PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2024] What is disaster resilience? How is it determined? Describe various elements of a resilience framework. Also mention the global targets of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030).
Linkage: The article explicitly states that the NDMA has “markedly accelerated its efforts to manage these increasing risks” and initiated a “proactive shift from mere post-disaster response to risk reduction through its Committee on Disaster Risk Reduction (CoDRR)”. This directly links to the concept of “disaster resilience” and “Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR),” which are central to India’s preparedness strategy for GLOF events. |
Mentor’s Comment: On July 8, 2025, Nepal experienced a major Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF), which triggered a flash flood along the Lende River, destroying a China-built friendship bridge and disabling four hydropower plants, cutting off 8% of Nepal’s power supply. This catastrophe highlights the growing threat of GLOFs due to glacial melt from rising temperatures in the Himalayas. The incident has raised concerns over the lack of trans-boundary early warning systems, particularly between China and Nepal. It also drew attention to India’s vulnerability, as the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) contains 7,500 glacial lakes, many at high risk of GLOF due to climate change, poor monitoring infrastructure, and lack of early warning systems. India’s National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has responded by launching a national programme targeting 195 at-risk glacial lakes, focusing on hazard assessment, early warning systems, risk mitigation, and community engagement.
Today’s editorial analyses the major Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) in Himalaya region. This topic is important for GS Paper III (Environment) in the UPSC mains exam.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Recently, Nepal faced a major Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF), which led to a sudden flash flood along the Lende River.
What are GLOFs?
- GLOFs (Glacial Lake Outburst Floods) are sudden floods that occur when the dam, natural or man-made, holding a glacial lake fails, releasing a massive volume of water downstream.
- Geographical Spread in Himalayas: The Himalayas host thousands of glacial lakes across India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Tibet (China), many of which are located near international borders. Eg: There are over 7,500 glacial lakes in India alone, with 200+ identified as potentially dangerous.
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What are their transboundary risks in the Himalayas?
- Trans-boundary Nature of Risk: Glacial lakes in upstream countries (like China) can cause floods that affect downstream nations (India, Nepal, Bhutan), often without early warning. Eg: In July 2024, a GLOF from a Tibetan lake caused destruction in Nepal’s Rasuwagadhi hydropower project, without prior alert.
- Lack of Data Sharing and Early Warning: There is minimal real-time data exchange between neighbouring countries on glacial lake status, making risk management difficult. Eg: Nepalese authorities received no early warning from China before the 2024 GLOF incident.
How has climate change increased GLOF frequency in the IHR?
- Accelerated Glacier Melting and Lake Formation: Rising temperatures are causing rapid glacier retreat, leading to the formation of new, unstable glacial lakes. Eg: The Milam Glacier in Uttarakhand has shown rapid retreat, increasing the size and number of proglacial lakes, raising GLOF risk.
- Extreme Precipitation Events: Climate change has intensified rainfall patterns, which can suddenly overfill glacial lakes and cause breaches. Eg: The Gya GLOF (2014) in Ladakh was triggered after heavy rainfall, damaging bridges and roads downstream.
- Increased Landslide Activity due to Warming: Thawing permafrost and unstable terrain lead to landslides that can fall into lakes, displacing water and triggering GLOFs. Eg: In 2013, a landslide into a glacial lake in the Chorabari Glacier near Kedarnath amplified the devastating flood.
What measures has India taken for GLOF mitigation?
- Early Warning Systems (EWS): India has installed EWS to detect rising water levels and trigger alerts for timely evacuation. Eg: An EWS was deployed at South Lhonak Lake in Sikkim, where a GLOF occurred in October 2023.
- Remote Sensing and Satellite Monitoring: ISRO and NRSC use satellite imagery to monitor glacial lakes, assess risks, and track expansion trends. Eg: Monitoring of glacial lakes in Ladakh, Uttarakhand, and Himachal Pradesh through Bhuvan portal.
- Risk Mapping and Vulnerability Assessment: Under the National Mission on Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystem (NMSHE), high-risk areas are identified for focused action. Eg: Studies in Kinnaur and Chamoli districts identified vulnerable lake systems.
