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  • New Species of Plants and Animals Discovered

    World’s Longest Banana Infructescence Found in Andaman

    Species | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    World’s Longest Banana Infructescence Found in Andaman

    Why in the News?

    A species of wild banana, Musa indandamanensis, endemic to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, has set a world record with an infructescence (fruit bunch axis) measuring 4.2 metres — the longest ever recorded among banana species globally.

    About the Musa indandamanensis:

    • Musa indandamanensis is a wild banana species that is endemic to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
    • It was first discovered in 2012 near the Krishna Nala reserve forest in Little Andaman and officially described in 2014.
    • The species was later rediscovered in Campbell Bay, located in the Nicobar Islands.
    • The discovery was led by Dr. Lal Ji Singh, Head of the Botanical Survey of India’s Andaman and Nicobar Regional Centre.
    • Due to its limited natural range and habitat vulnerability, it is listed as Critically Endangered by IUCN.

    Notable Features:

    • The species holds the world record for the longest banana infructescence, measuring 4.2 metres.
    • The plant typically reaches a height of about 11 metres, with stem girth varying by location: under 100 cm in Little Andaman and around 110 cm in Campbell Bay.
    • It bears golden yellow to orange fruits, which ripen into a golden-orange pulp containing many irregular-shaped seeds.
    • The plant thrives in moist tropical forests, typically near waterfalls and streams.
    • It is considered a valuable genetic resource for developing drought-resistant, disease-tolerant, and high-yielding banana varieties.
    • Specimens are showcased in botanical institutions such as the Indian Museum in Kolkata and the Andaman and Nicobar Regional Centre.
    • For ex-situ conservation, saplings have been planted in botanical gardens in Howrah, Prayagraj, and Port Blair.
    [UPSC 2016] Recently, our scientists have discovered a new and distinct species of banana plant which attains a height of about 11 metres and has orange-coloured fruit pulp. In which part of India has it been discovered?

    Options: (a) Andaman Islands* (b) Anaimalai Forests (c) Maikala Hills (d) Tropical rain forests of northeast

     

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  • Hunger and Nutrition Issues – GHI, GNI, etc.

    [10th May 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Sprouting sustainable, nutrition-sensitive food systems 

    op-ed snap | Indian Society | Mains Paper 1: Poverty & Development Issues

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2024] Explain the role of millets for ensuring health and nutritional security in India.

    Linkage: Nutrition-sensitive agriculture and promoting the cultivation of climate-resilient, biofortified crops, and enhancing crop diversity. Millets are a prime example of such crops that contribute to health and nutritional security, making this question highly relevant to the article’s proposed solutions for improving dietary quality and nutritional outcomes.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  The global food system is under pressure due to limited resources and climate change, while still needing to make food accessible and affordable. Even though India is a top producer of milk, fruits, vegetables, grains, and livestock, it still faces serious nutrition problems. These include both undernutrition and rising obesity, along with a lack of essential vitamins and minerals. Such issues put India’s future workforce and economic strength at risk. With a low rank of 105 out of 127 countries in the Global Hunger Index 2024, India’s food insecurity needs immediate attention.

    Today’s editorial discusses the problem of malnutrition in India. This topic is useful for GS Paper 2 (which covers the role of the welfare state and government schemes to fight malnutrition) and GS Paper 3 (which looks at India’s food system).

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    India’s fight against nutrition problems should lead to a change where nutrition is included as a key part of farming and economic planning.

    What is the situation of India in malnutrition? 

    • Alarming Dual Burden of Malnutrition: NFHS-5 data highlights India’s pressing nutrition crisis — with high rates of stunting (35.5%), underweight (32.1%), wasting (19.3%) among children, and rising obesity in adults (24% women, 22.9% men), reflecting a dual burden of undernutrition and overnutrition that demands urgent policy attention.
    • Hidden Hunger and Women’s Health: The prevalence of anaemia in 57% of women of reproductive age signals widespread micronutrient deficiencies, indicating that calorie sufficiency alone is not enough — interventions must ensure access to diverse, nutrient-rich foods.

    What are the key causes of malnutrition in India despite being a major food producer?

    • Inequitable Access: Despite high food production, millions cannot afford or access diverse and nutritious diets. Eg: As per FAO (2022), 55.6% of Indians are unable to afford a healthy diet, highlighting widespread economic and geographic disparities.
    • Hidden Hunger (Micronutrient Deficiency): Diets often lack essential vitamins and minerals, affecting physical and cognitive development. Eg: 57% of Indian women of reproductive age are anaemic, despite surplus grain availability.
    • Food System Inefficiencies: Overreliance on staples, poor storage, and inadequate supply chains limit access to nutrient-rich food. Eg: Focus on rice and wheat in PDS sidelines coarse grains and pulses, leading to reduced dietary diversity.
    • Double Burden of Malnutrition: India faces both undernutrition in children and growing rates of overweight/obesity in adults. Eg: 35.5% of children under 5 are stunted, while 24% of women are overweight, showing nutrition imbalance.
    • Climate Vulnerability: Extreme weather events and resource stress reduce crop yield and diversity, harming food security. Eg: Erratic monsoons and heatwaves reduce the productivity of small-scale farmers, limiting supply of fresh produce.

