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Type: Prelims Only

  • Agricultural Sector and Marketing Reforms – eNAM, Model APMC Act, Eco Survey Reco, etc.

    India to host Regional Wing of International Potato Center (CIP)

    Prelims Only | Agriculture | Mains Paper 3: Major Crops & Cropping Patterns

    Why in the News?

    The Union Cabinet approved the establishment of the CIP-South Asia Regional Centre (CSARC) of the International Potato Centre (CIP) in Singna, Agra, Uttar Pradesh.

    About the International Potato Centre (CIP):

    • Establishment: The CIP was founded in 1971 in Lima, Peru, to promote research on potato, sweet potato, and Andean root crops.
    • Global Reach: CIP operates in South America, Africa, and Asia, focusing on sustainable agriculture and nutritional security.
    • India Collaboration: CIP began its work in India in 1975 through an agreement with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).
    • Germplasm Collection: It maintains the world’s largest germplasm bank for potato and sweet potato, making it central to crop breeding and biotech innovation.
    • Research Areas: CIP’s activities include crop improvement, pest and disease control, post-harvest technologies, and market linkages.
    • Partnership Model: The center works with local governments, agricultural institutions, and NGOs to develop climate-resilient, high-yielding varieties.

    Functions of the New Regional Center (CSARC) in India:

    • Location and Purpose: The new CIP-CSARC is being set up in Singna, Agra, to serve India and South Asia.
    • Core Focus: It will work on developing climate-resilient, disease-free, and processing-grade varieties of potato and sweet potato.
    • Food Security Goals: The center aims to enhance food and nutrition security, farmer income, and rural employment through improved productivity and value-added agri-products.
    • Global Linkages: It will provide Indian researchers access to CIP’s global network, innovations, and genetic resources.
    • Post-Harvest Development: It will strengthen seed quality, post-harvest systems, and improve India’s export potential in potato-based crops.
    • National Importance: This will be the second major international agri-research institute in India, after IRRI-SARC in Varanasi.

    Potato Cultivation in India:

    • About: Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is known as the “King of Vegetables” and is India’s fourth most important food crop after rice, wheat, and maize.
    • Origin: Introduced to India by Portuguese traders in the 17th century; It is a native crop of the Peruvian-Bolivian Andes.
    • Geographic Spread: Grown in 23 states, but 85% of production comes from the Indo-Gangetic plains in North India.
    • Global comparison: India is the second-largest potato producer globally after China, producing 51.3 million tonnes in 2020.
    • Top Producing States:  India’s average potato yield is 25 tonnes/hectare, which is only half the estimated potential of 50+ tonnes/hectare due to poor seed quality.
      • Uttar Pradesh: ~30% of total output
      • West Bengal: ~23.5%
      • Bihar: ~17%
      • Other contributors: Punjab, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh
    • Climate Needs: Potato is a cool-season crop.
      • Ideal growth temp: 24°C
      • Ideal tuber formation temp: 20°C
    • Soil Requirements: Prefers well-drained, fertile soils with moisture retention.
    • Planting Seasons:
      • Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand: Spring (Jan–Feb), Summer (May)
      • Punjab, Haryana, UP, Bihar, Bengal: Main crop in October
      • MP, Maharashtra, Karnataka: Both kharif and rabi seasons
    • Seed Management: Use disease-free, sprouted seeds (30–50g);
    • Popular varieties: Kufri Jyoti, Kufri Bahar, Kufri Pukhraj, and Kufri Chandramukhi.
    • Fertilization & Irrigation: Apply balanced nutrients, especially phosphorus and potassium; drip irrigation is recommended.
    • Harvesting: Ready in 90–120 days, harvested manually or mechanically.

     

    [UPSC 2024] Consider the following plants:

    1. Groundnut 2. Horse-gram 3. Soybean

    How many of the above belong to the pea family?

    Options: (a) only one (b) only two (c) All three* (d) None

     

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  • In news: International Olympic Committee (IOC)

    IOCRPrelims Only | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Important International Institutions

    Why in the News?

    Kirsty Coventry, aged 41, has become the first African and the first woman to head the International Olympic Committee (IOC).

    Also in news:

    The IOC has paused the selection process for future Olympic Games hosts, impacting India’s bid for the 2036 Olympics.

    About the International Olympic Committee (IOC)

    • Overview: It is a non-governmental international organisation established in 1894, and is headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland.
    • Functions: It sets the rules and framework for the Olympic Games, including deciding on host cities and event structures.
    • Membership: IOC members must be proficient in French or English and be citizens or residents of countries with a National Olympic Committee (NOC).
    • Jurisdiction: The IOC acts as the final authority on matters related to the Olympic Games and the Olympic movement.
    • Indian and the IOC:
      • The Indian Olympic Association (IOA) has been recognized by the IOC since 1927.
      • It is responsible for selecting and sending Indian athletes to the Olympics and other major international competitions.

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  • Zoonotic Diseases: Medical Sciences Involved & Preventive Measures

    Agricultural Fungicides causing C. Tropicalis Infections

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Why in the News?

    Researchers at Fudan University found that overuse of the fungicide tebuconazole is causing azole-resistant Candida tropicalis to emerge — a deadly fungus with a 55–60% mortality rate.

    About Candida tropicalis:

    • Overview: Candida tropicalis is a fungal pathogen prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions, including India.
    • Type: It is a yeast species that causes invasive candidiasis, affecting the bloodstream and internal organs.
    • High-Risk Groups: The fungus is opportunistic, primarily infecting immunocompromised individuals such as cancer patients and those in ICUs.
    • Mortality Rate: The infection has a high mortality rate, estimated at 55–60% when it becomes systemic.
    • Drug Treatment: Standard treatments include azole-class antifungals such as fluconazole and voriconazole (widely used during COVID-19 induced Black Fungus).
    • Adaptability: The pathogen shows strong genomic plasticity, allowing it to survive hostile environments and develop drug resistance.

