Rupee-Dollar Swap Auction

Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Rupee-Dollar Swap Auction

Why in the News?

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) will conduct a $10 billion dollar-rupee swap auction on February 28, 2025, aimed at injecting durable rupee liquidity into the banking system.

This 3-year forex swap is expected to inject ₹86,000 crore into the banking system at a time when there is a liquidity deficit of ₹1.7 lakh crore in the financial sector.

What is the RBI’s Forex Swap Auction?

Forex swap auctions are a tool used by the RBI to manage liquidity and stabilize financial markets.
In return, the RBI will inject rupee liquidity into the banking system.
- Buy-Sell Swap: RBI buys dollars now and sells them back later (liquidity injection).
- Sell-Buy Swap: RBI sells dollars now and buys them back later (liquidity absorption).
After 3 years, the transaction will be reversed, with the RBI selling dollars back to banks and absorbing rupee liquidity from the system.

How does it work?

Auction Process:
- Banks bid in the swap auction by quoting the swap rate (forward premium).
- The lowest premium bids are accepted first (similar to G-sec auctions).
Liquidity Injection:
- Banks sell US dollars to the RBI at the prevailing exchange rate.
- The RBI provides rupees in exchange, boosting liquidity in the banking system.
Reverse Swap After Three Years:
- On March 6, 2028, the swap will be reversed.
- The RBI will return US dollars to the banks and absorb the equivalent amount of rupees.
This allows the RBI to control liquidity over a longer period without permanently altering its forex reserves.

Significance of this move

Reduces Borrowing Costs: More liquidity in the system lowers short-term interest rates. Bond yields and corporate borrowing costs decline, benefiting businesses and NBFCs.
Stabilizes Foreign Exchange Markets: The rupee’s availability increases, reducing pressure on exchange rates. Lower hedging costs for companies with foreign liabilities.
Enhances RBI’s Monetary Policy Toolkit: This approach provides a temporary boost to liquidity, while ensuring a controlled reversal in the future.

PYQ:

[2015] Convertibility of rupee implies:

(a) Being able to convert rupee notes into gold

(b) Allowing the value of rupee to be fixed by market forces

(d) Developing an international market for currencies in India

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[pib] Bay of Bengal (BOB) Inter-Governmental Organisation

IOCR Prelims Only | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: BOBP-IGO

Why in the News?

India has taken over the Chairmanship of the Bay of Bengal (BOB) Inter-Governmental Organisation from Bangladesh at the 13th Governing Council Meeting in Male, Maldives.

What is BOBP-IGO?

BOBP-IGO is a regional fisheries body promoting sustainable fisheries management and improving the livelihoods of small-scale fishers in the Bay of Bengal region.
It was established in 2003 and is headquartered in Chennai.
It evolved from the Bay of Bengal Programme (BoBP), which was launched in 1979 under the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.
Members:
- Full Members: Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Sri Lanka.
- Cooperating Non-Contracting Parties: Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand.
Objectives: Enhance marine fisheries management, build fisher capacities, promote policy cooperation, and combat Illegal, Unreported & Unregulated (IUU) fishing.

Significance of India’s Chairmanship in BOBP-IGO

India will lead policies for sustainable fisheries management and marine conservation across member nations.
This would strengthen monitoring, surveillance, and enforcement to prevent overfishing and illegal activities.
It will facilitate collaboration among member nations, exchange best practices, and integrate advanced technology in fisheries.
It would promote scientific research, innovation, and economic growth while reinforcing India’s influence in the Indian Ocean Region.

PYQ:

[2022] Do you think that BIMSTEC is a parallel organisation like the SAARC? What are the similarities and dissimilarities between the two? How are Indian foreign policy objectives realized by forming this new organisation?

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Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

Tea Tribes and Jhumur Dance

Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Jhumur Dance

Why in the News?

Prime Minister witnessed the largest-ever Jhumur dance performance in Guwahati, to commemorate the 200th anniversary of Assam’s tea industry.

What are Tea Tribes/Tea Garden Communities of Assam?

The Tea Tribes or Tea Garden Communities of Assam are descendants of laborers brought by the British in the 19th century to work in tea plantations.
These workers were mainly from Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, and Andhra Pradesh.
Many were brought through forced migration, and even voluntary migration occurred under exploitative conditions.
They were subjected to poor wages, inhumane working conditions, and restricted mobility.
The community is concentrated in Upper Assam districts like Tinsukia, Dibrugarh, Golaghat, Sonitpur, and Sivasagar, and in the Barak Valley.
They currently have Other Backward Classes (OBC) Status but demand Scheduled Tribe (ST) status, as many of their sub-groups, like Munda, Santhal, and Oraon, hold ST status in their original states.
Despite adversity, the Tea Garden Communities preserved their cultural identity, with distinct festivals, music, and dance forms.
- Their major festivals include Tushu Puja and Karam Puja, celebrated with the traditional Jhumur dance.