    How can nutrition-sensitive agriculture contribute to addressing India’s food security issues?

    • Crop Diversification: Promotes the cultivation of a variety of nutrient-rich crops to improve dietary diversity. Eg: Encouraging farmers to grow millets, pulses, and vegetables alongside cereals enhances household nutrition and resilience.
    • Biofortification: Increases the nutritional content of staple crops to combat micronutrient deficiencies. Eg: Use of iron-rich pearl millet and zinc-enhanced wheat has shown success in improving child and maternal health.
    • Climate-Resilient Crops: Supports food security under changing climate conditions by using crops that can withstand droughts and floods. Eg: Drought-tolerant varieties of sorghum and finger millet help ensure food supply in arid and semi-arid regions.
    • Improved Post-Harvest Management: Reduces food loss and maintains nutrient quality through better storage and transportation. Eg: Solar dryers and community storage units help preserve perishable crops like fruits and vegetables in rural areas.
    • Farmer-Nutrition Linkages: Connects local farmers with schools and public schemes to supply nutritious food, boosting rural incomes and food access. Eg: The Nutri-Garden model in schools sources biofortified grains and vegetables from nearby farms, improving child nutrition.

    Who should play a key role in transforming India’s food systems for better nutrition and sustainability?

    • Government: Must align agricultural, health, and economic policies with nutrition and sustainability goals. Eg: The government can enhance the Public Distribution System (PDS) by including nutrient-rich millets and local vegetables.
    • Private Sector: Should innovate and invest in nutrition-focused food products, fortification, and sustainable practices. Eg: Food companies using clear nutrition labels and QR codes to promote awareness and adopting plant-based alternatives.
    • Community and Civil Society: Essential in driving grassroots efforts, promoting awareness, and implementing local nutrition initiatives. Eg: Nutrition-Sensitive Community Planning (NSCP) empowers villages to improve diet through local food, water, and health solutions.

    Where can community-led nutrition interventions like the Nutrition-Sensitive Community Planning (NSCP) model be most effective in India?

    • Rural Areas with Poor Nutrition Indicators: Effective where malnutrition, stunting, and anaemia are high among children and women. Eg: In parts of Bihar and Madhya Pradesh, NSCP can address undernutrition by linking local farming to nutritious diets.
    • Tribal and Remote Regions: Helps revive indigenous food systems and addresses deep-rooted nutrition gaps. Eg: In Odisha’s tribal districts, NSCP can promote traditional millets and forest foods as part of daily meals.
    • Climate-Vulnerable Zones: Strengthens resilience through climate-adaptive farming and diversified diets. Eg: In Bundelkhand (UP-MP), NSCP can integrate drought-tolerant crops and water-saving practices.
    • Regions with High Migration Rates: Targets nutritional needs of women and children left behind in migrant families. Eg: In eastern Uttar Pradesh, NSCP can ensure food security through community gardens and village nutrition hubs.
    • Urban Slums and Peri-Urban Settlements: Addresses the dual burden of undernutrition and rising obesity in low-income households. Eg: In Delhi’s informal settlements, NSCP can promote rooftop kitchen gardens and access to local fresh food markets.

    What are the steps taken by the Indian government? 

    • Universal Fortified Rice & Diversified Safety Nets: India has rolled out fortified rice (iron, folic acid + B12) across every food-security scheme—PDS, PM-GKAY, ICDS, Mid-Day Meal/PM POSHAN—to cut anaemia and hidden hunger.  
    • Mission Poshan 2.0 (Saksham Anganwadi + Nutrition Mission): Combines ICDS, Poshan Abhiyaan and allied schemes into one platform that uses real-time growth monitoring, fortified take-home rations and community “Poshan Maah” drives to reduce stunting, wasting and anaemia. Eg: Mission Poshan 2.0 uses a three-pronged strategy—convergence, technology and social behaviour change—through 1.4 million Anganwadis.
    • Millet Promotion & Climate-Resilient Farming: The government declared 2023 the International Year of Millets, rebranded them as “Nutri-Cereals,” and launched programmes to expand climate-smart, nutrient-dense crops.

    Way forward: 

    • Enhance Multi-Stakeholder Collaboration: Strengthen coordination between government, private sector, and civil society to scale up nutrition-sensitive initiatives and ensure equitable access to nutritious food for all segments of society.
    • Promote Sustainable and Climate-Resilient Agricultural Practices: Encourage the adoption of climate-smart farming techniques and crop diversification to ensure food security in the face of climate challenges while improving nutritional outcomes.

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  • Coronavirus – Health and Governance Issues

    Greater regularity: On the Nipah virus

    Explained | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

    Why in the News?

    A 42-year-old woman in Kerala tested positive for the Nipah virus on May 8, marking the third case reported from Malappuram district in the past two years.

    Why is studying the genetic evolution of Nipah in humans and bats important?

