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  • Parliament – Sessions, Procedures, Motions, Committees etc

    PRISM: 24-hr hotline for MPs Research

    Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Parliament & State Legislatures

    Central Idea

    • Lok Sabha Speaker has established ‘PRISM’ a 24-hour research reference telephone hotline for Members of Parliament (MPs) to provide assistance with policy issues.

    What is PRISM?

    • The Parliamentary Research and Information Support for Members of Parliament (PRISM) offers round-the-clock services, including weekends during Parliament Sessions.
    • It aims to support first-term MPs and those without extensive secretarial teams who may find it daunting to speak in Parliament on policy matters.
    • A team of 30-32 officers serves on the hotline on a rotational basis to provide research and reference support.

    Usage and Enquiries

    • Between 2019 and 2023, 87% of MPs have utilized either online or offline reference services, which are also shared through WhatsApp and email.
    • Enquiries mainly focused on bills such as the Juvenile Justice Bill, Wildlife Protection Bill, and short-duration discussions on topics like climate change, drug abuse, and price rise.

    Need for PRISM

    • First-term MPs often face challenges when asked to speak on bills without extensive research support.
    • The hotline and reference services have proven invaluable in assisting MPs, allowing them to contribute effectively to debates and discussions.
    • The initiative has particularly aided MPs who may not be proficient in English or Hindi, enabling them to raise pertinent issues in Parliament.

    Significance

    • Parliament can be a fragmented environment, with various cliques and clubs forming over the years.
    • Backbenchers, in particular, often spend much time in obscurity.
    • The research and reference services provided by PRISM can make these years on the backbench more productive by facilitating informed participation in policy debates.

     

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  • Water Management – Institutional Reforms, Conservation Efforts, etc.

    Har Ghar Jal Initiative to miss 2024 target

    Prelims Only | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Government Scheme/Policies

    har ghar jal

    Central Idea

    • The Har Ghar Jal initiative, part of the Jal Jeevan Mission, aims to provide potable water connections to all rural households in India by 2024.
    • However, multiple sources and data analysis indicate that the initiative is likely to fall short of its target, with only 75% of village homes expected to have drinking water taps by April 2024.

    Har Ghar Jal Initiative: A quick recap

    • Har Ghar Jal (translation: Water to Every Household) is a scheme initiated by the Ministry of Jal Shakti under Jal Jeevan Mission in 2019.
    • It aimed to provide tap water to every rural household by 2024.
    • Finance Minister announced the scheme in 2019 Union budget.
    • In August 2022, Goa and Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu became the first ‘Har Ghar Jal’ certified State and UT respectively with 100% tap-water access.
    • As of January 2023, other states and UTs Gujarat, Puducherry and Telangana have also achieved 100% tap-water access.
    • Since its inception, the scheme has significantly improved household clean tap water availability in India.

    Challenges Faced by the Initiative

    • Delayed Progress: The COVID-19 pandemic and a lack of qualified manpower in states have contributed to the delayed implementation of the scheme.
    • Shortages of Essential Materials: The ongoing Russia-Ukraine war resulted in major shortages of steel and cement, crucial for manufacturing and connecting metal pipes, leading to delays and price revisions.
    • Manpower Shortage: Some states faced challenges in finding skilled workers to construct tanks, cisterns, and water connections of acceptable quality.
    • State-Specific Issues: Certain states, such as Rajasthan, face challenges in ensuring the availability of water, while West Bengal and Kerala struggle with water contamination issues.
    • Certification Gap: While the states report high coverage figures, there is a significant gap between reported and verified connections.

    Expectations and Progress

    • Revised Expectations: The officials now expect about 75% of households to be covered by March 2024 and 80% by December 2024.
    • Work Yet to Begin: Around one crore households (5% of the total) have not even begun work under the scheme.
    • Timeframe Challenges: Connecting all households in villages that already have access to water sources takes an average of eight months, making it unlikely to finish in some places before 2025-26.

    Political Factors and Connection Status

    • Political Angle: Some states, like Bihar and Telangana, did not rely on central funds and did not certify their connection status due to political considerations.
    • Significance of Certification: “Har Ghar Jal” villages certified as 100% compliant prominently display the images of the Prime Minister and Chief Minister, especially if Central funds were used.

     

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  • Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

    Hul Diwas: Remembering the Santhal Rebellion

    Prelims Only | | Mains Paper 1: Modern Indian History

    hul divas santhal

    Central Idea

    • Prime Minister commemorated Hul Diwas, honoring the sacrifice of Santhals in their fight against British colonial authorities.

