Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

[pib] World Heritage Young Professionals Forum, 2024

Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: World Heritage Young Professionals Forum

Why in the News?

India is hosting the UNESCO’s World Heritage Committee meeting for the first time in New Delhi.
- Theme: “World Heritage in the 21st Century: Building Capacities and Exploring Opportunities for Youth.”

About the World Heritage Young Professional Forum

The World Heritage Young Professionals Forum is an initiative by UNESCO to engage young professionals in the field of heritage conservation.
The first World Heritage Young Professionals Forum was organized in 1995.
The primary aim is to engage young professionals in heritage conservation and management through capacity building, networking, and awareness-raising.

Back2Basics: UNESCO World Heritage Sites

	Description
UNESCO World Heritage Sites	Landmarks or areas selected by UNESCO for their cultural, historical, scientific, or other significant value, legally protected by international treaties.
Importance	World Heritage Sites represent collective and preservative interests of humanity, signifying remarkable accomplishments and intellectual history.
Selection Criteria	Sites must be already-classified landmarks, unique and significant culturally or physically, such as ancient ruins, historical structures, cities, monuments, etc.
Conservation	World Heritage Sites require practical conservation to protect them from risks like trespassing, uncontrolled access, or administrative negligence.
World Heritage Committee	Selects and monitors World Heritage Sites, manages the World Heritage Fund, and provides financial assistance. Composed of 21 states parties elected for a four-year term.
Membership	India is not a member of the World Heritage Committee.

PYQ:

[2014] Consider the following international agreements:

The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
The World Heritage Convention

Which of the above has / have a bearing on the biodiversity?

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

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Minority Issues – SC, ST, Dalits, OBC, Reservations, etc.

Karnataka State Employment of Local Candidates in the Industries, Factories and Other Establishments Bill, 2024

Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution – historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Quota for Locals; Constitutional provisions invoked.

Why in the News?

The Karnataka Cabinet has approved a bill mandating that industries, factories, and other establishments appoint local candidates in 50% of management positions and 75% in non-management positions.

The bill was cleared in a Cabinet meeting chaired by the Chief Minister.

Key features of the Bill:

Definition of a Local Candidate:
- Born in Karnataka
- Domiciled in Karnataka for 15 years
- Proficient in speaking, reading, and writing Kannada
- Passed a required test by the nodal agency
Educational Requirements:
- Must have a secondary school certificate with Kannada as a language, or
- Pass a Kannada proficiency test specified by the nodal agency
Training and Relaxation Provisions:
- Industries and establishments must train local candidates within three years if qualified locals are unavailable
- Establishments can apply for relaxation if local candidates are insufficient
- The government’s decision on relaxation applications is final
- Local candidates must constitute at least 25% in management and 50% in non-management positions
- Non-compliance penalties range from ₹10,000 to ₹25,000

Do you know?

The Punjab and Haryana High Court earlier quashed the Haryana State Employment of Local Candidates Act, 2020, which mandated 75% reservation for state domiciles in the private sector jobs.
This decision was made because the State had overstepped its legislative authority and imposed undue restrictions on private employers.

Background and Rationale:

Long-pending Demand:

- The bill has been passed in response to longstanding demands for 100% job reservation for Kannadigas.
- Earlier in July, Kannada organizations organized rallies in parts of the State, demanding immediate implementation of the Sarojini Mahishi Report.

Sarojini Mahishi Report:

- The Sarojini Mahishi report, submitted in 1984 by Mahishi, former Union Minister and the first woman MP from Karnataka, included 58 recommendations.
- The report recommended 100% reservation for locals in group C and D jobs in Central government departments and public sector undertakings (PSUs) in Karnataka.