About Jhumur Dance

Jhumur (also spelled Jhumoir or Jhumair) is a folk dance of the Sadan ethnolinguistic group, mainly practised by Assam’s Tea Garden Communities.
It originated in Chotanagpur Plateau (Jharkhand, Odisha, Bengal, and Chhattisgarh) and was brought to Assam during the British colonial era.
Over time, it blended with Assamese culture, incorporating Assamese musical and linguistic influences.
Performance and Style:
- Women are the primary dancers, standing shoulder-to-shoulder in synchronized formations.
- Men accompany them with traditional instruments like madal, dhol, dhak (drums), cymbals, flutes, and shehnai.
- Attire: Women wear red and white sarees, while men wear kurta-dhoti with gamocha (traditional Assamese cloth).
Jhumur songs depict both celebration and hardship, narrating:
- Love and Nature – Seasonal changes, harvest, and romance.
- Hardships of Tea Workers – Struggles, migration, and exploitation.
- Festivals and Community Life – Unity, faith, and social cohesion.
It serves as a cultural bridge, helping retain their traditions and forge a unique identity in Assam.

PYQ:

[2021] With reference to India, the terms ‘Halbi, Ho and Kui’ pertain to:

(a) Dance forms of Northwest India

(b) Musical instruments

(d) Tribal languages

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Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

Pagri Sambhal Jatta Movement

Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Modern Indian History

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Pagri Sambhal Jatta Movement

Why in the News?

On February 23, 2025, farmers protesting at the Punjab and Haryana borders are observing Pagri Sambhal Diwas in honor of Ajit Singh, a freedom fighter, revolutionary, and Bhagat Singh’s paternal uncle.

About the Pagri Sambhal Jatta Movement (1907)

The Pagri Sambhal Jatta movement was a peasant uprising in Punjab against the oppressive British land laws that exploited farmers.
The movement was led by Ajit Singh, Kishan Singh (Bhagat Singh’s father), and Lala Lajpat Rai, who mobilized farmers to resist these unfair policies.
Farmers protested against three major British laws:

Punjab Land Alienation Act, 1900 – Restricted farmers from selling or mortgaging their land, favoring landlords and moneylenders.
Punjab Land Colonisation Act, 1906 – Allowed the British to take control of farmers’ land after their death instead of passing it to their heirs.
Doab Bari Act, 1907 – Deprived farmers of ownership rights and reduced them to contract workers.

The British also raised taxes on agricultural land and irrigation, making it harder for farmers to sustain themselves.
The slogan “Pagri Sambhal Jatta“, meaning “Take care of your turban, O farmer,” was coined by Banke Dayal, a nationalist poet, and became a symbol of self-respect and protest.
The movement resulted in mass protests and acts of civil disobedience, forcing the British to roll back some clauses of these laws.
Ajit Singh and Lala Lajpat Rai were arrested in May 1907 and exiled to Burma. Due to public pressure, they were released in November 1907.
Fearing further persecution, Ajit Singh fled to Persia and later lived in Turkey, Brazil, Germany, and Italy, where he worked with other revolutionaries against British rule.
The movement became a landmark in India’s freedom struggle, inspiring future farmers’ agitations, the Ghadar Movement, and Bhagat Singh’s revolutionary activities.

Who was Ajit Singh?

On February 23, 2025, farmers protesting at the Punjab and Haryana borders are observing Pagri Sambhal Diwas in honor of Ajit Singh, a freedom fighter, revolutionary, and the paternal uncle of Bhagat Singh.

Ajit Singh was a freedom fighter, revolutionary, and nationalist leader who played a crucial role in India’s independence movement.
He was born on February 23, 1881, in Khatkar Kalan, Punjab, which is now part of Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district.
He was the elder brother of Kishan Singh, the father of Bhagat Singh, and played a key role in shaping Bhagat Singh’s revolutionary ideals.
Ajit Singh co-founded the Bharat Mata Society, an organization that aimed to unite farmers and revolutionaries against British exploitation.
Due to his active role in the Pagri Sambhal Jatta movement, he became a prime target of British authorities and was forced into exile for 38 years (1909-1947).
He lived in Persia, Turkey, Brazil, Germany, and Italy, where he continued his revolutionary activities and worked with Lala Hardayal and Madame Cama.
In March 1947, Ajit Singh returned to India, just a few months before India gained independence.
However, due to prolonged illness, he passed away on August 15, 1947, the very day India became independent.
Since 2021, February 23 has been observed as Pagri Sambhal Diwas, honoring Ajit Singh’s contributions to India’s independence and farmers’ rights.

