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  • GI(Geographical Indicator) Tags

    Recently awarded GI Tags

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Intellectual Property Rights

    gi tag

    In the news

    • In the past week, many Geographical Indications (GI) Tags were awarded across the states of India.

    About GI Tag

    • A GI is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation that are due to that origin.
    • Nodal Agency: Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry
    • India, as a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), enacted the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 w.e.f. September 2003.
    • GIs have been defined under Article 22 (1) of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement.
    • The tag stands valid for 10 years.

    Recently Awarded GI Tags

    [1] Narasapur Crochet Lace Craft:

    Details
    Technique Handcrafted crochet lace-making using fine threads
    Design Intricate patterns and motifs inspired by nature and traditional motifs
    Uniqueness Known for delicate and intricate designs, used in sarees, dress materials, and home decor
    Economic Impact Provides livelihood to local artisans, enhances market value, protects against imitation
    Recognition GI tag promotes cultural heritage, supports economic empowerment of artisans

     

    [2] Mukha Shilpa of Majuli:

    Details
    Origin Majuli, Assam, the world’s largest river island
    Artform Traditional mask-making, also known as Mukha Shilpa
    Material Made from eco-friendly materials like bamboo, clay, and cloth
    Uniqueness Masks depict mythological characters, deities, and animals, preserving Assamese culture
    Cultural Significance Used in traditional Sattriya dance forms, rituals, and festivals
    Economic Impact GI tag promotes tourism, empowers local artisans, supports conservation efforts
    Conservation Efforts Recognition boosts efforts to preserve and promote this ancient art form

     

    [3] Traditional Tribal Attire ‘Risa’:

    Details
    Origin Tripura, northeastern state known for rich tribal culture
    Attire Traditional attire worn by Tripuri tribal women
    Fabric Handwoven cotton fabric with vibrant colors and intricate designs
    Uniqueness Unique weaving techniques and motifs representing tribal identity
    Cultural Heritage Integral part of Tripuri culture, worn during festivals and ceremonies
    Economic Impact GI tag enhances market visibility, supports livelihoods of weavers
    Preservation Efforts Recognition promotes preservation and revival of traditional weaving techniques

     

    [4] Riyawan Garlic (Madhya Pradesh):

    Details
    Origin Riyawan village in Ratlam district, Madhya Pradesh
    Variety Special type of garlic known for unique taste, aroma, and medicinal properties
    Cultivation Grown organically in fertile soil and favorable climate
    Uniqueness Distinct flavor and pungency, popular in culinary uses and Ayurvedic medicine
    Health Benefits Rich in antioxidants, believed to have medicinal properties for various ailments
    Economic Impact GI tag boosts local agriculture, provides economic opportunities to farmers
    Quality Assurance Recognition ensures authenticity and quality, protects against imitation

     

    [5] ‘Chandi Tarakasi’ or Silver Filigree:

    Details
    Origin Cuttack, Odisha, renowned for centuries-old silver filigree craftsmanship
    Craftsmanship Intricate art of twisting and curling thin silver wires to create delicate patterns and designs
    Utility Used in jewelry, utensils, decorative items, and souvenirs
    Uniqueness Unique designs reflecting Odia culture and heritage, passed down through generations
    Artistic Value Prized for craftsmanship and artistic appeal
    Economic Impact GI tag enhances market value, supports local artisans, promotes preservation of cultural heritage
    Cultural Heritage Recognition promotes preservation and continuation of traditional art form

     

    Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2018:

    Q.India enacted The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 in order to comply with the obligations to-

    (a) ILO

    (b) IMF

    (c) UNCTAD

    (d) WTO

     

    Post your responses here.

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  • Interstate River Water Dispute

    Punjab-Himachal dispute over the Shanan Hydropower Project

    Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Federalism

    Shanan Hydropower Project

    In the news

    • A longstanding dispute between Punjab and Himachal Pradesh over the ownership of the Shanan hydropower project has escalated, leading to legal intervention by both parties.
    • As the 99-year-old lease of the project expired on March 2, the Centre has issued orders to maintain status quo until a final decision is reached.