- Drainage and Engineering Interventions: Controlled draining and structural measures are used to reduce lake volume and prevent overflow. Eg: Risk reduction work at Tsho Rolpa Lake (Nepal) near the Indian border was supported as a model for replication.
- Community Awareness and Preparedness: NDMA and state disaster authorities conduct training, drills, and awareness drives in high-risk areas. Eg: Mock drills in Uttarkashi (Uttarakhand) and Kullu (Himachal Pradesh) to prepare locals for GLOF events.
What are the gaps?
- Early Warning Systems (EWS): India lacks robust systems for GLOFs, including real-time sensors, automated sirens, and communication tools. This was evident in the Chamoli disaster (2021), where early alerts could have saved lives.
- Community Preparedness: Awareness and preparedness remain low in high-risk zones. Most villages in Sikkim and Uttarakhand lack formal evacuation protocols or disaster response training.
- Transboundary Coordination: Weak cooperation with neighbouring countries like China hampers data sharing on glacial lakes and rivers, affecting early action in downstream regions such as Arunachal Pradesh.
- Infrastructure Resilience: Critical assets like bridges and hydropower dams are not designed to withstand GLOF surges. The Chungthang dam breach (2023) exposed this structural vulnerability.
- Scientific & Technical Capacity: India lacks adequate glaciologists, risk modelers, and remote sensing experts. Agencies like NDMA depend on fragmented satellite data without reliable ground validation.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Early Warning Systems (EWS): Deploy real-time monitoring equipment like automated sensors, satellite-based surveillance, and AI-driven forecasting tools in high-risk glacial regions. Ensure last-mile communication through mobile alerts and sirens to reach remote communities.
- Enhance Regional and Local Preparedness: Promote transboundary data sharing with neighbouring countries for upstream glacial lake information. Simultaneously, build community-based disaster preparedness through mock drills, localized evacuation plans, and training programs in states like Sikkim, Uttarakhand, and Arunachal Pradesh.
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Why in the News?
The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012 is under scrutiny as the Supreme Court examines whether consensual sex between adolescents aged 16–18 should be decriminalised.
How does criminalising adolescent consent affect justice?
- Unjust Persecution of Consensual Relationships: Criminalising consensual sex between adolescents aged 16–18 leads to misuse of the law and unnecessary criminal prosecution of young people in voluntary relationships. Eg: Courts noticed that teenagers were being treated as offenders rather than being protected, which runs counter to the protective intent of the POCSO Act.
- Denial of Sexual Autonomy: Adolescents are deprived of agency over their own consensual decisions, equating normal behaviour with sexual offences. Eg: Section 2(d) of POCSO defines any person under 18 as a child, hence their consent is legally irrelevant.
What legal basis supports an exception for 16–18-year-olds?
- Evolving Capacity of Adolescents: The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), to which India is a signatory, recognises that adolescents have evolving capacities. Eg: International norms suggest that children above 16 may have sufficient maturity to make informed decisions, including about consensual relationships.
- Madras High Court (Vijayalakshmi vs. State, 2021): The court observed that consensual relationships among adolescents should not be criminalised when the age difference is modest (within 5 years). Eg: A 17-year-old girl and her 19-year-old partner in a consensual relationship were seen as victims of misuse of POCSO.
- Amicus Curiae Submissions to the Supreme Court (2024): Senior Advocate Indira Jaising suggested reading an exception into the POCSO Act to decriminalise consensual sexbetween adolescents aged 16–18. Eg: She argued that consent between sexually mature adolescents should not be labelled as abuse under law.
- Law Commission of India Report (2023): While not favouring a change in the age of consent, the Commission recommended “guided judicial discretion” in cases involving 16–18-year-olds in consensual relationships. Eg: Judges may consider the consensual nature while deciding on punishment, avoiding harsh sentences for adolescent partners.
Note: Amicus Curiae is a Latin term meaning “friend of the court.” It refers to a person or organization not a party to the case, but who offers relevant information, expertise, or insight to assist the court in making its decision.
What about the POSCO?
