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Type: IOCR

  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-United States

    International Narcotics Control Board (INCB)

    IOCR | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Important International Institutions

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: INCB, Its composition, key functions

    Mains level: NA

    Why in the news?

    Mrs. Jagjit Pavadia (IRS) India’s nominee has been re-elected for a third term to the INCB for the period of 2025-2030.

    About International Narcotics Control Board (INCB)

    Description
    Establishment Established in 1968 by the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961.
    Headquarters Based in Vienna, Austria, with a Secretariat supporting its activities.
    Membership Consists of 13 members elected by ECOSOC, experts in drug control and related fields.
    Role and Mandate Independent body monitoring compliance with UN drug control conventions.
    Functions Assess global drug situation, evaluate licit drug production, and publish annual reports.
    Collaboration Works with governments and international organizations on drug control issues.
    Control Measures Monitors and evaluates national drug control measures for treaty compliance.
    Advocacy and Awareness Promotes adherence to drug treaties and raises awareness on global drug issues.
    Cooperation Collaborates with UN agencies like WHO and UNODC to address drug-related challenges.

     

    India’s Election to Key UN Bodies

    India’s proactive engagement at the United Nations resulted in its election to several pivotal bodies:

    1.    Commission on the Status of Women (2025-2029)

    2.    Executive Board of UNICEF (2025-2027)

    3.    Executive Board of UNDP and UNFPA (2025-2027)

    4.    UN Office for Project Services (2025-2027)

    5.    Executive Board of UN Women (2025-2027)

    6.    Executive Board of the World Food Programme (2025-2027)

     

    PYQ:

    [2019] Consider the following statements:

    1. The United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) has a ‘Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air’.

    2. The UNCAC is the ever-first legally binding global anti-corruption instrument.

    3. A highlight of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) is the inclusion of a specific chapter aimed at returning assets to their rightful owners from whom they had been taken illicitly.

    4. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is mandated by its member States to assist in the implementation of both UNCAC and UNTOC.

    Which of the statements given above are correct?

    (a) 1 and 3 only

    (b) 2, 3 and 4 only

    (c) 2 and 4 only

    (d) 1, 2, 3, and 4

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  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-United States

    [pib] IPEF Clean Economy Investor Forum

    IOCR | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: IPEF Clean Economy Investor Forum

    Mains level: NA

    Why in the news?

    The Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) Clean Economy Investor Forum is set to be held in Singapore.

    About IPEF Clean Economy Investor Forum

    • The IPEF Clean Economy Investor Forum brings together the region’s top investors, philanthropies, financial institutions, innovative companies, start-ups and entrepreneurs.
    • The Forum aims to mobilize investments into sustainable infrastructure, climate technology and renewable energy projects.
    • It is managed by Invest India (www.investindia.gov.in), India’s National Investment Promotion Agency.
    • The Department of Commerce is the nodal agency for the IPEF engagements.

    The Forum will have opportunity for the Indian industry in the two following tracks:

    1. Climate Tech Track: Under this track, IPEF Clean Economy Investor Forum is holding an open call that aims to recognise the top climate tech companies and start-ups among the member countries and present them to global investors.
    2. Infrastructure Track: Under this track, India will showcase selected investible sustainable infrastructure projects at the 2024 Forum. The sectors of focus are-energy transition (e.g electric gird; renewable energy, including solar, and onshore wind; sustainable aviation fuel; battery storage; hydrogen; green data centers), transport and logistics (e.g. Electric Vehicle, EV charging points), waste management/waste to energy.

    About Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF)

    • It is a US-led initiative that aims to strengthen economic partnerships among participating countries to enhance resilience, sustainability, inclusiveness, economic growth, fairness, and competitiveness in the Indo-Pacific region.
    • The IPEF was launched in 2021 with 12 initial partners who together represent 40% of the world GDP.
    • The IPEF is NOT a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) but allows members to negotiate the parts they want to.

     Four main “Pillars” of IPEF:

     

    Trade that will include digital economy and emerging technology, labor commitments, the environment, trade facilitation, transparency and good regulatory practices, and corporate accountability, standards on cross-border data flow and data localisations;

    Supply chain resilience to develop “a first-of-its-kind supply chain agreement” that would anticipate and prevent disruptions;

    Clean energy and decarbonization that will include agreements on “high-ambition commitments” such as renewable energy targets, carbon removal purchasing commitments, energy efficiency standards, and new measures to combat methane emissions; and

    Fair Economy Agreement, with commitments to enact and enforce “effective tax, anti-money laundering, anti-bribery schemes in line with [American] values”.