Reservation for Locals in Jobs: Constitutionality Check

	Provision	Potential Violation
Article 14	Guarantees equality before the law and equal protection of the laws.	Reservation for locals could create unequal opportunities for non-locals, violating the principle of equality.
Article 15	Prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.	Reserving jobs for locals based on place of birth or domicile status may constitute discrimination against non-locals.
Article 16	Ensures equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State.	Though it allows reservation for backward classes, it does not explicitly extend this provision to private employment, making mandatory quotas for locals potentially unconstitutional.
Article 19	Guarantees the freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India.	Imposing local reservations could restrict the free movement of people seeking employment opportunities across states, infringing upon their freedom of movement and residence.

PYQ:

[2017] One of the implications of equality in society is the absence of:

(a) Privileges

(b) Restraints

(d) Ideology

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Civil Aviation Sector – CA Policy 2016, UDAN, Open Skies, etc.

India to host 2nd Asia Pacific Ministerial Conference on Civil Aviation

Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc.

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: ICAO APAC

Why in the News?

India will host the second Asia Pacific Ministerial Conference on Civil Aviation on September 11 and 12.
- The conference will be jointly organised by the Indian government and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) APAC.

About the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

	Details
Establishment and Background	Founded on December 7, 1944, by the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation Became a specialized agency of the United Nations in 1947 HQ: Montreal, Canada
Objectives and Mission	Develop international standards and regulations for aviation safety, security, efficiency, and environmental protection Promote safe and orderly growth of international air transport
Structure and Governance	Assembly: Meets every three years, includes all member states Council: Governing body with 36 elected member states Secretariat: Led by the Secretary General, manages daily operations
Membership	193 member states as of 2024 Open to all states subscribing to Chicago Convention principles India: Founding member, joined in 1944
Functions and Responsibilities	Establish international standards and recommended practices (SARPs) Conduct audits and monitor SARPs compliance Provide technical assistance and capacity-building Facilitate aviation data and statistics collection
Key Areas of Focus	Safety: Enhance global aviation safety Security: Strengthen aviation security measures Efficiency: Promote efficient air navigation services Environmental Protection: Address aviation’s environmental impact
Significant Programs and Initiatives	Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP): Monitors safety oversight capabilities Universal Security Audit Programme (USAP): Evaluates aviation security measures Next Generation Aviation Professionals (NGAP): Addresses anticipated aviation professionals shortage No Country Left Behind (NCLB): Assists states in implementing ICAO standards and policies
Publications and Resources	Annexes to the Chicago Convention: SARPs across civil aviation domains ICAO Journal: Quarterly publication Global Aviation Safety Plan (GASP) and Global Air Navigation Plan (GANP): Strategic documents for aviation safety and navigation improvements.
Regional Offices	Seven offices in Bangkok, Cairo, Dakar, Lima, Mexico City, Nairobi, and Paris
Standards	Annex 1: Personnel Licensing Annex 6: Operation of Aircraft Annex 8: Airworthiness of Aircraft Annex 17: Security Annex 19: Safety Management
Global Impact	Harmonizes international aviation policies and procedures Contributes to safe, secure, and sustainable growth of global air transport

About Asia Pacific Ministerial Conference on Civil Aviation

The conference aims to strengthen regional collaboration and develop a future-focused vision for the region, emphasizing innovation and safety.
The inaugural conference took place in February 2018 in Beijing.
39 member states of the UN aviation safety body, the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), from the Asia Pacific region are expected to attend.
The conference focuses on making aviation travel sustainable, resilient, and adaptive to the changing needs of a globally interconnected community.
- This region accounts for 33.41% of global flight departures, the highest of any region worldwide.
- Passenger numbers are expected to increase from 4.5 billion this year to 11.5 billion by 2050.

PYQ:

[2014] International civil aviation laws provide all countries with complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above their territory. What do you understand by ‘airspace’ What are the implications of these laws on the space above this airspace? Discuss the challenges which this poses and suggest ways to contain the threat.

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Innovations in Sciences, IT, Computers, Robotics and Nanotechnology

Tirzepatide: the Weight-loss Drug nearing Approval in India

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: CDSCO; Tirzepatide and its working.