POCSO stands for the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012. It is a comprehensive law enacted by the Indian Parliament to protect children under 18 years from sexual abuse, sexual harassment, and pornography. |
Case Study:
- United Kingdom – “Gillick Competence” Doctrine: The UK follows the principle of Gillick competence, where children under 16 can legally consent to medical treatment (including sexual health services) if they are mature enough to understand the consequences. The Sexual Offences Act 2003 criminalises sex under 16, but the law is applied with discretion, especially in mutual consensual relationships between teenagers close in age.
- Canada – Close-in-Age Exemption: Under Canada’s Criminal Code, the age of consent is 16, but there is a “close-in-age exemption”. Eg: A 14–15-year-old can legally consent to sex with a partner less than 5 years older if the relationship is not exploitative. This balances protection from abuse with recognition of adolescent development and autonomy.
Way forward:
- Legislative Clarity with Close-in-Age Exemption: Amend the POCSO Act to introduce a close-in-age exemption (e.g., age difference ≤5 years) for consensual adolescent relationships between 16–18 years, as suggested by courts like the Madras High Court. This ensures protection from exploitation while avoiding unjust criminalisation.
- Comprehensive Adolescent Legal Awareness Programs: Launch school-based sensitisation campaigns to educate teenagers on consent, law, rights, and consequences of sexual activity. This promotes informed decision-making and reduces misuse or misunderstanding of the law.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2023] The Constitution of India is a living instrument with capabilities of enormous dynamism. It is a constitution made for a progressive society”. Illustrate with special reference to the expanding horizons of the right to life and personal liberty.
Linkage: The debate surrounding the POCSO Act and the age of consent for consensual adolescent relationships directly exemplifies how legal frameworks, and indeed the Constitution, must adapt to the realities of a “progressive society”. The call for exemptions or caveats to the POCSO Act, especially when “normal adolescent behaviour” is criminalized.
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Why in the News?
On July 3, 2025, Russia officially recognised the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (IEA), becoming one of the first major powers to do so since the Taliban’s return to power in 2021. This move follows the accreditation of the Taliban’s ambassador to Moscow, and marks a major shift in Russia’s Afghanistan policy, which had previously labelled the Taliban as a terrorist organisation.
Why did Russia recognise the Taliban regime now?
- Acknowledging Ground Reality: Russia views the Taliban as the de facto rulers of Afghanistan with control over territory and administration. Eg: Since 2021, the Taliban have exercised uninterrupted control over Kabul and provinces, making them the sole authority maintaining internal order.
- Counterterrorism Cooperation: Russia sees the Taliban as a potential partner in counterterrorism, especially against Islamic State-Khorasan (IS-K), which threatens regional and Russian security. Eg: After the Moscow concert hall attack (March 2024) attributed to IS-K, Russia enhanced backchannel security coordination with the Taliban.
- Maintaining Strategic Influence in the Region: By recognising the Taliban, Russia aims to safeguard its geopolitical influence in Central and South Asia, countering Western absence and Chinese rise. Eg: Russia’s engagement through the Moscow Format strengthens its regional leadership in Afghan dialogue.
- Preceding Legal and Diplomatic Softening: In April 2025, Russia’s Supreme Court suspended the 2003 ban on Taliban activity, allowing legal recognition without full delisting. Eg: The suspension of the terrorist tag created a diplomatic opening for formal recognition.
What are the regional implications of Russia’s move?
- Shift in Regional Power Dynamics: Russia’s recognition challenges the Western-led isolation of the Taliban and may encourage other regional powers to formalise ties. Eg: Countries like Iran and China, already engaged economically with the Taliban, may now consider official recognition, altering the diplomatic status quo.
- Boost to Taliban’s Legitimacy and Regional Acceptance: Recognition provides the Taliban diplomatic credibility, enabling greater participation in regional forums and access to aid or investment. Eg: The Taliban may now join regional security formats like the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) observer sessions more freely.
- Enhanced Security Cooperation Against Terrorism: Russia may now collaborate more openly with the Taliban to counter threats like IS-K, stabilising parts of Central Asia. Eg: Joint discussions on border security with Tajikistan and Uzbekistan may increase, helping curb militant infiltration.
How has Russia’s Taliban policy evolved since 1996?
- Rejection and Hostility (1996–2001): Russia declared the Taliban a terrorist organisation, opposing its rise in Afghanistan due to fears of Islamist extremism spreading to Chechnya and Central Asia.