    Shanan Hydropower Project and the Dispute

    • Location: It is located on the Uhl River, a tributary of the Beas River, in Mandi district, Himachal Pradesh, India.
    • British-era Lease: The 110-MW Shanan hydel project was leased to Punjab in 1925 by the then-ruler of Mandi, Raja Joginder Bahadur, under a 99-year lease agreement.
    • Competing Claims: Himachal Pradesh contends that the project should revert to its control upon the expiry of the lease, citing historical and legal grounds for its claim.
    • Economic Significance: The project has significant economic implications for both states, contributing to their power generation capacities and regional development.

    Punjab’s Claims over the Project

    • Historical Ownership: The project historically supplied power to undivided Punjab and Delhi before Independence, and it was allocated to Punjab during the reorganization of states in 1966.
    • Legal Basis: Punjab asserts its legal control over the project under the provisions of the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966, reinforced by a central notification issued in 1967.
    • Utilization of Resources: Punjab argues that it has invested in the maintenance and operation of the project, making it a vital component of its energy infrastructure.

    Legal Proceedings and Centre’s Intervention

    • Supreme Court Petition: Punjab has filed a suit in the Supreme Court, seeking a permanent injunction against Himachal Pradesh from disturbing its lawful possession of the project.
    • Interim Status Quo Order: The Centre, invoking its powers under relevant laws, has ordered the status quo on the project’s functioning until a final decision is made, emphasizing the public interest in maintaining stability.
    • Legal Interpretation: The interpretation of historical agreements and legislative acts will be pivotal in determining the rightful ownership of the project.

    Implications and Future Course of Action

    • Interim Measure: The Centre’s order is an interim measure to prevent disruption in the functioning of the Shanan Power House until the dispute is resolved.
    • Legal Framework: Both parties are expected to proceed further within the legal framework to settle the dispute, ensuring adherence to due process and fairness.
    • Regional Cooperation: A collaborative approach between Punjab and Himachal Pradesh, facilitated by federal authorities, could lead to a mutually beneficial resolution and promote inter-state harmony.

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  • Wildlife Conservation Efforts

    India’s first National Dolphin Research Centre finally a reality

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    In the news

    • The inauguration of the National Dolphin Research Centre (NDRC) in Patna marks a significant step towards the conservation of the Gangetic Dolphin.
    • The NDRC aims to facilitate in-depth studies on various aspects of Gangetic dolphins, including behavior, survival skills, food habits, and mortality factors.
    • Led by Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar, this pioneering institute promises to advance scientific understanding and foster conservation efforts for this iconic species.

    Key Facts about Gangetic Dolphin

    Details
    Discovery Platanista gangetica also known as the “Tiger of the Ganges,” was officially discovered in 1801.
    Habitat Historically distributed in major river systems of India, Nepal, and Bangladesh, including the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna and Karnaphuli-Sangu.
    Features
    • Essentially blind, hunts by emitting ultrasonic sounds.
    • Frequently found alone or in small groups, usually with a calf.
    • Females larger, give birth once every 2-3 years.
    Importance
    • Indicator of river ecosystem health.
    • Designated National Aquatic Animal (2009) and State Aquatic Animal of Assam.
    Major Threats
    • Unintentional killing in fishing gear.
    • Poaching for dolphin oil.
    • Habitat destruction due to development and pollution.
    Protection Status
    • IUCN: Endangered
    • CITES: Appendix I
    • CMS: Appendix I
    • Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972: Schedule I
    Government Initiatives

    Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2015:

    Which one of the following is the national aquatic animal of India?

    (a) Saltwater crocodile
    (b) Olive ridley turtle
    (c) Gangetic dolphin
    (d) Gharial

     

    Post your answers here.

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  • Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

    Venice Biennale: The Olympics of the Art World

    Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    Venice Biennale

    In the news

    • The Venice Biennale, revered as “the Olympics of the art world,” is set to unveil its 60th edition on April 20.
    • Under the theme “Stranieri Ovunque” or “Foreigners Everywhere,” curated by Adriano Pedrosa, the exhibition will feature 333 artists from around the world.

    What is the Venice Biennale?

    • Inception: Proposed by Venice’s city government in 1893, the Biennale aimed to commemorate the silver jubilee of King Umberto I and Queen Margherita of Italy.
    • Early Exhibitions: The inaugural exhibition in 1895 attracted over two lakh visitors, showcasing works by foreign and Italian artists without specific thematic constraints.