Why in the News?

India’s apex drug regulator Central Drug Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) gave preliminary approval to the drug Tirzepatide.
- Tirzepatide is known to have assisted in weight control treatment among diabetic patients.

About Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO):

CDSCO is India’s national regulatory body for cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and medical devices.
It serves a similar function to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the US or the European Medicines Agency of the European Union.
The Indian government has announced its plan to bring all medical devices, including implants and contraceptives under a review of the CDSCO.
Within the CDSCO, the Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) regulates pharmaceutical and medical devices and is positioned within the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
The DCGI is advised by the Drug Technical Advisory Board (DTAB) and the Drug Consultative Committee (DCC).

Mandate and Responsibilities:

Drug Approval: CDSCO is responsible for the approval of new drugs and clinical trials.
Standards Enforcement: Ensures standards of drugs and medical devices through various acts such as the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940.
Import and Export: Regulates the import and export of drugs and medical devices in India.
Licensing Authority: Issues licenses for the manufacture, sale, and distribution of drugs in India.
Surveillance: Conducts drug quality surveillance and monitors adverse drug reactions.

Diabetes Drug for Weight Loss

In 2017, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a drug called Ozempic for managing type 2 diabetes.
The active ingredient, semaglutide, was later noted for causing weight loss, which led to its off-label use for treating obesity.
This usage became popular on social media, influencing further developments.

What is Tirzepatide?

Tirzepatide is the main component of Eli Lilly’s drugs, Mounjaro and Zepbound.
It’s important to note here that Mounjaro is the brand name for diabetes, while Zepbound is for weight loss.

How does it work?

There is a dual action involving two hormones:

(1) Regulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1):

GLP-1 is a hormone that regulates appetite and calorie intake through effects on the brain and digestive tract.
Both semaglutide and tirzepatide function as polypeptides that enhance the body’s levels of GLP-1.
The higher levels of GLP-1 trigger satiety, the feeling of fullness, reducing the desire to eat.

(2) Regulation of Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP):

Unlike semaglutide, tripeptide also increases levels of GIP, the other hormone involved.

Promising Global Trials

Global clinical trials for tirzepatide (Zepbound) have shown significant results, with the highest dosage leading to an average weight loss of 20.9% over 72 weeks.
The approval in India is due on further post-marketing surveillance (Phase IV trials) to monitor the drug’s side effects and its effectiveness across India’s diverse population.

Long-term side effects:

Cardiovascular risks like increased heart rate and potential blood pressure elevation.
Gastrointestinal effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and constipation. Endocrine concerns involve thyroid C-cell tumours in MEN syndrome patients.
Other issues include kidney problems, eye complications, mental health impacts, and long-term risks like pancreatic enzyme elevation and gallbladder problems.

Why under-consideration in India?

India has the world’s second-highest number of people with type 2 diabetes and high obesity rates.
A study in Lancet in 2023 estimated that 101 million people in India — 11.4 per cent of the country’s population — are living with diabetes.
As per the World Obesity Federation Atlas, around 11 per cent of Indian adults will be obese by 2034.

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Civil Aviation Sector – CA Policy 2016, UDAN, Open Skies, etc.

Uniform IGST Rate of 5% on Aircraft and Aircraft Engine Parts

Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc.

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: IGST; MRO industry of India.

Why in the News?

The government has implemented a uniform Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST) rate of 5% on all aircraft and aircraft engine parts.

Background:

Prior to the implementation of GST in 2017, the taxation of aircraft and aircraft parts was complex, with different central and state taxes being levied.
Under the pre-GST regime, aircraft parts attracted a range of taxes, including excise duty, VAT, and additional customs duties, leading to a cascading effect and higher costs for the aviation industry.

IGST Harmonization for MRO Boost:

This move is aimed at boosting Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) activities in India.
Previously, GST rates on aircraft components varied between 5%, 12%, 18%, and 28%, causing several issues.