    • Understanding Virulence and Transmission Potential: Genetic mutations can influence how severe the disease is and whether it can spread between humans. Eg: The 2018 outbreak in Kerala showed a high fatality rate (17 out of 18 cases), partly attributed to a variant with small but significant differences from the Bangladesh strain.
    • Detecting New Strains and Preventing Outbreaks: Regular monitoring of genetic changes in the virus found in bats (natural hosts) helps identify emerging strains before they jump to humans. Eg: Repeated spillovers in Kerala suggest evolving viral dynamics in bat populations.
    • Informing Vaccine and Diagnostic Development: Understanding the virus’s genetic structure enables the development of effective diagnostic tools, therapies, and future vaccines. Eg: Without updated genomic data, public health responses may lag behind fast-evolving variants.

    Why is it important to share the genetic sequences of the Nipah virus in public databases without delay?

    • Enables Global Scientific Collaboration and Rapid Response: Sharing genetic sequences in public databases allows scientists worldwide to study the virus, track mutations, and develop diagnostic tools, treatments, or vaccines more efficiently. Eg: Rapid sharing of SARS-CoV-2 sequences in 2020 helped in the swift development of COVID-19 vaccines.
    • Monitors Viral Evolution and Assesses Public Health Risk: Timely sequence sharing helps detect genetic changes that may enhance the virus’s transmissibility or virulence, allowing health authorities to prepare accordingly. Eg: Genetic analysis of the 2018 Nipah strain in Kerala showed variation from the Bangladesh strain, helping researchers understand its unique impact.

    How did the 2018/2023 outbreaks differ from the recent case in symptoms and transmission?

    Aspect 2018/2023 Outbreaks 2024 Case
    Clinical Presentation Type Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Relatively milder, with fewer complications
    Disease Severity More severe, with multisystem involvement Relatively milder, with fewer complications
    Human-to-Human Transmission Yes, leading to outbreaks No human-to-human transmission observed yet
    Viral Load and Spread Potential High viral load in throat swabs, indicating spread Lower viral load in AES patients, reducing spread
    Outcome and Fatality High fatality rate (17 deaths from 18 cases in 2018) No deaths reported, with early detection and isolation

     

    What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?

    • Rapid Response and Surveillance Systems: The government deploys central teams including epidemiologists and virologists for outbreak investigation and containment. Eg: In the 2023 Kerala outbreak, a Central team was sent immediately to assist the State with contact tracing and containment measures.
    • Strengthening Laboratory Diagnostics and Research: The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and National Institute of Virology (NIV), Pune, have developed diagnostic kits and conduct genomic sequencing of the virus. Eg: NIV Pune confirmed the Nipah virus infection in the May 2024 case and also conducted genome analysis during previous outbreaks.
    • Public Health Awareness and Isolation Protocols: Health departments issue guidelines on infection control, isolation of suspected cases, and public advisories to avoid contact with bats and consume only washed fruits. Eg: During the 2018 and 2023 outbreaks, Kerala implemented isolation wards, restricted public gatherings, and sensitised healthcare workers and the public.

    Way forward: 

    • Establish Permanent Nipah Surveillance Units in High-Risk Areas: Set up dedicated monitoring and response units in regions like Kerala for continuous bat sampling, genomic sequencing, and early detection.
    • Promote Transparent Data Sharing and Regional Collaboration: Ensure timely release of viral genomic data in public databases and collaborate with neighbouring countries for joint research and response planning.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2024] In a crucial domain like the public healthcare system, the Indian State should play a vital role to contain the adverse impact of marketisation of the system. Suggest some measures through which the State can enhance the reach of public healthcare at the grassroots level.

    Linkage: The importance of timely detection and isolation of Nipah cases and mentions different clinical presentations (AES and ARDS), implying the need for diagnostic and clinical management capacity. A robust public healthcare system, particularly at the grassroots level, is essential for effective surveillance, early detection, diagnosis, isolation, and management of infectious disease outbreaks like Nipah, making this question highly relevant.

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  • Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

    It is time to protect India’s workers from the heat

    Explained | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Why in the News?

    Millions of informal workers in Indian cities are still suffering the most because Heat Action Plans are poorly designed.

    What are the key gaps in current Heat Action Plans for informal workers?

    • Lack of Specific Focus on Informal Workers: Most Heat Action Plans do not explicitly identify or address the unique needs of informal workers. Eg: NDMA’s 2019 heatwave guidelines mention “outdoor workers” broadly, without specific measures for vendors, construction workers, or waste pickers.
    • Absence of Occupational Safety Protocols: There are no provisions for safe working hours, rest breaks, hydration, or emergency response for heat stress. Eg: State-level HAPs often do not mandate rest periods or shaded areas for those working under the sun, unlike Odisha which mandates halts in outdoor work during peak heat hours.
    • Short-term and Crisis-oriented Planning: Most HAPs are activated only during summer months and lack long-term strategies to tackle recurring heatwaves. Eg: City-level HAPs like those in Delhi focus on public awareness during heat alerts but don’t invest in permanent cooling infrastructure.
    • Inadequate Coordination Between Departments: Ministries and departments (Labour, Urban Affairs, Health) work in silos, leading to disjointed efforts. Eg: Urban development plans rarely consult labour departments, leaving out worker welfare components like cooling shelters at work sites.
    • No Budgetary Provision or Worker Participation: Most HAPs are underfunded and formulated without involving worker collectives or unions. Eg: Unlike Ahmedabad’s more inclusive model that adjusted work hours and created shaded rest areas, many cities fail to allocate funds or consult informal worker groups.