    Structure of the Venice Biennale

    • Central Pavilion: Serving as the focal point, the central pavilion hosts the main exhibition curated by the appointed curator, highlighting selected artworks.
    • National Pavilions: Representing individual countries, these pavilions feature curated exhibitions managed by respective ministries of culture, with India having participated officially since 1954.
    • Collateral Events: Independent exhibitions and events across Venice complement the Biennale, enriching the cultural landscape.

    India’s Journey at the Venice Biennale

    • Debut in 1954: India made its inaugural appearance with an exhibition organized by the Embassy of India in Rome, featuring eminent artists like M F Husain and Amrita Sher-Gil.
    • Subsequent Engagements: Indian artists have participated in various editions, with official pavilions organized in 2011 and 2019, showcasing diverse artistic expressions.
    • Continued Representation: In 2024, Indian artists will feature prominently in the central exhibition, alongside the Aravani Art Project, symbolizing India’s enduring presence on the global art stage.

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  • Telecom and Postal Sector – Spectrum Allocation, Call Drops, Predatory Pricing, etc

    Chakshu Platform launched against Spam Calls

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc.

    In the news

    • The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) introduced Chakshu, a new platform aimed at enabling telecom users to report fraud or spam callers.

    Chakshu Platform

    • Chakshu (meaning eyes), accessible at sancharsaathi.gov.in/sfc, empowers citizens to proactively report suspicious communications, as announced by the DoT.
    • The government will collaborate with private firms like Truecaller to improve the functionality of the platform.
    • The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) is also working on building an app for the ‘Chakshu’ platform.

    Features of the platform

    • Reporting Options: Users can report various types of frauds, including those related to bank accounts, payment wallets, SIM cards, gas and electricity connections, KYC updates, impersonation, and sextortion.
    • Enhanced Reporting Mechanism: Chakshu offers a comprehensive mechanism for reporting fraudulent activities, ensuring that telecom users can address a wide range of concerns.

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  • Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

    A vaccine that prevents six cancers

    op-ed snap | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

    Pyq mains

    UPSC IAS/2017

    Stem cell therapy is gaining popularity in India to treat a wide variety of medical conditions including leukaemia, Thalassemia, damaged cornea and several burns. Describe briefly what stem cell therapy is and what advantages it has over other treatments? (10)
    Pyq pre 

     

    Cervical Cancer: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

    Why is it in the News?

    • Cervical cancer prevention, particularly through HPV vaccination, has gained attention recently due to several factors. January was observed as Cervical Cancer Awareness Month, drawing focus to the importance of combating this disease. Additionally, March 4 marked International HPV Awareness Day, further highlighting the significance of addressing HPV-related health issues.

    What is Cervical Cancer?

    • Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that affects the cervix, the lower part of the uterus. It is primarily caused by certain types of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV), which is transmitted through intimate contact.
    • If left untreated, cervical cancer can be life-threatening. It is a significant health concern worldwide, with a particularly high burden in lower- and middle-income countries. In India, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women, posing a substantial threat to public health.

    What is Human Papillomavirus (HPV)?

    • Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a group of viruses that infect the skin and mucous membranes. It’s the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. HPV can cause various health issues, including genital warts and certain types of cancers.

    What Facts are explained in the article?

    • Prevalence and Impact: Cervical cancer claims the lives of over 300,000 women annually worldwide, with a disproportionate burden in lower-income countries.
    • Risk in India: With over 500 million women at risk, cervical cancer is a significant public health concern in India, second only to breast cancer.
    • Role of HPV Vaccination: HPV vaccination is identified as a crucial strategy for preventing cervical cancer. It targets the underlying cause of the disease by protecting against HPV infection.

    Strategies for Prevention of Cervical cancer

    • HPV Vaccination: Implementing widespread HPV vaccination programs, particularly targeting adolescent girls, can significantly reduce the incidence of cervical cancer. Vaccination should ideally occur before the onset of sexual activity to maximize effectiveness.
    • Screening for Precancerous Lesions: Regular screening for precancerous lesions, such as Pap smears or HPV DNA tests, can detect abnormalities early and allow for timely intervention. This is crucial for reducing the incidence of advanced-stage cervical cancer.
    • Education and Awareness: Increasing education and awareness about cervical cancer, HPV infection, and the importance of vaccination and screening are essential. This includes targeting healthcare professionals, policymakers, parents, and adolescents to dispel myths and misconceptions and encourage uptake of preventive measures.

