its Neighborhood - Relations

Introduction

When the Taliban recaptured Kabul in August 2021, Pakistan perceived it as a strategic victory after two decades of covert support to the insurgents. However, the celebration was short-lived. Four years later, Pakistan faces an unprecedented internal security crisis, with over 2,400 people killed in militancy-related violence in 2025 alone. The rise of the Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and recent Pakistani airstrikes on Kabul (October 2025) signal a dangerous escalation — and a stark reversal of the country’s long-standing policy of using non-state actors as strategic assets.

Why in the News?

For the first time, Pakistan bombed Kabul, directly targeting militants across the Afghan border. This marks a major policy shift, as Islamabad traditionally treated the Taliban as an ally and buffer against India. The strikes came while Afghan Foreign Minister Amir Khan Muttaqi was visiting India, adding a symbolic twist to regional alignments. The scale of violence, with over 2,414 deaths this year, underscores the depth of Pakistan’s internal crisis and its failure to control militancy in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. This development has drawn comparisons to India’s own doctrine of cross-border strikes, raising questions about whether Pakistan is now borrowing from a playbook it once condemned.

The Illusion of Strategic Depth

  1. Taliban Patronage: Pakistan’s military establishment nurtured the Afghan Taliban for decades, offering refuge and logistical support during their insurgency against the U.S.-backed Afghan government.
  2. Strategic Depth Doctrine: Islamabad’s rationale was to create a friendly regime in Kabul that could serve as a buffer against India and offer “strategic depth” in case of war.
  3. Backfiring Reality: Instead, the Taliban’s rise empowered the TTP, an ideologically aligned but operationally separate entity, turning Pakistan’s proxy into its nemesis.

How the Taliban’s Return Changed the Equation

  1. End of Patron-Client Relationship: Once in power, the Taliban sought state-to-state relations, not subservience to Pakistan’s military agenda.
  2. Durand Line Dispute: Kabul never recognized the Durand Line, reigniting border tensions that colonial history had left unresolved.
  3. TTP Empowerment: Inspired by the Afghan Taliban’s triumph, the TTP now demands enforcement of strict Islamic law and reversal of the merger of tribal areas with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
  4. Refugee Crisis: Pakistan’s decision to deport thousands of Afghan refugees further worsened ties, adding a humanitarian dimension to political hostility.

Pakistan’s New Doctrine: Borrowing from India?

  1. Airstrikes as Deterrence: By bombing Kabul, Pakistan appears to be testing a new counter-terrorism strategy, directly holding Afghanistan responsible for cross-border militant attacks.
  2. India Parallel: The move is reminiscent of India’s 2016 and 2019 strikes on Pakistani territory after terror attacks in Uri and Pulwama.
  3. Diplomatic Irony: The timing, coinciding with the Afghan FM’s India visit, highlights shifting regional equations where India engages diplomatically, and Pakistan responds militarily.

The Security Crisis within Pakistan

  1. Rising Violence: The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province has become the epicenter of TTP-led insurgency.
  2. Contradictory Policy: Pakistan’s dual policy of fighting terrorism while nurturing militants targeting its neighbors has eroded domestic stability.
  3. Blowback Effect: Militancy now threatens Pakistan’s political order, economic recovery, and regional credibility.
  4. Qatar-Brokered Ceasefire: A fragile truce mediated by Qatar hints at the international community’s anxiety over a new South Asian flashpoint.

Why Pakistan’s Strategy is Self-Defeating

  1. Cycle of Violence: Airstrikes may offer short-term political gains but deepen long-term instability.
  2. Internal vs External Conflict: Pakistan’s greatest threat now emanates from within its borders, not across them.
  3. Loss of Moral Credibility: Its past of backing non-state actors undercuts its legitimacy when accusing others of the same.
  4. Strategic Isolation: Continued conflict risks alienating even traditional allies like China and Gulf states, who seek regional stability.

