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Type: Prelims Only

  • Animal Husbandry, Dairy & Fisheries Sector – Pashudhan Sanjivani, E- Pashudhan Haat, etc

    Foot and Mouth Diseases in Cattles

    Prelims Only | Agriculture | Mains Paper 3: Agriculture and related issues

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD)

    Mains level: NA

    fmd

    Why in the news

    • The foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) has affected around many milch cattle in Uttar Pradesh.

    What is Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD)?

    • FMD is a highly contagious viral disease of livestock that has a significant economic impact.
    • The disease affects all cattle, swine, sheep, goats, and other cloven-hoofed ruminants.
    • Intensively reared animals are more susceptible to the disease than traditional breeds.
    • It does not affect horses, dogs, or cats.

    How does it spread?

    • It is a Transboundary Animal Disease (TAD) that deeply affects the production of livestock and disrupts regional and international trade in animals and animal products.
    • It is caused by is an ‘aphthovirus’ of the family Picornaviridae.
    • There are 7 strains (A, O, C, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, and Asia1) which are endemic in different countries worldwide.
    • Immunity to one type does not protect an animal against other types or subtypes.

    Implications of FMD

    • FMD is characterized by fever and blister-like sores on the tongue and lips, in the mouth, on the teats, and between the hooves.
    • The disease is rarely fatal in adult animals, but there is often high mortality in young animals.
    • The disease causes severe production losses, and while the majority of affected animals recover, the disease often leaves them weakened and debilitated.

    Policy moves to prevent FMD

    • FMD Mukt Bharat Abhiyan (2016-17): Launched under Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) during, it is a program to cover all the states which were not covered under the six-monthly vaccination scheme.
    • National Animal Disease Control Programme (2019): It aims to control of Foot & Mouth Disease and Brucellosis by vaccinating 100% cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat and pig population for FMD and 100% bovine female calves of 4-8 months of age for brucellosis.

    PYQ:

    Q. Livestock rearing has a big potential for providing non- farm employment and income in rural areas. Discuss suggesting suitable measures to promote this sector in India. (2015)

    Practice MCQ:

    With reference to the National Animal Disease Control Programme, consider the following statements:

    1. It aims to control of Foot & Mouth Disease (FMD) and Brucellosis by vaccinating 100% cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat and pig population.
    2. For brucellosis it would vaccinate 100% bovine calves of all age.

    Which of the given statements is/are correct?

    1. Only 1
    2. Only 2
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2

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  • ISRO Missions and Discoveries

    Multi-purpose app SAKHI to assist Gaganyaan Crew

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: SAKHI App, Progress tracking of Gaganyaan Mission.

    Mains level: Not Much

    What is the news-

    • The Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), an ISRO facility located at Thumba in Thiruvananthapuram, has developed a multi-purpose app ‘SAKHI’ to assist Gaganyaan Crew.

    About SAKHI

    • The Space-borne Assistant and Knowledge Hub for Crew Interaction (SAKHI) is equipped to monitor astronauts’ health, maintain communication with Earth, and manage dietary schedules.
    • It serves as an essential tool for the crew, offering real-time assistance and access to necessary data.
    • It would assist astronauts during the Gaganyaan space flight mission, facilitating tasks such as accessing vital technical information and communication.
    • Strapped to astronauts’ space suits, it allows for easy access and facilitates the maintenance of mission logs in various formats.

    Utility offered by SAKHI

    • Health Monitoring: SAKHI provides comprehensive health monitoring, including parameters like blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation. It also reminds astronauts about hydration, dietary schedules, and sleep patterns, enhancing their mission efficiency.
    • Communication: SAKHI maintains communication between the crew, onboard computers, and ground-based stations, ensuring seamless connectivity.

    Gaganyaan Mission Timeline:

    • ISRO aims to launch the Gaganyaan human spaceflight mission in 2025.
    • The identities of the four astronaut-designates, all IAF test pilots, were revealed at a high-profile event attended by PM at the VSSC on February 27.
    • The final crew for the mission will be selected from among the four astronaut-designates.