    What are the Challenges?

    • Limited Access: HPV vaccination may not be widely accessible, particularly in lower-resourced communities, and is often available at a significant out-of-pocket cost.
    • Misconceptions Among Physicians: Some physicians underestimate the incidence and risk of cervical cancer, as well as the safety and effectiveness of HPV vaccines. This can lead to hesitancy in recommending vaccination to eligible individuals.
    • Parental Hesitancy: Misinformation and concerns about vaccine safety and efficacy among parents can contribute to hesitancy in vaccinating adolescents against HPV.
    Pap Smears
    Description: A screening procedure for cervical cancer involving collecting cells from the cervix to examine for abnormalities.
    Purpose: To detect precancerous or cancerous changes in cervical cells early for timely intervention and prevention.
    Procedure: Use of a speculum to visualize the cervix and collection of cells with a brush or spatula.
    Timing: Typically performed during routine gynecological exams, starting at age 21 or within 3 years of becoming sexually active.

    Facts about HPV Vaccination:

    • The HPV vaccine is safe and effective in preventing six HPV-related cancers, including cervical, vulvar, anal, vaginal, throat, and cervical cancers.
    • Vaccination is recommended for adolescents starting at age 9 years to maximize its effectiveness.
    • HPV vaccination is an essential component of the immunization schedule recommended by the Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP).

    Best Practices for HPV Vaccination and Cervical Cancer Prevention:

    • Effective Communication:
    • Provide clear and accurate information to parents about HPV vaccination.
    • Address concerns and misconceptions to ensure informed decision-making.
    • Timely Vaccination:
    • Recommend HPV vaccination for adolescents starting at age 9.
    • Encourage vaccination before sexual activity begins for maximum effectiveness.
    • Integration into Immunization Programs:
    • Advocate for inclusion in national immunization programs for widespread access.
    • Collaborate with policymakers to ensure equitable vaccine coverage.
    • Promotion of Regular Screening:
    • Emphasize the importance of cervical cancer screening for women over 30.
    • Encourage routine Pap smears or HPV DNA tests for early detection.
    • Physician Education:
    • Provide comprehensive training on HPV vaccination and cervical cancer prevention.
    • Equip healthcare professionals with updated guidelines and communication skills.

    In conclusion, the article emphasizes the importance of proactive measures to prevent cervical cancer, particularly through HPV vaccination and screening. It underscores the role of healthcare professionals, policymakers, and community stakeholders in addressing the challenges and ensuring equitable access to preventive interventions.

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  • Defence Sector – DPP, Missions, Schemes, Security Forces, etc.

    Plans for Non-Lapsable Defence Modernization Fund put on hold

    Explained | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Various Security Forces, Agencies & Their Mandates

    In the news

    • The Ministry of Defence (MoD) had informed Parliament recently a separate mechanism by the Ministry of Finance in consultation with the MoD to explore a special dispensation to operationalize a “Non-lapsable Defence Modernisation Fund” because the non-lapsable pool has drawbacks as it affects parliamentary scrutiny and accountability.

    About Non-Lapsable Defence Modernisation Fund (DMF): 

    • The DMF aims to create a dedicated pool of funds that carry over from year to year, ensuring that unutilized funds are retained for future defence modernisation initiatives. Currently, defence funding in India operates on a yearly basis, with unspent funds being returned at the end of each fiscal year.
    • The dedicated Modernisation Fund is intended to supplement regular budgetary allocations and provide certainty in funding for various defence capability development and infrastructure projects.

    Recommendation by XV Finance Commission

    • The 15th Finance Commission proposed a dedicated Modernisation Fund for Defence and Internal Security.
    • It said the Union may constitute in the Public Account of India, a dedicated non-lapsable fund, Modernisation Fund for Defence and Internal Security (MFDIS).