Conclusion

Pakistan’s experiment with militant patronage has collapsed under its own contradictions. The strategic depth doctrine that once defined its Afghan policy has morphed into a strategic liability. Peace in Pakistan cannot be achieved through bombs over Kabul, but through a coherent internal reform of its security, political, and ideological ecosystem. As the editorial aptly concludes, “Pakistan cannot ensure internal security by bombing Afghanistan.”

PYQ Relevance

[UPSC 2013] The proposed withdrawal of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) from Afghanistan in 2014 is fraught with major security implications for the countries of the region. Examine in light of the fact that India is faced with a plethora of challenges and needs to safeguard its own strategic interests.

Linkage: The 2013 PYQ and this 2025 editorial both explore the Afghan theatre as a pivot of regional security, then, in anticipation of instability; now, in its full manifestation. Both are invaluable for analysing India’s neighbourhood policy, counter-terror strategy, and regional diplomacy in the post-US Afghanistan order.

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Poverty Eradication – Definition, Debates, etc.

What is Rangarajan Poverty Line?

Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Inclusive Growth & Issues

Why in the News?

After the C. Rangarajan Committee (2014) set India’s last official poverty line, economists from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) have now revisited and updated the estimates using new household consumption data from Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) 2022–23.

Evolution of Poverty Measurement in India:

  1. Planning Commission (1962): ₹20 (rural) and ₹25 (urban) per month; excluded health and education.
  2. Dandekar & Rath Committee (1971): Calorie-based standard (2250 kcal/day).
  3. Y. K. Alagh Committee (1979): Calorie-linked poverty line (2400 kcal rural; 2100 kcal urban).
  4. Lakdawala Committee (1993): Introduced state-specific and composite consumption baskets.
  5. Tendulkar Committee (2009): Uniform basket for rural/urban; ₹816 rural and ₹1000 urban (2011–12); shifted from calorie to expenditure-based poverty.

About C. Rangarajan Committee on Poverty Estimation:

  • Objective: To evolve a broader and realistic poverty metric incorporating food, health, education, clothing, and shelter costs, beyond calorie-based norms.
  • Overview: Formed by the Planning Commission in 2012, chaired by Dr. C. Rangarajan, former RBI Governor, to review India’s poverty measurement methodology.
  • Report Submission: Submitted in June 2014; became a major benchmark in the debate on India’s official poverty line and methodological framework.
  • Definition of Poverty: Based on Monthly Per Capita Expenditure (MPCE) ₹972 (rural) and ₹1,407 (urban) at 2011–12 prices, equating to ₹32/day (rural) and ₹47/day (urban).
  • Data & Methodology: Used Modified Mixed Reference Period (MMRP) consumption data with separate rural–urban baskets, adjusting for state-wise price differentials.
  • Poverty Estimate (2011–12): Found 29.5% of India’s population below the poverty line.
  • Key Revision over Tendulkar: Expanded consumption basket to include education, healthcare, rent, transport, and other essentials; replaced calorie-based with expenditure-based cost-of-living approach.

RBI 2025 Update (DEPR Study):

  • Source & Method: Conducted by RBI’s Department of Economic & Policy Research (DEPR) using HCES 2022–23 data for 20 states; retained Rangarajan framework.
  • New Price Index: Created a Poverty Line Basket (PLB) index instead of CPI reflecting actual consumption inflation more accurately.
  • PLB Composition: Rural PLB had 57% food share (vs 54% in CPI); Urban PLB had 47% (vs 36% in CPI).
  • Key Findings:
    • Rural Odisha poverty fell from 47.8% → 8.6%; Urban Bihar from 50.8% → 9.1%.
    • Lowest Poverty: Himachal Pradesh (0.4% rural), Tamil Nadu (1.9% urban).
    • Highest Poverty: Chhattisgarh (25.1% rural; 13.3% urban).
  • Significance: Confirms broad-based poverty decline yet highlights regional disparities; renews calls for a new official poverty line reflecting modern consumption trends.
[UPSC 2019] In a given year in India, official poverty lines are higher in some States than in others because
Options: (a) poverty rates vary from State to State
(b) price levels vary from State to State *
(c) Gross State Product varies from State to State
(d) quality of public distribution varies from State to State

 

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Global Geological And Climatic Events

What are Transient Lunar Phenomena (TLP)?