    Also read:

    4 IAF Gaganyaan Astronaut-designates named

     

    PYQ:

    Which of the following is/are cited by the scientists as evidence/evidences for the continued expansion of the universe? (2012)

    1. Detection of microwaves in space
    2. Observation of redshift phenomenon in space
    3. Movement of asteroids in space
    4. Occurrence of supernova explosions in space

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

    1. 1 and 2
    2. 2 only
    3. 1, 3 and 4
    4. None of the above can be cited as evidence

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  • Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

    [pib] Mission LiFE

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Mission LiFE

    Mains level: Not Much

    Why in the news-

    • Recently an EIACP Event (Environment Information, awareness, capacity building and livelihood Programme) was held on the ‘Mission Life’.

    About Mission LiFE

    • Mission LiFE, or Lifestyle for Environment, is a global mass movement initiated by India to encourage individual and community action towards environmental protection and preservation.
    • It was inaugurated by the PM Modi at the 26th UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP26) in Glasgow in November 2021.
    • The program aims to mobilize one billion Indians and individuals worldwide to adopt sustainable lifestyles.

    Salient Features of Mission LiFE

    • It serves as a platform to showcase sustainable goals and climate actions implemented by countries and individuals globally.
    • It aligns with the P3 model, promoting Pro Planet People and fostering a sense of collective responsibility.
    • It operates based on the principles of ‘Lifestyle of the planet, for the planet, and by the planet’.

    Strategy of Mission LiFE

    • Mission LiFE adopts a three-pronged strategy to shift people’s collective approach towards sustainability:
      1. Nudging individuals to practice simple yet effective environment-friendly actions in their daily lives (demand).
      2. Enabling industries and markets to respond swiftly to the changing demand (supply).
      3. Influencing government and industrial policy to support both sustainable consumption and production (policy).

    Practice MCQ:

    With reference to the Mission LiFE, consider the following statements:

    1. It is a mass movement initiated by India to encourage individual and community action towards environmental protection and preservation.
    2. It was inaugurated at the UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP26) in Glasgow in November 2021.

    Which of the given statements is/are correct?

    1. Only 1
    2. Only 2
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2

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  • Innovations in Sciences, IT, Computers, Robotics and Nanotechnology

    7 Ghost Particles pierce through Earth: IceCube Observations

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Neutrinos, IceCube Observatory, Indian Neutrino Observatory (INO), Trident

    Mains level: NA

    Why in the news

    • Researchers at the IceCube Observatory, buried beneath the Antarctic ice, have identified seven potential instances of elusive “Ghost Particles” or astrophysical Tau Neutrinos as they penetrated through Earth.
    • These neutrinos are pivotal for understanding the cosmic exchanges between Earth and the vast universe.

    What are Neutrinos?

    • Neutrinos, often referred to as “ghost particles,” are subatomic particles characterized by their nearly zero mass and lack of electric charge.
    • They traverse through matter with minimal interaction, making their detection extremely challenging.
    • Previously believed to be massless, evidence has emerged indicating that neutrinos possess a very small mass.
    • Neutrinos rank among the most abundant particles in the universe.
    • While neutrinos and electrons behave similarly in terms of nuclear forces, neither of them engages in strong nuclear interactions.
    • However, both participate in weak nuclear interactions.
    • Neutrinos are produced during events such as nuclear fusion in stars like the Sun or nuclear fission in reactors.

    Properties of Neutrinos

    Electric Charge Electrically Neutral
    Mass Extremely Low (Exact Masses Not Known)
    Types Electron Neutrino, Muon Neutrino, Tau Neutrino
    Interaction Weak Interaction
    Speed Close to the Speed of Light
    Spin Fermion, Half-Integer Spin
    Neutrino Oscillations Neutrinos Change Flavor during Travel
    Interactions Very Weak Interaction with Matter
    Abundance Among the Most Abundant Particles in the Universe
    Cosmic Messengers Can Carry Information from Distant Cosmic Sources

     

    Why Neutrinos are termed “Ghost Particles”?