    About the Public Account of India

    • The Public Account of India was constituted by Article 266(2) of the Indian Constitution which states that “All other public moneys received by or on behalf of the Government of India or the Government of a State shall be credited to the public account of India or the public account of the State, as the case may be.”
    • These funds are used to manage transactions where the government serves as a banker, such as provident funds, small savings, and other deposits. 
    • The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) is responsible for auditing all expenditures from the Public Account of India.
    • Withdrawal or utilization of money can only occur for specific purposes authorized by law or parliamentary approval, ensuring proper allocation and utilization of funds.

     Need for Non-Lapsable Funds:

    • Addressing Budgetary Limitations: Yearly budget allocations lead to the surrender of unutilized funds, hindering defense modernization efforts.
    • Creating Certainty: Non-lapsable funds offer certainty in funding availability, promoting stability and continuity in modernization initiatives.
    • Enhancing Flexibility: These funds provide flexibility for addressing unforeseen contingencies and promoting long-term planning.

    Significance of Non-Lapsable Funds:

    • Certainty and Continuity: Non-lapsable funds offer assurance of funding for defence modernisation, eliminating the need for frequent requests for additional funds and ensuring continuity in project execution.
    • Flexibility: These funds provide flexibility in utilization, allowing for the allocation of resources to unforeseen requirements or contingencies that may arise during the year.
    • Long-term Planning: By allowing funds to carry over across fiscal years, non-lapsable funds facilitate long-term planning for defence modernization projects, promoting systematic and strategic development.

    Challenges and Considerations

    • Parliamentary Scrutiny: Establishing a non-lapsable fund may raise concerns about reduced parliamentary scrutiny and accountability over defense spending.
    • Operational Modalities: Determining the sources of funding and operational modalities for the DMF require careful consideration to ensure effectiveness and transparency.
    • Interagency Coordination: Coordination between the Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of Finance is essential for the successful implementation of the fund.

    Conclusion

    • The proposal for a Non-Lapsable Defence Modernisation Fund represents a proactive approach to addressing the challenges associated with defence funding in India.
    • While the concept offers several potential benefits, its implementation requires careful deliberation and collaboration between key stakeholders to ensure accountability, transparency, and optimal utilization of resources in support of national security objectives.

    Try this PYQ from CSP 2014:

    Q.With reference to Union Budget, which of the following, is/are covered under Non-Plan Expenditure?

    1. Defence-expenditure
    2. Interest payments
    3. Salaries and pensions
    4. Subsidies

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1, 2, 3 and 4

    (d) None

    Post your answers here.

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  • Wildlife Conservation Efforts

    Possible Uptick in Hangul Population in Kashmir

    Prelims OnlySpecies | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    hangul

    In the news

    • Kashmir’s Hangul, a shy and endangered species of deer, has exhibited a robust breeding season, suggesting a hopeful future for its population in the Dachigam National Park.
    • The Hanguls population could surpass 300 this spring, marking the first time in over 30 years.

    About Hangul (Kashmir Stag)

    Details
    Scientific Name Cervus hanglu
    Habitat Dense riverine forests in high valleys and mountains of Jammu and Kashmir, northern Himachal Pradesh
    Geographic Range Endemic to Kashmir and surrounding areas
    Distribution
    • Primarily found in Dachigam National Park;
    • Small population in Overa-Aru Wildlife Sanctuary
    Conservation Status
    • IUCN: Critically Endangered
    • CITES: Appendix I
    • Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule I (highest level of protection)

    Threats to Hanguls

    • Predator Concerns: Hangul faces threats from predators like leopards and Asiatic Black Bears, necessitating further research and monitoring.
    • Environmental Challenges: Drying drainages and snowless glacial areas in Dachigam raise concerns about habitat sustainability, highlighting the impact of climate change.

    About Dachigam National Park

    • DNP boasts diverse flora and fauna, encompassing deep valleys, rocky outcrops, wooded slopes, and alpine pastures.
    • Spanning altitudes from 1600 m to 4200 m above sea level, the park is divided into upper and lower regions, each harboring unique ecosystems.
    • The park is home to a plethora of plant species, including wild cherry, pear, plum, walnut, oak, pine, and elm, fostering a biodiverse ecosystem.
    • Apart from hangul, the park supports a variety of wildlife, including musk deer, brown bears, leopards, Himalayan black bears, jungle cats, and species of wild goats like markhor and ibex.