    What is Hul Divas?

    • The Santhal rebellion, known as the ‘Hul,’ was an organized war against colonialism led by the Santhals, who stood against various forms of oppression inflicted upon them by the British.
    • This article explores the significance of the Santhal rebellion, their identity, the reasons behind the Hul, its organization, and its lasting impact.

    Santhals and their Migration

    • The Santhal people, or Santhalis, migrated from the Birbhum and Manbhum regions of Bengal to modern-day Santhal Pargana.
    • The British relocated the Santhals to the forested area of Damin-i-Koh, dislodging the indigenous Pahariya community, as part of their revenue collection strategy.
    • However, the Santhals faced severe colonial oppression, including exploitative moneylenders and the police.

    Reasons behind the Hul

    • The Santhals rebelled against the British due to extortions, oppressive extractions, dispossession of property, false measurements, and other illegalities.
    • Tribal councils and meetings discussed the possibility of rebellion, leading to a massive assembly of over 6,000 Santhals on June 30, 1855, marking the beginning of the rebellion.
    • Led by Sidhu and Kanhu, the Santhals rose against the British, attacking symbols of colonial rule and executing moneylenders and zamindars.

    Organization of the Hul

    • Contrary to popular belief, the Hul was a well-planned and organized political war.
    • Evidence from documents and historical accounts reveals preparations such as guerrilla formations, military teams, detectives, secret bases, logistics, and a network of message carriers for coordination.
    • Non-Adivasi Hindu castes also participated in the rebellion, highlighting the diverse nature of the movement.

    Lesser-Known Facts about the Hul

    • The rebellion saw participation from 32 communities, both tribals and non-tribals, challenging the notion that it was solely a Santhal rebellion.
    • Phulo-Jhano, two sisters, led an army of 1,000 women, playing crucial roles in providing food supply, gathering information, and attacking British camps.
    • The East India Company’s army was defeated twice during the rebellion, debunking the belief that they were invincible.

    British Narratives and Accounts

    • British reports and personal narratives provide insights into the causes of the Santhal rebellion, including excessive taxation, falsehood, and negligence of British officials, extortion by moneylenders, corruption, and oppression.
    • The sufferings inflicted by moneylenders or ‘mahajans’ on the Santhals were a primary cause of the uprising.

    Accounts from Prisoners and Divine Intervention

    • Similar to other tribal uprisings, accounts exist of deities appearing in dreams or before the rebels.
    • Judicial proceedings of captured Santhals revealed instances where deities instructed rebellion leaders to fight against the British and oppressors.

    Lasting Impact of the Hul

    • The Santhal rebellion did not end with its suppression in 1855; it continued to inspire future uprisings, such as the Santhal involvement in the 1857 mutiny.
    • The Hul rebellion symbolized resistance against British colonialism and laid the foundation for subsequent movements in Jharkhand.

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  • New Species of Plants and Animals Discovered

    India adds 664 animal species to its faunal database in 2022

    Species | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    specie

    Central Idea

    • India’s faunal database expands with the addition of 664 animal species in 2022.
    • The database also includes 339 new plant taxa, comprising new species and distributional records.

    Report- New Species and New Records 2023

    • The faunal discoveries have been compiled in a publication by the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) titled “Animal Discoveries – New Species and New Records 2023.”

    [A] Faunal Discoveries

    • Major discoveries include new species and records of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish.
    1. Mammals: Three new species and one new record, including two species of bats from Meghalaya.
    2. Birds: Two new records, such as the yellow-rumped flycatcher in the Andaman archipelago.
    3. Reptiles: Thirty new species and two new records.
    4. Amphibians: Six new species and one new record.
    5. Fish: Twenty-eight new species and eight new records.
    • Invertebrates constitute the majority of new faunal discoveries, with insects comprising 384 species.
    • Vertebrates account for 81 species, with fish being the most dominant group.

    Notable species

    • Sela macaque (Macaca selai): A new macaque species discovered in Arunachal Pradesh.
    • Macaca leucogenys: A white-cheeked macaque sighted in India for the first time.
    • Glischropus meghalayanus: A bamboo-dwelling bat species from Meghalaya.
    • Ficedula zanthopygia: The yellow-rumped flycatcher recorded in the Andaman archipelago.

    Distribution of New Faunal Discoveries

    The fauna diversity of the country increased to 1,03,922 species.