     

    • The weak charge and almost imperceptible mass of neutrinos render them exceedingly difficult for scientists’ to detect directly.
    • Due to their rare interactions with other particles, tracking neutrinos proves nearly impossible.

    Significance of Neutrino Detection

    • The origins of the abundant neutrino particles remain largely unknown to scientists.
    • There’s a hypothesis suggesting their potential role in the early universe shortly after the Big Bang, yet concrete evidence remains elusive.
    • Understanding neutrinos better holds the promise of unraveling numerous scientific phenomena, including the mysterious origins of cosmic rays, which neutrinos are known to carry.
    • Researchers anticipate that pinpointing the source of neutrinos will aid in explaining the origins of cosmic rays, a puzzle that has perplexed scientists for centuries.

    About IceCube Observatory

    icecube

    • Location: The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is situated near the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica.
    • Components:
    1. IceCube: The primary detector consists of 5,160 digital optical modules (DOMs) attached to vertical strings frozen into the ice.
    2. IceTop: Located on top of IceCube strings, it serves as a veto and calibration detector for cosmic rays.
    3. DeepCore: A denser subdetector within IceCube that lowers the neutrino energy threshold for studying neutrino oscillations.
    • Construction:
    1. Completed in December 2010 with 86 strings deployed over seven austral summers.
    2. Involved melting holes in the ice to depths of 2,450 meters and deploying sensors connected to cables.
    • Research Goals:
    1. Observing neutrinos from various astrophysical sources to study cosmic phenomena like exploding stars, gamma-ray bursts, and black holes.
    2. Studying cosmic rays interacting with the Earth’s atmosphere to reveal structures not fully understood.
    3. Advancing neutrino astronomy and exploring high-energy processes in the Universe.

     

    Recent Neutrino Observatories in news:

     

    [1] Indian Neutrino Observatory (INO)

    • INO approved in 2015, is a proposed particle physics research mega project.
    • Its objective is to study neutrinos in a 1,200 meter deep cave.
    • The primary objective of the INO Project is to study neutrinos, one of the most abundant fundamental particles, coming from various sources and using an underground Iron calorimeter (ICAL) detector.
    • Its location is decided to be at the Bodi West Hills (BWH) region near Pottipuram village in Theni district of Tamil Nadu (110 km from the temple town of Madurai).

    [2] China’s TRIDENT

    • Scheduled for completion in 2030, TRIDENT, aptly nicknamed “Ocean Bell” or “Hai ling” in Chinese.
    • It will be positioned 11,500 feet (3,500 meters) beneath the ocean’s surface in the Western Pacific.
    • It seeks to explore the realm of neutrinos, transient particles that momentarily interact with the deep ocean, emitting faint flashes of light.

     

    PYQs:

    (1) In the context of modern scientific research, consider the following statements about ‘IceCube’, a particle detector located at the South Pole, which was recently in the news: (2015)

    1. It is the world’s largest neutrino detector, encompassing a cubic kilometre of ice.
    2. It is a powerful telescope to search for dark matter.
    3. It is buried deep in the ice.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3

     

    (2) India-based Neutrino Observatory is included by the planning commission as a mega-science project under the 11th Five-year plan. In this context, consider the following statements: (2010)

    1. Neutrinos are chargeless elementary particles that travel close to the speed of light.
    2. Neutrinos are created in nuclear reactions of beta decay.
    3. Neutrinos have a negligible, but non-zero mass.
    4. Trillions of Neutrinos pass through the human body every second.

    Which of the statements given above are correct?

    1. 1 and 3 only
    2. 1, 2 and 3 only
    3. 2, 3 and 4
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4

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  • Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

    What is the HbA1C Test for Diabetes?

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: HbA1C Test, Diabetes (Type-1 and 2)

    Mains level: NA

    Why in the news-

    • India faces a significant burden of diabetes, with an estimated 10.13 crore people affected and an additional 13.6 crore individuals classified as pre-diabetic.
    • One of the most commonly-used tests to diagnose pre-diabetes and diabetes (both type 1 and type 2) and to help manage diabetes, is the haemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) test.