    Try this PYQ from CSP 2012:

    Which one of the following groups of animals belongs to the category of endangered species?

    (a) Great Indian Bustard, Musk Deer, Red Panda and Asiatic Wild Ass

    (b) Kashmir Stag, Cheetal, Blue Bull and Great Indian Bustard

    (c) Snow Leopard, Swamp Deer, Rhesus Monkey and Saras (Crane)

    (d) Lion-tailed Macaque, Blue Bull, Hanuman Langur and Cheetal

    Post your responses here.

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  • Banking Sector Reforms

    NUCFDC: Umbrella Body for Urban Co-op Banks established

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

    In the news

    • The Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation officially inaugurated the National Urban Cooperative Finance and Development Corporation Limited (NUCFDC), marking a significant milestone in the development of urban cooperative banking.

    About NUCFDC

    • Regulatory Approval: NUCFDC has obtained approval from the RBI, authorizing it to function as a Non-Banking Finance Company (NBFC) and serve as the apex body for the urban cooperative banking sector.
    • Self-Regulatory Status: Additionally, NUCFDC has been granted the status of a Self-Regulatory Organisation (SRO) for the sector, empowering it to oversee and regulate various aspects of urban cooperative banking operations.
    • Capital Enhancement: NUCFDC aims to augment its capital base, with ambitions to achieve a capitalization level of Rs. 300 crores, facilitating its mission to support and strengthen Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs).

    Functions of NUCFDC

    • Utilization of Funds: The organization intends to deploy its capital resources towards bolstering the financial capabilities of UCBs, including the development of a shared technology infrastructure to enhance service delivery and reduce operational costs.
    • Comprehensive Support: Apart from providing financial liquidity and capital assistance, NUCFDC will establish a collaborative technology platform accessible to all UCBs, enabling them to expand their service offerings efficiently and affordably.
    • Advisory Services: NUCFDC will also extend advisory and consultancy services to UCBs, assisting them in areas such as fund management, regulatory compliance, and strategic planning.

    About Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs)

    • Origins: UCBs trace their roots to cooperative credit societies, offering financial services to members within specific community groups.
    • Regulations: Regulated by the RBI under the Banking Regulation Act of 1949, UCBs adhere to stringent prudential norms and guidelines to ensure financial stability.
    • Operational Classification: UCBs are categorized into urban and rural cooperative banks based on their geographic scope. They operate under the governance of State Registrars of Cooperative Societies (RCS) or the Central Registrar of Cooperative Societies (CRCS) and the RBI.
    • Historical Evolution: The journey of UCBs dates back to the establishment of the first Cooperative Credit Society of Haryana in 1904, evolving over time with regulatory amendments and institutional reforms.

    Reforming the UCBs

    • Narasimham Committee Report (1998): It suggest subsequent regulatory interventions aimed at enhancing the governance, capitalization, and operational efficiency of UCBs.
    • Structural Recommendations Committee (2021): The formation of a 4-tier structure for UCBs, proposed by a committee appointed by the RBI in 2021, seeks to streamline their operations and ensure effective regulatory oversight based on deposit size tiers:
    1. Tier 1 with all unit UCBs and salary earner’s UCBs (irrespective of deposit size) and all other UCBs having deposits up to Rs 100 crore.
    2. Tier 2 with UCBs of deposits between Rs 100 crore and Rs 1,000 crore,
    3. Tier 3 with UCBs of deposits between Rs 1,000 crore and Rs 10,000 crore, and
    4. Tier 4 with UCBs of deposits more than Rs 10,000 crore.

    Challenges Faced by UCBs

    • Capital Constraints: UCBs encounter limitations in capital mobilization due to regulatory restrictions on dividend payouts and limited avenues for raising external funds.
    • Diversification Hurdles: The lack of operational diversification and dependence on member contributions for capital infusion pose challenges to UCBs’ financial resilience and expansion prospects.
    • Funding Alternatives: Access to alternative funding sources remains constrained for UCBs, necessitating innovative approaches to address liquidity requirements.
    • Profit Distribution Dynamics: Incentives for profit distribution are subdued in UCBs, impacting their attractiveness to investors and hindering their growth trajectory.
    • Solvency Pressures: Expansion initiatives and acquisitions can strain UCBs’ solvency and liquidity positions, necessitating prudent risk management practices and strategic planning.

    Try this PYQ from CSP 2021:

    With reference to ‘Urban Cooperative Banks’ in India, consider the following statements:

    1. They are supervised and regulated by local boards set up by the State Governments.
    2. They can issue equity shares and preference shares.
    3. They were brought under the purview of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 through an Amendment in 1966.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only
    (b) 2 and 3 only
    (c) 1 and 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3

    Post your responses here.

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  • Water Management – Institutional Reforms, Conservation Efforts, etc.

    NDSA expert panel to examine Kaleshwaram Project

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc.

    Kaleshwaram Project

    In the news

    • The Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project (KLIP) has been under scrutiny following concerns over the sinking of piers at the Medigadda barrage.
    • To address these issues, National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA) will conduct a thorough examination of the project.

    What is Kaleshwaram Project?

    Details
    Location Kaleshwaram village, Telangana, India

    Earlier called as Pranahita-Chevella Lift Irrigation Project
    Confluence Point Pranhita-Godavari River confluence
    Project Size Claimed to be the world’s largest multi-stage and multi-purpose lift irrigation project
    Key Features Series of underground and surface water pumping stations, stretching over 300 km
    Purpose Supply water to 45 lakh acres in Telangana
    Commencement Started in 2016, utilizing approximately 283 TMC of water from the Godavari River
    Components Divided into 7 links and 28 packages through 13 districts

    Aims to source a total of 240 TMC of water

    Construction of barrage at Medigadda, with water reverse-pumped into the Godavari River
    Major Pumping Facilities Ramadugu (largest), Medaram, Annaram, and Sundilla

     

     

    About Godavari River

     

    • The Godavari River, also known as Dakshin Ganga, is the largest peninsular river system in the region.
    • Its basin is bordered by the Satmala hills to the north, the Ajanta range and Mahadeo hills to the south, the Eastern Ghats to the east, and the Western Ghats to the west.
    • Originating from Trimbakeshwar near Nasik in Maharashtra, the Godavari River flows for approximately 1465 km before reaching the Bay of Bengal.
    • The Godavari basin spans across Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha, with smaller portions in Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, and the UT of Puducherry.
    • Right bank tributaries include the Pravara, Manjira, and Maner.
    • Left bank tributaries comprise the Purna, Pranhita, Indravati, and Sabari rivers.

     

    About National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA): Ensuring Dam Safety in India

    The NDSA plays a crucial role in maintaining the safety standards of dams across the country.

    • Constitutional Basis: Although water management falls under the State List, the Union government has the authority to enact laws related to dam safety under Article 246 of the Constitution. (Parliament holds the power to make laws for any part of India not included within a State, irrespective of whether the subject falls under the State List.)
    • Dam Safety Act, 2021: Parliament has passed the Dam Safety Act to establish an institutional mechanism for ensuring dam safety in India.

    Objectives and Functions

    • Institutional Mechanism: The NDSA is tasked with maintaining standards for dam safety, preventing dam-related disasters, and addressing interstate concerns regarding dams.
    • Leadership Structure: The authority is headed by a chairman and supported by five members with expertise in various domains, including policy and research, technical aspects, regulation, disaster management, resilience, and administration and finance.
    • Surveillance and Inspection: Special provisions are in place for the surveillance, inspection, operation, and maintenance of all large dams in the country to prevent dam failure-related disasters.
    • Penal Provisions: The Dam Safety Act includes penal provisions and a list of offenses along with corresponding penalties to ensure compliance.

    Organizational Setup

    • Headquarters: The headquarters of the NDSA is located in the National Capital Region (NCR).
    • Regional Offices: The authority is supported by four regional offices strategically positioned across the country to facilitate efficient oversight and management of dam safety.

    Try this PYQ from CSP 2015:

    Q.Consider the following rivers:

    1. Vamsadhara
    2. Indravati
    3. Pranahita
    4. Pennar

    Which of the rivers given above are the tributaries of Godavari?

    (a) 1, 2 and 3

    (b) 2, 3 and 4

    (c) 1, 2 and 4

    (d) 2 and 3 only

    Post your responses here.

    Also Read:

    [Sansad TV] Perspective: Concerns over Dam Safety

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