MRO Industry in India

The Indian MRO industry is projected to become a $4 billion industry by 2030.
Currently, India represents only 1% of the global MRO market, which is worth US$45 billion.
The industry is divided into airframe maintenance, engine maintenance (50-55% of work value), components maintenance, and line maintenance (weekly checks).
Commercial airlines spend 13-15% of their revenues on maintenance, primarily outsourcing heavy maintenance.

What is Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST)?

The IGST is a component of the GST system in India.
It is levied by the central government on:

Inter-state /UT supply of goods and services;
Imports of goods and services;
Supply of goods and services to/by SEZ units;
Deemed exports (certain transactions where goods supplied do not leave the country but are treated as exports under GST law).

IGST is calculated by adding the applicable Central GST (CGST) and State GST (SGST) rates.
One thing to remember in IGST is that the importing state gets the accrued benefit of taxes.

Rationale for the Uniform 5% IGST Rate

Simplification of Tax Structure: A uniform 5% IGST rate on aircraft and engine parts simplifies tax compliance and eliminates classification complexities.
Cost Efficiency: A lower IGST rate reduces overall tax burden on aviation industry, enhancing affordability of aircraft acquisition and maintenance.
Global Alignment: Aligns India’s tax policy with global standards, fostering competitiveness and attractiveness for international aviation investments.
Promotion of Aviation Services: Encourages aircraft leasing and MRO activities, supporting India’s aspiration to become a hub for these services.

PYQ:

[2017] What is/are the most likely advantages of implementing ‘Goods and Services Tax (GST)’?

It will replace multiple taxes collected by multiple authorities and will thus create a single market in India.
It will drastically reduce the ‘Current Account Deficit’ of India and will enable it to increase its foreign exchange reserves.
It will enormously increase the growth and size of economy of India and will enable it to overtake China in the near future.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

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Innovation Ecosystem in India

ICAR launches ‘One scientist, One product’ Scheme

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: ICAR; One scientist, One product’ Scheme.

Why in the News?

The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is set to launch its ‘One Scientist-One Product’ program. This initiative aims to enhance research in agriculture and animal husbandry.

About the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)

ICAR is an autonomous organisation under the Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
It is headquartered in New Delhi.
ICAR was formerly known as the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research.
It was established in 1929 as a registered society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 on the basis of the report of the Royal Commission on Agriculture.

Functions of ICAR:

Its primary mandate is to coordinate agricultural education and research in India and provide leadership in agriculture and allied sectors.
It is the apex body for coordinating, guiding and managing research and education in agriculture including horticulture, fisheries and animal sciences in the entire country.

Structure and Organization:

ICAR operates under the Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India.
It consists of a network of research institutes, national bureaus, project directorates, and agricultural universities across the country.
The council is governed by a Governing Body and an Executive Committee, which oversee its functioning and activities.
ICAR confers prestigious awards, such as: the Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Award, the Borlaug Award, and the Hari Om Ashram Trust Award, to recognize excellence in agricultural research and education.

Significant feats achieved by ICAR:

Bio-fortified Coverage: In 2023-24, approximately 16 million hectares are cultivated with bio-fortified crop varieties.
Crops Mentioned: This includes wheat, rice, pearl millet, lentil, and mustard.
Climate Resilience: The deployment of climate-resilient technologies has boosted production, even in abnormal years.
Variety Release: From 2014-15 to 2023-24, ICAR has released 2,593 high-yielding varieties, including 2,177 climate-resilient and 150 bio-fortified varieties.

What is the “One Scientist One Product” Scheme?

The “One Scientist One Product” initiative is a strategic research plan launched by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).
It aims to enhance agricultural productivity by assigning specific research targets to individual scientists within the organization in the next 5 years.