Prelims Only | Geography | Mains Paper 1: Important Geophysical Phenomena

Why in the News?

For centuries, astronomers and observers have recorded strange, short-lived visual events on the Moon’s surface, known as Transient Lunar Phenomena (TLPs).

Transient Lunar Phenomena (TLPs)

About Transient Lunar Phenomena (TLPs):

  • What is it: Short-lived flashes, glows, or hazy patches observed on the Moon’s surface, lasting seconds to several hours before fading.
  • Observation History: Reported for over a thousand years, including Apollo 11 astronauts (1969) who noted a luminous lunar glow.
  • Appearance Types: Include reddish glows, star-like flashes, and mist-like obscurations.
  • Active Regions: Concentrated around Aristarchus and Plato craters, considered the most dynamic lunar zones.
  • Scientific Implication: Suggests that the Moon remains geologically active, contradicting earlier assumptions of total dormancy.
  • Theories on Origin: Scientists propose several explanations for TLPs:
    1. Lunar Outgassing: Trapped gases such as radon or argon may escape through fissures, triggered by gravitational stresses or surface heating, causing dust or gas to glow or reflect sunlight.
    2. Meteoroid Impacts: Frequent meteoroid collisions on the Moon’s airless surface produce brief, intense flashes, accounting for many observed TLPs.
    3. Electrostatic Dust Levitation: Charged lunar dust particles, activated by solar radiation, may levitate and scatter light, producing transient luminous effects.
    4. Atmospheric Distortion on Earth: Some TLPs may be optical artifacts, caused by turbulence or refraction in Earth’s atmosphere altering the Moon’s apparent brightness or colour.

Recent Research and Monitoring:

  • Observation Technology: Use of automated telescopes and CCD (charge-coupled device) imaging systems for real-time detection.
  • Space Missions: NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) and ISRO’s Chandrayaan series monitor gas release and new impact craters.
  • Spectroscopic Evidence: Studies of Aristarchus Plateau show episodic radon emissions, supporting the outgassing theory.
  • Integrated Monitoring: Global programs combine optical, seismic, and spectrometric data to validate events.
  • Scientific Aim: To understand lunar surface dynamics, internal processes, and signs of ongoing geological activity.

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Wildlife Conservation Efforts

Indian wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) to be classified as new species by IUCN

Species | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

Why in the News?

The IUCN has separately evaluated the Indian wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) from the gray wolf, suggesting it may be recognised as a distinct Canis species.

Indian wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) to be classified as new species by IUCN

About Indian Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes):

  • Overview: Also called the Peninsular Wolf or Indian Grey Wolf; proposed as Canis indica owing to genetic divergence 110,000–200,000 years ago.
  • Distinct Lineage: Genomic studies identify it as the oldest surviving wolf lineage, basal to all other Canis lupus subspecies.
  • Distribution: Found across Deccan Plateau, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh, extending into Pakistan and Iran; only 12.4 % of its range lies inside protected areas.
  • Population Status (2025): Estimated 2,877–3,310 individuals (IUCN Red List 2025) — classified as Vulnerable.
  • Legal Protection: Listed in *Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, prohibiting hunting, trapping, or killing <citation needed>.
  • Habitat: Prefers scrublands, dry grasslands, and thorn forests, increasingly threatened by agriculture, solar projects, and highways.
  • Ecological Role: Functions as a top predator regulating prey such as blackbuck, chinkara, hares, and rodents in India’s open ecosystems.
  • Social Behaviour: Lives in packs of 6-8 members, exhibiting cooperative hunting and silent coordination strategies.