PYQ:

[2010] What was the immediate cause for the launch of the Swadeshi movement?

(a) The partition of Bengal done by Lord Curzon.

(b) A sentence of 18 months rigorous imprisonment imposed on Lokmanya Tilak.

(d) Death sentence pronounced on the Chapekar brothers.

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What are Zonal Councils?

Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution – historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Zonal Council

Why in the News?

Union Home Minister chaired the 27th meeting of the Western Zonal Council in Pune.

About Zonal Councils in India:

	Details
Origin & Purpose	Proposed by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1956 to promote cooperation among states after reorganization. Established under the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, with the goal of resolving inter-state disputes and ensuring balanced socio-economic development.
Composition & Structure	Five Zonal Councils + North-Eastern Council (NEC). Chairperson: Union Home Minister. Vice-Chairperson: Chief Ministers (rotating one-year term). Each state is represented by its Chief Minister + 2 ministers, with NITI Aayog participation. Standing Committees of Chief Secretaries review issues before full meetings.
Zonal Councils & Member States	Northern: Haryana, HP, J&K, Punjab, Rajasthan, Delhi, Chandigarh. Central: Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, UP, MP. Eastern: Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal. Western: Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu. Southern: AP, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Puducherry. North-Eastern Council (NEC): Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Tripura, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim (added in 2002).
Functions & Recent Developments	Resolves inter-state disputes, improves Centre-State coordination, addresses border issues, economic planning, transport, and linguistic minorities. Strengthens cooperative federalism and regional development. 2018: Union Home Minister became NEC Chairperson. Modi government transformed Zonal Councils from advisory bodies to action-oriented platforms.

PYQ:

[2013] Which of the following bodies is/are not mentioned in the Indian Constitution?

1. National Development Council

2. Planning Commission

3. Zonal Councils

Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

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Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

Ratnagiri Buddhist Heritage Site in Odisha

Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Ratnagiri Buddhist Heritage Site in Odisha

Why in the News?

On December 1, 2024, a team of archaeologists, students, and laborers began excavation at the Ratnagiri Buddhist Heritage Site in Jajpur, Odisha.

On December 1, 2024, a team of archaeologists, students, and laborers began excavation at the Ratnagiri Buddhist Heritage Site in Jajpur, Odisha.

About the Ratnagiri Buddhist Heritage Site

Located in Jajpur district, Odisha, Ratnagiri is part of the “Diamond Triangle” along with Udayagiri and Lalitgiri.
It flourished as a Vajrayana Buddhist center from the 5th to 13th century AD.
It was first reported in 1906, with excavations conducted from 1958-1961 by Debala Mitra.
It is identified as ‘Sri Ratnagiri Mahavihara Arya Bhikshu Sangha’ through inscriptions.

Key Findings at the Site:

Largest Buddha Head in Odisha: 1.4 meters tall, made of Khondalite stone, featuring intricate carvings.
Monolithic Elephant Sculpture: Likely part of an ancient shrine complex.
Hundreds of Votive Stupas: Used for spiritual offerings, reflecting Vajrayana Buddhist traditions.
Sanskrit Inscriptions in Kutila Script: Provide insights into monastic teachings and rituals.
Stone Tablets and Masonry Structures: Indicate large, organized monastic settlements.
Lion Pedestal (Simhasana) and Buddhist Deities: Includes Amoghasiddhi, Ratnasambhava, Akshobhya, Amitabha, Tara, Marici, Padmapani, Cunda.
Artefacts Used in Local Villages: Repurposed as decorations, Tulsi bases, and construction materials.

PYQ:

[2014] With reference to Buddhist history, tradition and culture in India, consider the following pairs :

Famous shrine: Location

Tabo monastery and temple complex: Spiti Valley
Lhotsava Lhakhang temple, Nako: Zanskar Valley
Alchi temple complex: Ladakh complex

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

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ISRO Missions and Discoveries

First Detailed Map of Moon’s South Pole Area made from Chandrayaan Data

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Achievements Of Indians In S&T

Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:
Prelims level: Moon’s South Pole
Why in the News?

Astronomers are studying the first detailed geological map of the Moon’s South Pole, created by India’s Chandrayaan-3’s Vikram lander, which landed on August 23, 2023.

