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Type: Prelims Only

  • Judicial Pendency

    What is a Constitution Bench?

    Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Executive & Judiciary

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Constitution Bench

    Mains level: Not Much

    Central Idea: A new Constitution Bench led by Chief Justice of India D.Y. Chandrachud is scheduled to start hearing a list of some cases from July 12.

    What is a Constitution Bench?

    • The constitution bench is the name given to the benches of the Supreme Court of India.
    • The Chief Justice of India has the power to constitute a Constitution Bench and refer cases to it.

    Constitution benches are set up when the following circumstances exist:

    1. Interpretation of the Constitution: Article 145(3) provides for the constitution of at least five judges of the court which sit to decide any case “involving a substantial question of law as to the interpretation” of the Constitution of India.
    2. President of India seeking SC’s opinion: When the President has sought the Supreme Court’s opinion on a question of fact or law under Article 143 of the Constitution. Article 143 of the Constitution provides for Advisory jurisdiction to the SC. As per the provision, the President has the power to address questions to the apex Court, which he deems important for public welfare.
    3. Conflicting Judgments: When two or more three-judge benches of the Supreme Court have delivered conflicting judgments on the same point of law, necessitating a definite understanding and interpretation of the law by a larger bench.
    • The Constitution benches are set up on ad hoc basis as and when the above-mentioned conditions exist.
    • Constitution benches have decided many of India’s best-known and most important Supreme Court cases, such as:
    1. K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (Preventive detention)
    2. Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (Basic structure doctrine) and
    3. Ashoka Kumar Thakur v. Union of India (OBC reservations) etc.

     

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  • Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

    In news: 1947 Partition of Bengal

    Prelims Only | | Mains Paper 1: Modern Indian History

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Partition of Bengal

    Mains level: Read the attached story

    partition of bengal

    Central Idea

    • The recent controversy surrounding West Bengal’s ‘Foundation Day’ has brought attention to the partition of Bengal in 1947.
    • This event marked a significant chapter in the history of the state, leading to the creation of West Bengal and East Pakistan (later Bangladesh).

    Partition of Bengal in 1947: An overview

    • Demand for a separate Muslim nation-state: The partition of Bengal was a consequence of the Muslim League’s demand for a separate nation-state for Indian Muslims.
    • Communal violence in Calcutta: The society became deeply divided along religious lines, leading to severe communal violence, particularly in Calcutta in August 1946.

    Contours of East Pakistan’s Formation

    • Partition of India and Pakistan: In June 1947, it was decided to partition India into India and Pakistan. Punjab and Bengal, both with significant non-Muslim minorities, were also partitioned along religious lines.
    • Boundary Commission and the Radcliffe Line: A boundary commission, chaired by Sir Cyril Radcliffe, was established to demarcate separate districts with Hindu and Muslim majorities. The resulting boundary line is known as the Radcliffe Line.

    Concentration of Muslims in East Pakistan

    • Demographic composition: Bengal had a Hindu majority in the western districts and a Muslim majority in the eastern districts.
    • Grouping under East Pakistan: The eastern districts were grouped together to form East Pakistan, similar to how Muslims were concentrated in the western districts of Punjab.

    Precursor: Curzon’s Partition of Bengal in 1905

    • Historical context: Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal in 1905, aiming to break the unity of the Bengali-speaking population and create a separate province with a Muslim majority.
    • Reversal of partition: The partition of 1905 was withdrawn in 1911, restoring the linguistic unity of Bengal while separating Bihar and Orissa from Bengal.

    Aftermath of the 1947 Partition

    • Communal violence and Gandhi’s influence: Bengal witnessed significant communal violence in 1946, particularly in Calcutta and Noakhali. However, the presence of Mahatma Gandhi helped prevent large-scale violence during the partition.
    • Migration and displacement: Unlike Punjab, migration in Bengal occurred gradually over time, resulting in a continuous trickle of people moving from East to West and vice versa. This led to a large refugee population and the need for rehabilitation and settlements.

    Conclusion

    • The partition of Bengal in 1947 was a complex event with far-reaching consequences.
    • Understanding this historical context helps shed light on the impact it had on the population and the socio-economic landscape of West Bengal and todays Bangladesh.

     

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  • Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

    Who was Rani Durgavati?

    Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Rani Durgavati

    Mains level: NA

    rani durgavati

    Central Idea

    • The recent launch of the Rani Durgavati Gaurav Yatra by the Madhya Pradesh government has sparked interest in the life and legacy of Rani Durgavati.
    • As a symbol of India’s self-determination and bravery, Rani Durgavati’s story has gained prominence in political discourse, particularly in relation to tribal outreach.