    Reasons for Spread and Resistance:

    • Agricultural Influence: Studies show that azole fungicides like tebuconazole, used in farming, contribute to azole-resistant C. tropicalis
    • Environmental Exposure: These fungicides accumulate in soil and water, promoting the evolution of resistant strains.
    • Genetic Adaptations: Resistant strains develop aneuploidy (extra chromosomes), aiding resistance but reducing growth in drug-free environments.
    • Efflux Pumps: Some strains duplicate genes like TAC1, boosting drug-efflux pumps (e.g., ABC transporters) to eject antifungals from the cell.
    • Increased Virulence: Resistant strains have proven more virulent in animal studies, posing greater public health risks.

     

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  • Pharma Sector – Drug Pricing, NPPA, FDC, Generics, etc.

    Substandard Cancer Drugs: A Global Public Health Alarm

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Why in the News?

    A global investigation has revealed that vital chemotherapy drugs used in over 100 countries have failed quality tests, posing life-threatening risks to cancer patients.

    Various Drugs Used for Cancer Treatment:

    • Cisplatin is a platinum-based drug discovered in the 1960s. It binds to DNA in cancer cells and is widely used to treat testicular, ovarian, bladder, and lung cancers. It is known to cause kidney damage, hearing loss, and immune suppression.
    • Oxaliplatin is another platinum compound mainly used to treat advanced colorectal cancer. It works similarly to cisplatin but may also cause nerve-related side effects.
    • Cyclophosphamide is used for treating breast cancer, leukaemia, sarcoma, and lymphoma. It damages cancer cell DNA and lowers white blood cell counts, weakening the immune system. It can also cause bladder inflammation.
    • Doxorubicin, known as the “Red Devil”, is derived from soil bacteria and used against breast cancer, leukaemia, and sarcomas. It disrupts DNA replication but has serious side effects, including heart damage and hair loss.
    • Methotrexate blocks enzymes involved in DNA synthesis and is used for leukaemia, lymphoma, and various tumors. It is often followed by leucovorin, which helps protect normal cells from damage.
    • Leucovorin is not a chemotherapy drug but a supportive agent used with methotrexate to reduce toxicity. It is a form of vitamin B9 introduced in the 1950s.

    Recent Quality Test Failure

    • Investigation: A 2024 investigation revealed that chemotherapy drugs sold in over 100 countries failed basic quality standards.
    • Failure of Generics: The drugs tested were generics. Also, 189 unexpired samples were tested; 20% failed.
    • Indian Pharma Under Radar: 17 manufacturers were flagged, with 16 based in India. Drugs failed for containing either too little (under 88%) or too much (over 112%) active ingredient.
    [UPSC 2005] It begins as a single cell and grows into a merciless disease that claims millions of lives year after year. But scientists are steadily unlocking its mysteries, and the fight against it may now have reached a dramatic turning point. New discoveries promise better therapies and hope in the war against …” The disease referred to in the above quotation is:

    Options: (a) Cancer (b) AIDS (c) Tuberculosis (d) Alzheimer’s disease

     

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  • International Space Agencies – Missions and Discoveries

    What is Axiom-4 Mission?

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Achievements Of Indians In S&T

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Axiom-4 Mission

    Why in the News?

    The launch of Axiom-4 (Ax-4), a private mission to the International Space Station (ISS), has finally lifted-off after several postponements due to weather conditions.

    About Axiom-4 Mission:

    • Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4) is a private spaceflight organized by Axiom Space.
    • It aims to transport a crew to the International Space Station (ISS) for a 14-day mission.
    • This will be Axiom Space’s 4th mission to the ISS, following their previous missions (Ax-1, Ax-2, and Ax-3).
    • The mission will launch from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida using SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket.
    • The spacecraft for this mission is a SpaceX Crew Dragon, known for its advanced technology and safety features.
    • This mission is organised in collaboration with NASA, highlighting a strong partnership between private space companies and government space agencies to further space exploration and research.
    • Crew:
      1. Peggy Whitson: A veteran astronaut with extensive experience, having completed multiple missions to the ISS.
      2. Sławosz Uznanski: A Polish astronaut joining the mission, marking a significant milestone for Poland in space exploration.
      3. Tibor Kapu: A Hungarian astronaut, adding to the diversity of the mission crew.
      4. Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla: An Indian astronaut, making headlines as part of this international crew.

    Significance of Ax-4 Mission for India

    • The mission is a collaborative effort resulting from an agreement between ISRO and NASA.
    • It provides ISRO with an early opportunity to test experiments in space, originally planned for Gaganyaan.
    • Key Indian Experiments on Axiom-4:
      • Microgravity’s impact on muscle dysfunction.
      • Use of computer screens in zero gravity and their effects on human cognition and vision.
      • Growth of six varieties of crop seeds in space conditions.
      • Tardigrade survival study—these microscopic creatures can endure extreme environments and may provide insight into life support systems in space.

    Back2Basics: International Space Station (ISS)

    • The ISS, orbiting 430 kilometres above Earth, completes 16 orbits daily, witnessing 16 sunrises and sunsets.
    • It orbits Earth every 90 minutes at 8 km per second.
    • Spanning 109 meters, it’s almost as long as an American football field.
    • It includes 6 sleeping areas, 2 bathrooms, a gym, and a panoramic view bay window.
    • Its solar array wingspan is 109 meters, and the station houses about 13 km of electrical wiring.
    • Its journey began on November 20, 1998, with Russia’s Zarya Control Module.
    • The US added the Unity Node 1 module on December 4, 1998, marking the start of a functional space lab.
    • It evolved into its current form after 42 assembly flights.

     

    PYQ:

    [2019] What is India’s plan to have its own space station and how will it benefit our space programme?

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  • Innovations in Sciences, IT, Computers, Robotics and Nanotechnology

    Sam Altman’s World ID Project

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Why in the News?

    World ID is Sam Altman’s ambitious project to create a secure, biometric-based digital identity for everyone in the age of AI.

    What is World ID?