Evolutionary and Taxonomic Significance:

  • Early Divergence: Fossil and genetic data show divergence from Eurasian and Himalayan wolves well before the last Ice Age, evolving within India’s semi-arid zones.
  • Evolutionary Importance: Serves as a key model for studying wolf evolution, adaptation, and behaviour in tropical and dry environments.
  • Taxonomic Debate: Researchers propose recognition as a distinct species (Canis indica) based on unique genetic, ecological, and behavioural traits.
[UPSC 2024] Question: Consider the following statements:

Statement-I: The Indian Flying Fox is placed under the “vermin” category in the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972.

Statement-II: The Indian Flying Fox feeds on the blood of other animals.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Options: (a) Both statement I and Statement II are correct and statement II explains statement I

(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, but Statement-II does not explain Statement-I

(c) Staement- I is correct , but Statement II is incorrect*

(d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-II is correct

 

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Air Pollution

IMO’s 2023 Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Strategy

Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

Why in the News?

The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) delayed a vote on its 2027 carbon pricing plan under the 2023 Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Strategy after U.S. pressure, stalling efforts for net-zero shipping by 2050.

What the IMO is trying to achieve?

  • Decarbonisation Goal: Targets net-zero emissions in global shipping by 2050, aligning with the Paris Agreement’s 1.5 °C limit; shipping contributes 2–3 % of global CO₂.
  • Carbon Intensity Reduction: Implements fuel-efficiency standards and CIIs to cut CO₂ per tonne-mile of cargo transported.
  • Fuel Transition: Promotes shift from heavy fuel oil to green ammonia, methanol, hydrogen, and biofuels, supported by a global carbon pricing framework.
  • Equitable Transition: Upholds common but differentiated responsibilities, offering financial and technological aid to developing and island nations.
  • Market-Based Mechanisms: Developing carbon-pricing and fuel-levy systems to internalise environmental costs and fund innovation.
  • Regulatory Uniformity: Seeks to avoid fragmented regional rules (e.g., EU ETS) by maintaining global maritime emission standards.

About IMO’s 2023 Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Strategy:

  • Adoption: Finalised in July 2023 at MEPC 80 (London) under the MARPOL Annex VI framework.
  • Carbon Intensity Targets: Cut 40 % by 2030 (vs 2008) and strive for 70 % by 2040.
  • Net-Zero Timeline: Achieve full sectoral decarbonisation by 2050.
  • Zero/Low-Emission Fuels: Ensure 5 % (aspire 10 %) of shipping energy from near-zero-GHG fuels by 2030; expand hydrogen and electrified propulsion.
  • Fuel & Emission Standards: Introduce Global Fuel Standard (GFS) and Global Pricing Mechanism (GPM) by 2027, covering ships above 5,000 GT (~85 % of emissions).
  • MRV Framework: Strengthen monitoring, reporting, and verification with emission databases and compliance audits.
  • Support Mechanisms: Establish GHG Fund to assist developing states in retrofits, technology adoption, and port upgrades.

Significance: 

  • Global Climate Milestone: First binding, worldwide roadmap for a high-emission transport sector outside aviation.
  • Regulatory Shift: Moves from voluntary action to enforceable standards in maritime law.
  • Strategic Impact: Positions the IMO as a key climate-governance body, linking trade regulation and environmental responsibility.
[UPSC 2024] According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which one of the following is the largest source of sulphur dioxide emissions?

Options: (a) Locomotives using fossil fuels

(b) Ships using fossil fuels

(c) Extraction of metals from ores

(d) Power plants using fossil fuels*

 

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Soil Health Management – NMSA, Soil Health Card, etc.

Arsenic Toxicity in Rice Cultivation

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

Why in the News?

A recent study has revealed that the composition of microbial communities in rice paddies critically determines the buildup of arsenic compounds in rice grains.