    • Kerala: Recorded the maximum number of new species, accounting for 14.6% of all new discoveries.
    • Karnataka: Followed with 13.2% of new species and records.
    • Tamil Nadu: Contributed 12.6% of all new discoveries and records.
    • Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Accounted for about 8.4% of the discoveries.
    • West Bengal: Represented 7.6% of the new discoveries.
    • Arunachal Pradesh: Contributes 5.7% of the new discoveries.

     [B] Floral Discoveries

    • The Botanical Survey of India (BSI) published “Plant Discoveries 2022,” which includes 339 new plant taxa.
    • These discoveries consist of new species and distributional records.
    • The discoveries encompass seed plants, fungi, lichen, algae, bryophytes, microbes, and pteridophytes.
    • Seed plants comprise the majority, with dicotyledons contributing 73% and monocotyledons 27%.
    • Western Himalayas and Western Ghats are prominent regions for plant discoveries.
    • Kerala recorded the highest number of plant discoveries (57), accounting for 16.8% of all discoveries.
    • The plant discoveries include wild relatives of potential horticultural, agricultural, medicinal, and ornamental plants.

    Notable Floral Discoveries

    • Nandadevia Pusalkar: A genus common in the Uttarakhand Himalayas.
    • Nilgiriella Pusalkar: An endemic genus found in the southern Western Ghats.
    • Calanthe lamellosa: An orchid species recorded for the first time in India, found in Nagaland.

    Conclusion

    • By compiling these new discoveries and records, India continues to expand its knowledge of its faunal and floral diversity, emphasizing the importance of conservation efforts.

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  • Electoral Reforms In India

    Criminalization of Politics: Why ADR has approached the ECI?

    Explained | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Representation Of People’s Act

    Central Idea

    • The Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR), an electoral watchdog, has written to the Election Commission seeking action against political parties that fail to disclose details of candidates’ criminal cases as mandated by the Supreme Court.
    • The ADR highlights the non-compliance of parties in publishing such information and urges strict action to be taken against defaulting parties.

    About ADR

    Concerns raised by ADR

    • Alarming Statistics: It revealed 43% of newly-elected MPs in 2019 had pending criminal cases.
    • Non-Compliance: ADR reveals political parties flouting Supreme Court’s orders and ECI’s directions.
    • Shortcomings in Forms: ADR identifies shortcomings in the prescribed forms (C2 and C7) used by parties.
    • Inaccessible Information: Many parties lack functional websites or fail to provide accessible links.
    • Improper Justifications: Parties cite “winnability” and popularity as reasons for selecting candidates with criminal records, contrary to the Supreme Court’s ruling.

    Supreme Court’s Mandate (2018)

    • Disclosure Directive: Supreme Court has mandated parties to disclose candidates’ criminal cases on their websites.
    • Prescribed Format: Election Commission of India (ECI) specifies the format for publishing this information.
    • Bold Publication: Supreme Court ordered parties to publish criminal case details prominently.
    • Candidate Obligation: Candidates with pending cases must inform the party about their criminal antecedents.
    • Multiple Publications: Parties and candidates must publish the information multiple times after filing nominations.

    ADR’s Action and Demands

    • Adherence Supreme Court’s Directive: ADR directed to pursue remedies with the ECI.
    • Demanding Strict Action: ADR urges the ECI to take strict action against defaulting parties, including possible de-registration.
    • Transparency and Accountability: ADR calls for the publication of a list of defaulting parties and the imposition of fines.

    Conclusion

    • Urgent Action Needed: ADR’s letter emphasizes the need for action against parties failing to disclose candidates’ criminal cases as mandated by the Supreme Court.
    • Upholding Transparency: Strict enforcement of these orders is essential to maintain transparency and prevent the criminalization of politics.

     

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  • Pharma Sector – Drug Pricing, NPPA, FDC, Generics, etc.

    Why are Indian Drugmakers under scrutiny?

    | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

    Central Idea

    • The Indian pharmaceutical industry has faced international scrutiny for exporting allegedly contaminated drugs, leading to adverse health outcomes and deaths in several countries.
    • Instances of sub-standard drugs, including cough syrups and anaesthetic medications, have raised concerns about the quality and safety of Indian pharmaceutical products.

    Lack of Regulatory Action

    • Probing Contamination: Despite reports of deaths and adverse reactions linked to contaminated drugs, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has not provided information on the investigations launched.
    • Regulatory Responsibility: The Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) is responsible for licensing and prosecuting pharma companies, while State governments handle regulatory enforcement.