     Members Countries include:

    • Currently, India and 13 countries other located in the Pacific Ocean are its members: Australia, Brunei, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, United States, and Vietnam.

    How is IPEF different from other trade deals?

    • No market access or tariff reductions have been outlined in the IPEF, although experts say it can pave the way to trade deals.
    • It’s not a take-it-or-leave-it arrangement, like most multilateral trade deals are.
    • Since the IPEF is not a regular trade pact, the members so far are not obligated by all four pillars despite being signatories.

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  • Trade Sector Updates – Falling Exports, TIES, MEIS, Foreign Trade Policy, etc.

    UNCTAD Report Highlights Shifts in India’s Trade Relations

    IOCR | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: UNCTAD: its establishment, composition and members

    Mains level: NA

    What is the news?

    • The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Global Trade Report revealed an evolving trade landscape for India, marked by increased reliance on China and the European Union (EU).

    About UNCTAD

    • UNCTAD is a permanent intergovernmental body established by the United Nations General Assembly in 1964.
    • It is part of the UN Secretariat.
    • The UNCTAD Conference ordinarily meets once in four years.
    • It reports to the UNGA and the Economic and Social Council, but has its own membership, leadership and budget.
    • It is also a part of the United Nations Development Group.
    • It supports developing countries to access the benefits of a globalized economy more fairly and effectively.
    • Reports published by the UNCTAD are-
    1. Trade and Development Report
    2. World Investment Report
    3. Technology and Innovation Report
    4. Digital Economy Report

    Membership:

    • UNCTAD’s membership consists of all 195 member states of the United Nations.
    • India is an active member. The second UNCTAD Conference took place in New Delhi, India in 1968.

    Key Highlights of the Report:

    1. Key Findings on India
    • Trade Trends: India’s trade dependence on China and the EU rose by 1.2%, while reliance on Saudi Arabia declined by 0.6%.
    • Factors: This shift occurred amidst supply chain disruptions caused by the pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine conflict, leading to record-high food and fuel prices.
    • Policy Measures: Despite efforts to reduce dependency on China through initiatives like the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme and Quality Control Orders (QCOs), India’s trade relations with China strengthened.
    1. Insights from the Report
    • Stable Proximity: Geographical proximity of international trade remained relatively constant, indicating minimal near-shoring or far-shoring trends.
    • Political Proximity: However, there was a noticeable rise in the political proximity of trade, favouring countries with similar geopolitical stances.
    • Concentration of Trade: Global trade increasingly favored major trade relationships, although this trend softened towards the end of 2023.
    • Sectoral Trends: Most sectors experienced a decline in trade value, except for pharmaceuticals, transportation equipment, and electric cars.
    • Global Forecast: Global merchandise trade is expected to contract by 5% in 2023, with services trade projected to gain 8%.
    1. Impact of Russia-Ukraine Conflict
    • Shifts in Trade: The ongoing conflict led to a surge in Russia’s trade dependence on China by 7.1% while decreasing reliance on the EU by 5.3%.
    • Oil Trade: Russian oil shifted from the EU to China and India, with China becoming a significant trade partner for Russia.
    • US Trade Dynamics: The US managed to reduce reliance on China by 1.2% in 2023, while increasing dependence on the EU and Mexico.

    PYQ:

    The Global Infrastructure Facility is a/an: (2017)

    (a) ASEAN initiative to upgrade infrastructure in Asia and financed by credit from the Asian Development Bank.

    (b) World Bank collaboration that facilitates the preparation and structuring of complex infrastructure Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) to enable mobilization of private sector and institutional investor capital.

    (c) Collaboration among the major banks of the world working with the OECD and focused on expanding the set of infrastructure projects that have the potential to mobilize private investment.

    (d) UNCTAD-funded initiative that seeks to finance and facilitate infrastructure development in the world.

     

    Practice MCQ:

    With reference to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), consider the following statements:

    1. It is a permanent intergovernmental body established by the United Nations General Assembly.

    2. It is part of the UN Secretariat.

    3. India has never hosted the UNCTAD Conference.

    How many of the above statements is/are correct?

    (a) One

    (b) Two

    (c) Three

    (d) None

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  • Hunger and Nutrition Issues – GHI, GNI, etc.