- Cautious Engagement (2001–2021): While still labelling the Taliban a terrorist group, Russia began unofficial contacts to safeguard regional interests and hosted intra-Afghan peace talks in Moscow.
- Strategic Recognition (Post-2021): Following the U.S. withdrawal and Taliban takeover, Russia shifted to a realpolitik approach, officially recognising the Taliban in 2024 to secure influence, counter the West, and stabilise its southern flank.
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What does this recognition mean for India and China?
- India – Strategic Marginalisation: Russia’s recognition may reduce India’s diplomatic influence in Afghanistan, where it has supported a democratic and inclusive political setup. Eg: India’s $3 billion investments in Afghan infrastructure (like the Afghan Parliament building) may lose strategic value amid a Taliban-dominated regime backed by regional powers.
- China – Regional Leverage: It boosts China’s ability to engage the Taliban diplomatically and economically, securing interests in security (Xinjiang) and resource extraction. Eg: China has initiated talks on expanding the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) into Afghanistan and invested in Mes Aynak copper mines, which may progress with Russian support.
How should India engage with the Taliban post-recognition? (Way forward)
- Pragmatic Diplomatic Channels: India should maintain non-recognition-based engagement through back-channel talks and functional diplomacy to protect its strategic and security interests, especially in areas like counter-terrorism and regional connectivity.
- Conditional Development Cooperation: India can offer developmental aid and economic projects in health, education, and infrastructure, conditioned on Taliban commitments to human rights and non-support for cross-border terrorism.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] Critically analyse India’s evolving diplomatic, economic and strategic relations with the Central Asian Republics (CARs) highlighting their increasing significance in regional and global geopolitics.
Linkage: The article explicitly states that Russia’s decision to officially recognize the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (IEA) government sets a “precedent” and that “some Central Asian states and even China may well follow suit”. This direct link indicates that Russia’s strategic shift regarding the Taliban significantly impacts the diplomatic, economic, and strategic relations of CARs, making understanding this “gauntlet” crucial for analyzing regional and global geopolitics.
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Why in the News?
The National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) has launched the ‘Veer Parivar Sahayata Yojana’, aimed at improving legal aid for defence personnel and their families.
Back2Basics: National Legal Services Authority (NALSA)
- Established under: Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 (in force from 1995)
- Mandate: Ensure free, competent legal aid to the socially and economically disadvantaged
- Leadership:
- Patron-in-Chief: Chief Justice of India
- Executive Chairman: Senior Supreme Court Judge
- Core Functions:
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- Legal literacy campaigns
- Lok Adalats for amicable dispute resolution
- Legal aid in civil and criminal matters
- Outreach in rural and vulnerable communities
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About Veer Parivar Sahayata Yojana:
- Launched by: National Legal Services Authority (NALSA).
- Objective: Provide legal assistance to defence personnel, ex-servicemen, and their families.
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- Legal Clinics: Set up at Zilla, Rajya, and Kendra Sainik Boards
- Welfare–Legal Integration: Sainik Boards become legal service hubs
- Paralegal Volunteers: Defence families encouraged to participate, enhancing local legal access
- Legal Assistance includes:
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- Land and property disputes
- Matrimonial and family matters
- Service-related entitlements
- Utility/civil grievances (e.g., billing disputes)
- Support for personnel in remote/conflict zones
Free Legal Aid in India:
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- Article 21 (FR): Access to justice as part of the right to life
- Article 39A (DPSP): Legal aid and equal justice, added via 42nd Amendment Act, 1976
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- Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987: Four-tier system—National, State, District, Taluka
- Section 341, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023: Legal aid for indigent accused persons
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- Women and children
- Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes
- Persons with disabilities
- Industrial workmen
- Victims of disasters (natural or human-made)
- Persons in custody or shelter homes
- Economically weak (annual income:
- Below ₹1 lakh generally
- Below ₹5 lakh for Supreme Court cases)
| [UPSC 2020] In India, Legal Services Authorities provide free legal services to which of the following type of citizens?
1. Person with an annual income of less than Rs 1,00,000
2. Transgender with an annual income of less than Rs 2,00,000
3. Member of Other Backward Classes (OBC) with an annual income of less than ₹ 3,00,000
4. All Senior Citizens
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Options: (a) 1 and 2 only * (b) 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1 and 4 only |
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Why in the News?
A student in Odisha, died by suicide after her sexual harassment complaint was rejected by her college’s Internal Complaints Committee (ICC), showing the urgent need for stronger grievance systems.
About Internal Complaints Committee (ICC):
- Legal Basis: Mandated under the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 (POSH Act).
- Applicability: Mandatory in all organizations with 10 or more employees.
- Purpose: Provides a redressal mechanism to ensure a safe and dignified workplace for women.
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- A Presiding Officer who is a senior woman employee.
- At least two internal members with legal or social expertise.
- One external member from an NGO or with knowledge of sexual harassment issues.
- Minimum 50% of ICC members must be women.
Powers and Functions:
- Complaint Handling:
- Accepts complaints within 3 months of the incident.
- Offers conciliation (on request) or initiates a formal inquiry.
- Inquiry Process:
- Holds powers similar to a civil court (summon, evidence collection, sworn statements).
- Must complete inquiry within 90 days.
- Confidentiality: Identity of complainant, respondent, witnesses, and proceedings must be kept confidential.
- Post-Inquiry Actions:
- Recommends disciplinary action or closure.
- Employer must act on recommendations within 60 days.
- Assists in filing FIRs if the complainant seeks criminal action.
Back2Basics: POSH Act, 2013
- Full Form: The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013.
- Background:
- Originated from the Vishaka Guidelines (1997) issued by the Supreme Court.
- Inspired by the Bhanwari Devi case and public pressure after the Nirbhaya case (2012).
- Constitutional and Global Basis:
- Upholds gender justice under Article 15.
- Based on India’s commitment to CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 1979) (ratified in 1993).
- Key Provisions
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- Workplace Scope: Includes private and public sectors, government offices, NGOs, informal sectors, and domestic work.
- Definition of Harassment: Covers physical contact, unwelcome advances, sexually coloured remarks, explicit content, and verbal or non-verbal conduct.
- Mandatory ICC: All organizations with 10+ employees must set up an Internal Complaints Committee.
- Local Committee: District-level Local Committees must be set up for smaller workplaces or domestic workers.
- Employer Responsibilities:
- Conduct awareness sessions and training.
- Ensure safety and publish the organization’s POSH policy.
- Timelines:
- Complaints must be filed within 3 months.
- Inquiries must be completed within 90 days.
- Penalties:
- Fine of up to ₹50,000 for non-compliance.
- Repeat violations can lead to license cancellation.
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| [UPSC 2007] Consider the following statements:
1. The Judge (Inquiry) Bill 2006 contemplates establishing a Judicial Council which will receive complaints against Judges of the Supreme Court, Chief Justices, and Judges.
2. Under the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, a woman can file a petition before a 1st Class Judicial Magistrate.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2* (d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Why in the News?
The second Kala Utsav 2025 at Rashtrapati Bhavan celebrated India’s tribal art, with artists from Jharkhand, Odisha, and West Bengal showcasing Sohrai, Pattachitra, and Patua paintings.
About Sohrai Paintings:
- Origin: Indigenous to Jharkhand, especially the Hazaribagh region.
- Etymology: Derived from ‘Soro’ meaning “to drive away with a stick.”
- Historical Roots: Traces back to the Meso-chalcolithic period (9000–5000 BC).
- Archaeological Evidence: Similar rock paintings found at Isko Rock Shelter in Barkagaon.
- Key Features of Sohrai Art:
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- Practiced By: Women of Kurmi, Santhal, Munda, Oraon, Agaria, and Ghatwal tribes.
- Geographical Spread: Found in Jharkhand, Bihar, Odisha, and West Bengal.
- Materials Used: Natural substances like charcoal, clay, and soil.
- Themes: Celebrates nature—forests, rivers, animals—along with harvest and fertility.
- Festival Link: Painted during the Sohrai festival, marking the harvest season and winter.
- Ritual Role: Rice-gruel mandalas drawn to welcome cattle into homes.
- GI Tag: Awarded in 2020 for Sohrai Khovar Painting.
Back2Basics:
Pattachitra Painting:
- Origin: Odisha, associated with the Jagannath Temple, Puri.
- Material: Painted on cloth (Pata) coated with chalk powder and tamarind seed glue.
- Colors Used: Made from vegetables, minerals, and earth sources.
- Artistic Method:
- No pencil outlines.
- Borders are painted first.
- Sketching is done with light red and yellow brushes.
- Finished with lacquer coating for shine and durability.
- Themes: Centered on Krishna Leela, Jagannath tales, and other mythological stories.
Patua Painting:
- Origin: West Bengal, practiced by the Patua (Chitrakar) community.
- Spread: Also found in Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, and Bangladesh.
- Format: Painted on scrolls (pati or patta) backed with old sari fabric.
- Tools & Colors: Uses bamboo-goat hair brushes and vegetable dyes, fixed with gum.
- Usage:
- Scrolls used to narrate folk tales.
- Focuses on Mangal Katha, especially in Kalighat and Kumartuli.
- Practiced by both Hindu and Muslim Patuas.
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| [UPSC 2015] Kalamkari painting refers to:
Options: (a) a hand-painted cotton textile in South India* (b) a handmade drawing on bamboo handicrafts in North-East India (c) a block-painted woollen cloth in Western Himalayan region of India (d) a hand-painted decorative silk cloth in North-Western India |
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Why in the News?
Over a century after Einstein explained Brownian motion, California Institute of Technology (Caltech) scientists have created a powerful microscope that shows molecules moving in real time at an extremely tiny scale.
What is Brownian Motion?
- Definition: Random movement of tiny particles in a fluid due to constant collisions with surrounding molecules.
- Significance: Validated the existence of atoms and molecules; explained by Albert Einstein in 1905.
- Particle Behavior: Smaller particles move faster and more erratically; larger ones move slower.
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About Caltech Microscope:
- Resolution: Angstrom-level (1 Å = 0.0000000001 m).
- Speed: Captures hundreds of billions of frames per second.
- Advantage: Wide-field, single-shot imaging with no sample damage.
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- Setup: Fluorescent molecules in water illuminated by ultrafast lasers.
- Light Capture: Scattered light directed via Digital Micromirror Device.
- Streak Imaging: Light converted to electron patterns revealing molecular size.
- Reading Size: Faster changes = smaller molecules; slower = larger.
| [UPSC 2000] Which one of the following can be used to confirm whether drinking water contains a gamma emitting isotope or not?
Options: (a) Microscope (b) Lead plate (c) Scintillation counter* (d) Spectrophotometer |
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Why in the News?
IIT Guwahati researchers have created a strong, eco-friendly material using bamboo and biodegradable plastic to replace regular plastic in car interiors and other uses.
About the Bamboo-Polymer Composite:
- Origin: Made using Bambusa tulda, a fast-growing bamboo from Northeast India.
- Composition: Reinforced with bio-based and petroleum-based epoxies for strength.
- Objective: Reduce dependence on synthetic plastics in industrial sectors.
- Process: Bamboo fibres undergo alkali treatment to bond well with polymers.
- Evaluation: Tested across 17 parameters—tensile strength, water resistance, cost, etc.
Key Features and Benefits:
- High Strength: Suitable for load-bearing automotive components.
- Thermal Stability: Can withstand high interior vehicle temperatures.
- Low Moisture Absorption: Ideal for humid environments.
- Eco-Friendly: Biodegradable, lowers environmental impact.
- Cost-Effective: ₹4300 per kg—commercially viable.
- Best Variant: Bamboo + bio-based epoxy FormuLite chosen through performance scoring.
Applications:
- Automotive: Dashboards, door panels, seat backs.
- Electronics & Packaging: Lightweight, durable material.
- Aerospace: Used for sustainable composite components.
- Construction: Green alternative for interiors and fixtures.
| [UPSC 2021] Consider the following statements:
1. Carbon fibres are used in the manufacture of the components used in automobiles and aircrafts.
2. Carbon fibres once used cannot be recycled.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?”
Options: (a) 1 only* (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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