Key Objectives of the Scheme:

Target-Oriented Research: Each scientist is given a specific target to develop a product. For example- seed variety, technology, research paper, or a conceptual model.
Avoiding Duplication: The initiative ensures that efforts are not duplicated by carefully mapping and assigning unique research targets to each scientist.
Regular Monitoring: Progress will be monitored every three months at the official level and twice a year by the researchers themselves.

Implementation Details:

All 5,521 scientists of ICAR have been registered under this scheme.
At the beginning of each year, scientists must identify and inform about the product they aim to develop.
While the focus is on individual contributions, there will be instances where a product will be developed by a group of scientists.

Long-Term Goals:

Product Development: The initiative is part of a broader plan to release 100 new seed varieties across various crops within the government’s 100-day plan.
Climate-Resilient Crops: A significant target is to increase the area under climate-resilient paddy seeds to 25% of the total kharif acreage, up from the current 15%.

Announcement of New Crop Varieties

Event Details: ICAR will announce the release of 323 new crop varieties during a function in Delhi. The new releases include cereals, oilseeds, forage crops, and sugarcane.
Variety Breakdown: Among these, there are 289 climate-resilient varieties and 27 bio-fortified varieties.
Upcoming Initiatives: ICAR aims to develop 100 new seed varieties and 100 farm technologies within 100 days as part of a national 100-day action plan.

Progress in Bio-fortification and Climate Resilience

ICAR reports significant progress in the adoption of bio-fortified crop varieties, with a total area of 16 million hectares under these varieties.
The organization emphasizes the success of its climate-resilient technologies, noting enhanced production even during years with abnormal weather conditions.

PYQ:

[2018] With reference to the Genetically Modified mustard (GM mustard) developed in India, consider the following statements:

GM mustard has the genes of a soil bacterium that give the plant the property of pest-resistance to a wide variety of pests.
GM mustard has the genes that allow the plant cross-pollination and hybridization.
GM mustard has been developed jointly by the IARI and Punjab Agricultural University.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 3 only

(b) 2 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

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Terrorism and Challenges Related To It

Appointment of the new Additional National Security Advisor (ANSA)

Prelims Only | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Various Security Forces, Agencies & Their Mandates

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Additional National Security Advisor (ANSA)

Why in the News?

A new Additional National Security Advisor (ANSA) was appointed on July 1, 2024, marking the first time this position has been filled. The ANSA will assist the National Security Advisor (NSA) in managing the country’s national security affairs.

Recent Controversies about the NSA’s Role

Recent controversies involving R&AW and the Agniveer initiative have brought the NSA’s role back into focus.
Questions remain about the ideal background for the NSA and the prioritization of experience in internal versus external security.

National Security Advisor (NSA):

The NSA is the senior official on the National Security Council of India.
The post was created on 19 November 1998 by the Government of Atal Bihari Vajpayee.
He/ She is also the chief adviser to the Prime Minister of India on national security policy and international affairs.
Ajit Doval is the current NSA, and has the same rank as a Union Cabinet Minister.
The NSA receives all intelligence (RAW, IB, NTRO, MI, DIA, NIA) reports and co-ordinates them to present before the Prime Minister.
The NSA serves at the discretion of the Prime Minister of India.

About the National Security Council of India:

NSC is an executive government agency tasked with advising the Prime Minister’s Office on matters of national security and strategic interest.
The 3 tier structure of the NSC comprises:

Strategic Policy Group (SPG),
National Security Advisory Board (NSAB) and
National Security Council Secretariat.

All aspects of national security are deliberated upon by the National Security Council (NSC), the apex body.
Members: Ministers of Home Affairs, Defence, External Affairs, Finance and Deputy Chairman of the NITI Aayog.
The NSA is its Secretary.