    Why are informal workers most vulnerable to heatwaves?

    • Prolonged Exposure to Outdoor Heat: Informal workers often work in open, unshaded environments without protective infrastructure. Eg: Street vendors and construction workers spend long hours on roads or open sites under direct sunlight, increasing the risk of heatstroke and dehydration.
    • Lack of Social and Health Protection: Most informal workers are not covered under formal health insurance or welfare schemes. Eg: Waste pickers or rickshaw pullers facing heat exhaustion rarely get access to medical care or income support during extreme weather conditions.
    • No Control Over Work Conditions: Informal work lacks regulated hours, rest breaks, or heat safety norms. Eg: Gig workers or daily wage labourers often continue working during peak heat hours to avoid income loss, further risking their health.

    Who should be included in drafting worker-focused HAPs?

    • Informal Worker Collectives and Unions: These groups bring first-hand knowledge of occupational challenges and practical needs. Eg: Street vendor associations can guide the placement of shaded stalls or cooling zones in high-traffic market areas.
    • Local Civil Society and NGOs: They have ground-level experience working with vulnerable communities and can ensure inclusive planning. Eg: NGOs working with waste pickers can help identify priority locations for hydration points and rest shelters.
    • Urban Local Bodies and Municipal Officials: City planners and officials must coordinate resources and integrate worker needs into official frameworks. Eg: Municipal corporations can designate public spaces like bus depots or community halls as cooling centers for workers.

    Where should cooling zones be set up for maximum worker benefit?

    • High-Density Work Areas: Install cooling zones where informal workers are concentrated and exposed to heat. Eg: Labour chowks, construction sites, and industrial zones where daily wage workers gather and work outdoors.
    • Public Transport Hubs and Markets: Busy areas with long waiting times or heavy footfall offer strategic relief points. Eg: Bus stations, metro exits, and wholesale markets where street vendors and rickshaw pullers operate.
    • Slum Clusters and Informal Settlements: Set up community cooling centres where workers live in poorly ventilated, heat-trapping environments. Eg: Urban slums lacking trees or open spaces, where indoor heat stress is high during nights and afternoons.

    How can cities integrate heat resilience into governance and planning? (Way forward)

    • Embed Heat-Safety Norms in Urban Planning Frameworks: Include heat adaptation measures in master plans, building bye-laws, and zoning regulations. Eg: Mandating cool roofs, passive ventilation, and shaded pathways in all new public infrastructure projects.
    • Retrofit Informal Workspaces for Thermal Comfort: Upgrade existing markets, labour hubs, and waste collection zones with heat-resilient designs. Eg: Installing reflective roofing, shade nets, and drinking water stations in street vendor zones.
    • Establish Interdepartmental Coordination and Accountability: Create dedicated roles (like a heat officer) and inter-ministerial task forces for climate and labour. Eg: A city-level heat officer coordinating between health, labour, and urban departments to ensure timely responses during heatwaves.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2013] Bring out the causes for the formation of heat islands in the urban habitat of the world.

    Linkage: It is time to protect India’s workers from the heat” discusses the growing crisis of extreme heat in Indian cities and its severe impact on urban informal workers.

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  • Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

    [pib] 10 Years of 3 Jansuraksha Schemes

    PIBSchemes | Social Justice | Mains Paper 2: Government Scheme/Policies

    Why in the News?

    The 3 Jansuraksha Schemes— Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY), Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY) and Atal Pension Yojana (APY) launched by PM Modi on May 9, 2015, have completed 10 years of providing social security coverage to citizens.

    About the Jansuraksha Schemes:

    Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY) Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY) Atal Pension Yojana (APY)
    Type Accidental Insurance Life Insurance Pension Scheme
    Eligibility Age 18 to 70 years 18 to 50 years 18 to 40 years (non-taxpayers)
    Premium ₹20 per annum ₹436 per annum Varies by age and pension amount
    Coverage/Benefit ₹2 lakh (death/total disability), ₹1 lakh (partial) ₹2 lakh (death due to any cause) ₹1,000–₹5,000 monthly pension after age 60
    Policy Term 1 year (June 1 – May 31), renewable 1 year (June 1 – May 31), renewable Contribution till age 60; pension begins post-60
    Premiums Payment
    		 Auto-Debit: Yes (from bank/post office account) Auto-Debit: Yes (from bank/post office account) Auto-Debit: Yes (monthly/quarterly/half-yearly options)
    Administered By Public Sector General Insurance Companies (PSGICs) and other insurers in partnership with participating banks or post offices Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) and other participating life insurers, through tie-ups with banks or post offices Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA), implemented through banks and post offices
    Achievements (as of 2025) 51.06 crore enrolments; ₹3,121.02 crore paid for 1,57,155 claims; 23.87 crore female and 17.12 crore PMJDY enrolments 23.63 crore enrolments; ₹18,397.92 crore paid for 9,19,896 claims; 10.66 crore female and 7.08 crore PMJDY enrolments 7.66 crore enrolments; ~47% are women subscribers

     

    [UPSC 2016] Regarding ‘Atal Pension Yojana’, which of the following statements is/are correct?