Arsenic Toxicity in Agriculture:

  • Overview: Arsenic (As) is a potent carcinogen and phytotoxin, bioaccumulating in rice and posing severe health and agronomic risks in Asian paddies.
  • Mechanism in Flooded Fields: Under anaerobic conditions, microbes convert arsenic into soluble, bioavailable forms that rice roots readily absorb.
  • Toxic Compounds: Organic forms like dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and dimethylated monothioarsenate (DMMTA) cause straighthead disease, producing sterile, erect panicles and yield losses up to 70 %.
  • Speciation vs. Concentration: Toxicity depends on arsenic speciation, not total soil As levels, even low-As soils may cause poisoning.
  • Geographic Hotspots: Severe in West Bengal, Bihar, and Bangladesh, where arsenic-laden groundwater is used for irrigation.

About Soil Age and Microbial Composition:

  • Research Insight: Study by Peng Wang (Nanjing Agricultural University) shows soil age dictates microbial dominance and arsenic behaviour.
  • Young Soils (< 700 yrs): Dominated by arsenic-methylating bacteria that convert inorganic As into toxic organic forms (DMA, DMMTA).
  • Old Soils (> 700 yrs): Rich in demethylating archaea that detoxify As by breaking down methylated compounds.
  • Global Microbiome Survey: Across 801 paddy soils, identified 11 methylators and 6 demethylators as key toxicity predictors.
  • Risk Threshold: When methylator: demethylator ratio > 1.5, probability of straighthead disease rises sharply.

How does Microbial balance govern Arsenic toxicity?

  • Biological Equilibrium: Arsenic toxicity depends on balance between methylating bacteria (risk) and demethylating archaea (detoxification).
  • Environmental Triggers: Flood duration, oxygen, temperature, and hydrological shifts can tilt this balance toward higher toxicity.
  • Mitigation Measures: Mid-season drainage, silicon fertilisation, and microbial community management restore redox balance and reduce As uptake.
[UPSC 2013] Which of the following can be found as pollutants in the drinking water in some parts of India?

1. Arsenic 2. Sorbitol 3. Fluoride 4. Formaldehyde 5. Uranium

Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

Options: (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2, 4 and 5 only (c) 1, 3 and 5 only* (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

 

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Wildlife Conservation Efforts

Status of Elephants in India Report (2025)

Species | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

Why in the News?

The Wildlife Institute of India (WII) released its report “Status of Elephants in India” on October 14, 2025, marking the country’s first-ever DNA-based elephant population estimation.

Elephants in India:

  • Overview: Elephas maximus, Asian Elephant, listed as Endangered (IUCN); protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 and Appendix I of CITES.
  • National Importance: India sustains over 60 % of the global wild Asian elephant population, making it a global conservation stronghold.
  • Conservation Framework:
    • Project Elephant (1992) – habitat protection, research, corridor restoration, and conflict management.
    • Elephant Reserves – 33 notified across 15 states, covering ~80,000 sq km.
    • Corridor Initiatives – joint mapping of ~101 corridors by WII, WWF-India, and WTI to ensure genetic connectivity.
  • Major Landscapes:
    • Western Ghats – dense forests with corridor fragmentation.
    • North-Eastern Hills – contiguous habitats under human pressure.
    • Central India & Eastern Ghats – isolated herds with high conflict.
    • Shivalik–Gangetic Plains – corridor bottlenecks amid dense settlements.
  • Ecological Role: Elephants act as ecosystem engineers, dispersing seeds, maintaining forest–grassland balance, and regulating hydrology.

About Status of Elephants in India Report (2025):

  • Publisher & Framework: Released by the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) under Project Elephant. It employs, for the first time in India, a DNA-based mark–recapture (genetic) estimation method for elephant census.
  • Census Period & Title: Conducted between 2021–2025, termed the Synchronous All-India Population Estimation of Elephants (SAIEE 2021-25).
  • Feature: Combines genetic sampling, field transects, and spatial-capture–recapture modelling.
  • Scientific Advancement: Establishes India’s first genetic reference library for elephants, linking individuals, herds, and landscapes for improved long-term monitoring.
  • Policy Context: Conducted under Project Elephant (1992) to align with national targets for corridor protection, conflict mitigation, and ecosystem restoration.