Changes in the National Security Architecture

	Previous Structure	New Structure
Additional National Security Advisor (ANSA)	The position was consistently vacant	New ANSA appointed for the first time
NSA’s Role	NSA had a more operational role	NSA’s role is now more advisory, focusing on strategic policy and advisory outfits
Reporting Structure	CDS, service chiefs, and Union secretaries reported to NSA and their respective ministers	CDS, service chiefs, and Union secretaries continue to report to NSA and their ministers; however, ANSA now acts as a gatekeeper
Size of NSA’s Organization	Smaller organization with no ANSA	Larger organization with an ANSA and three deputy NSAs
Daily Security Briefings	Directly by NSA	Unclear if briefings will be by NSA, ANSA, or both
Communication Chain	Direct communication between mid-level unit heads and NSA	ANSA acts as an intermediary between mid-level unit heads and NSA, adding a bureaucratic layer
Ministerial Reporting	NSA interacted with Union ministers and Prime Minister	Ministerial bosses also interact directly with respective secretaries, causing potential turf issues
Speculations and Future Roles	Speculations about the continuity and succession of the current NSA	Ongoing speculations about the future role and potential succession by the newly appointed ANSA
Internal Security Management	NSA handled internal security along with other duties	ANSA now specifically responsible for internal security management and threat analysis
Overall Security Strategy	NSA managed both strategic advisory and operational aspects	Separation of strategic advisory role (NSA) and operational internal security role (ANSA)

Issues with the re-structuring:

Bureaucratic Layering: The introduction of the ANSA adds an additional bureaucratic layer, potentially slowing down decision-making.
Turf Issues: Potential conflicts between the NSA and the Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister, especially regarding convening meetings.
Lack of clarity in Roles: Uncertainty about whether the NSA or ANSA will conduct daily security briefings, leading to possible communication confusion.
Ministerial Reporting Dynamics: Challenges for ministers in managing secretaries’ dual reporting lines to both the NSA and their respective ministers.
Operational Efficiency: The NSA’s shift to a more advisory role might affect the operational efficiency in handling immediate security threats.

Future of the NSA

There is speculation about the future of the incumbent NSA, Ajit Doval, and whether his elevation is a precursor to retirement.
Questions arise about whether ANSA Rajinder Khanna will succeed Doval or if an outsider will be appointed.

PYQ:

[2021] Analyse the multidimensional challenges posed by external state and non-state actors, to the internal security of India. Also discuss measures required to be taken to combat these threats.

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Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

100 years of Electroencephalography (EEG)

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: EEG and its working

Why in the News?

This year marks the 100th anniversary of the first human electroencephalography (EEG) by German physiologist Hans Berger.

Historical Development of EEG

The development of EEG started with Richard Caton in 1875, who first noticed electrical signals in the brains of animals.
His work was expanded by Adolf Beck and later by Vladimir Pravdich-Neminsky, who recorded the first EEG of a dog.
Hans Berger was the first to record these signals from a human brain in 1924.

What is EEG?

EEG stands for electroencephalography. “Electro” means electricity, “encephalo” refers to the brain, and “graphy” means recording.
It tracks the electrical activity in the brain that happens when neurons, the brain’s cells, move tiny charged particles.
This helps doctors tell if the brain is working normally or not.
Doctors use EEG to diagnose epilepsy, check how deep a person is under anesthesia, study sleep patterns, and even confirm if a person has passed away.

Understanding Volume Conduction

Volume conduction explains how the brain’s electrical signals move through different layers like skin and bone to reach the electrodes on the scalp.
The signals that electrodes pick up need to be cleaned up from any distortions caused by these layers or other noises before doctors can read them accurately.

How does an EEG Test Works?

Neurons interact with their surroundings and sometimes push ions around.
This movement creates waves of electrical activity.
Electrodes on the head detect these waves and measure how strong they are, which is then recorded as an EEG.
Setting up an EEG involves putting gel on the head and placing electrodes accurately, which can be affected by things like having thick hair.

What EEG Can and Can’t Show?

Strengths: EEG is very good at catching fast changes in the brain’s electrical activity, which is helpful for immediate observations.
Limitations: It mainly detects signals from the surface of the brain and is better at picking up signals from certain types of cell parts than others.
- Pinpointing exactly where the brain an activity started can be difficult.