    • World ID is a digital identity system launched by Sam Altman’s company Tools for Humanity as part of the Worldcoin project in July 2023.
    • It aims to verify that a person is a real, unique human being—especially in an age of AI-generated bots—using biometric iris scans.
    • How Does It Work?
      • The identity is created using a device called the Orb, which captures the iris pattern and generates a unique cryptographic code (not storing the image itself).
      • This ID is then linked to the World App, and the user can access various services while proving they are human—without revealing their actual identity.
      • The system is decentralized and uses blockchain technology to store identity proofs securely.

    Key Features of World ID:

    • Biometric Verification: Uses iris scanning through the Orb to establish a unique identity.
    • Global Access: Users from over 160 countries have access to Worldcoin and World ID features.
    • Decentralized Protocol: Built on open-source, privacy-preserving cryptography, such as zero-knowledge proofs.
    • World App Integration: Enables users to locate Orbs, receive Worldcoins, and use the digital ID across apps.
    • World Chain: A blockchain linked to World ID that supports apps and services tied to identity.
    • Crypto Incentive: Users may receive Worldcoin (WLD) tokens for enrolling.
    • Privacy Controls: Promises anonymity, non-surveillance use, and code transparency.
    • Hardware Dependency: Requires a physical Orb or the new Orb Mini to generate IDs.

    How it differs from Aadhaar?

    World ID Aadhaar
    Ownership Private project by Tools for Humanity Government of India
    Launch Year 2023 2009
    Technology Used Iris scan via Orb; Blockchain-based ID Biometric + Demographic data via central database
    Legal Framework No national law backing it yet Aadhaar Act, 2016
    Purpose Global ID to prove human uniqueness National ID for accessing services & welfare
    Data Privacy Claims privacy via zero-knowledge cryptography Data regulated by UIDAI under Indian law
    Adoption Level 12 million users globally Over 1.3 billion users in India
    Hardware Needed Orb device Fingerprint/iris scanners at enrollment centers
    Verification Use AI-bot detection, global ID use Government subsidies, banking, KYC, etc.

     

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  • Oil and Gas Sector – HELP, Open Acreage Policy, etc.

    What are Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPR)?

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc.

    Why in the News?

    India is planning to establish six new Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) sites to boost energy security amid rising global oil risks.

    About Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPR):

    • Overview: SPRs are emergency stockpiles of crude oil maintained by the government to manage supply disruptions caused by events like wars, embargoes, or price shocks.
    • Purpose: To ensure national energy security and reduce vulnerability to external supply shocks.
    • Historical Context: India realised the need for SPRs after the 1990 Gulf War, which caused supply cuts and spiking oil prices and ultimately the Balance of Payment (BoP) Crisis.
    • Foundation: The SPR project began in the early 2000s based on advice from the Planning Commission’s Integrated Energy Policy.
    • Governing Body: In 2004, the government set up Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Limited (ISPRL) as a Special Purpose Vehicle under the Oil Industry Development Board (OIDB).
    • India’s three-pronged oil security framework:
      1. Commercial oil stocks by public and private oil marketing companies (OMCs).
      2. Strategic reserves by ISPRL for emergencies.
      3. Equity oil assets abroad through companies like ONGC Videsh Ltd. (OVL).
    • Storage: Unlike commercial stocks, SPRs are stored in underground rock caverns, which are safer, more secure, and suited for long-term preservation.

    Current SPR Infrastructure:

    • SPR Locations: India has three active SPR sites:
      • Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh)
      • Mangaluru (Karnataka)
      • Padur (Karnataka)
    • Total Capacity: The combined SPR capacity is 5.33 MMT or roughly 39 million barrels.
    • Coverage Duration: This reserve can meet about 9.5 days of India’s daily oil requirement (≈5.5 million barrels/day).
    • Distinction from OMC Stocks: These strategic stocks are separate from commercial stocks held by companies like IOCL, HPCL, and BPCL.

    Planned Expansion of SPRs in India:

    • Goal: India aims to double SPR capacity due to rising geopolitical risks and import dependence.
    • New Facilities Planned:
      • Chandikhol (Odisha) – 4 MMT (in two phases)
      • Padur Phase II (Karnataka) – 2.5 MMT
    • 6 new SPR locations are being planned at various sites, including Mangalore SEZ (Karnataka) and salt caverns in Bikaner (Rajasthan).
    • Future Capacity: After expansion, India’s total SPR stock will be 11.83 MMT, covering around 22 days of national demand.
    • Strategic Vision: The long-term objective is to build up 90 days of oil reserves, in line with International Energy Agency (IEA) guidelines.

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  • Interstate River Water Dispute

    Banakacherla Project Dispute

    Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Federalism

    Why in the News?

    A fresh political and inter-state water dispute has erupted between Telangana and Andhra Pradesh over the proposed Banakacherla Reservoir Project.

    Banakacherla Project Dispute

    About the Banakacherla Project:

    • About: Also known as the Godavari-Banakacherla or Polavaram-Banakacherla Link Project, it is an ambitious interlinking plan proposed by the Andhra Pradesh government.
    • Objective: It aims to divert surplus Godavari River water via the Polavaram Project, through the Krishna basin, to reach the Banakacherla regulator in Kurnool district.
    • Reservoirs: The project involves construction of a new Bollapalli reservoir in Guntur district, enhancement of canal capacities (e.g., Polavaram canal from 17,500 to 38,000 cusecs), and a network of lift stations and tunnels through the Nallamala forest.
    • Water Pathway: It begins at Polavaram dam, moves to Bollapalli, and ends at Banakacherla, integrating Godavari, Krishna, and Penna River basins.

    Tap to read more about the Interstate River Water Disputes Act, 1956.