About the Geological Map of the Moon’s South Pole:
- First High-Resolution Map:
  - This map is created by PRL Ahmedabad, Panjab University, and ISRO, using data from Chandrayaan-3’s Pragyan rover.
  - It offers new insights into the Moon’s formation and evolution.
- Confirmation of a Magma Ocean:
  - Pragyan’s Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer detected molten rock beneath the surface.
  - This confirms a global magma ocean in the Moon’s early history.
- Age and Crater Mapping:
  - Landing site estimated to be 3.7 billion years old, similar to Earth’s early evolution.
  - Schomberger Crater identified as the primary source of impact debris.
- Importance for Lunar and Planetary Studies:
  - Preserved craters help understand the history of asteroid impacts.
  - Provides insights into the formation of the Earth-Moon system.
Why is the Moon’s South Pole a Key Focus for Space Missions?
- Water Ice Reserves:
  - Permanently shadowed craters hold large water ice deposits, first confirmed by Chandrayaan-1 (2009).
  - Crucial for future lunar colonies and deep-space missions.
- Harsh but Valuable Environment:
  - Extreme cold (as low as -250°C) preserves ancient materials.
  - Continuous sunlight in some areas makes it ideal for solar power.
- Scientific and Strategic Importance:
  - Craters contain pristine material from the early Solar System.
  - NASA, China, and Russia plan permanent research bases in the region.
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Judicial Reforms

Supreme Court’s Ruling on Remission

Prelims Only SC Judgements | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Executive & Judiciary

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Remission

Why in the News?

In a historic judgment, the Supreme Court of India has ruled that prisoners eligible for remission under state policies must be considered for release even if they do not apply for it.

This decision comes as part of the suo motu case “In Re: Policy Strategy for Grant of Bail”, initiated in 2021 to address prison overcrowding.

Supreme Court’s Ruling: Key Takeaways

The SC overruled its earlier stance in:
- Sangeet v. State of Haryana (2013) – Held that remission was not automatic and required a convict’s application.
- Mohinder Singh v. State of Punjab (2013) – Ruled that courts cannot grant remission suo motu.
The new ruling recognizes the existence of remission policies in states and holds that:
- Prison superintendents must initiate remission proceedings for eligible convicts.
- Failure to consider eligible prisoners for remission violates Article 14 (Right to Equality).

What is Remission?

Remission refers to the reduction of a prison sentence without altering the conviction.
It is different from pardon or commutation, which may involve modifying or canceling the sentence entirely.

Legal Provisions on Remission

The power of remission is governed by:
- Section 473 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023 (formerly Section 432 of CrPC) – Grants state governments the power to remit sentences at any time under specific conditions.
- Section 475 of BNSS (formerly Section 433A of CrPC) – Prevents remission for life convicts guilty of crimes punishable by death until they serve at least 14 years.
- Articles 72 & 161 of the Constitution – Provide remission powers to the President and Governors at the Union and State levels.
Earlier, remission was initiated only when a prisoner applied for it, but the new ruling removes this necessity if states already have structured remission policies.

Impact of the Ruling on Prison Reforms

India’s prison population far exceeds capacity, with a 131.4% occupancy rate (2022 NCRB data).
Over 75% of prisoners are undertrials—this ruling may not directly help them, but it could ease congestion by enabling timely release of eligible convicts.
The new ruling ensures all eligible prisoners get equal consideration, preventing biases in prison administration.
International standards (like UN Nelson Mandela Rules) emphasize prisoner rights and rehabilitation.
The judgment upholds fairness and reintegration into society.

PYQ:

[2014] Instances of the President’s delay in commuting death sentences has come under public debate as denial of justice. Should there be a time specified for the President to accept/reject such petitions? Analyse.

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Coal and Mining Sector

[pib] Ministry of Mines classifies Barytes, Felspar, Mica and Quartz as Major Minerals

Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc.

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Major and Minor Minerals

Why in the News?

The Ministry of Mines has reclassified Barytes, Felspar, Mica, and Quartz as major minerals, aligning with the National Critical Mineral Mission to boost India’s industrial growth.

Major and Minor Minerals in India

What are Major Minerals?

Major minerals are those with high economic value, used in industrial applications, energy production, and metallurgy.
Regulation: Controlled by the Central Government under the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (MMDR Act).
Examples:
- Metallic Minerals: Iron ore, Copper, Bauxite, Gold, Manganese, Zinc, Lead.
- Energy Minerals: Coal, Lignite, Uranium.
- Industrial Minerals: Limestone, Rare Earth Elements, Graphite, Gypsum.

What are Minor Minerals?