    Loss of Confidence and Independent Assessments

    • Loss of Confidence: Countries like Gambia, Nigeria, Sri Lanka, and Cameroon have raised red flags on drugs manufactured in India due to safety concerns and sub-standard quality.
    • Independent Assessments: Some countries, such as Mozambique, have established independent systems to check drug samples before export, highlighting the need for rigorous inspections.

    Punishment and Prosecution

    • Inadequate Punitive Measures: Merely suspending or cancelling manufacturing licenses is deemed insufficient to deter pharmaceutical companies from non-compliance.
    • Legal Provisions: The Drugs and Cosmetics Act allows for imprisonment for life for manufacturers violating good manufacturing practices, but prosecutions are often delayed and convictions are rare.

    Challenges in Drug Regulation

    • Shortage of Drug Inspectors: The CDSCO faces a shortage of drug inspectors, hindering effective oversight and inspections.
    • Administrative Errors: Errors committed by drug inspectors, such as incomplete testing processes and improper documentation, contribute to poor conviction rates.

    Conclusion

    • To restore its reputation and ensure the safety of pharmaceutical products, India needs to strengthen its regulatory framework and inspection processes.
    • Robust inspections, timely reporting of non-compliance, and effective prosecution of offenders are necessary to address the concerns regarding contaminated drugs.
    • Adequate allocation of resources and addressing the shortage of drug inspectors will play a crucial role in enhancing the effectiveness of drug regulation in India.

    Also read:

    [Sansad TV] Perspective: Common Drugs Standards

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  • Citizenship and Related Issues

    Census unlikely before 2024 Lok Sabha polls

    | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Government Scheme/Policies

    census

    Central Idea

    • Deadline extension: The deadline to freeze administrative boundaries for the Census in India has been extended till December 31, ruling out the possibility of conducting the Census before the 2024 General Elections.

    What is Census of India?

    • The Census of India is a large-scale population survey conducted by the Government of India.
    • It aims to gather detailed information about the population, demographics, and socio-economic characteristics of the country.

    Historical Background

    • Inaugural Census: The first complete Census of India was conducted in 1881 during British rule.
    • Institutional Framework: Since 1949, the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India, under the Ministry of Home Affairs, have been responsible for conducting the Census.
    • Legal Framework: The Census of India Act, 1948 provides the legal basis for conducting the census.

    Extension of Deadline and Administrative Changes

    • Order by Registrar General: The office of the Registrar General of India issued an order extending the date of freezing boundaries for the Census to January 1, 2024.
    • Instructing State governments: The Directorate of Census Operations has been instructed to inform State governments to make any necessary administrative changes by December 31 and notify the Census office of the jurisdictional changes.

    Reasons for Delay

    • Training time: After the boundaries are frozen, at least three months are required to train enumerators for the Census.
    • Timing constraint: The exercise cannot begin before April 2024 due to simultaneous General Elections, as the same workforce will be deployed for election duties.
    • Transition to digital: The coming Census will be the first digital Census, allowing citizens to self-enumerate.

    Phases of Census and Population Projections

    • Two-phase process: The Census is carried out in two phases: the Houselisting and Housing Census and the Population Enumeration phase, which typically takes around 11 months.
    • National Population Register (NPR): The NPR is updated with the first phase of the Census.
    • Population projections: Based on Census 2011 data, population projections indicate an expected increase from 121.1 crore to 151.8 crore during 2011-2036, with a density increase from 368 to 462 persons per square kilometer.

    Purpose and Importance of the Census

    • Data for planning and policymaking: The Census provides information for central and state governments to plan and formulate policies.
    • National identity and future planning: It helps identify the nation’s demographic composition and guides future development and resource allocation.
    • Funding distribution: Census data assists in determining how funds and assistance are distributed to states and localities.
    • Wide-ranging applications: The data is used by various national and international agencies, scholars, businesses, and policymakers.

    Significance and Impact of the Census

    • Governance and statistics: The Census is a vital source of statistics for governance and serves as a foundation for official statistics.
    • Detailed demographic insights: It provides data on demography, economic activity, literacy, housing, migration, and other socio-cultural factors.
    • Delimitation of constituencies: The Census data is used for delimitation and reservation of parliamentary, assembly, and local body constituencies.
    • Policy formulation and administration: The Census helps review progress, monitor government schemes, and plan for the future.
    • Welfare schemes and beneficiaries: It identifies actual beneficiaries, supports identity creation, and ensures inter-temporal comparability.

    Impact of Delay in Census 2021

    • Discrepancies in PDS identification: Delayed census data affects the identification of beneficiaries under the public distribution system, depriving people of subsidised food entitlements.
    • Poor targeting of welfare schemes: The delay hampers policy planning, budgeting, and administration of schemes that rely on accurate demographic data.
    • Inadequate migration data: Outdated census data fails to capture accurate migration patterns and impacts policy and planning in various sectors.

    Reasons for Delay

    • Administrative boundaries: Census can only be conducted after freezing the boundaries of administrative units, which takes time.
    • COVID-19 pandemic: The pandemic is officially cited as the reason for the delay, although restrictions have been lifted.
    • CAA and NRC issues: The plan to use the census for the National Register of Citizens (NRC) and Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) has further delayed the process.
    • Lack of political will: The government’s lack of urgency and clarification on the census timeline contribute to the delay.

    Way Forward

    • Complete pre-census work: Expedite house-listing and other necessary activities.
    • Digital census and self-enumeration: Utilize mobile apps and self-enumeration to streamline data collection and processing.
    • Ensure data quality: Address concerns regarding data quality and completeness of coverage during self-enumeration.

    Conclusion

    • The delay in conducting the Census poses challenges for accurate population data and planning in India.
    • The next Census, to be conducted after the 2024 General Elections, will mark a significant milestone as the first digital Census, providing citizens the opportunity to self-enumerate.

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  • LGBT Rights – Transgender Bill, Sec. 377, etc.

    Tracing history of Pride and LGBTQ Rights in India

    Explained | Indian Society | Mains Paper 1: Salient features of Indian Society

    lgbt

    Central Idea

    • The context of the article revolves around the celebration of Pride Month and the ongoing struggle for LGBTQ rights globally.
    • It begins by highlighting the duality of Pride Month, which is celebrated as a recognition of progress made in LGBTQ rights while also serving as a protest against the persisting discrimination and challenges faced by the community.

    History of the LGBTQ Movement: Stonewall Riots

    • Historical Significance: The Stonewall Riots, which took place in 1969, are widely regarded as a pivotal moment in the LGBTQ rights movement, igniting a wave of activism and mobilization.
    • Illegal Homosexuality: In the 1960s, engaging in homosexual activity was illegal in major American cities, leading to the creation of underground gay bars and secret gathering places.
    • Stonewall Inn: The Stonewall Inn, located in Greenwich Village, New York City, became a popular gathering spot for the LGBTQ community due to its acceptance and tolerance.
    • Police Raids and Resistance: The frequent police raids on gay bars, including the Stonewall Inn, prompted the LGBTQ patrons to resist, resulting in the spontaneous uprising known as the Stonewall Riots.
    • Turning Point: The Stonewall Riots marked a turning point in LGBTQ activism, as they galvanized the community to demand equal rights, visibility, and an end to discrimination.

    Early LGBTQ Rights Initiatives

    • Pioneering Organizations: Organizations like the Society of Human Rights (1924), the Mattachine Society (1950), and the Daughters of Bilitis (1955) were among the earliest advocates for LGBTQ rights in the United States.
    • Anti-Homosexual Policies: During World War II and the McCarthy era, anti-homosexual policies in the military and society prompted the emergence of LGBTQ advocacy groups.
    • Activism: Frank Kameny, an astronomer fired for being gay, became a prominent activist and founded the Mattachine Society of Washington, D.C., advocating for LGBTQ rights and challenging discriminatory policies.
    • Protests in US: In 1969, a year after the Stonewall Riots, the first pride march was organized in New York City, marking a significant milestone in the LGBTQ rights movement.

    Pride Celebrations Worldwide

    • Pride Month Origins: Pride Month is celebrated in June to commemorate the Stonewall Riots and honor the LGBTQ community’s resilience, history, and the ongoing struggle for equal rights.
    • LGBTQ History Month: LGBTQ History Month takes place in October and aims to educate and raise awareness about LGBTQ history, achievements, and challenges.
    • Pride Parades: Pride parades, often held during Pride Month, are colourful and joyous celebrations that allow LGBTQ individuals and allies to openly express their identities and demand equality.
    • Global Pride Days: Various countries celebrate their own Pride-equivalent days, such as Christopher Street Day in Germany, to promote LGBTQ rights and visibility.