    Issues with the Project:

    • Violation of the AP Reorganisation Act (2014): Telangana claims that Andhra’s project infringes upon legal frameworks laid out during the bifurcation of the state.
    • Lack of Clearances: Telangana argues the project has not received mandatory approvals from:
      • Apex Council (Krishna River Management Board and Godavari River Management Board).
      • Central Water Commission (CWC).
    • Water Sharing: Telangana cites the Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal, which allocated 968 TMC to Telangana and 518 TMC to Andhra but did not quantify surplus water, making the legality of Andhra’s claim ambiguous.
    • Political Sensitivity: Water-sharing has historically been central to Telangana’s statehood movement; any diversion is seen as a betrayal of regional interests.
    • Ecological Concerns: The tunnel under the Nallamala forest may have environmental repercussions that have not been assessed or cleared.
    [UPSC 2012] Which of the following are included in the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court? 1. A dispute between the Government of India and one or more States 2. A dispute regarding elections to either House of the Parliament or that of Legislature of a State 3. A dispute between the Government of India and a Union Territory 4. A dispute between two or more States

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 4 only* (d) 3 and 4 only

     

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  • Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

    Who was Sree Narayan Guru (1856–1928)?

    Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Modern Indian History

    Why in the news?

    The Prime Minister recently addressed a commemorative event marking 100 years of the historic conversation between Sree Narayana Guru and Mahatma Gandhi.

    About Sree Narayana Guru:

    • Early Life: Sree Narayana Guru was born on 22 August 1856 in Chempazhanthy, Kerala, into the Ezhava community, considered the so-called ‘avarna’ or outside the caste system.
    • Social Reform: He led a peaceful revolution against caste discrimination and promoted social equality and spiritual upliftment in Kerala.
    • Famous Slogan: Guru gave the powerful message — “One Caste, One Religion, One God for All”, calling for unity beyond caste or creed.
    • Spiritual Philosophy: A follower of Advaita Vedanta, he reinterpreted it to assert that divinity exists in every individual, regardless of caste.
    • Death and Legacy: He passed away on 20 September 1928, and his birth and death anniversaries are now observed as public holidays in Kerala and other states.

    His Contributions:

    • Temple Reform: In 1888, he consecrated a Shiva idol at Aruvippuram, challenging Brahminical control over temples.
    • Organisational Impact: He founded the Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana (SNDP) Yogam in 1903, with Kumaran Asan as its first general secretary.
    • Social Movements: He supported the Vaikom Satyagraha (1924–25) against untouchability in public spaces.
    • Spiritual Centres: Guru established the Sivagiri Mutt (1904), which became the heart of the Sivagiri Pilgrimage (Theerthadanam).
    • Writings: His works, like Advaitha Deepika, Atmavilasam, Daiva Dasakam, and Brahmavidya Panchakam, reflect a spiritual and reformist vision.
    • Holistic Upliftment: He promoted education, cleanliness, agriculture, and handicrafts for self-reliance.
    • Against Conversions: Guru opposed religious conversion as a caste solution, favouring internal reform within Hindu society.

    His Conversations with Gandhiji (1925):

    • Historic Meeting: Mahatma Gandhi met Guru on 13 March 1925 at Sivagiri Mutt during the Vaikom Satyagraha.
    • On Scriptures: Guru clarified that Hindu texts do not support untouchability and backed the Vaikom movement fully.
    • On Salvation: He believed that all religions lead to moksha but stressed that material freedom is key to dignity.
    • Inclusive Ashrams: He shared that his ashrams welcomed all castes, with children studying and praying together.
    • View on Caste: While Gandhi defended varna in principle, Guru critiqued caste as rigid, anti-freedom, and regressive.
    • Mutual Respect: Gandhi was deeply moved and later praised Guru as a “holy soul”, calling Sivagiri a model of harmony.
    • Enduring Legacy: The meeting symbolised a blend of spiritual wisdom and social reform, with lasting national impact.
    [UPSC 2019] Consider the following pairs:

    Movement/Organization Leader

    1. All India Anti-Untouchability League Mahatma Gandhi 2. All India Kisan Sabha Swami Sahajanand Saraswati 3. Self-Respect Movement E. V. Ramaswami Naicker

    Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

    Options: (a) 1 only* (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

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  • [pib] Dharti Aaba Jan-bhagidari Abhiyan (DAJA)

    Prelims Only | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Governance, Transparency & Accountability, Citizens Charters

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of Tribal Affairs has launched Dharti Aaba Jan-bhagidari Abhiyan (DAJA), India’s largest tribal outreach and empowerment campaign to date.

    About Dharti Aaba Jan-bhagidari Abhiyan (DAJA):

    • Overview: It runs from 15 June to 15 July 2025, covering over 5.5 crore tribal citizens across 1 lakh+ tribal villages and PVTG habitations.
    • Premise of launch: It is launched under the Janjatiya Gaurav Varsh to honour Bhagwan Birsa Munda, also known as Dharti Aaba, a symbol of tribal pride and resistance.
    • Objective: To achieve full saturation of central welfare schemes in tribal areas, ensuring that every eligible beneficiary receives entitlements.
    • Five Pillars of DAJA:
      1. Janbhagidari (People’s Participation) – Empowering tribal voices and ensuring community-led governance.
      2. Saturation – 100% coverage of eligible households under central schemes.
      3. Cultural Inclusion – Use of tribal languages, folk arts, and cultural symbols to ensure dignity and identity.
      4. Convergence – Multi-ministry and multi-stakeholder coordination with CSOs, youth groups, volunteers, and academic institutions.
      5. Last-Mile Delivery – Direct delivery of services to the remotest tribal hamlets with full administrative support.
    [UPSC 2024] Consider the following statements:

    1. It is the Governor of the State who recognizes and declares any community of that State as a Scheduled Tribe.

    2. A community declared as a Scheduled Tribe in a State need not be so in another State. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

     

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  • Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

    In-Body CAR T-Cell Therapy

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Why in the News?

    A new study published in Science journal shows that “In-Body CAR T-Cell Therapy” marks a breakthrough by enabling direct immune cell reprogramming for faster, safer treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases.

    What is CAR T-Cell Therapy?

    • Overview: CAR T-cell therapy is a treatment where a patient’s own T cells are genetically modified to detect and kill cancer cells.
    • Science behind it: Scientists extract T cells and add a Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) gene, which enables them to identify cancer cells.
    • Working: These modified T cells are infused back into the patient, where they multiply and actively attack cancer.
    • Effectiveness: The therapy has shown high success against certain blood cancers and is now being studied for autoimmune disorders like lupus.
    • Issues: The traditional therapy is expensive (₹60–70 lakh), slow, and requires chemotherapy and specialised lab facilities.