    1. It is a minimum guaranteed pension scheme mainly targeted at unorganized sector workers.

    2. Only one member of a family can join the scheme.

    3. Same amount of pension is guaranteed for the spouse for life after subscriber’s death.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only* (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

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  • Start-up Ecosystem In India

    [pib] Credit Guarantee Scheme for Startups (CGSS)

    Schemes | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth

    Why in the News?

    The Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, has announced the expansion of the Credit Guarantee Scheme for Startups (CGSS).

    About Credit Guarantee Scheme for Startups (CGSS):

    • The CGSS was launched on October 6, 2022, as part of the Startup India Action Plan.
    • The scheme is designed to provide collateral-free credit to eligible startups through recognized financial institutions.
    • It offers credit guarantee cover for loans extended by Scheduled Commercial Banks, All India Financial Institutions (AIFIs), Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs), and SEBI-registered Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs).
    • The guaranteed coverage is available in 2 formats:
      1. Transaction-based (for individual borrowers) and
      2. Umbrella-based (for Venture Debt Funds).
    • The scheme helps startups access funding through instruments such as working capital, term loans, and venture debt.
    • The DPIIT is responsible for the oversight and implementation of the scheme.
    • The scheme is operated by the National Credit Guarantee Trustee Company Limited (NCGTC).
    • A Management Committee (MC) and a Risk Evaluation Committee (REC) have been constituted to supervise and review the operations of the scheme.
    • It aligns with the objective of encouraging innovation, supporting early-stage entrepreneurship, and driving economic self-reliance.

    Key Changes in the Expanded CGSS:

    • Guarantee ceiling increased from ₹10 crore to ₹20 crore per borrower.
    • Guarantee cover enhanced to:
      • 85% for loans up to ₹10 crore.
      • 75% for loans exceeding ₹10 crore.
    • Annual Guarantee Fee (AGF) reduced from 2% to 1% p.a. for startups in 27 Champion Sectors.
    • The Champion Sectors are identified under the ‘Make in India’ initiative to strengthen domestic manufacturing and services.
    [UPSC 2023] Consider the following statements with reference to India:

    1. According to the ‘Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development (MSMED) Act, 2006’, the ‘medium enterprises’ are those with investments in plant and machinery between Rs. 15 crore and Rs. 25 crore.

    2. All bank loans to the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises qualify under the priority sector.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only* (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

     

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  • Forest Conservation Efforts – NFP, Western Ghats, etc.

    [pib] 20th Session of UN Forum on Forests (UNFF20)

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Why in the News?

    India participated in the 20th session of the United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF20) held at the UN Headquarters, New York, reaffirming its commitment to the United Nations Strategic Plan for Forests (UNSPF) 2017–2030.

    About United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF):

    • UNFF was established in 2000 by the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).
    • It aims to promote sustainable forest management and global forest policy coordination.
    • It holds annual sessions at UN Headquarters:
      • Technical discussions in odd years
      • Policy-level dialogues in even years
    • It has universal membership — includes all UN Member States and relevant forest-related agencies.
    • India is a founding member and plays an active role in shaping forest policies.
    • The UN Strategic Plan for Forests (UNSPF) is the guiding framework for achieving global forest goals by 2030.
    • The 19th UNFF Declaration secured high-level political commitment for forest conservation.

    Key Highlights of UNFF20:

    • India reaffirmed its commitment to Voluntary National Contributions (VNCs) under the UNSPF (2017–2030).
    • It reported an increase in forest and tree cover to 25.17% of its geographical area.
    • National efforts included the Aravalli Green Wall, a 7.86% rise in mangrove cover, 1.55 lakh hectares afforested under the Green India Mission, and 1.4 billion seedlings planted under the Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam campaign.
    • India invited countries to join the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) for big cat conservation.
    • It urged support for outcomes of the Country-Led Initiative (CLI) on forest fire management held in Dehradun (2023).
    • In a high-level panel, India presented findings on carbon sequestration, water services, biodiversity, and tools like System of Environmental Economic Accounting (SEEA) and Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA).
    • It stressed the need to mainstream ecosystem valuation in forest policy.
    [UPSC 2021] With reference to the ‘New York Declaration on Forests’, which of the following statements are correct?

    1. It was first endorsed at the United Nations Climate Summit in 2014.

    2. It endorses a global timeline to end the loss of forests.

    3. It is a legally binding international declaration.

    4. It is endorsed by governments, big companies, and indigenous communities.

    5. India was one of the signatories at its inception.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    Options: (a) 1, 2, and 4* (b) 1, 3, and 5 (c) 3 and 4 (d) 2 and 5

     

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  • Industrial Sector Updates – Industrial Policy, Ease of Doing Business, etc.

    Competition Commission issues norms to assess Predatory Pricing

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth

    Why in the News?