    LGBTQ History in India

    • India’s First Protests: The AIDS Bhedbhav Virodhi Andolan (ABVA) organized India’s first-ever protests for gay rights on August 11, 1992, in Delhi, following the arrest of men suspected of homosexuality.
    • Fight Against Section 377: LGBTQ activists and organizations in India have long fought against Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, a law that criminalized consensual same-sex relations until it was struck down in 2018.
    • Decriminalization and Progress: The decriminalization of homosexuality in India in 2018 marked a significant milestone in LGBTQ rights, paving the way for increased visibility, acceptance, and advocacy.

    Post-Section 377 Judgement

    • Struggles for Marriage Recognition: Post the decriminalization of homosexuality, efforts have been made to seek legal recognition of same-sex marriages in India, with couples filing writ petitions and pushing for equal rights.
    • Supreme Court’s Stance: The Supreme Court of India has been involved in various cases related to LGBTQ rights and is instrumental in shaping the legal landscape for the community.
    • Legislative Attempts: Several legislative attempts have been made to further protect and promote LGBTQ rights, including bills advocating for same-sex marriage and policies to safeguard the rights of the LGBTQIA community.
    • Progress on Conversion Therapy: India has taken steps to address the harmful practice of conversion therapy, with the National Medical Commission banning it and classifying it as “professional misconduct.”

    Global LGBTQ Rights

    • Varying Legal Status: LGBTQ rights vary across the globe, with some countries fully embracing equality and protecting LGBTQ rights, while others maintain discriminatory laws and practices.
    • Same-Sex Marriage: A growing number of countries have legalized same-sex marriage or recognized civil unions, granting LGBTQ couples the right to marry and access legal protections.
    • Anti-LGBTQ Laws: Unfortunately, many nations still have laws that criminalize homosexuality, and in some cases, impose severe penalties, including imprisonment or even the death penalty.

    Continuing the Fight for LGBTQ Rights

    • Global Advocacy: The fight for LGBTQ rights remains a global issue, necessitating ongoing advocacy, awareness, and support to achieve full equality.
    • Achievements and Setbacks: Acknowledging the progress made in LGBTQ rights while recognizing the setbacks and challenges that still persist.
    • Importance of Advocacy: Emphasizing the crucial role of continued advocacy in ensuring the protection and advancement of LGBTQ rights worldwide.

     

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  • Electronic System Design and Manufacturing Sector – M-SIPS, National Policy on Electronics, etc.

    India and the US-China chips war

    op-ed snap | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3:

    Central Idea

    • The recent visit of Prime Minister Narendra Modi to Washington DC has solidified the US-India technology partnership, marking technology as the new frontier in geopolitics. One crucial aspect of this partnership is the joint commitment to diversify the global semiconductor supply chain, which lies at the heart of the rivalry between the United States and China. This op-ed examines the significance of this collaboration and its potential implications for India’s semiconductor industry.

    *Relevance of the topic

    *India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) builds a vibrant semiconductor and display ecosystem to enable India’s emergence as a global hub for electronics manufacturing and design

    Semiconductors: The New Strategic Resource

    • Technological Dependence: Semiconductors are essential components in various advanced technologies, including smartphones, computers, artificial intelligence, and defence systems. Countries heavily rely on these technologies for economic growth, national security, and global competitiveness.
    • Critical Infrastructure: Semiconductors are considered critical infrastructure due to their role in powering and enabling essential sectors such as telecommunications, energy, transportation, healthcare, and finance. Disruptions in semiconductor supply chains can have far-reaching consequences.
    • Limited Manufacturing Capability: Only a few countries possess the advanced manufacturing capabilities required to produce semiconductors. These manufacturing processes involve complex fabrication plants and specialized equipment, making it difficult for new entrants to establish a foothold in the industry.
    • Global Supply Chain: The semiconductor industry relies on a global supply chain, with various stages of production taking place in different countries. Certain regions, such as Taiwan, South Korea, and the United States, play a dominant role in semiconductor fabrication, assembly, and testing.
    • National Security Concerns: The control and security of semiconductor supply chains have become matters of national security for many countries. Dependence on foreign sources for critical technologies raises concerns about vulnerabilities, potential disruptions, and the risk of compromising sensitive information.
    • Economic Competitiveness: Semiconductors contribute significantly to a country’s economic competitiveness. Advanced semiconductor industries can attract high-value investments, foster innovation, and create skilled job opportunities, contributing to economic growth and technological leadership.
    • Technological Sovereignty: Countries view the development of indigenous semiconductor capabilities as crucial for technological sovereignty and reducing dependence on external sources. Achieving self-sufficiency in semiconductor manufacturing enables greater control over technological advancements and mitigates potential risks.