    Recent Breakthrough: In-Body CAR T-Cell Therapy

    • Approach: A new technique uses mRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to deliver instructions directly inside the body.
    • Targeting Cells: These nanoparticles are programmed to locate and enter killer T cells, converting them into CAR T-cells internally.
    • Benefits offered: This method eliminates the need for cell extraction, chemotherapy, or viral vectors, making it faster and safer.

    Significance for India:

    • Scalable Innovation: This platform may lower treatment costs and offer wider access in countries like India with high cancer and autoimmune burdens.
    • Infrastructure Relief: Its in-body nature avoids dependence on advanced labs, making it suitable for resource-constrained settings.
    [UPSC 2019] What is Cas9 protein that is often mentioned in news?

    Options: (a) A molecular scissors used in targeted gene editing* (b) A biosensor used in the accurate detection of pathogens in patients (c) A gene that makes plants pest-resistant (d) A herbicidal substance synthesized in genetically modified crops

     

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  • Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

    Climate Threat Emerging from Rising Evaporative Demand and Thirstwaves

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Why in the News?

    Scientists have coined a new term, “thirstwave”, to describe spikes in evaporative demand, where a warmer atmosphere draws more water from plants, soil, and trees.

    What is Evaporative Demand?

    • Definition: Evaporative demand is the measure of how much water the atmosphere can potentially absorb from land, plants, and water surfaces if there is unlimited water available. It tells us how “thirsty” the atmosphere is.
    • Nature of Measurement: It is not about how much water is actually lost but how much could be lost if water was fully available. It depends on weather conditions, not the amount of water in the soil.
    • Standard Metric: The most widely used metric to quantify this is Standardized Short-Crop Reference Evapotranspiration (ETos)—which assumes a 12 cm grass surface with unlimited water availability.
    • Impact of Global Warming: As global warming increases atmospheric heat, evaporative demand also rises, making the air more “thirsty”.

    What is a Thirstwave?

    • Origin: “Thirstwave” is a newly coined term (2025) by Meetpal Kukal and Mike Hobbins to describe three or more consecutive days of extreme evaporative demand.
    • Definition: A thirstwave is a period of sudden and intense increase in evaporative demand, caused by hot, dry, and sunny weather. It means the atmosphere becomes extremely “thirsty” and starts pulling water rapidly from soil, plants, and water bodies, even if they already have limited moisture.
    • Distinction from Heatwaves: Unlike heatwaves, thirstwaves account for multifactorial stress, combining temperature, humidity, wind, and solar input.
    • Thirstwave in India: There is no dedicated data yet on thirstwaves in India, but researchers are beginning to investigate, especially in South Asia’s climate-vulnerable zones.
    [UPSC 2018] Which of the following leaf modifications occur(s) in the desert areas to inhabit water loss?

    1. Hard and waxy leaves

    2. Tiny leaves

    3. Thorns instead of leaves

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    Options: (a) 2 and 3 only (b) 2 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 *

     

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  • Economic Indicators and Various Reports On It- GDP, FD, EODB, WIR etc

    India breaks into top 100 of SDG Index for the first time

    IOCRPrelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Inclusive Growth & Issues

    Why in the News?

    In a major milestone, India has ranked 99th out of 167 countries in the 2025 edition of the Sustainable Development Report (SDR), released by the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network.

    What are Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?

    • Definition: SDGs are 17 global goals adopted by all UN member states in 2015 to end poverty, protect the planet, and promote peace and prosperity by 2030.
    • Core Focus: They balance economic growth, social inclusion and environmental sustainability for a better future.
    • Scope: The goals cover health, education, gender equality, clean water, economic growth, climate action, and governance.
    • Global Framework: They are part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted by the UN.

    About Global SDG Rankings:

    • Report Publisher: The Sustainable Development Report is released annually by the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network, led by Jeffrey Sachs.
    • Methodology: It ranks 167 countries using an SDG Index score out of 100 based on performance across all 17 goals.
    • Score Interpretation: A score of 100 means full achievement of all SDGs; lower scores show partial or poor implementation.
    • Data Sources: Rankings are based on a mix of social, economic, environmental, and governance indicators.
    • Global Patterns: European countries dominate top ranks; countries with conflict or debt rank lower.
    Note: In India, we also have our own SDG India Index released by NITI Aayog.

    Key Highlights of the Rankings:

    • India’s Rank 2025: India ranks 99th with a score of 67—its first time in the top 100.
    • Major Countries’ Ranking: China ranks 49th (74.4); the US ranks 44th (75.2) but is 193rd in SDG policy support.
    • Neighbourhood Comparison: Bhutan ranks 74th (70.5), Nepal 85th (68.6), Bangladesh 114th (63.9), Pakistan 140th (57), Sri Lanka 93rd, and Maldives 53rd.
    • Top Performers: Finland, Sweden, and Denmark lead the world in SDG achievement.
    • Areas of Progress: Global gains include access to electricity, mobile broadband, internet, and lower child mortality.
    • Major Setbacks: Challenges include rising obesity, declining press freedom, biodiversity loss, and growing corruption.
    • Target Gaps: Only 17% of SDG targets are on track to be achieved by 2030.
    [UPSC 2016] Consider the following statements:

    1. The Sustainable Development Goals were first proposed in 1972 by a global think tank called the ‘Club of Rome’.

    2. The Sustainable Development Goals have to be achieved by 2030.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only * (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

     

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  • Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

    Rising Evaporative Demand and Thirstwaves

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Why in the News?

    Scientists have coined a new term, “thirstwave”, to describe spikes in evaporative demand, where a warmer atmosphere draws more water from plants, soil, and trees.

    What is Evaporative Demand?

    • Definition: Evaporative demand is the measure of how much water the atmosphere can potentially absorb from land, plants, and water surfaces if there is unlimited water available. It tells us how “thirsty” the atmosphere is.
    • Nature of Measurement: It is not about how much water is actually lost but how much could be lost if water was fully available. It depends on weather conditions, not the amount of water in the soil.
    • Standard Metric: The most widely used metric to quantify this is Standardized Short-Crop Reference Evapotranspiration (ETos)—which assumes a 12 cm grass surface with unlimited water availability.
    • Impact of Global Warming: As global warming increases atmospheric heat, evaporative demand also rises, making the air more “thirsty”.
    • Key Features:
      • Simplified Model: ETos simplifies evapotranspiration by assuming fixed vegetation properties and only variable weather conditions.
      • Indicators of Stress: An increase in ETos indicates higher temperatures, lower humidity, faster wind, and stronger solar radiation.
      • Effect on Soil and Crops: Rising evaporative demand leads to more rapid drying of soil and plants, even with ample irrigation.
      • Agricultural Relevance: This directly affects irrigation scheduling, crop productivity, and climate-resilient farming strategies.

    What is a Thirstwave?

    • Origin: “Thirstwave” is a newly coined term (2025) by Meetpal Kukal and Mike Hobbins to describe three or more consecutive days of extreme evaporative demand.
    • Definition: A thirstwave is a period of sudden and intense increase in evaporative demand, caused by hot, dry, and sunny weather. It means the atmosphere becomes extremely “thirsty” and starts pulling water rapidly from soil, plants, and water bodies, even if they already have limited moisture.
    • Distinction from Heatwaves: Unlike heatwaves, thirstwaves account for multifactorial stress, combining temperature, humidity, wind, and solar input.
    • Thirstwave in India: There is no dedicated data yet on thirstwaves in India, but researchers are beginning to investigate, especially in South Asia’s climate-vulnerable zones.
    [UPSC 2018] Which of the following leaf modifications occur(s) in the desert areas to inhabit water loss?

    1. Hard and waxy leaves

    2. Tiny leaves

    3. Thorns instead of leaves

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    Options: (a) 2 and 3 only (b) 2 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 *

     

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  • Wildlife Conservation Efforts

    What is the Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (IBAT) Alliance?

    IOCRPrelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Why in the News?

    The IBAT Alliance, a coalition of leading global conservation bodies, announced a record $2.5 million investment in biodiversity data for the year 2024, more than double the amount in 2023.

    About Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (IBAT):

    • What is it: IBAT is a web-based biodiversity mapping and reporting platform launched in 2008 at the IUCN World Conservation Congress.
    • Objective: It was launched to enable the private sector, government, and civil society to integrate biodiversity into planning and risk management processes.
    • Utility: It helps screen biodiversity risks, assess conservation priorities, and align business practices with global frameworks like the UN SDGs and Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.
    • Members: The IBAT Alliance is a coalition of 4 major global conservation organizations:
      1. BirdLife International
      2. Conservation International (CI)
      3. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
      4. UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC)
    • Headquarters: David Attenborough Building, Cambridge (UK), with access to global scientific and conservation networks.
    [UPSC 2016] With reference to an initiative called ‘The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB)’, which of the following statements is/are correct?

    1. It is an initiative hosted by UNEP, IMF and World Economic Forum.

    2. It is a global initiative that focuses on drawing attention to the economic benefits of biodiversity.

    3. It presents an approach that can help decision-makers recognize, demonstrate and capture the value of ecosystems and biodiversity.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only* (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

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  • 50 Years of National Emergency

    Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution – historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure

    Why in the News?

    On June 26, 2025, India marks the 50th anniversary of the Emergency, imposed in 1975 by then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.

    What is National Emergency? (Article 352)

    • Definition: A national emergency is a constitutional provision under Article 352 of the Indian Constitution.
    • Grounds for Proclamation: It can be proclaimed by the President of India when the security of India or any part of it is threatened by:
      • War
      • External Aggression
      • Armed Rebellion
      • (Earlier also included “internal disturbance”, removed via the 44th Amendment, 1978)

    Grounds of Proclamation: Evolution

    • Original Provision (1950): Allowed Emergency for “internal disturbance”, which was vague and broad.
    • 38th Amendment Act (1975): Made the President’s satisfaction final and beyond judicial scrutiny.
    • 44th Amendment Act (1978):
      • Replaced “internal disturbance” with “armed rebellion” to curb misuse.
      • Restored judicial review of the President’s decision.

    Process of Proclamation

    • Initiation: The Union Cabinet (not just the PM) must send a written recommendation to the President.
    • Anticipatory Power: The proclamation can be issued before the actual occurrence of war, aggression, or rebellion.
    • Parliamentary Approval:
      • Must be ratified by both Houses within 1 month.
      • Requires a special majority:
        • Majority of the total membership.
        • Two-thirds of members present and voting.
      • Valid for 6 months; can be extended indefinitely with fresh approvals every 6 months.

    Territorial Application

    • Original Scope: Applied to the entire nation.
    • 42nd Amendment Act (1976): Permitted partial emergencies limited to specific states or territories.

    Judicial Review:

    • Before 1975: Emergency proclamations could be challenged in courts.
    • After the 38th Amendment: Made proclamations immune to judicial review.
    • Post-44th Amendment: Judicial review restored.
    • Minerva Mills Case (1980): SC ruled that Emergency can be struck down if based on mala fide, irrelevant, or absurd grounds.

    Revocation of National Emergency:

    • Duration: Can continue indefinitely with periodic 6-month renewals.
    • Revocation: The President can revoke anytime without Parliamentary approval.
    • Lok Sabha Oversight:
      • If 1/10th of Lok Sabha members give written notice, the Speaker/President must convene a session within 14 days.
      • Disapproval motion can pass with a simple majority.

    Historical Precedents:

    India has witnessed 3 National Emergencies:

    • 1962–1968: Due to war with China (external aggression).
    • 1971–1977: Triggered by war with Pakistan, later extended on grounds of internal disturbance.
    • 1975–1977: Declared on June 25, 1975, for internal disturbances—widely seen as misuse of power.

