Type: Prelims Only

Introduction

• Thiruvalluvar, an eminent figure in Tamil culture, has recently stirred controversy over the representation of his image and attire by TN Governor and the CM.

About Thiruvalluvar Day

• Thiruvalluvar Day is usually celebrated either on the 15th or 16th of January in the state of Tamil Nadu.
• The day is quite similar to Raksha Bandhan where women pray for the well-being of their brothers.
• The women perform the rituals in the morning. Rice is put at the centre of a leaf as a part of the ritual while the women ask for the well-being of their brothers.
• This is followed by an Arati and turmeric water is sprinkled on the “kolam”.

Who was Thiruvalluvar?

• Thiruvalluvar, also known as Valluvar, is a revered Tamil poet-saint who holds a special place in the hearts of Tamils, transcending caste and religious boundaries.
• The exact period during which he lived and his religious affiliation remain subjects of debate.
• Some place him in the third or fourth century, while others date him to the eighth or ninth century.
• His religious identity varies, with some considering him a Hindu, some associating him with Jainism, and Dravidian groups regarding him as a saint due to his rejection of the caste system.
• Thirukkural, his principal work, consists of 1330 couplets (kurals) and is categorized into three parts, offering teachings on dharma (virtue), artha (wealth), and kama (love).

Significance of Robes

• Political Influence: Depictions of Thiruvalluvar, including his attire, have been molded by various political groups over time, despite limited historical information.
• Scholar Insights: Scholars suggest that Thiruvalluvar’s affiliation was likely Jain, not Hindu or Dravidian. His appearance, including white robes, is a relatively recent interpretation.
• Disputed Symbolism: The controversy surrounding the color of Thiruvalluvar’s robes stems from differing political agendas and interpretations of his verses.

Thiruvalluvar’s Relevance Today

• Archaeological Discoveries: Recent excavations at Keeladi near Madurai have pushed the history of Tamilagam (Sangam Era) back by at least 300 years, bolstering Dravidian historians’ assertions of their ancient heritage.
• Keeladi Context: The Keeladi findings have ignited debates between supporters of Hindutva and those upholding the Dravidian perspective. While no Hindu idols were found at Keeladi, interpretations vary on the presence of ‘Hindu’ elements.

Introduction

• In a bid to elevate the spiritual experience of devotees and bolster the infrastructure for pilgrims, the Odisha government is all set to inaugurate the grand Shree Mandira Parikrama project.

What is Shree Mandira Parikrama Project?

• This Rs 800-crore heritage corridor, encircling the iconic Jagannath Temple in Puri, is a pivotal part of a broader initiative aimed at rejuvenating this holy city.
• It entails the creation of a 75-meter corridor that encircles the revered Jagannath Temple complex.
• This designed corridor aims to provide pilgrims with a “visual connect” to the temple, enriching their spiritual journey.

About Jagannath Puri Temple

• The Jagannath Temple is an important Vaishnavite temple dedicated to Jagannath, a form of Sri Krishna in Puri in Odisha.
• The present temple was rebuilt from the 10th century onwards, on the site of an earlier temple, and begun by Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva, the first king of the Eastern Ganga dynasty.
• The Puri temple is famous for its annual Ratha Yatra, or chariot festival, in which the three principal deities are pulled on huge and elaborately decorated temple cars.

Its architecture

• With its sculptural richness and fluidity of the Oriya style of temple architecture, it is one of the most magnificent monuments of India.
• The huge temple complex covers an area of over 400,000 square feet and is surrounded by a high fortified wall.
• This 20 feet high wall is known as Meghanada Pacheri.
• Another wall known as kurma bedha surrounds the main temple.

The temple has four distinct sectional structures, namely:

1. Deula, Vimana or Garba griha (Sanctum sanctorum) where the triad deities are lodged on the ratnavedi (Throne of Pearls). In Rekha Deula style;
2. Mukhashala (Frontal porch);
3. Nata mandir/Natamandapa, which is also known as the Jagamohan (Audience Hall/Dancing Hall), and
4. Bhoga Mandapa (Offerings Hall)

Introduction

• The four Shankaracharyas’ decision to abstain from the inauguration of the Ram temple in Ayodhya on January 22 has raised questions and garnered attention.
• To understand this decision and the significance of Shankaracharyas, it’s crucial to delve into the context and explore the life of Adi Shankara, a pivotal figure in Hinduism.

Who are the Shankaracharyas?

• Religious Leaders: Shankaracharya, meaning ‘teacher of the way of Shankara,’ is a title held by the heads of four cardinal mathas or peeths, believed to be established by Adi Shankara (c 788 CE-820 CE).
• Legacy of Adi Shankara: These religious teachers are said to belong to a lineage dating back to Adi Shankara, a revered scholar and philosopher.
• Historical Context: The existence of these mathas before the 14th century CE is disputed, with evidence suggesting retrospective establishment to legitimize these centers of knowledge and learning.

Adi Shankaracharya: A Brief Overview

• Adi Shankaracharya was a prominent Indian philosopher and theologian, often referred to as Sankara (Jagatguru). He was a staunch advocate of ancient Hinduism.
• His birthplace Kaladi in Ernakulam, Kerala, is poised to be declared a national monument.
• He received guidance from his guru, Govinda Bhagavatpada, under whom he diligently studied texts like ‘Gaudapadiya Karika,’ ‘Brahmasutra,’ Vedas, and Upanishads.
• Shankara propagated the philosophies of ‘Advaita Vedanta’ and ‘Dashanami Sampradaya,’ earning him the title ‘Shankaracharya’ among his disciples.

His Philosophy: Advaita Vedanta

• Non-Dualism: Shankaracharya’s philosophy, known as ‘Advaita Vedanta,’ espouses non-dualism.
• Ultimate Reality: It asserts that the world exists due to the creative energy (Maya) of Brahman, the ultimate, transcendent, and immanent God of the later Vedas.
• Identity of Self: In Advaita Vedanta, the transcendental self of the universe (Atman) and the experiencing self (Jiva) are both identical in truth – both are Brahman. However, the individual self appears different, akin to space inside a container seeming distinct from space as a whole.
• Overcoming Error: Mistakes and ignorance lead to a plurality (Avidya), but understanding Brahman eliminates these errors, resulting in liberation from the cycle of reincarnation and worldly servitude.

Disciples of Adi Shankaracharya

Shankaracharya’s four closest disciples played pivotal roles in propagating his teachings:

1. Padmapada: Known for his deep devotion and poetry.
2. Totakacharya: Devoted to Shankaracharya’s mission and revered for his poetry “Totakashtakam.”
3. Hasta Malaka: A child prodigy who astounded Shankaracharya with his understanding of Advaita philosophy.
4. Sureshwara: Initially a householder, he became a disciple after losing a philosophical debate to Shankaracharya.

Contributions of Adi Shankaracharya

• Shankaracharya introduced the ‘Shanmata’ system, which emphasized worship of the five principal deities and restored the Dashanami structure.
• He composed numerous devotional and meditative hymns and authored key texts on Advaita Vedanta, including commentaries on major scriptures.
• Adi Shankaracharya revitalized Hinduism at a time when it faced challenges from Jainism and Buddhism, promoting unity and re-establishing traditions.
• He established four monastic institutions (Mathas) in different corners of India, unifying the nation and codifying leadership roles:

1. Sri Sringeri Sharada Peetam in Chikmaglur in Karnataka
2. Jyotir Matha in the Garhwal region in Uttarakhand
3. Kalika Matha in Dwarka in Gujarat
4. Govardhana Matha in Puri in Odisha