    UNEP Food Waste Index Report, 2024

    IOCR | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Inclusive Growth & Issues

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Food Waste Index Report

    Mains level: NA

    Why in the news?

    The Food Waste Index Report, 2024 was recently released by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and Waste & Resources Action Programme (WRAP), a UK based non-profit organization.

    Food Waste Index Report:

    • It tracks the global and national generation of food and inedible parts wasted at the retail and consumer (household and food service) levels.
    • It was first launched in 2011.
    • It was conceived as a tool to monitor progress towards international targets, such as those outlined in the SDG 12.3, which calls for halving food waste by 2030.

     

    Key Findings of the 2024 Report

    1. Total Food Waste Generation in 2022:
      • Globally, 1.05 billion tonnes of food waste were generated in 2022.
    2. Distribution of Food Waste by Sector:
      • Households accounted for 60% of the total food waste.
      • Food services were responsible for 28% of the total food waste.
      • Retail accounted for 12% of the total food waste.
    3. Per Capita Food Waste:
      • The average per capita food waste was 132 kilograms in 2022.
    4. Economic Cost of Food Waste:
      • The economic toll of food loss and waste is estimated at $1 trillion.
    5. Contribution to Greenhouse Gas Emissions:
      • Food loss and waste contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for 8-10% of annual global emissions.
    6. Regional Trends:
      • Food waste levels vary minimally across income groups.
      • Hotter climates tend to generate more household food waste due to consumption patterns and infrastructure limitations.
      • Rural areas generally exhibit lower levels of food waste compared to urban areas.
    7. Policy Integration:
      • Only 21 countries, including Australia, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the European Union, have included food loss and waste reduction in their climate plans or Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).

    PYQ:

    2019: In India, ‘extended producer responsibility’ was introduced as an important feature in which of the following?

    (a) The Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998

    (b) The Recycled Plastic (Manufacturing and Usage) Rules, 1999

    (c) The e-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011

    (d) The Food Safety and Standard Regulations, 2011

     

    Practice MCQ:

    Which of the following statements is correct about the Food Waste Index Report?

    (a) It tracks only the global generation of food waste at the retail level.

    (b) It was first launched in 2011 to monitor progress towards reducing food waste in households and food service sectors.

    (c) It is a tool aimed at monitoring progress towards international targets outlined in SDG 12.3 to halve food waste by 2030.

    (d) It primarily focuses on tracking inedible parts wasted at the industrial level.

     

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  • Labour, Jobs and Employment – Harmonization of labour laws, gender gap, unemployment, etc.

    India Employment Landscape: Insights from the ILO-IHD Report 2024

    IOCR | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Issues relating growth and development, employment

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: ILO, India Employment Report 2024

    Mains level: NA

    Why in the news?

    According to the India Employment Report 2024 released by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and the Institute of Human Development (IHD), India’s youth account for almost 83% of the unemployed workforce.

    About the International Labour Organization (ILO)

     

    • The ILO is a UN agency whose mandate is to advance social and economic justice through setting international labour standards.
    • Founded in 1919 under the League of Nations (under Treaty of Versailles) it is the first and oldest specialised agency of the UN.
    • India was one of the founding members of the ILO, joining the organization in 1919.
    • The ILO has 187 member states: 186 out of 193 UN member states plus the Cook Islands.
    • Its international labour standards are broadly aimed at ensuring accessible, productive, and sustainable work worldwide in conditions of freedom, equity, security and dignity.
    • The Governing body is the apex executive body of the ILO which decides policies, programmes, agenda, budget and elects the Director-General.
    • It meets 3 times a year, in March, June and November.
    • ILO has received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1969.

     

    Major Conventions of the ILO:

    • Forced Labour Convention (No. 29)
    • Abolition of Forced Labour Convention (No.105)
    • Equal Remuneration Convention (No.100)
    • Discrimination (Employment Occupation) Convention (No.111)
    • Minimum Age Convention (No.138)
    • Worst forms of Child Labour Convention (No.182)
    • Freedom of Association and Protection of Right to Organised Convention (No.87)
    • Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention (No.98)

     

    Highlights of the India Employment Report 2024:

    1. Labour Market Dynamics
    • Long-Term Deterioration: The Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR), Worker Population Ratio (WPR), and the Unemployment Rate (UR) showed a long-term deterioration between 2000 and 2018, but witnessed an improvement after 2019.
    • Education Impact: The share of youngsters with secondary or higher education in the total unemployed youth has almost doubled from 35.2% in 2000 to 65.7% in 2022, indicating a significant shift in educational qualifications among job seekers.
    1. Challenges and Insecurities
    • Informal Workforce: Almost 90% of workers remain engaged in informal work, while the share of regular work declined after 2018, leading to widespread livelihood insecurities.
    • Contractualisation: There has been a rise in contractualisation, with only a small percentage of regular workers covered by long-term contracts, exacerbating job insecurities.
    1. Skills Gap and Gender Disparities
    • Skills Deficiency: Despite being a demographic dividend, the report notes a skills gap among India’s young workforce, with a significant percentage unable to perform basic digital tasks or mathematical operations.
    • Gender Gap: India faces substantial gender disparities in the labour market, with low rates of female labour force participation and high levels of unemployment among highly educated young women.

     

    PYQ:

    2018: International Labour Organization’s Conventions 138 and 182 are related to:

    1. Child labour
    2. Adaptation of agricultural practices to global climate change
    3. Regulation of food prices and food security
    4. Gender parity in the workplace

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  • Telecom and Postal Sector – Spectrum Allocation, Call Drops, Predatory Pricing, etc

    [pib] India to co-chair of its ITU Digital Innovation Board

    IOCR | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Important International Institutions

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

    Mains level: NA

    What is the news-

    • Neeraj Mittal, Secretary of the Department of Telecommunications, Government of India was unanimously elected as co-chair of the Digital Innovation Board of International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

    About ITU Digital Innovation Board

     

    • This board is established under the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Alliance for Digital Development.
    • It comprises of Ministers and Vice Ministers of Telecom/ICT of 23 Member Countries.
    • The Alliance establishes the Board to provide strategic guidance, expertise and advocacy regarding its mission of building critical local enablers.

     

    Innovation and Entrepreneurship Alliance

     

    • ITU has started this Alliance to respond to significant unmet needs of ITU Membership in the area of innovation.
    • It is based on the Kigali Action Plan adopted at the World Telecommunication Development Conference 2022 (WTDC-22) and the Outcomes of the ITU Plenipotentiary Conference 2022 (PP-22).
    • The Alliance has three main vehicles: –
    1.     Digital Transformation Lab
    2.     Network of Acceleration Centres
    3.     Digital Innovation Board

    What is the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)?

    • The ITU is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) responsible for issues related to information and communication technologies (ICTs).
    • It was established in 1865 as the International Telegraph Union, making it one of the oldest international organizations.
    • In 1932, the organization was renamed the International Telecommunication Union to reflect its broader mandate.
    • It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
    • Its functions include:
    1. Allocate global radio spectrum and satellite orbits,
    2. Develops the technical standards that ensure networks and technologies seamlessly interconnect, and
    3. Strives to improve access to ICTs to underserved communities worldwide.

    Membership:

    • ITU’s membership includes 193 member states (countries) and over 900 private sector entities, including telecommunications companies, equipment manufacturers, research institutions, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
    • India has been an active member of the ITU since 1869 and has been a regular member of the ITU Council since 1952.

    PYQ:

    2020: In India, the term “Public Key Infrastructure” is used in the context of

    1. Digital security infrastructure
    2. Food security infrastructure
    3. Healthcare and education infrastructure
    4. Telecommunication and transportation infrastructure

     

    Practise MCQ:

    The global telecom body International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has recently elected India as the co-chair of the Digital Innovation Board. Which of the following statements about ITU is/are correct?

    1. It is the United Nations specialised agency for Information and Communication Technologies.
    2. Its entry is open to all countries, Private Companies as well as institutions.
    3. India has been a member of ITU since 1869.

    Select the correct option:

    1. All are correct
    2. Only 3
    3. 1 and 3
    4. 1 and 2

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  • Economic Indicators and Various Reports On It- GDP, FD, EODB, WIR etc

    World Happiness Report, 2024: Key Highlights

    IOCR | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Important International Institutions

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: World Happiness Report , India's ranking

    Mains level: Not Much

    What is the news-

    • India was ranked 126th out of 143 nations in the World Happiness Report 2024, a global happiness index which was released, March 20 to mark the UN’s International Day of Happiness.