    What is the HbA1C Test?

    • The HbA1C test, or glycated haemoglobin test, serves as a vital tool for diagnosing pre-diabetes and diabetes, offering insights into long-term blood glucose control.
    • It measures the percentage of red blood cells coated with sugar.
    • It provides a comprehensive view of average blood glucose levels over the preceding two to three months.
    • It is recommended for individuals over 30 years and those with specific risk factors, with retests scheduled based on initial findings and individual health profiles.

    Evolution and Acceptance

    • Initially inconsistent, the test gained recognition for its correlation with blood glucose values and its role in monitoring glycemia, leading to improved standardization and accuracy.
    • It is endorsed by medical bodies like World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Diabetes Association and.
    • This underscores the test’s diagnostic utility, subject to stringent quality assurance measures.

    Interpretation of Results

    • Results are typically presented as percentages.
    1. Normal: Values below 5.7% are considered
    2. Pre-diabetes: 5.7% to 6.4%
    3. Diabetes: 6.5% or higher
    • Alternatively, results may be expressed in mmol/mol, providing a comparable metric for assessment.

    Limitations of the Test

    • While informative, the HbA1C test may be supplemented by other tests, particularly in populations with conditions affecting assay accuracy.
    • In India, factors like thalassemia prevalence and iron-deficiency anemia may impact test reliability, necessitating caution and additional indices for glycemic assessment.

    PYQ:

    ‘Aerial metagenomics’ best refers to which one of the following situations?

    1. Collecting DNA samples from air in a habitat at one go
    2. Understanding the genetic makeup of avian species of a habitat
    3. Using air-borne devices to collect blood samples from moving animals
    4. Sending drones to inaccessible areas to collect plant and animal samples from land surfaces and water bodies

    Practice MCQ:

    Consider the following statements about the HbA1C test:

    1. It is used in the diagnosis of Sickle Cell Disease.
    2. It measures the percentage of red blood cells coated with sugar.
    3. It is recommended for individuals over 30 years.

    How many of the given statements is/are correct?

    1. One
    2. Two
    3. Three
    4. None

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  • Primary and Secondary Education – RTE, Education Policy, SEQI, RMSA, Committee Reports, etc.

    [pib] ULLAS Initiative

    Prelims Only | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: ULLAS Initiative, FLNAT Exam

    Mains level: Adult Literacy

    Why in the news

    • The Department of School Education and Literacy (DoSEL), Ministry of Education recently conducted the Foundational Literacy and Numeracy Assessment Test (FLNAT), under the ULLAS – Nav Bharat Saaksharta Karyakram Initiative.

    Foundational Literacy and Numeracy Assessment Test (FLNAT)

     

    • FLNAT is a nationwide assessment test conducted as part of the ULLAS initiative.
    • It aims to evaluate the foundational literacy and numeracy skills of registered non-literate learners aged 15 and above.
    • The assessment covers three aspects – Reading, Writing, and Numeracy – and is conducted in all districts of participating states/UTs.
    • The test plays a crucial role in assessing the impact of teaching-learning sessions conducted under the ULLAS program and promoting literacy and numeracy skills among citizens.
    • It is conducted in the regional language of the learners, aligning with the NEP 2020’s emphasis on multilingualism
    • Qualifying learners receive a certificate from the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS).

     What is ULLAS Initiative?

    • ULLAS stands for Understanding Lifelong Learning for All in Society.
    • It seeks to advance lifelong learning and bridge literacy gaps among individuals aged 15 and above.
    • The program aims to equip citizens with fundamental knowledge and skills essential for personal and national development.
    • The ULLAS User-Friendly Mobile Application serves as a digital platform providing access to a wide range of learning resources via the DIKSHA portal.