    Who was Rani Durgavati?

    • Birth and lineage: Rani Durgavati was born in 1524 in the Chandela dynasty in present-day Uttar Pradesh, near the border with Madhya Pradesh. Her father was Raja Salbahan of Ratha and Mahoba, known for the famous Khajuraho temples.
    • Marriage and widowhood: She married Dalpat Shah, the son of Gond King Sangram Shah of the kingdom of Garha-Katanga. However, she was widowed a few years later and took charge of ruling the kingdom.

    Mughal Attack on Garha-Katanga

    • Early Mughal expansion: During the mid-16th century, Akbar led the Mughal Empire’s expansion in India. Rani Durgavati fought against Baz Bahadur, the Sultan of Malwa, who was eventually defeated by Akbar. However, conflicts between the two states continued.
    • Rani Durgavati’s leadership: Rani Durgavati managed the affairs of the kingdom for 16 years, maintaining trade relations and undertaking public works. She was admired for her beauty, grace, courage, and prosperity.

    Battle and Sacrifice

    • Mughal invasion: The Mughal governor Asaf Khan launched an attack on Garha-Katanga, drawn by tales of Rani Durgavati’s bravery and prowess.
    • Her strategy: She positioned her troops in a challenging forested area called Narhi. Although she won the initial battle, the Mughals fortified their position.
    • Sacrifice and defeat: During the prolonged fighting, Rani Durgavati was struck by arrows and, rather than surrendering, is believed to have stabbed herself with her dagger. Her son also lost his life. Asaf Khan consolidated his victory and later returned the kingdom to a member of the Gond dynasty.

    Legacy and Present-day Politics

    • Political symbolism: Rani Durgavati is hailed as a patriotic ruler and defender of culture, becoming a symbol of pride and honor. .
    • Tribal outreach: The renaming of public spaces after tribal leaders reflect efforts to engage with tribal communities, which constitute a significant population in Madhya Pradesh.

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  • Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

    Endosymbiotic Relationships: Archaea, Mitochondria, and Plant Evolution

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Archaea , Mitochondria

    Mains level: NA

    endosymbioic

    Central Idea

    • Organisms on Earth are categorized into prokaryotes and eukaryotes, with distinct characteristics and evolutionary lineages.
    • Archaea, a subset of unicellular organisms, were discovered to have a different lineage than bacteria and are found in extreme environments.
    • Some archaea, known as the Asgard, exhibit similarities to eukaryotes, leading to insights into the origins of mitochondria and the evolution of complex life forms.

    This article explores the endosymbiotic relationships between archaea and bacteria, the origins of mitochondria, and the unique evolutionary paths taken by plants.

    Archaea and Unique Lineages

    • Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: Organisms are broadly divided into prokaryotes (unicellular, lacking organelles and nucleus) and eukaryotes (contain organelles and nucleus, often complex and multicellular).
    • Archaea’s Distinct Lineage: Archaea differ from bacteria in cell wall composition and gene sequence and were initially found in extreme environments.
    • Asgard Archaea: Asgard archaea, named after Norse mythology, exhibit proteins resembling eukaryotic proteins and are found in unique ecosystems.

    Origins of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

    • Endosymbiotic Theory: Mitochondria and chloroplasts, responsible for energy generation and photosynthesis, respectively, evolved from free-living bacteria through endosymbiosis.
    • Mitochondria’s Origin: Mitochondria evolved from a proteobacteria that was engulfed by an Asgard archaea, leading to the development of animals, fungi, and plants.
    • Plant Evolution: In plants, the Asgard-mitochondrial union was followed by the incorporation of a photosynthesizing cyanobacterium, which became the chloroplast.

    Complexity of such Relationships

    • Challenges of Symbiosis: Establishing a functional symbiotic relationship between independent life forms presents challenges.
    • Plant Approach: Plants made choices to optimize gene retention, favoring archaean genes for information technology processes and bacterial genes for operations and housekeeping tasks.
    • Gene Transfer to the Nucleus: Over time, many mitochondrial genes were transferred to the nucleus, creating a more efficient arrangement.

    Insights from Cellular Process Studies

    • Reconfiguring Cellular Processes: The research of Rajan Sankaranarayanan’s group at CCMB focuses on understanding the reconfiguration of cellular processes in endosymbiotic relationships.
    • Animal and Fungal Adaptations: Animals and fungi adapt by inducing changes in mitochondria to work around discrepancies in amino acid discrimination mechanisms.
    • Plant Evolution Complexity: Plants handle the complexity of three gene sets involved in their evolution by segregating policing machineries in the cytoplasm and mitochondria.

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  • Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

    Cell-Cultivated Chicken gets US FDA Approval

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Cell-Cultivated Chicken

    Mains level: Not Much

    chicken

    Central Idea

    • Two US-based companies have received approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to produce and sell cell-cultivated chicken, a type of lab-grown meat.
    • This development is seen as a significant step towards reducing carbon emissions associated with the food industry.

    Cell-Cultivated Chicken: How is it made?

    • Cell Isolation: The companies isolate cells from live animals that are likely to taste good and reproduce consistently.
    • Nutrient-Rich Mixture: The isolated cells are combined with a broth-like mixture containing essential nutrients, such as amino acids, fatty acids, sugars, salts, vitamins, and others required for cell growth.
    • Cultivation in Bioreactors: The cells are placed in bioreactors or cultivators, creating a controlled environment that supports cell growth.
    • Rapid Proliferation: Within two to three weeks, the cells multiply and form either large sheets (Upside Foods) or cell aggregates (Good Meat).
    • Processing and Shaping: The cellular materials are collected, processed, and shaped into various meat products such as cutlets, sausages, or other forms.

    Forms of Cell-Cultivated Meat

    • Focus on Chicken: Good Meat and Upside Foods initially concentrate on cell-cultivated chicken, given its global consumption demand.
    • Expansion Plans: These companies aim to extend their offerings to include other meats in the future. Research is underway for cell-cultivated versions of beef, sea bass, tuna, and shrimp.

    Motivations behind Cell-Cultivated Meat

    • Climate Mitigation: Cell-cultivated meat has the potential to reduce carbon emissions and land use associated with livestock production, addressing climate change concerns.
    • Animal Welfare: By eliminating traditional animal farming, it aims to prevent animal cruelty.
    • Food Security: Advocates view alternative meat as a means to meet nutritional demands worldwide.

    Challenges to Overcome

    • Consumer Acceptance: Ensuring that cell-cultivated meat matches the taste, texture, and appearance of traditional meat remains a challenge for widespread adoption.
    • Cost Factors: The cost of cell-cultivated meat is expected to remain high in the near future, with concerns regarding quality control at scale.
    • Resource Requirements: High-quality cells, suitable growth mediums, and other resources are necessary for successful cultivation.
    • Environmental Impact: Studies highlight uncertainties regarding the environmental impact of cell-cultivated meat production, particularly concerning the growth medium used.

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  • Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

    Rath Yatra in Puri

    Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Rath Yatra

    Mains level: Not Much

    rath yatra puri

    Central Idea

    • The Rath Yatra (Chariot Procession), a grand festival held in Puri, Odisha, attracts millions of visitors from around the world.
    • This article explores the significance and key elements of the Rath Yatra Festival.

    What is Rath Yatra?

    rath yatra puri

    • Divine pilgrimage: According to mythology, Lord Jagannath embarks on a nine-day sojourn along with his siblings to his birthplace, the Gundicha Temple.
    • The idols’ stay: The deities, Lord Jagannath, Lord Balabhadra, and Devi Subhadra, reside at the Gundicha Temple until the “Bahuda Yatra” (returning car festival) on June 28.
    • Procession: The Rath Yatra takes place on the second day of the Odia month of Ashadha Shukla Tithi. It involves a procession of the deities from the Jagannath Temple to the Gundicha Temple.

    Key attractions

    • Decorated chariots: The three enormous chariots, Taladhwaja Rath for Lord Balabhadra, Darpadalan Rath for Goddess Subhadra, and Nandighosa Rath for Lord Jagannath, are crafted with specific colors, dimensions, wooden horses, guardian deities, and charioteers. Skilled artisans use traditional techniques to build these chariots.
    • Chhera Panhara Ritual: Before the chariots are pulled, the scion of the erstwhile Puri royal family performs the Chhera Panhara ritual. The king sweeps the chariot floors with a golden broom, emphasizing the dignity of labor and equality before the Lord.
    • Present pulling: Puri’s (ceremonial) king, Gajapati Dibyasingha Deb, has been performing the Chhera Panhara ritual since 1971, highlighting the long-standing tradition.

    Significance of the festival

    • Devotee participation: The Rath Yatra draws a massive crowd, including foreigners, who flock to witness the grand spectacle.
    • Touching the chariot ropes: Devotees strive to touch the ropes of the chariots, as it is believed that the Lord bestows blessings upon those who participate in pulling the chariots.

    Return Festival: Bahuda Yatra and Suna Besha

    • Bahuda Yatra: The return festival takes place on Ashadha Shukla Dasami. The deities are offered a special cake called “Poda Pitha” at the Mausimaa Temple before their journey back to the Jagannath Temple.
    • Suna Besha: Following the Bahuda Yatra, the deities are adorned with gold ornaments during the Suna Besha ceremony. Devotees flock to witness this spectacle, where the lords are beautifully decorated with gold.
    • Homecoming: Niladri Bije marks the end of the Rath Yatra and symbolizes the homecoming of the deities to the Jagannath Temple.
    • Offering to Goddess Laxmi: Devotees offer Rasagola, a sweet dish made of cheese, to appease Goddess Laxmi on behalf of Lord Jagannath. This ritual seeks to pacify the goddess, who is believed to be upset for not being taken on the chariots.

    Also read:

    Places in news: Jagannath Puri Temple

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  • President’s Rule

    President’s Rule not an option in Manipur: MHA

    Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution – historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: President Rule, Article 356

    Mains level: NA

    Central Idea: Union Home Minister has said that imposition of President’s Rule in Manipur was not an option and the situation was soon returning to normal.

    What is President Rule?

    • Article 356 of the Indian Constitution, commonly known as President’s Rule, empowers the President to impose central rule in a state where the constitutional machinery has broken down.
    • While initially intended for extraordinary circumstances, it has often been misused by central governments for political purposes.

    Provisions of Article 356:

    • Imposition of President’s Rule: Article 356 allows the President to withdraw the executive and legislative powers of a state government when it cannot function in accordance with the Constitution.
    • Triggering factors: The President can invoke Article 356 based on a report from the Governor or suo motu if the constitutional machinery has broken down in the state.
    • Duration: It can be imposed for six months at a time, with a maximum duration of three years.
    • Parliamentary approval: Every six months, Parliament’s approval is required to continue the imposition of President’s Rule.

    Historical Origins

    • Inspiration from the Government of India Act, 1935: Article 356 was inspired by Section 93 of this act, which allowed the Governor of a province to assume the powers of the government under certain circumstances.
    • Controlled democracy: The provision provided some autonomy to provincial governments while enabling British authorities to exercise ultimate power when necessary.

    Political Misuse of Article 356

    • Early instances: During Congress dominance, Article 356 was used against governments of the Left and regional parties in states. Jawaharlal Nehru’s government utilized it six times until 1959, including to dislodge Kerala’s elected communist government.
    • Increasing misuse: In subsequent decades, Article 356 was used frequently against state governments by various central governments, including those led by Indira Gandhi and the Janata Party.

    Landmark Judgment: S R Bommai Case

    • Landmark Supreme Court ruling: In the 1994 R. Bommai v. Union of India case, the Supreme Court provided detailed guidelines on the use of Article 356.
    • Specific instances for imposition: The court stated that President’s Rule can be invoked in cases of physical breakdown of the government or a ‘hung assembly.’
    • Curbing arbitrary use: The judgment emphasized the need to give the state government a chance to prove its majority or instances of violent breakdown before imposing President’s Rule.

    Try this PYQ:

    Which of the following are not necessarily the consequences of the proclamation of the President’s rule in a State?

    1. Dissolution of the State Legislative Assembly
    2. Removal of the Council of Ministers in the State
    3. Dissolution of the local bodies

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1 and 2

    (b) 1 and 3

    (c) 2 and 3

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

    Post your answers here.

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  • Russian Invasion of Ukraine: Global Implications

    NATO’s Exercise Air Defender, 2023

    Prelims Only | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Important International Institutions

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Exercise Air Defender 2023

    Mains level: NA

    air defender

    Central Idea

    • NATO recently concluded its largest air defense exercise, Air Defender 2023, in Germany.
    • The exercise involved 250 military aircraft, including 100 from the United States, and aimed to enhance air defense capabilities and deterrence.

    Exercise Air Defender 2023

    • Largest air defense exercise: Air Defender 2023 marked the largest air defense exercise in the history of NATO, with participation from multiple member nations.
    • Enhanced air defense capabilities: The exercise focused on improving air defense strategies, coordination, and interoperability among NATO forces.
    • Successful execution: Despite initial concerns, the exercise performed better than anticipated, resulting in minimal disruptions to regular civilian flights.

    Deterrence and Signalling to Russia

    • Preparing for potential threats: Air Defender 2023 was planned long before the conflict between Russia and Ukraine escalated. The exercise aimed to strengthen NATO’s deterrence posture and send a clear signal to Moscow.
    • German Defense Minister’s perspective: German Defense Minister Boris Pistorius viewed the exercise as a demonstration of NATO’s commitment to deterrence, stating that Russia would take notice of the significant military activity.
    • Addressing past criticisms: The Bundeswehr, Germany’s armed forces, have faced criticism for being under-equipped and under-prepared. Air Defender 2023 showcased Germany’s efforts to enhance its war-fighting capabilities.
    • Positive outcomes: The successful execution of the exercise bolstered Germany’s image, demonstrating its readiness and ability to defend itself and its allies.
    • Human connection: The exercise fostered camaraderie and collaboration among pilots from different nations, leaving a positive impression of Germany’s hospitality and professionalism.

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  • Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

    Heliopolis Memorial for Indian Soldiers

    Prelims Only | Trivia | Mains Paper 2: Important International Institutions

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Heliopolis Memorial

    Mains level: NA

    heliopolis

    Central Idea

    • PM Modi will pay his respects at the Heliopolis (Port Tewfik) Memorial in the Heliopolis War Cemetery in Cairo, Egypt.
    • Here the names of nearly 4,000 Indian soldiers who fought in World War 1 in Egypt and Palestine are commemorated.

    Heliopolis Memorial

    • Unveiling and Destruction: The original Port Tewfik memorial unveiled in 1926 and later destroyed during the Israeli-Egyptian War of 1967.
    • New Memorial: A new memorial was erected in Heliopolis Commonwealth War Grave Cemetery in 1980, commemorating Indian soldiers who died in the First World War campaigns in Egypt and Palestine.
    • Inclusion of Names: The new memorial includes the names of Indian soldiers, unlike its predecessor.

    Role of the Indian Army in West Asia during World War 1

    • Significance of Indian Troops: Indian troops played a major role in securing the Suez Canal in Egypt and participating in campaigns in Palestine and Mesopotamia.
    • Battle of Haifa: Indian cavalry’s participation in the Battle of Haifa, commemorated by a war memorial in New Delhi.
    • Diverse Representation: The memorial commemorates numerous Indian regiments from the Indian Army and State Forces of princely states.
    • Princely States’ Contribution: Troops from princely states actively participated in various theatres of the war effort during World War 1.

    Prominent Indian Soldier Commemorated  

    • Risaldar Badlu Singh: Risaldar Badlu Singh, a brave soldier and Victoria Cross recipient, is commemorated at the memorial.
    • Selfless Sacrifice: Risaldar Badlu Singh displayed exceptional bravery and self-sacrifice during a charge against enemy positions.

     

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  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-United States

    What is the Samosa Caucus?

    Prelims Only | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Samosa Caucus

    Mains level: Not Much

    samosa

    Central Idea

    • Defining the Term: In a recent address to the United States Congress, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi spotlighted the “Samosa Caucus,” a casual descriptor for the group of U.S. politicians of Indian origin.
    • Indian Roots in America: This reference was of immense significance to the millions of U.S. residents with Indian heritage, including some members of the Congressional chamber itself.

    Etymology and Symbolism: “Samosa Caucus”

    • Origin of the Term: The phrase “Samosa Caucus” has its roots in 2018, reportedly coined by Representative Raja Krishnamoorthi from Illinois.
    • Strong Cultural Identity: Its usage resonates with the idea of a strong identification with Indian culture, symbolized by the samosa, a quintessential Indian snack. This cultural symbol extends into the digital realm, with “Samosapedia” serving as a repository of Indian slang.

    Symbol of Achievement: Vice President Kamala Harris

    • Recognizing a Milestone: The Prime Minister specifically mentioned Vice President Kamala Harris, epitomizing the accomplishments of the Indian American community.
    • Hope for a Growing Influence: He voiced his hopes for the expansion of the “Samosa Caucus” and its potential role in symbolically bringing the rich diversity of Indian cuisine into the House, indicating a larger acceptance and appreciation of Indian culture.

    Total Indian American Representatives in Congress

    • Count of Indian Origin Representatives: Currently, there are five U.S. Representatives of Indian descent, with a notable sixth, Vice President Harris, heading the Senate. All these politicians are members of the Democratic Party.
    • Names and Constituencies: These representatives are Shamal Thanedar from Michigan, Dr. Ami Bera and Ro Khanna from California, Pramila Jayapal from Washington, and Raja Krishnamoorthi from Illinois.

    Influence beyond Congress: Indian Americans in the U.S. Administration

    • Broad-Based Representation: Indian Americans occupy various crucial roles within the Biden Administration, signifying their influence in American policymaking.
    • Assertive Community Voice: This considerable representation emphasizes the strong voice of the Indian American community in shaping America’s future.

     

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