    About the World Happiness Report

    • The WHR is an annual publication of the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network.
    • It is released in partnership by Gallup, the Oxford Wellbeing Research Centre, the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN), and the World Happiness Report’s Editorial Board
    • It measures three main well-being indicators: life evaluations, positive emotions, and negative emotions (described in the report as positive and negative affect).
    • The report considers six key factors: social support, income, health, freedom, generosity, and the absence of corruption.
    • It was adopted by the UN General Assembly based on a resolution tabled by Bhutan.

    Key Highlights of the 2024 Report

    • Top: For the seventh successive year, Finland topped the list of the happiest countries in the world.
    • Runner-ups: The other countries in the top ten were Denmark, Iceland, Sweden, Israel, the Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg, Switzerland and Australia.
    • Bottom: Afghanistan was at the bottom of the list.

    Indian Scenario

    • Ranking: India maintains its position at 126th in the happiness index. Surprisingly, it is behind Pakistan, Libya, Iraq, Palestine and Niger.
    • Neighbourhood: China was ranked 60th, Nepal at 93, Pakistan at 108, Myanmar at 118, Sri Lanka at 128 and Bangladesh at 129th spots.
    • Influencing Factors: Marital status, social engagement, physical health, and satisfaction with living arrangements influence life satisfaction among older Indians.
    • Gendered Happiness: Older Indian women tend to report higher life satisfaction despite facing more stressors and health challenges.
    • Key Predictors: Factors like education level, social caste, social support, perceived discrimination, and self-rated health significantly impact life satisfaction among older Indians.

    PYQ:

    2018: “Rule of Law Index” is released by which of the following?

    1. Amnesty International
    2. International Court of Justice
    3. The Office of UN Commissioner for Human Rights
    4. World Justice Project

     

    Practice MCQ:

    With reference to the World Happiness Report, 2024, consider the following statements:

    1. The report is an annual publication of the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network.
    2. It was adopted by the UN General Assembly based on a resolution tabled by Bhutan.
    3. India’s ranking has been consistently improved in this report in last two years.

    How many of the given statements is/are correct?

    1. One
    2. Two
    3. Three
    4. None

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  • WTO and India

    India pursues Lowering Cost of Cross Border Remittances at WTO

    IOCR | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Important International Institutions

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Cost of Remittances, Remittances Inflows, WTO

    Mains level: NA

    What is the news-

    • India is strongly pursuing its proposal for lowering the cost of cross-border remittances, which it presented at the WTO’s 13th Ministerial Conference in Abu Dhabi last month.
    • It has now requested the WTO’s general council (GC) to initiate a work program to make recommendations for reducing remittance costs.

    Why discuss this?

     

    • In 2023, India witnessed the highest remittance inflows globally, amounting to USD 125 billion.
    • Lowering the costs of remittances would primarily benefit low and middle-income countries, which accounted for 78% of remittances flow in 2023, according to estimates.
    • India’s draft proposal at MC13 highlighted that the global average cost for sending remittances remained high at 6.18%, more than twice the SDG target.

     What is Cost of Remittances?

    • Remittances are financial transfers sent by migrant workers to their families or relatives in their home countries.
    • The cost of remittances refers to the expenses incurred by individuals or businesses when sending money from one location to another, typically across international borders.
    • The cost components of cross-border payments can include:
    1. Bank fees,
    2. Intermediary fees,
    3. Compliance fees,
    4. Operational costs, and
    5. FX (foreign exchange) rate margin
    • Innovative technologies like DeFi payment rails are emerging to reduce the total cost of payments for cross-border transactions.

    About World Trade Organization (WTO)

    Details
    Establishment 1995, replacing GATT
    Objective To regulate international trade
    Headquarters Geneva, Switzerland
    Members
    • 164
    • India is a Founding Member.
    Objectives
    • Formulate rules for trade
    • Negotiate further liberalization
    • Settle disputes
    • Assist developing countries
    • Cooperate with major economic institutions
    Principles
    • Non-Discrimination
    • Most Favored Nation
    • National Treatment
    • Reciprocity
    • Predictability through Binding Commitments
    • Transparency
    • Encourage Development and Reforms
    Important Trade Agreements
    • Agreement on Agriculture (AoA),
    • Agreement on TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights),
    • Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS),
    • Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT),
    • Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMS),
    • General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) etc.
    WTO Agreement on Agriculture (AoA)
    • Negotiated during Uruguay Round (1995)
    • Aims to reform trade in agriculture
    • Allows support for rural economies with fewer trade “distortions”
    • Focuses on improving market access, reducing subsidies, and eliminating export subsidies