    Key Features of ULLAS

    1. Emphasizes continuous learning across all stages of life.
    2. Cultivates a culture of knowledge-sharing and individual growth.
    3. Provides participants with digital literacy skills.
    4. Promotes awareness and empowerment in financial matters.
    5. Imparts vital life skills such as legal literacy and digital competence.
    6. Enhances citizenship awareness and empowerment.
    7. Grants school/university credits to student volunteers.
    8. Offers recognition through certificates, letters of appreciation, and felicitation ceremonies.

    PYQ:

    Consider the following statements:

    1. As per the Right to Education (RTE) Act, to be eligible for appointment as a teacher in a State, a person would be required to possess the minimum qualification laid down by the concerned State Council of Teacher Education.
    2. As per the RTE Act, for teaching primary classes, a candidate is required to pass a Teacher Eligibility Test conducted in accordance with the National Council of Teacher Education guidelines.
    3. In India, more than 90% of teacher -5 education institutions are directly under the State Governments.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  (2018)

    1. 1 and 2
    2. 2 only
    3. 1 and 3
    4. 3 only

    Practice MCQ:

    1. Consider the following statements about the ULLAS Initiative:
    2. It focuses on Foundational Literacy.
    3. Individuals aged 15 and above are eligible under this initiative.

    Which of the given statements is/are correct?

    1. Only 1
    2. Only 2
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2

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  • Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

    Indigenous Drug for Sickle Cell Disease developed

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Achievements Of Indians In S&T

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Sickle Cell Disease (SCD), Anemia

    Mains level: NA

    sickle cell

    What is the news-

    • Based in Delhi, Akmus Drugs and Pharmaceutical Limited unveiled a groundbreaking drug for sickle cell disease on March 16.
    • This drug marks India’s first indigenous, room-temperature stable solution for sickle cell disease, available at a mere 1% of the global price.

    What is Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)?

     

    • Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a genetically inherited red blood cell disorder.
    • It causes red blood cells to become hard, sticky, and sickle-shaped due to abnormal hemoglobin.
    • This abnormality leads to complications such as pain, infections, acute chest syndrome, and stroke.
    • Different types of SCD include HbSS, HbSC, and HbS beta thalassemia, each varying in severity.
    • SCD is diagnosed through a simple blood test, often identified at birth through new-born screening.
    • Treatment focuses on managing complications with options like bone marrow or stem cell transplantation, gene therapies, and medications like hydroxyurea to reduce symptoms and prevent complications.
    • The recent approval of Casgevy, a groundbreaking gene therapy utilizing Crispr-Cas9 technology,  represents a monumental achievement SCD Treatment.

    About Akmus Sickle Cell Drug

    • The oral suspension of Hydroxyurea is the basic component of the drug.
    • Priced at less than ₹600, the drug is poised to revolutionize access to treatment for sickle cell disease patients nationwide.
    • It is tailored for patients across all age groups.
    • It offers convenience and precision in dosage administration through provided oral syringes.

    What makes it a revolutionary drug?

    • Room Temperature Stability: Unlike imported hydroxyurea solutions requiring storage at 2-8 degrees Celsius, Akmus Pharmaceuticals’ formulation ensures accessibility without stringent storage conditions.
    • Cost-Efficiency: With the global brand priced at approximately ₹77,000, Akmus’ solution underscores a paradigm shift towards affordable medication.

    Sickle Cell Disease Menace in India

     

    • Prevalence among STs: Sickle cell disease is a genetic disorder mostly prevalent in districts with high tribal populations. About one in 86 births among STs have sickle cell disease that affects haemoglobin in red blood cells, resulting in morbidity and mortality (as per WHO).
    • Health Priority: Recognizing sickle cell disease as a significant health challenge, India has identified it among the top 10 issues disproportionately affecting tribal communities.
    • National Mission:  The National Sickle Cell Anemia Elimination Mission launched in 2023, aims to eliminate sickle cell anemia from India by 2047.