Cost and Accessibility

EEG is simple and affordable compared to other methods like MRI.
It’s portable, doesn’t use large equipment, and is safe.

PYQ:

[2015] With reference to ‘Near Field Communication (NFC) Technology’, which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. It is a contactless communication technology that uses electromagnetic radio fields.

2. NFC is designed for use by devices which can be at a distance of even a metre from each other.

3. NFC can use encryption when sending sensitive information.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

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Historical and Archaeological Findings in News

Ratna Bhandar of Puri Jagannath Temple, opened after 46 years

Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Ratna Bhandar of Puri Jagannath Temple; Architectural features.

Why in the News?

After 46 years, the sacred treasury of Shree Jagannath Temple, Puri, known as Ratna Bhandar, was reopened amid years of legal battles, controversies, and debates.

About the Ratna Bhandar

The Ratna Bhandar stores the gold and jewels offered by devotees to the deities Lord Jagannath, Lord Balabhadra, and Goddess Subhadra.
It is located adjacent to the prayer hall on the north side of the temple.
It consists of two sections: the ‘Bhitar Bhandar’ (Inner Treasury) and the ‘Bahar Bhandar’ (Outer Treasury), with the last inventory in 1978 noting significant amounts of gold and silver items in both chambers.
Legend says, Odisha’s King Anangabhima Dev (1211 to 1238) donated 2.5 lakh madhas of gold to prepare jewellery for the almighty.
The Odisha government passed the Jagannath Temple Act, 1952 to have a greater role in the temple’s management, which included maintaining an inventory of the offerings in the Puri collectorate’s Record Room.

Recent Developments:

The safety of the Ratna Bhandar is managed by the Temple’s Committee, chaired by the titular ‘King of Puri’ and includes IAS officers and other state-appointed members.
Originally, keys to the Ratna Bhandar were held by the Puri royal family, temple committee, and collectorate, with significant changes in ownership and access protocols over the years due to legal rulings.
The recent reopening involved breaking the locks of the inner chamber as they could not be opened traditionally, following strict procedures.

About Jagannath Puri Temple

The Jagannath Temple is an important Vaishnavite temple dedicated to Jagannath, a form of Sri Krishna in Puri in Odisha.
The present temple was rebuilt from the 10th century onwards, on the site of an earlier temple, and begun by Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva, the first king of the Eastern Ganga dynasty.
The Puri temple is famous for its annual Ratha Yatra, or chariot festival, in which the three principal deities are pulled on huge and elaborately decorated temple cars.

Its Architecture:

With its sculptural richness and fluidity of the Oriya style of temple architecture, it is one of the most magnificent monuments of India.
The huge temple complex covers an area of over 400,000 square feet and is surrounded by a high fortified wall.
This 20 feet high wall is known as Meghanada Pacheri.
Another wall known as kurma bedha surrounds the main temple.

The temple has four distinct sectional structures, namely:

Deula, Vimana or Garba griha (Sanctum sanctorum) where the triad deities are lodged on the ratnavedi (Throne of Pearls). In Rekha Deula style;
Mukhashala (Frontal porch);
Nata mandir/Natamandapa, which is also known as the Jagamohan (Audience Hall/Dancing Hall), and
Bhoga Mandapa (Offerings Hall)

PYQ:

[2012] The Nagara, the Dravida and the Vesara are the:

(a) Three main racial groups of the Indian subcontinent

(b) Three main linguistic divisions into which the languages of India can be classified

(d) Three main musical Gharanas prevalent in India

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Historical and Archaeological Findings in News

Temples in News: Mahabodhi Temple, Puri Jagannath Temple

Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Bodh Gaya; Places associated with Buddha; Jagannath Puri Temple