Key Highlights:

  • Total Population (2025): 22,446 wild Asian elephants estimated nationwide using genetic data.
  • Previous Estimate (2017): About 29,964; apparent ~25 % drop due to new methodology rather than actual decline.
  • Regional Distribution:
    • Western Ghats Landscape: 11,934 (≈ 53 %)
    • North-East & Brahmaputra Plains: 6,559 (≈ 22 %)
    • Shivalik Hills & Gangetic Plains: 2,062 (≈ 9 %)
    • Central India & Eastern Ghats: 1,891 (≈ 8 %)
  • State-wise Concentration: Karnataka (6,013), Assam (4,159), Tamil Nadu (3,136), Kerala (2,785), Uttarakhand (1,792), Odisha (912).
  • Demographic Insights: DNA profiling enabled sex ratio identification, family linkages, and migration-corridor tracking, turning a static census into a dynamic population map.
  • Conservation Implications: WII urges genetic recensuses every 5 years, restoration of identified corridors, and integration of coexistence models in land-use planning.
[UPSC 2020] With reference to Indian elephants, consider the following statements:

1. The leader of an elephant group is a female.

2. The maximum gestation period can be 22 months.

3. An elephant can normally go on calving till the age of 40 years only.

4. Among the States in India, the highest elephant population is in Kerala.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Options: (a) 1 and 2 only * (b) 2 and 4 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 3 and 4 only

 

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Air Pollution

What are Green Crackers?

Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

Why in the News?

The Supreme Court of India has temporarily permitted the sale and bursting of green crackers in the Delhi–NCR region from October 18 to 21 for Diwali celebrations.

Background and Judicial Origin:

  • Trigger: Severe air pollution episodes during Diwali (2016–2017) pushed Delhi’s Air Quality Index (AQI) beyond 500, creating a public-health emergency.
  • Supreme Court Intervention (2018):
    • Affirmed that cultural freedom cannot override the Fundamental Right to Life (Article 21).
    • Banned conventional firecrackers containing heavy metals such as barium, lead, and mercury.
    • Directed CSIR to develop less-polluting alternatives, with PESO (Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation) tasked to test and certify them.
  • Outcome: Introduction of green crackers as a compromise solution balancing festive traditions with public-health protection.
  • Legal Oversight: The Supreme Court continues to monitor compliance, permitting use only within fixed time windows and under strict emission-control standards.

About Green Crackers:

  • Overview: Green crackers are eco-friendly fireworks developed by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI) to curb air pollution during festive celebrations.
  • Chemical Composition: Manufactured using modified formulations that exclude barium nitrate and significantly reduce sulphur and aluminium content, thereby cutting toxic emissions.
  • Emission Reduction: These crackers emit about 30 % less particulate matter (PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀) and 10 % less sulphur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NO₂) than conventional firecrackers.
  • Identification & Legality: Each authorised packet carries the Green Fireworks logo and a QR code verifiable through the CSIR-NEERI Green QR Code App; crackers without codes are illegal.
  • Purpose: Designed to retain the cultural and festive appeal of fireworks while mitigating health and environmental impacts in pollution-prone regions such as Delhi-NCR.

Types of Green Crackers:

  1. SWAS (Safe Water Releasable): Releases water vapour during combustion to reduce dust and temperature, lowering particulate emissions.
  2. STAR (Safe Thermite Cracker): Uses thermite-based reactions instead of conventional oxidisers, producing bright light and sound with reduced toxic output.
  3. SAFAL (Safe Minimal Aluminium): Limits metallic fuel content, maintaining luminosity and sound intensity while reducing aluminium and sulphur emissions.

All three maintain sound levels around 100–120 dB, comparable to traditional fireworks but with a cleaner emission profile and shorter atmospheric residence time.

[UPSC 2024] What is the common characteristic of the chemical substances generally known as CL-20, HMX and LLM-105, which are sometimes talked about in media?

(a) These are alternatives to hydro- fluorocarbon refrigerants

(b) These are explosives in military weapons *

(c) These are high-energy fuels for cruise missiles

(d) These are propulsion fuels for rocket

 

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