     

    PYQ:

    Q. Consider the following statements in the context interventions being undertaken under Anaemia Mukt Bharat Strategy: (2023)

    1. It provides prophylactic calcium supplementation for pre-school children, adolescents and pregnant women.
    2. It runs a campaign for delayed cord clamping at the time of child-birth.
    3. It provides for periodic deworming to children and adolescents.
    4. It addresses non-nutritional causes of anaemia in endemic pockets with special focus on malaria, hemoglobinopathies and fluorosis.

    How many of the statements given above are correct?

    1. Only one
    2. Only two
    3. Only three
    4. All four

    Practice MCQ:

    Q. Regarding the prevalence of Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) in India, consider the following statements:

    1. Sickle cell disease is a hereditary disorder affecting affects haemoglobin in red blood cells.
    2. About one in 86 births among STs have sickle cell disease.
    3. India has identified it among the top 10 issues disproportionately affecting tribal communities.
    4. The National Sickle Cell Anemia Elimination Mission, aims to eliminate sickle cell anemia from India by 2030.

    How many of the given statements is/are correct?

    1. One
    2. Two
    3. Three
    4. Four

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  • Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

    Nana Jagannath Shankarseth: The ‘Architect of Mumbai’

    Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Modern Indian History

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Nana Jagannath Shankarseth and his contributions

    Mains level: NA

    Why in the news-

    • The Maharashtra cabinet has resolved to request the Ministry of Railways to rename Mumbai Central station after Nana Jagannath Shankarseth, a revered social reformer, educationist, and philanthropist often hailed as the “architect” of Mumbai.

    About Nana Jagannath Shankarseth (1803-1865)

    • Born on February 10, 1803, in Murbad, Thane, into the affluent Murkute family.
    • His father, Shankar Murkute, earned the nickname “Shankar Sheth” due to his success in the jewellery and diamond trade.
    • He contributed in terms of both ideas and money to multiple sectors, to lay a strong foundation for the Bombay City.
    • He was greatly inspired by the legendary merchant and philanthropist Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy.

    Contribution of Nana Jagannath Shankarseth

    • Founded the Bombay Association in 1852, the first political organization in Mumbai, fostering a platform for civic engagement and political discourse.
    • Played a pivotal role as one of the founding members of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway in 1853, contributing to India’s infrastructural development.
    • Recognized the importance of education in societal progress and opened the first school for girls in Mumbai in 1849, pioneering educational reform.
    • Co-founded the School Society and the Native School of Bombay, laying the foundation for educational institutions that nurtured future leaders such as Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
    • Established the Bombay Native Education Society in 1822, the first of its kind in Western India, to promote education among the masses.
    • Collaborated with Sir George Birdwood and Dr Bhau Daji in major reconstruction efforts in Mumbai starting in 1857, transforming the city’s urban landscape.
    • Became the first Indian to be nominated to the Bombay Legislative Council in 1861, advocating for policies that improved public welfare and urban amenities.
    • Honored with a marble statue at the Asiatic Society of Mumbai a year after his death in 1865, commemorating his contributions to society.

     

     

    Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2012:

    Q.The most effective contribution made by Dadabhai Naoroji to the cause of Indian National Movement was that he-

    1. exposed the economic exploitation of India by the British
    2. interpreted the ancient Indian texts and restored the self-confidence of Indians
    3. stressed the need for eradication of all the social evils before anything else

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

    Practice MCQ:

    Q. Consider the following events:

    He founded the Bombay Association in 1852, the first political organization in Mumbai, fostering a platform for civic engagement and political discourse. Recognizing the importance of education in societal progress, he opened the first school for girls in Mumbai in 1849, pioneering educational reform. He became the first Indian to be nominated to the Bombay Legislative Council in 1861, advocating for policies that improved public welfare and urban amenities.

    The above description is mentioned about which of the following personality?

    a) Gopal Krishna Gokhale

    b) Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde

    c) Nana Jagannath Shankarseth

    d) Dhondo Keshav Karve

     

     

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  • Defence Sector – DPP, Missions, Schemes, Security Forces, etc.