    Subsidies Types:

    1. Green Box – No distortion in trade
    2. Amber Box – Can distort production and trade (subject to limits)
    3. Blue Box – Subsidies linked to production-limiting programs
    Most Favoured Nation Clause
    • Ensures non-discriminatory trade
    • Prevents discrimination among trade partners
    • First clause in GATT
    • Special trade statuses extended to all WTO members

     

    PYQ:

    Q.The terms ‘Agreement on Agriculture’, ‘Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures’ and Peace Clause’ appear in the news frequently in the context of the affairs of the: (2015)

    1. Food and Agriculture Organization
    2. United Nations Framework Conference on Climate Change
    3. World Trade Organization
    4. United Nations Environment Programme

     

    Q.Which of the following constitute Capital Account? (2013)

    1. Foreign Loans
    2. Foreign Direct Investment
    3. Private Remittances
    4. Portfolio Investment

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

    1. 1, 2 and 3
    2. 1, 2 and 4
    3. 2, 3 and 4
    4. 1, 3 and 4

     

    Practice MCQ:

    Consider the following statements:

    1. India is the highest recipient of remittances globally.
    2. UAE is the largest source of remittances to India.
    3. The current cost of remittances meets the SDG target.

    How many of the given statements is/are correct?

    1. One
    2. Two
    3. Three
    4. None

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  • Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

    Insights from the WMO’s State of the Climate Report, 2023

    IOCRPrelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: State of the Climate Report, 2023, Key Highlights

    Mains level: Surging impact of Climate Change

    What is the news-

    • The World Meteorological Organization’s (WMO) recent State of the Climate report highlights unprecedented climatic shifts, with numerous indicators reaching record levels.

    About World Meteorological Organization

    • It is an intergovernmental organization and a specialized agency of the UN for meteorology (weather and climate), operational hydrology and related geophysical sciences.
    • It was established in 1950 and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
    • It origin traces to the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), which was founded in 1873.
    • Currently it has a membership of 191 countries. India is also a member.

    Key Highlights of the State of the Climate Report, 2023

    [1] Greenhouse Gases (GHGs)

    • Record-High Concentrations: GHGs like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide reached record levels in 2022, contributing to global warming. The concentration of GHGs observed in 2022 is the latest year for which consolidated global values are available (1984–2022).
    • Long-term Trend: The rise in GHG concentrations underscores the urgent need for concerted efforts to mitigate their impact.

    [2] Surface Temperature

    • Historic Spike: Global surface temperatures in 2023 surged to 1.45 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, marking the highest recorded temperature. This temperature rise is attributed to the combined effects of rising GHG concentrations and the onset of El Nino in 2023.
    • El Nino Influence: The onset of El Nino exacerbated temperature extremes globally, amplifying the impacts of climate change.

    [3] Ocean Heat Content (OHC)

    • Unprecedented Heat: Ocean heat content reached its highest level in the observational record of 2023. The ocean heat content (OHC) refers to the total amount of heat the oceans store.
    • Long-term Trend: The continual increase in OHC underscores the ongoing challenge of ocean warming and its implications for marine ecosystems.

    [4] Marine Heat Waves (MHWs)

    • Widespread Occurrence: The global ocean experienced a significant increase in marine heatwave (MHW) coverage in 2023. The average daily marine heatwave coverage reached 32%, surpassing previous records set in 2016.
    • Duration and Intensity: Prolonged MHWs pose threats to marine biodiversity, ecosystems, and fisheries, highlighting the urgency of climate action.

    [5] Antarctic Sea-Ice Extent

    • Record Low: Antarctic sea-ice extent plummeted to 1.79 million km2 in February 2023, the lowest since satellite observations began in 1979. The extent remained below average throughout the year, signalling ongoing trends of sea-ice loss in the Antarctic region.
    • Persistent Decline: The continued decline in Antarctic sea-ice extent underscores the vulnerability of Polar Regions to climate change.

    [6] Glacier Mass Balance

    • Unprecedented Loss: Glaciers worldwide experienced the largest annual loss of ice on record in 2022-2023. The annual mass balance, which measures the amount of mass gained or lost by glaciers, dropped to a new low of ‘–1.2 metre water equivalent’.
    • Regional Disparities: Glacial mass balance varied across regions, with North American and European glaciers particularly affected by ice loss.