    The Competition Commission of India (CCI) has introduced new Cost Regulations 2025 to check if companies are selling below cost to unfairly drive out competitors.

    About Competition Commission of India (CCI):

    • The CCI was established on 14 October 2003 and became fully operational in May 2009.
    • It aims to eliminate anti-competitive practices, prevent abuse of dominant positions, and promote fair competition.
    • It was formed under the Competition Act, 2002, later amended in 2007, replacing the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969 based on Raghavan Committee recommendations.
    • The headquarters is located in Kidwai Nagar (East), New Delhi, and the Commission includes 1 Chairperson and up to 6 Members, all appointed by the Central Government.
    • Members must have at least 15 years of experience in areas such as law, economics, business, finance, or public administration.
    • Jurisdiction of CCI:
      • It is a quasi-judicial statutory body under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs.
      • It has the authority to initiate cases suo motu or respond to public/institutional complaints, and can impose penalties for violations.
      • Its jurisdiction spans all sectors across India, and it is empowered to frame its own regulations under the Act.

    New Cost Definitions under Cost Regulations, 2025:

    • Under the Cost Regulations 2025, Average Variable Cost (AVC) is used to measure cost, calculated by dividing total variable costs by total output.
    • Variable cost excludes fixed costs and overheads and varies with production.
    • Although a sector-specific approach was considered, the CCI adopted a case-by-case evaluation after stakeholder feedback.
    • The new framework is sector-agnostic, allowing flexibility for diverse industries, including the digital economy, and supports better adaptation to market dynamics.
    [UPSC 2020] With reference to Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMS), which of the following statements is/are correct?

    1. Quantitative restrictions on imports by foreign investors are prohibited. 2. They apply to investment measures related to trade in both goods and services. 3. They are not concerned with the regulation of foreign investment.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only* (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

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  • [9th May 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Remembering the war, reminiscing forgotten Indians

    Explained | History | Mains Paper 1: World History

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2021] “There arose a serious challenge to the Democratic State System between the two World Wars.” Evaluate the statement.

    Linkage: The period “between the two World Wars”, providing a broader historical context related to World War II which is the focus of Article. It prompts discussion on the challenges to democratic systems during this era.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  Eighty years ago, on May 8, 1945, the Second World War officially ended in Europe when Nazi Germany surrendered to the Allied forces in Reims and Berlin. This day is celebrated as Victory in Europe (VE) Day, but in India, it often goes unnoticed, as the years of the war (1939-1945) are mainly remembered as the final phase of the struggle for independence. It is important to remember that Indians never ignored their duties to the world, whether in war or peace, as shown by the lives of two lesser-known Indians.

    Today’s editorial examines the contributions of lesser-known Indian heroes like Kolachala Sitaramaiah and Idris Hasan Latif during World War II. This content will be useful for GS Paper I (World History) and GS Paper II (International Relations).

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    On May 9th, Victory in Europe Day is also a time to honor the brilliance of scientists like Kolachala Sitaramaiah and the courage of soldiers like Idris Hasan Latif during World War II.

    Who was Kolachala Sitaramaiah?

    • Kolachala Sitaramaiah (July 15, 1899 – September 29, 1977) was a renowned chemist and is often referred to as the “Father of Chemotology,” the field dedicated to the study of lubricants and combustible materials in technology.
    • Born in Uyyuru, Andhra Pradesh, he pursued advanced studies abroad, where he made substantial contributions to the understanding of lubricants, particularly their role in machinery and the development of motor oils.

    What contributions did he make during the Second World War?

    • Fuel Innovation for Soviet Tanks: He developed kerosene-based fuels and specialized lubricants that significantly enhanced the performance and maneuverability of Soviet tanks in sub-zero battlefield conditions. Eg: These innovations were critical during the Battle of Kursk (1943), where Soviet T-34 tanks outperformed Nazi Panzer and Tiger tanks.
    • Scientific Expertise Redirected to War Effort: Although he volunteered for frontline combat, Soviet authorities recognized his intellectual value and redirected him to research, stating his brain was a weapon, not a target. Eg: His work helped overcome early mechanical failures in Soviet tanks, crucial to halting the Nazi ground offensive.
    • Foundation for Future Scientific Fields: His wartime research laid the groundwork for chemmotology (tribochemistry) — the study of chemical changes from mechanical energy — and later contributed to plasma research important for nuclear fusion. Eg: His observations of incendiary weapons inspired deeper scientific inquiry into the fourth state of matter — plasma.

    What were the challenges faced by Indian pilots like Idris Latif during their missions in the Second World War?