    AH-64E Apache Attack Helicopters Fleet inducted to the Army

    Prelims Only | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Various Security Forces, Agencies & Their Mandates

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: AH-64E Apache Attack Helicopters

    Mains level: Read the attached story

    Why in the news-

    • The Indian Army Aviation Corps inaugurated its first unit of AH-64E Apache Attack Helicopters into its fleet at Jodhpur Air Base.

    AH-64E Apache Attack Helicopters

    • The AH-64E Apache also known as ‘Apache Guardian’ is widely recognized as the world’s most advanced multi-role combat helicopter.
    • It originates from the United States and is manufactured by Boeing.
    • In February 2020, India sealed a deal with Boeing for the acquisition of six AH-64E for the Army, with an additional six helicopters contracted subsequently.
    • Several countries have acquired the AH-64E, including India, Egypt, Greece, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, South Korea, Kuwait, Netherlands, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, UAE, and the UK.
    Indigenous Push

    • Tata Boeing Aerospace Limited (TBAL), a joint venture between Boeing and Tata Advanced Systems Ltd. (TASL), was established in 2016 to manufacture fuselages for the AH-64 Apache.
    • TBAL’s Hyderabad facility has been delivering AH-64 Apache fuselages since 2018.
    • The advanced manufacturing facility will eventually become the sole producer of AH-64 fuselages in the world, with 90% of parts sourced from Indian suppliers.

    Combat Features

    • Engineered with an open systems architecture to integrate cutting-edge communications, navigation, sensor, and weapon systems.
    • Boasts enhanced thrust and lift capabilities, joint digital interoperability, improved survivability, and cognitive decision aiding.
    • Incorporates a new integrated infrared laser for simplified target designation and upgraded infrared imagery blending infrared with night vision capabilities.

    Strategic Significance of the Induction

    • Enhancing Combat Capability: The induction of Apache helicopters marks a significant advancement for the Army Aviation Corps, providing formidable firepower and maneuverability in combat scenarios.
    • Complementing Indigenous Capabilities: The Apaches will complement the indigenous Light Combat helicopter (LCH), strengthening the Army’s aerial combat capabilities.
    • Replacing the ageing arsenal: The Apache fleet is set to will replace the Russian Mi-35 attack helicopters in service.

    Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2018:

    Q.What is “Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD)”, sometimes seen in the news?

    (a) An Israeli radar system

    (b) India’s indigenous anti-missile programme

    (c) An American anti-missile system

    (d) A defence collaboration between Japan and South Korea

    Practice MCQ:

    What is “AH-64E Apache Guardian “, sometimes seen in the news?

    (a) Multi-role Helicopter

    (b) Radar

    (c) Anti-Tank Missile

    (d) Air-Defence System

     

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  • RBI Notifications

    RBI may move some NBFCs to Top Layer this year

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: NBFCs and their operations, Scale-Based Regulation of NBFCs

    Mains level: NA

    In the news

    • Nearly two years after introducing a revised regulatory framework for non-banking finance companies (NBFCs), the Reserve Bank of India is set to review the categorisation of NBFCs in 2024.
    • Currently, 16 NBFCs are placed in the upper layer.

    What are Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs)?

    • A NBFC is a company registered under the Companies Act, 1956.
    • It engaged in the business of loans and advances, acquisition of shares/stocks/bonds/debentures/securities issued by Government or local authority or other marketable securities of a like nature, leasing, hire-purchase, insurance business, and chit business.
    • It does NOT include any institution whose principal business is that of agriculture activity, industrial activity, purchase or sale of any goods (other than securities) or providing any services and sale/purchase/construction of immovable property.

    How are NBFCs different from Bank?

    • NBFCs lends and make investments and hence their activities are akin to that of banks.
    • However, there are a few differences as given below:
    1. Commercial Banks are regulated under Banking Regulation Act, 1949.
    2. NBFC CANNOT accept demand deposits.
    3. NBFCs DO NOT form part of the payment and settlement system and cannot issue cheques drawn on itself.
    4. Deposit insurance facility of Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation is NOT available to depositors of NBFCs, unlike in case of banks.

    Different types/categories of NBFCs registered with RBI

    NBFCs are categorized:

    1. in terms of the type of liabilities into Deposit and Non-Deposit accepting NBFCs,
    2. non deposit taking NBFCs by their size into systemically important and other non-deposit holding companies (NBFC-NDSI and NBFC-ND) and
    3. by the kind of activity they conduct.

    Within this broad categorization the different types of NBFCs are as follows:

    Definition
    Asset Finance Company (AFC) A financial institution primarily engaged in financing physical assets used in productive/economic activities, such as automobiles, tractors, machinery, and industrial equipment.
    Investment Company (IC) A company whose principal business involves acquiring securities.
    Loan Company (LC) A financial institution primarily engaged in providing finance through loans, advances, or other means for activities other than its own.

    Does not include Asset Finance Companies.
    Infrastructure Finance Company (IFC) A non-banking finance company that deploys at least 75% of its total assets in infrastructure loans, with a minimum Net Owned Funds of ₹300 crore, a minimum credit rating of ‘A’ or equivalent, and a CRAR of 15%.
    Systemically Important NBFCs NBFCs with an asset size of ₹500 crore or more, as per the last audited balance sheet.

    Considered significant due to their potential impact on the overall financial stability of the economy.

     

    Scale-Based Regulation of NBFCs

    • Scale-based regulations came into effect in October 2021 and were implemented a year later by RBI.
    • There are four layers namely the base layer, middle layer, upper layer and top layer.
    • As on September 30, 2023, NBFCs in the base, middle and upper layers constituted 6 per cent, 71 per cent and 23 per cent of the total assets of NBFCs respectively.
    • Presently, no NBFC is listed in the top layer.

    Here’s a breakdown of the key aspects of the SBR:

    1. Base Layer (NBFC-BL)
    • The Base Layer primarily comprises non-deposit-taking NBFCs with assets below Rs 1,000 crore.
    • It encompasses NBFC Peer to Peer (P2P), NBFC-Account Aggregator (AA), Non-Operative Financial Holding Company (NOFHC), and NBFCs without public funds and customer interface.
    1. Middle Layer (NBFC-ML)
    • The Middle Layer includes deposit-taking NBFCs and non-deposit-taking NBFCs with assets exceeding Rs 1,000 crore.
    • It encompasses NBFCs involved in specific activities such as Standalone Primary Dealers (SPDs), Infrastructure Debt Fund – NBFCs (IDF-NBFCs), Core Investment Companies (CICs), Housing Finance Companies (HFCs), and Infrastructure Finance Companies (NBFC-IFCs).

    III. Upper Layer (NBFC-UL)

    • The Upper Layer comprises NBFCs identified by RBI as requiring enhanced regulatory requirements based on specific parameters and scoring methodology.
    • The top 10 eligible NBFCs in terms of asset size will always be placed in the Upper Layer, irrespective of other factors.
    1. Top Layer (NBFC-TL)
    • NBFCs in the Upper Layer may be transferred to the Top Layer if RBI perceives a significant increase in potential systemic risk.
    • Currently, the Top Layer remains vacant but serves as a precautionary measure for heightened risk situations.

     

    With inputs from: https://rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?Id=21580

    Practice MCQ:

    Q. With reference to the Scale-Based Regulation of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs), consider the following statements:

    1. Higher the layer, least is the regulatory intervention required by the RBI.
    2. Currently, no NBFC is listed in the top layer.

    Which of the given statements is/are correct?

    a) Only 1

    b) Only 2

    c) Both 1 and 2

    d) Neither 1 nor 2

    Try this PYQ from CSE 2020:

    1. If you withdraw ` 1,00,000 in cash from your Demand Deposit Account at your bank, the immediate effect on aggregate money supply in the economy will be:

    (a) to reduce it by ` 1,00,000

    (b) to increase it by ` 1,00,000

    (c) to increase it by more than ` 1,00,000

    (d) to leave it unchanged

     

    Post your answers here.

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