Description

Mahabodhi Temple Complex

Mahabodhi Temple Tourism (Bodh Gaya) (2024) - A Complete Travel Guide

Location: Bodh Gaya, Bihar
Significance: Marks the location where Buddha attained enlightenment.
UNESCO Status: World Heritage Site since 2002.
Historical Importance: One of the four holy sites related to Buddha’s life (Enlightenment).
Original Construction: Built by Mauryan Emperor Ashoka around 260 BCE.
Reconstruction: Reconstructed in brick during the late Gupta period (5th or 6th centuries).
Archaeological Finds: Indicates a site of veneration since the Mauryan period; Vajrasana (Diamond Throne) dated to the third century BCE.
Main Temple Structure: Dates from the 6th century CE, incorporates parts from 2nd or 3rd century CE.
Architectural Features: Two large shikhara towers, the largest over 55 meters high; influenced Jain, Hindu, and Buddhist architecture globally.
Materials: Made mostly of brick covered with stucco.
Bodhi Tree: A direct descendant of the original tree under which Buddha attained enlightenment.
Traditional Accounts: Describes 7 weeks Buddha spent meditating after enlightenment at various spots within the complex.
Decline and Revival: Declined after the Huna and early Islamic invasions; revived under the Pala Empire (8th-12th century); declined again after 12th century CE invasions by Turk armies.

Ratna Bhandar of Jagannath Puri Temple

Location: Puri, Odisha
Significance: Important Vaishnavite temple dedicated to Jagannath, a form of Sri Krishna
History: Rebuilt from the 10th century onwards, begun by Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva, first king of the Eastern Ganga dynasty
Annual Event: Famous for its annual Ratha Yatra (chariot festival) where three principal deities are pulled on huge, elaborately decorated temple cars
Architecture: Oriya style of temple architecture; complex covers over 400,000 square feet, surrounded by a high fortified wall (Meghanada Pacheri); main structures include Deula (Sanctum sanctorum), Mukhashala (Frontal porch), Nata mandir/Natamandapa (Audience Hall/Dancing Hall), Bhoga Mandapa (Offerings Hall)

Ratna Bhandar:

Context: The sacred treasury of Shree Jagannath Temple, Puri, known as Ratna Bhandar, was reopened after 46 years amid legal battles and controversies
Contents: Stores gold and jewels offered by devotees to the deities Lord Jagannath, Lord Balabhadra, and Goddess Subhadra
Location: Adjacent to the prayer hall on the north side of the temple.
Sections: Consists of two sections: the ‘Bhitar Bhandar’ (Inner Treasury) and the ‘Bahar Bhandar’ (Outer Treasury)
Historical Significance: Legend says Odisha’s King Anangabhima Dev (1211 to 1238) donated 2.5 lakh madhas of gold to prepare jewelry for the deities
Management: Safety managed by the Temple’s Committee chaired by the titular ‘King of Puri’; keys held by the Puri royal family, temple committee, and collectorate with changes over the years
Recent Developments: Reopened by breaking the locks of the inner chamber due to inability to open traditionally, following strict procedures

Also in news: World Heritage Young Professional Forum

India is hosting the UNESCO’s World Heritage Committee meeting for the first time in New Delhi.
- Theme: “World Heritage in the 21st Century: Building Capacities and Exploring Opportunities for Youth.”
The World Heritage Young Professionals Forum is an initiative by UNESCO to engage young professionals in the field of heritage conservation.
The first World Heritage Young Professionals Forum was organized in 1995.
The primary aim is to engage young professionals in heritage conservation and management through capacity building, networking, and awareness-raising.

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[2012] The Nagara, the Dravida and the Vesara are the:

(a) Three main racial groups of the Indian subcontinent

(b) Three main linguistic divisions into which the languages of India can be classified

(d) Three main musical Gharanas prevalent in India

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Description

Mahabodhi Temple Complex

Ratna Bhandar of Jagannath Puri Temple

Ratna Bhandar:

Also in news: World Heritage Young Professional Forum

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