    • Inferior Aircraft and Equipment: Indian pilots were initially assigned outdated biplanes, putting them at a disadvantage in combat situations. Eg: Idris Latif flew patrols along the North West Frontier in old aircraft while British pilots used advanced models.
    • Dangerous Combat Environments: They flew missions in extremely hostile conditions, including thick jungles, poor visibility, and constant threat of enemy fire. Eg: In Burma, Idris flew the Hawker Hurricane against Japanese Zero fighters, often from muddy, short landing strips.
    • Health Hazards and Illness: Pilots endured unhygienic, disease-prone environments, which led to severe illnesses. Eg: Idris Latif fell gravely ill in the humid, mosquito-infested jungles of Burma but refused to abandon his squadron.
    • Lack of Recognition and Discrimination: Despite their service, Indian pilots often faced racial bias and were under-acknowledged by the colonial British authorities. Eg: Idris and others had to prove themselves repeatedly before being entrusted with frontline roles in Europe.
    • Emotional and Moral Dilemmas: Indian soldiers and pilots had to reconcile serving a colonial power while also yearning for India’s independence. Eg: Despite these conflicts, Idris remained committed to fighting fascism and later chose to stay in independent India post-Partition.

    When did Idris Hasan Latif become the Chief of the Indian Air Force? 

    • Appointment as Air Chief Marshal: Idris Hasan Latif became the 10th Chief of the Indian Air Force in 1978, marking a significant moment in IAF history. He was the first Muslim to hold the top position in the Indian Air Force.
    • Recognized for Wartime Service and Leadership: His distinguished service during the Second World War and later roles earned him this high command. His performance in combat and leadership roles post-independence showcased his capabilities.

    How did he contribute to strengthening India-France defence relations?

    • Role as India’s Ambassador to France (1985–1988): After retiring as Air Chief Marshal, he was appointed Ambassador to France, a key position for defence diplomacy. Eg: His presence in Paris helped facilitate high-level strategic discussions on defence cooperation.
    • Leveraging Wartime Bonds: His personal connection to World War II and Normandy fostered shared respect and trust with French counterparts. Eg: He visited Normandy during his tenure, recalling his war contributions, which resonated deeply with French officials.
    • Military-to-Military Cooperation: He actively promoted exchanges between Indian and French armed forces and encouraged joint training initiatives.
    • Laying Groundwork for Future Defence Deals: His tenure helped build the foundation of trust that later enabled critical defence procurements. Eg: The Rafale fighter jet deal, though signed much later, benefited from the diplomatic groundwork laid during his ambassadorship.
    • Promoting Indigenous Capability through Collaboration: He supported technology transfers and joint development possibilities with France. Eg: His diplomatic efforts aligned with India’s interest in acquiring not just equipment but also technical know-how.

    What is the evolution of the Indian Air Force (IAF)?

    • Formation and Early Years (1932–1947): The IAF was established in 1932 as an auxiliary force under British rule, participating in World War II with limited autonomy. Eg: Indian pilots flew biplanes in the Burma campaign during WWII.
    • Post-Independence Expansion (1947–1960s): After 1947, the IAF was reorganized as an independent force, expanding its fleet and training infrastructure.  Eg: IAF played a crucial role in the 1947–48 Kashmir conflict using Dakotas to airlift troops.
    • Modernisation after Wars (1970s–1990s): Following wars with Pakistan and China, India focused on acquiring advanced aircraft and building indigenous capability. Eg: Introduction of MiG-21s, Miraj 2000 and establishment of HAL’s fighter production line.
    • Technology Integration and Strategic Reach (2000s): The IAF integrated AWACS, aerial refuellers, precision-guided munitions, and enhanced air defence systems. Eg: Induction of Sukhoi Su-30 MKI significantly improved long-range strike capability.
    • Next-Gen Air Power and Global Partnerships (2010s–Present): IAF has adopted network-centric warfare, multirole fighters, and AI-based systems, while deepening global defence ties. Eg: Procurement of Rafale jets from France and participation in multilateral exercises like Red Flag and Garuda.

    What is the role of France in the Indian Air Force? 

    • Strategic Defence Partner Since Early Years: France has been a consistent defence partner for India, supplying key aircraft and technology since the 1950s. Eg: France provided Ouragan (Toofani) jets in the 1950s, among IAF’s first jet fighters.
    • Supplier of Multirole Combat Aircraft: French aircraft have strengthened IAF’s strike capabilities through advanced multirole platforms. Eg: The Dassault Mirage 2000, inducted in 1985, played a decisive role in the Kargil War (1999).
    • Rafale Fighter Jet Deal: The acquisition of 36 Rafale jets enhanced India’s air dominance with advanced avionics, weaponry, and capabilities. Eg: Rafale jets were inducted starting in 2020 under a government-to-government deal with France.
    • Technology Transfer and Maintenance Support: France has supported India through tech transfer, joint production, and robust maintenance infrastructure. Eg: Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) maintained and upgraded Mirage 2000s with French collaboration.
    • Joint Exercises and Defence Diplomacy: India and France regularly conduct joint air exercises that enhance IAF’s tactical exposure and interoperability. Eg: The Garuda series of exercises improve coordination between French and Indian air forces.

    Way forward: 

    • Deepen Strategic Collaboration in Emerging Technologies: India and France should jointly invest in cutting-edge aerospace technologies such as AI-based combat systems, stealth UAVs, and hypersonic platforms to future-proof IAF capabilities.
    • Expand Joint Training and Indo-French Defence Industrial Base: Encourage co-development and co-production of next-generation aircraft and defence systems under Make in India, while scaling up joint military exercises like Garuda for enhanced operational synergy.