    India-US iCET Initiative

    • Announcement: The India-US Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies (iCET) was announced during the Quad summit held in Tokyo in 2022. It reflects the shared commitment of India and the United States to enhance cooperation in critical and emerging technologies.
    • Areas of Cooperation: The iCET initiative focuses on fostering collaboration between India and the United States in various domains, including semiconductor technology, resilient supply chains, cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, and other critical and emerging technologies.
    • Bilateral Engagement: The iCET initiative involves regular bilateral engagements between India and the United States to discuss and advance cooperation in the identified areas. High-level officials, including National Security Advisers and counterparts from relevant ministries, participate in these discussions.
    • Semiconductor Collaboration: Within the iCET framework, India and the United States have expressed a commitment to collaborate in the development of a semiconductor design, manufacturing, and fabrication ecosystem in India. The aim is to enhance India’s capabilities in the semiconductor sector and promote the growth of a skilled workforce.
    • Skill Development and Workforce: The iCET initiative also emphasizes the importance of skill development and workforce training in critical and emerging technologies. India and the United States seek to promote the development of a skilled talent pool capable of driving innovation and contributing to the growth of these sectors.

    US-China rivalry in the context of semiconductor chips

    • Technological Leadership: Both the US and China recognize the strategic importance of semiconductor chips in driving innovation and economic growth. The United States has long been a leader in semiconductor design and manufacturing, while China has made significant efforts to catch up and become more self-sufficient in chip production.
    • Intellectual Property Concerns: Intellectual property theft and forced technology transfer have been areas of concern in the US-China rivalry regarding semiconductor chips. The US accuses China of engaging in unfair practices to acquire advanced chip technologies and intellectual property, undermining the competitiveness of American semiconductor companies.
    • Trade Tensions: The US-China trade tensions have had a significant impact on the semiconductor industry. The US government-imposed restrictions on Chinese technology companies like Huawei, limiting their access to American-made chips and semiconductor equipment. This has had implications for China’s domestic chip manufacturing capabilities.
    • Export Controls: The United States has tightened export controls on semiconductor-related technologies to prevent their transfer to China, citing national security concerns. These controls have restricted Chinese access to advanced chip-making equipment and technologies, impacting China’s ability to develop its semiconductor industry.
    • Self-Sufficiency Goals: Both the US and China have set goals to enhance their self-sufficiency in semiconductor chips. The US has aimed to bolster domestic chip manufacturing capabilities, reduce reliance on foreign suppliers, and secure its supply chain. China’s Made in China 2025 plan emphasizes developing indigenous semiconductor technologies to become a global leader in chip production.
    • Geopolitical Implications: The semiconductor industry’s geopolitical implications are significant. Control over chip technologies and supply chains can provide a country with economic advantages, technological superiority, and potential leverage in trade disputes or geopolitical conflicts. The US and China view the semiconductor industry as crucial for maintaining their global influence and national security.

    India’s Semiconductor Challenge

    • Lack of Domestic Manufacturing: India has limited domestic semiconductor manufacturing capabilities. The country heavily relies on imports to meet its demand for semiconductors, which poses challenges in terms of supply chain vulnerabilities, dependence on foreign suppliers, and potential risks to national security.
    • Absence of Chip Ecosystem: Building a complete chip ecosystem involves not only semiconductor manufacturing but also the development of ancillary industries, specialized infrastructure, and a skilled workforce. India currently lacks a comprehensive chip ecosystem, which is crucial for attracting investments and fostering innovation in the semiconductor industry.
    • Power and Water Supply: Semiconductor manufacturing requires uninterrupted and uninterruptible power supply, as well as a steady and ample supply of pure water. India faces challenges in providing 24×7 power and water supply, which are critical infrastructure requirements for establishing semiconductor fabrication plants (fabs).
    • Skill Gap: Developing a skilled workforce for the semiconductor industry is essential but poses a challenge in India. The complex nature of chip manufacturing requires specialized expertise, and India needs to bridge the skill gap by investing in training programs, educational institutions, and research and development initiatives.
    • Investment and Collaboration: Attracting major international chip makers to establish fabrication plants in India has proven to be challenging. While the government has allocated funds for the semiconductor industry and incentivized investments, India needs to enhance its value proposition to attract big players and forge international collaborations.
    • Regulatory Framework: Creating a favorable regulatory environment, including policies, intellectual property rights protection, and ease of doing business, is crucial for the growth of the semiconductor industry. India needs to address regulatory challenges and provide a supportive framework to encourage investments and foster innovation.
    • Free Trade Agreements: India’s reluctance to enter into free trade agreements, such as with Taiwan, has hindered its efforts to attract major chip manufacturers. Such agreements can provide advantages in terms of technology transfer, market access, and attracting investments from established players

    Way ahead

    • Strengthen Domestic Manufacturing: India should continue to invest in semiconductor fabrication plants (fabs) and create a conducive environment for both domestic and foreign companies to establish semiconductor manufacturing facilities. This requires robust infrastructure, reliable power supply, access to advanced equipment, and a favorable regulatory framework.
    • Skill Development and Research: The focus on skill development should continue, with emphasis on nurturing a skilled workforce specialized in chip design, manufacturing, and fabrication. Collaborations between industry and academia can play a crucial role in promoting research and development, knowledge sharing, and fostering innovation in the semiconductor field.
    • Strategic Partnerships: India should actively pursue strategic partnerships and collaborations with global semiconductor companies, industry associations, and research institutions. These partnerships can facilitate technology transfer, access to advanced manufacturing processes, and market opportunities. Government incentives and support can further encourage international players to invest in India’s semiconductor ecosystem.
    • Enable Ancillary Industries: To create a comprehensive chip ecosystem, India needs to develop ancillary industries that support the semiconductor sector. This includes nurturing electronics manufacturing capabilities, promoting indigenous demand for chips, and fostering a supportive environment for related industries, such as packaging, testing, and materials.
    • Policy Reforms: The Indian government should continue to focus on policy reforms that promote a favorable business environment for the semiconductor industry. This includes streamlining regulatory processes, protecting intellectual property rights, improving ease of doing business, and providing incentives for research, development, and investment in the semiconductor sector.
    • International Collaborations: Strengthening collaborations within the Quad framework, particularly with the United States, Japan, and Australia, can provide access to expertise, technology, and market opportunities. Engaging with other semiconductor-rich countries, such as Taiwan, South Korea, and Israel, can also open avenues for knowledge sharing, partnerships, and technology transfer.

    Conclusion

    • The US-India technology partnership, with a focus on diversifying the semiconductor supply chain, holds immense potential for India’s growth in the industry. While India faces challenges in establishing a robust chip ecosystem, investments from companies like Micron Technology, along with collaborative initiatives, can pave the way for a more self-reliant and technologically advanced India. By positioning itself in the global chip war, India has embarked on a journey that promises to shape its technological landscape and strengthen its ties with the United States.

    Also read:

    India’s Push for Semiconductors

     

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  • Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

    Aspartame: the Carcinogenic additive in Diet Cola

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    aspartame

    Central Idea

    • The cancer research arm of the World Health Organization (WHO) is reportedly considering listing aspartame, a popular sugar substitute ‘Aspartame’ as “possibly carcinogenic to humans.”
    • This potential listing by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has generated controversy as it contradicts previous studies that found no evidence linking aspartame to cancer.

    What is Aspartame?

    • Aspartame is widely used as an artificial sweetener in various food and beverage products.
    • It is made from the dipeptide of two amino acids, L-aspartic acid and L-phenylalanine.
    • It is approximately 200 times sweeter than table sugar and is commonly used in diet soft drinks, sugar-free gum, and other sugar-free products.
    • It is favored by those seeking to reduce calorie intake or manage diabetes.

    Safety Record and Regulatory Approvals

    • Aspartame has undergone extensive studies over 40 years, with over 100 studies finding no evidence of harm caused by its consumption.
    • The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has permitted its use in food since 1981, and it has been reviewed multiple times for safety.
    • The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), as well as national regulators in various countries, also deem aspartame safe for consumption.
    • However, individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU), a rare genetic disorder, should avoid aspartame due to the presence of phenylalanine.

    Controversies and Impact of WHOs Listings

    • Past IARC rulings have raised concerns, led to lawsuits, and influenced manufacturers to seek alternatives due to public confusion.
    • The potential listing of aspartame as “possibly carcinogenic” by the IARC contradicts previous scientific consensus on its safety.
    • Critics argue that IARC assessments can be confusing to the public and may create unnecessary fear and misinformation.

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