    Implications of Imposition of National Emergency:

    1. Centre-State Relations:
    • Executive Control: The centre gains dominant powers over state governments.
    • Legislative Powers:
      • Parliament can legislate on State List subjects.
      • President can issue ordinances on State subjects.
      • Such laws remain valid for 6 months after Emergency ends.
    • Financial Control:
      • President can alter financial distribution between Centre and states.
      • Reduced grants or tax transfers can continue till end of financial year after Emergency is lifted.
    1. Legislature:
    • Lok Sabha:
      • Under Article 83(2), its term can be extended by one year at a time.
      • Cannot continue beyond 6 months after Emergency ends.
    • State Assemblies: Term can be similarly extended with the same limitation.
    1. Fundamental Rights:
    • Article 358 – Automatic Suspension:
      • Article 19 is automatically suspended, only when Emergency is due to war or external aggression.
      • Applies nationwide, regardless of where Emergency is declared.
    • Article 359 – Presidential Order:
      • President can suspend court enforcement of specified Fundamental Rights.
      • Does not apply to Articles 20 and 21.
      • Can be regional or nationwide, covering all or selected rights.
    1. Judiciary:
    • 38th Amendment: Shielded Emergency from judicial scrutiny.
    • 44th Amendment: Restored court oversight.
    • Minerva Mills Judgment: Upheld that proclamations can be invalidated if mala fide or irrational.
    [2022] Which of the following is/are the exclusive power(s) of Lok Sabha?

    1. To ratify the declaration of Emergency

    2. To pass a motion of no-confidence against the Council of Ministers

    3. To impeach the President of India

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 only * (c) 1 and 3 (d) 3 only

     

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  • Human Rights Issues

    [pib] National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)

    Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Statutory, Regulatory & Various Quasi-Judicial Bodies

    Why in the News?

    The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of India has taken suo motu cognizance of an alleged gang rape in Odisha.

    About the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC):

    • Legal Status: The NHRC is a statutory body, established in 1993 under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.
      • Mandate: It functions as the national watchdog for human rights, aiming to ensure that state institutions respect and protect fundamental human dignity.
      • Objective: To strengthen institutional mechanisms for addressing human rights concerns.
    • Composition of NHRC:
      • Core Members: It consists of a Chairperson and 4 full-time members.
      • Chairperson: The Chairperson must be a former Chief Justice or Judge of the Supreme Court.
      • Other Members: Other members include retired judges, human rights experts, and at least one woman.
      • Ex-Officio Members: There are 7 ex-officio members—Chairpersons of the SC, ST, Women, Minorities, Backward Classes, Child Rights Commissions, and the Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities.
    • Functions:
      • Investigation Role: To inquire into human rights violations or failure to prevent them, either suo motu, on a petition, or through court direction.
      • Custodial Oversight: To visit jails and detention centres to examine conditions.
      • Legal Reform Advice: To review legal protections for human rights and recommend reforms.
      • Awareness Promotion: To promote awareness and literacy around human rights issues.
      • NGO and Research Support: To support NGOs and academic research on human rights.
      • Global Alignment: To study international treaties and suggest implementation strategies.

    Appointment and Tenure:

    • Selection Process: Appointments are made by the President of India based on the recommendation of a 6-member committee headed by Prime Minister and including the Speaker of Lok Sabha, Opposition leaders, Home Minister, and others.
    • Term Limits: The Chairperson and members serve for 3 years or until the age of 70, whichever comes first.

    Removal and Service Conditions:

    • Grounds for Removal: The President can remove a member for reasons like insolvency, misconduct, or infirmity, subject to inquiry by the Supreme Court in some cases.
    • Salary and Benefits: Salaries and service conditions are fixed by the Central Government and cannot be altered to the disadvantage of the appointees after their appointment.

    Working Procedure and Limitations:

    • Quasi-Judicial Powers: The NHRC operates with civil court powers, can summon reports, and has an investigative staff.
    • Inter-Agency Support: It can request help from Central or State agencies for investigation.
    • No Enforcement Authority: Its role is recommendatory, with no power to punish violators or grant relief. Governments must respond within one month to its recommendations.
    • Time and Jurisdiction Limits: It cannot investigate violations reported after 1 year of the alleged act and has a limited role in probing armed forces misconduct in human rights issues.
    [UPSC 2023] Consider the following organizations/bodies in India:

    1. The National Commission for Backward Classes

    2. The National Human Rights Commission

    3. The National Law Commission

    4. The National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission

    How many of the above are constitutional bodies?

    Options: (a) Only one* (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four

     

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  • Women empowerment issues – Jobs,Reservation and education

    [pib] ‘NAVYA’ Initiative for Skilling Adolescent Girls

    Prelims Only | Social Justice | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) has launched the NAVYA initiative.

    About the ‘NAVYA’ Initiative:

    • Overview: NAVYA stands for Nurturing Aspirations through Vocational Training for Young Adolescent Girls.
    • Nodal Agencies: It is a joint pilot initiative by the Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) and the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE).
    • Target Beneficiaries: It targets adolescent girls aged 16–18 years who have completed at least Class 10, particularly from under-served regions.
    • Implementation: The pilot phase will be implemented in 27 districts across 19 states, including Aspirational Districts and those from North-Eastern regions.
    • Objective: To build skills, confidence, and employability among young girls in sectors beyond traditional roles.

    Key Features:

    • Focus on Non-Traditional Skills: Girls will receive training in emerging fields like electronics repair, drone technology, solar energy, and more.
    • Certification Support: Beneficiaries will receive skill certificates under schemes like Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) and PM Vishwakarma.
    • Post-Training Pathways: Designed to ensure employment, entrepreneurship, or further education opportunities for girls.
    • Inclusive Development Goal: Empowers girls to be agents of socio-economic change, aligning with India’s growth trajectory toward Viksit Bharat by 2047.
    [UPSC 2017] Which of the following are the objectives of ‘National Nutrition Mission’?

    1. To create awareness relating to malnutrition among pregnant women and lactating mothers.

    2. To reduce the incidence of anaemia among young children, adolescent girls and women.

    3. To promote the consumption of millets, coarse cereals and unpolished rice.

    4. To promote the consumption of poultry eggs.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1 and 2 only* (b) 1, 2 and 3 only (c) 1, 2 and 4 only (d) 3 and 4 only

     

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  • Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

    Ambubachi Mela at Kamakhya Temple

    Prelims Only | Art and Culture | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    Why in the News?

    Pilgrims have begun arriving in Guwahati, Assam, for the Ambubachi Mela, held annually at the Kamakhya Temple, one of the most sacred centres of Tantric Shaktism in India.

    About Ambubachi Mela:

    • Festival Overview: Ambubachi Mela is an annual Hindu fertility festival celebrated at the Kamakhya Temple in Guwahati, Assam.
    • Timing and Season: It is held during the Assamese month of Ahaar (mid-June), coinciding with the monsoon season.
    • Religious Significance: The festival marks the annual menstruation of Goddess Kamakhya symbolising fertility and life-giving power.
    • Ritual Closure: During the festival, the sanctum sanctorum (innermost sacred chamber) of the temple is closed for three days to observe the goddess’s retreat.
    • Ceremonial Reopening: The temple reopens ceremonially on the fourth day, when lakhs of devotees gather for darshan.
    • Pilgrim Footfall: It is considered the largest religious gathering in Northeast India, with pilgrims arriving from across the country.
    • Etymology: The name ‘Ambubachi’ literally means ‘water flowing’ (denoting menstruation and the flow of life).
    • Spiritual Tradition: The practice is rooted in Tantric traditions (esoteric spiritual practices focusing on divine feminine energy).
    • Cultural Observance: During this time, agricultural activities are halted to honour the goddess’s rest and align with nature’s rhythms.

    Notable Features:

    • No Idol Worship: No idol is worshipped; instead, the process of menstruation itself (biological and divine function) is venerated.
    • Sacred Tokens: Devotees receive pieces of red cloth as sacred amulets.
    • Spiritual Discipline: The mela includes ritual abstentions (temporary renunciation of daily activities), devotional silence, and spiritual observance (religious discipline).

    About Kamakhya Temple:

    • Mythology: It is one of the 51 Shakti Peethas (sacred sites where body parts of Goddess Sati are believed to have fallen).
    • Location: It is located on Nilachal Hill beside the Brahmaputra River in Guwahati, Assam.
    • Architectural Style: Architecturally, the temple follows the Nilachala Style (a blend of North Indian Nagara and Mughal Saracenic architecture).
    • Structural Layout: The structure includes 5 chambers:
      • Garbhagriha (sanctuary where the main deity resides),
      • Antarala (vestibule or connecting passage),
      • Jaganmohan (main audience hall),
      • Bhogmandir (ritual chamber where offerings are made), and
      • Natmandir (hall for performances and religious gatherings).
    • Sacred Symbol: Instead of an idol, the temple houses a yoni-shaped stone (symbol of the goddess’s womb and creative energy).
    • Tantric Centre: It is one of the most revered Tantric pilgrimage sites (destinations for practitioners of spiritual and mystical rituals).
    • Cultural Depth: The temple’s rituals and legends have deep mythological (related to ancient stories and beliefs), astronomical, and cultural significance, especially during Ambubachi.

     

    [UPSC 2017] Consider the following pairs : Traditions Communities

    1. Chaliha Sahib Festival — Sindhis

    2. Nanda Raj Jaat Yatra — Gonds

    3. Wari-Warkari — Santhals

    Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

    Options: (a) 1 only *(b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) None of the above

     

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  • Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

    WMO’s State of the Climate in Asia 2024 Report

    IOCRPrelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Why in the News?

    The World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) has released its “State of the Climate in Asia, 2024” report.

    About the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO):

    • Overview: It is a specialised agency of the United Nations that deals with meteorology (weather and climate), operational hydrology, and related geophysical sciences.
    • Historical Origin: It was established in 1950, evolving from the International Meteorological Organisation (IMO), which was founded in 1873.
    • Headquarters Location: The headquarters of WMO is located in Geneva, Switzerland.
    • Global Coordination Role: WMO plays a key role in coordinating international efforts for climate data collection, forecasting, disaster preparedness, and climate change assessment.
    • Members: It has a membership of 193 members (187 member states + 6 Territories), including India.
    • Flagship Reports: WMO publishes annual climate reports such as the “State of the Climate” to highlight key trends and extreme weather impacts.

    Key Highlights of the State of the Climate in Asia – 2024 Report:

    • Record Warmth: 2024 was the warmest year on record in Asia, with heatwaves, extreme rainfalls, cyclones, and droughts devastating the region.
    • Global Temperature Spike: The global mean temperature reached its highest level since 1850, surpassing the 2023 record of 1.45°C.
    • Glacier Loss: 23 out of 24 monitored glaciers in the Himalayas and Tian Shan suffered mass loss, increasing the risk of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs).
    • Marine Heatwaves: Marine heatwaves of unprecedented extent and intensity affected Asian oceans, particularly around India, Japan, and China.
    • Major Cyclones: Cyclone Remal struck Bangladesh and India with 111 km/h winds and 2.5-metre-high storm surges; Asna and Fengal also caused major damage in Oman, Sri Lanka, and India.
    • Flash Floods and Landslides: Flash floods and landslides in Kerala, Nepal, and Sri Lanka resulted in hundreds of deaths and mass displacement.
    • Extreme Heatwaves: Heatwaves broke records across East and South Asia, including Japan, South Korea, China, Thailand, and India. Myanmar set a new national record at 48.2°C.
    • Severe Drought in China: Drought in China affected 4.8 million people, damaged over 335,000 hectares of crops, and caused losses of CNY 2.89 billion.
    [UPSC 2018] Momentum for Change: Climate Neutral Now” is an initiative launched by

    Options: (a) The Intergovernmental panel on Climate Change (b) The UNEP Secretariat (c) The UNFCCC Secretariat* (d) The World Meteorological Organization

     

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