    Significance of the report

    • The figures presented in the WMO report underscore the magnitude of climate change impacts on various Earth systems.
    • Urgent action is needed to address rising GHG emissions, mitigate temperature extremes, protect marine environments, and preserve critical cryospheric regions.

    PYQ:

    2018: “Momentum for Change: Climate Neutral Now” is an initiative launched by

    1. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
    2. The UNEP Secretariat
    3. The UNFCCC Secretariat
    4. The World Meteorological Organisation

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  • Oil and Gas Sector – HELP, Open Acreage Policy, etc.

    [pib] International Partnership for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in the Economy (IPHE)

    IOCR | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc.

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Hydrogen Fuel Cell and its Working, IPHE

    Mains level: Hydrogen as a alternate fuel

    Why in the news-

    • The 41st Steering Committee Meeting of the International Partnership for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in the Economy (IPHE) is being convened in New Delhi.
    • The IPHE Steering Committee Meetings held biannually serve as a crucial platform for fostering international collaboration and coordination among member countries, stakeholders, and decision-makers.

    What is a Fuel Cell?

     

    • A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy into electricity of a fuel and an oxidizing agent.
    • It generates electrical energy from fuel through an electrochemical reaction, offering high efficiency and zero emissions.
    • They are an innovative technology poised to revolutionize electricity generation, often referred to as the “battery of the future“.
    • Fuel cells provide high efficiency, low emissions, and can be used in various applications.
    • Note: Any electrochemical cell generates DC (Direct Current) output.

    Working of a Hydrogen Fuel Cell

    • Hydrogen fuel cells operate on the principle of electrochemical reactions.
    • Hydrogen gas (H2) is fed into the anode (negative electrode) of the fuel cell, while oxygen (usually from the air) is fed into the cathode (positive electrode).
    • At the anode, hydrogen molecules are split into protons (H+) and electrons (e-).
    • The protons travel through an electrolyte to the cathode, while the electrons flow through an external circuit, generating electricity.
    • At the cathode, oxygen molecules react with the protons and electrons to form water (H2O), which is the only byproduct of the process.

    About IPHE

    • The IPHE was established in 2003 as an international inter-governmental partnership led by the US.
    • It aims to accelerate progress in hydrogen and fuel cell technologies.
    • IPHE comprises 21 member countries and the European Commission as a non-voting member.
    • Member countries include major economies such as the United States, Japan, Germany, China, South Korea, and Canada, among others including India.
    • Additionally, the United Kingdom, Russia, and Singapore have also been mentioned in various contexts within the provided sources but are NOT explicitly listed as members of IPHE.

    Objectives of the IPHE

    • Faster Transition: IPHE aims to facilitate and accelerate the transition to clean and efficient energy and mobility systems using hydrogen and fuel cell technologies across different applications and sectors.
    • Information Sharing Platform: The partnership provides a platform for sharing information on member country initiatives, policies, technology status, safety, regulations, codes, standards, and outreach efforts.
    • Advancing Clean Hydrogen Technologies: IPHE promotes a sustainable future by highlighting the versatility of hydrogen in various industries and its role in decarbonizing energy systems.

    Key Initiatives: H2-DEIA Platform

    • In 2023, IPHE announced the launch of the H2-DEIA platform in partnership with the Hydrogen Council.
    • It is dedicated to advancing diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility (DEIA) within the hydrogen and fuel cell economy.
    • It aims to foster a diverse workforce, share best practices, and support workforce development in the hydrogen sector.

    PYQ:

    Q.With reference to ‘Fuel Cells’ in which hydrogen-rich fuel and oxygen are used to generate electricity, consider the following statements:

    1. If pure hydrogen is used as a fuel, the fuel cell emits heat and water as by-products.
    2. Fuel cells can be used for powering buildings and not for small devices like laptop computers.
    3. Fuel cells produce electricity in the form of Alternating Current (AC).

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (CSP 2015)

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3

     

    Practice MCQ:

    Regarding the International Partnership for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in the Economy (IPHE), consider the following statements:

    1. IPHE is an international inter-governmental partnership based on the auspices of the United Nations.
    2. India is a member of IPHE.

    Which of the given statements is/are correct?

    1. Only 1
    2. Only 2
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2

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