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  • Caution and optimism: On India’s FTA with the United Kingdom

    Explained | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Why in the News?

    India and the United Kingdom have signed a landmark Free Trade Agreement (FTA), under which 99% of Indian exports to the U.K. will have no import duties, Prime Minister Narendra Modi and U.K. Prime Minister Keir Starmer announced on Tuesday.

    Free Trade Agreement

    What are the key benefits for India under the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the United Kingdom?

    • Zero-Duty Access for 99% of Indian Exports: This significantly enhances India’s export competitiveness in the U.K. market. Eg: Indian gems and jewellery, apparel, and engineering goods will enter the U.K. without customs duties, making them more attractive to British buyers.
    • Social Security Relief for Indian Workers in the U.K: Indian professionals and their employers will be exempt from social security contributions for up to 3 years. Eg: Indian IT professionals on temporary assignments in the U.K. will take home higher net salaries, encouraging Indian firms to send more workers abroad.
    • Boost to Services Trade and Investment Flows: The FTA facilitates easier movement of professionals and investors, promoting service sector growth and foreign direct investment (FDI). Eg: Indian consultancy firms or startups may find it easier to operate or invest in the U.K., supporting India’s goal of becoming a services export hub.

    Who are the major Indian stakeholders expressing optimism about the FTA with the U.K., and why?

    • Engineering Goods Sector: Expects a significant boost in exports due to reduced or zero tariffs. Eg: The Engineering Export Promotion Council (EEPC) projects engineering exports to the U.K. to nearly double to $7.55 billion by 2029-30.
    • Apparel and Textile Industry: Gains price competitiveness in the U.K. market through zero-duty access. Eg: Indian garments become more competitive against Bangladeshi or Vietnamese exports, enhancing market share in Europe.
    • Gems and Jewellery Sector: Welcomes duty-free access for high-value products, boosting profitability. Eg: Indian jewellers can export gold and diamond jewellery to the U.K. with lower cost structures.
    • Information Technology (IT) and Professional Services: Benefits from easier mobility and recognition of qualifications for professionals. Eg: Indian IT firms can deploy professionals to the U.K. more efficiently, with less visa friction.
    • Indian Employers of Workers in the U.K: Gain from exemption from social security contributions for Indian workers temporarily in the U.K. Eg: Firms hiring Indian talent in the U.K. will save on mandatory contributions for 3 years, reducing costs and encouraging cross-border placements.

    Why are Indian farmer organisations opposing the India-U.K. FTA?

    • Threat from Imported Agricultural Products: Reduced tariffs on U.K. agri-exports like lamb, salmon, and dairy products may hurt Indian farmers. Eg: Cheaper U.K. lamb and salmon could enter the Indian market, undercutting local producers who already operate on thin margins.
    • Concerns Over Low-Income, Low-Margin Conditions: Indian farmers fear intensified competition could worsen their already precarious economic situation. Eg: Many Indian farmers rely on traditional and small-scale farming, which cannot compete with heavily subsidised U.K. agriculture.
    • Lack of Protective Mechanisms: The FTA lacks clear safeguards to protect Indian farmers from market shocks due to sudden import surges. Eg: No countervailing duties or quotas have been announced to cushion farmers from a flood of imported agri-goods.

    How could the India-U.K. FTA influence future trade agreements with the European Union and the United States?

    • Establishing a Negotiation Template: The India-U.K. FTA may serve as a reference framework for structuring future trade deals. Eg: If India agrees to liberalise tariffs on 85% of imports from the U.K., similar expectations may arise in talks with the EU and U.S..
    • Precedent for Sensitive Sector Concessions: Concessions on agricultural and alcohol imports set a precedent for market access in sensitive sectors. Eg: The cut in whiskey and gin tariffs for the U.K. may lead to similar demands from U.S. bourbon producers or EU wine exporters.
    • Pressure on Domestic Manufacturing and Policy: As India lowers duties and opens its markets, pressure may grow on its industrial and trade policy in upcoming FTAs. Eg: With less than 2% share in global exports, India’s manufacturing sector could be exposed if future FTAs follow the U.K. model without strong support policies.

    Way forward: 

    • Safeguard Vulnerable Sectors: Introduce protective clauses such as trigger safeguards, quotas, or phased liberalisation to shield Indian farmers and MSMEs from import surges. Eg: Gradual tariff cuts with review mechanisms for sensitive agri-products.
    • Strengthen Domestic Competitiveness: Enhance manufacturing capacity, R&D incentives, and export infrastructure to fully capitalise on new market access. Eg: Support engineering and textile sectors with technology upgradation and logistics hubs.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2024] The West is fostering India as an alternative to reduce dependence on China’s supply chain and as a strategic ally to counter China’s political and economic dominance.’ Explain this statement with examples.

    Linkage: The India-UK FTA, and its potential use as a template for agreements with the EU and the US mentioned in article, can be viewed within the broader context of strengthening India’s economic and strategic ties with Western countries. This PYQ explores the reasons behind such partnerships, which provides a geopolitical backdrop to India’s trade negotiations with the UK and other Western nations.

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