Minor minerals have lower economic value and are mainly used in construction, local industries, and ornamental purposes.
Regulation: Controlled by State Governments under the MMDR Act, which gives them the power to grant leases and regulate mining activities.
Examples:
- Building Materials: Sand, Gravel, Stone, Marble.
- Non-Metallic Minerals: Dolomite, Mica, Quartz, Felspar, Clay (until reclassified as major minerals).

Key Reasons for Reclassification:

Extraction of Critical Minerals: These minerals are found with Lithium, Beryl, Niobium, Tin, and Tantalum, essential for energy transition, space, and healthcare industries.
Industrial & Strategic Importance: Barytes is used in oil drilling, electronics, radiation shielding, while Quartz, Felspar, and Mica are crucial for ceramics, glass, and semiconductor industries.
Improved Regulation & Transparency: Reclassification ensures scientific mining, reporting, and compliance under Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM), reducing illegal extraction and enhancing exploration.
No Impact on Existing Leases: Current leases remain valid for 50 years, allowing miners to adapt to new rules without disruption, with revenue continuing to benefit State Governments.

PYQ:

[2020] Consider the following minerals:

Bentonite
Chromite
Kyanite
Sillimanite

In India, which of the above is/are officially designated as major minerals?

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 4 only

(d) 2, 3 and 4 only

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Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

Assam to recognize Bathou Faith

Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Bathou Faith and its Philosophy

Why in the News?

The Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR) government in Assam has officially included ‘Bathouism’ as an option in the religion column of key application forms, including admission forms, birth and death certificates.

What is Bathouism?

Bathouism is the traditional faith of the Bodo people, primarily practiced in Assam and the foothills of Bhutan.
It is a nature-centric religion that worships Bathoubwrai, the supreme deity believed to govern the universe.
The central symbol of Bathouism is the Sijou plant (Euphorbia antiquorum), representing Bathoubwrai and planted in sacred enclosures (Bathou Thansali).
Bathou Puja is performed to seek divine blessings for prosperity, health, and well-being.
The Assam government has recently recognized Bathouism as a distinct faith, allowing its inclusion in official documents.

Philosophy of Bathouism

Bathouism is based on five fundamental elements, known as Ba (five) Thou (deep thought), representing natural forces:

Bar (Air) – Symbolizes breath, movement, and life force.
San (Sun) – Represents light, energy, and warmth.
Ha (Earth) – Stands for stability, fertility, and sustenance.
Or (Fire) – Denotes transformation and purification.
Okhrang (Sky) – Represents infinite wisdom and cosmic balance.

Bathoubwrai (Sibwrai) is considered almighty, omniscient, and eternal, beyond time and space. He is indestructible—fire cannot burn him, water cannot moisten him, air cannot dry him, and weapons cannot pierce him.
Bathouism promotes:

Truthfulness, honesty, and righteousness.
Respect for elders, ancestors, and nature.
Peaceful coexistence and non-violence.
Gratitude through rituals and pujas.

Bathou rituals involve five bamboo sticks symbolizing the five elements, with offerings of rice beer, milk, flowers, and incense.
Ancestral veneration and community harmony are integral aspects of the faith.

PYQ:

[2014] Which one of the following pairs does not form part of the six systems of Indian Philosophy?

(a) Mimamsa and Vedanta

(b) Nyaya and Vaisheshika

(d) Sankhya and Yoga

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Type: Prelims Only

Why in the News?

What is the RBI’s Forex Swap Auction?

How does it work?

Significance of this move

PYQ:

Why in the News?

What is BOBP-IGO?

Significance of India’s Chairmanship in BOBP-IGO

PYQ:

Why in the News?

What are Tea Tribes/Tea Garden Communities of Assam?

About Jhumur Dance

PYQ:

Why in the News?

About the Pagri Sambhal Jatta Movement (1907)

Who was Ajit Singh?

PYQ:

Why in the News?

About Zonal Councils in India:

PYQ:

Why in the News?

About the Ratnagiri Buddhist Heritage Site

Key Findings at the Site:

PYQ:

Why in the News?

About the Geological Map of the Moon’s South Pole:

Why is the Moon’s South Pole a Key Focus for Space Missions?

Why in the News?

Supreme Court’s Ruling: Key Takeaways

What is Remission?

Legal Provisions on Remission

Impact of the Ruling on Prison Reforms

PYQ:

Why in the News?

Major and Minor Minerals in India

What are Major Minerals?

What are Minor Minerals?

Key Reasons for Reclassification:

PYQ:

Why in the News?

What is Bathouism?

Philosophy of Bathouism

PYQ: