Why in the News?
Indian Americans earn more than any other Asian group in the U.S., making about 40% more than Chinese and Japanese households.
What is the median annual income of Indian American households?
- Highest Median Income Among Asian Groups: Indian American households had a median annual income of $151,200 in 2023, the highest among all Asian ethnic groups in the U.S. Eg: Indian Americans earn about 40% more than both Chinese and Japanese households.
- Income Reflects High Educational Attainment: The high income level is linked to strong educational achievements—77% of Indian Americans aged 25+ hold a bachelor’s degree or higher, second only to Taiwanese Americans. Eg: Despite similar education levels, Mongolian Americans earn far less, highlighting that factors beyond education (like job type, geography, or discrimination) may also impact income.
How does it compare to other Asian groups?
| Asian Group |
Median Household Income (2023) |
Key Comparison Point |
Example |
| Indian Americans |
$151,200 |
Highest income among all Asian groups |
40% higher than Chinese or Japanese households |
| Taiwanese Americans |
Slightly below Indians (~$140,000+) |
Second highest, due to even higher educational attainment (83%) |
Close to Indian income levels, driven by education |
| Mongolian Americans |
$54,300 |
Despite high education (69% with degrees), lowest income |
Shows income isn’t always proportional to education |
Who are the largest Asian ethnic groups in the U.S. as of 2023?
- Chinese Americans: Approximately 5.5 million individuals, making up 22% of the Asian American population. Example: Chinese Americans are the largest Asian ethnic group in the U.S.
- Indian Americans: Around 5.2 million individuals, accounting for 21% of the Asian American population. Example: Indian Americans are the second-largest Asian ethnic group in the U.S.
- Filipino Americans: Approximately 4.6 million individuals, representing 18% of the Asian American population. Example: Filipino Americans rank third among Asian ethnic groups in the U.S.
What is the significance of the Indian diaspora?
- Economic Influence: Indian diaspora communities contribute significantly to the economies of their host countries through entrepreneurship, skilled labor, and remittances. Example: Indian-Americans contribute to the U.S. economy, particularly in the technology sector, with companies like Google and Microsoft having Indian-origin CEOs.
- Cultural Exchange: The Indian diaspora has played a major role in promoting Indian culture globally, including its festivals, cuisine, music, and film. Example: Bollywood films and Indian cuisine have a large following across the world, especially in the UK, the U.S., and the Middle East.
- Political Influence: The Indian diaspora has a growing presence in political leadership positions, influencing policies in their respective countries. Example: Kamala Harris, the Vice President of the United States, and Priti Patel, the Home Secretary of the UK, are of Indian origin and have shaped political discourse.
- Educational Contributions: Indian diaspora members are highly skilled professionals and students, making notable contributions to global research and academic excellence.
Example: Indian-origin scientists and engineers have made significant strides in fields like space exploration, medicine, and technology worldwide.
What are the challenges?
- Caste-Based Discrimination: Despite migration, caste-based discrimination persists within diaspora communities. Marginalized groups, such as Dalits, often face exclusion and prejudice in educational institutions, workplaces, and social settings.
- Racial and Religious Intolerance: Indian diaspora communities frequently encounter racism and xenophobia, particularly in countries with complex immigration histories. These discriminatory practices can hinder social integration and economic mobility.
- Political Polarization and Identity Conflicts: Global political tensions, such as those related to the Kashmir issue, can lead to divisions within diaspora communities. Protests and calls for calm in response to international conflicts reflect how such issues can strain local community relations.
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Way forward:
- Promote Inclusivity and Social Integration: Efforts should be made to combat caste-based discrimination, racism, and xenophobia within diaspora communities by fostering inclusive policies and promoting intercultural dialogue. This can help create a more harmonious environment for integration and equal opportunities.
- Encourage Political and Civic Engagement: To address political polarization, the Indian diaspora should engage in local politics and civic activities to bridge divides and advocate for constructive dialogue, ensuring their concerns are heard and their influence in the host country’s policies is constructive and united.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2023] Indian diaspora has scaled new heights in the West. Describe its economic and political benefits for India.
Linkage: The high earnings of Indian Americans, as indicated in the article, are a clear example of the Indian diaspora “scaling new heights” economically in the West. This economic strength directly contributes to the potential economic benefits (like remittances, investment, trade promotion) and political influence (lobbying, soft power) that the diaspora provides to India. This question requires discussing precisely these benefits stemming from the diaspora’s success, of which high income is a key metric.
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Why in the News?
The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) has released new rules to regulate access to biological resources and ensure fair and equitable benefit sharing, as approved by the Central Government.
About New Biodiversity Regulation, 2025:
- It governs how benefits from the use of biological resources and associated traditional knowledge or digital sequence information (DSI) are to be shared.
- It introduces a tiered benefit-sharing structure based on annual turnover of the user:
- No sharing for turnover up to ₹5 crore.
- 0.2% for turnover between ₹5–50 crore.
- 0.4% for ₹50–250 crore, and 0.6% above ₹250 crore.
- Users must submit resource usage statements annually if turnover exceeds ₹1 crore.
- Cultivated medicinal plants are exempt, aligning with the Biodiversity (Amendment) Act, 2023.
- For high-value or threatened species like red sanders, agarwood, and sandalwood, sharing must be at least 5%, rising to 20% or more for commercial use.
- The Regulation covers researchers, IP right seekers, and includes digital data as part of benefit sharing for the first time.
Back2Basics: Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD):
- CBD was adopted at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit; it came into force since 29 December 1993 with secretariat in Montreal, Canada.
- It is ratified by 196 countries, excluding the US.
- Key objectives:
-
- Conservation of biological diversity.
- Sustainable use of biodiversity components.
- Fair sharing of benefits from genetic resources.
- It is governed by the Conference of the Parties (COP), meeting biennially.
- COP16 (2024) in Colombia established a multilateral benefit-sharing mechanism for Digital Sequence Information (DSI).
- It ensures fair reward for communities protecting biodiversity when their knowledge or genetic data is used commercially.
Nagoya Protocol on ABS:
- It was adopted in 2010, enforced in 2014, it supplements the CBD.
- It provides a legal framework for fair benefit-sharing from the use of genetic resources with the country of origin or local communities.
- It strengthens the global framework for responsible biodiversity use.
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| [UPSC 2023] Consider the following statements:
1. In India, the Biodiversity Management Committees are key to the realization of the objectives of the Nagoya Protocol.
2. The Biodiversity Management Committees have important functions in determining acces and benefit sharing, including the power to levy collection fees on the access of biological resources within its jurisdiction.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2* (d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Why in the News?
Tensions escalated between Punjab and Haryana after the Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB) decided to release an extra 4,500 cusecs of water from the Bhakra dam to Haryana, sparking political and legal opposition from Punjab.
About the Punjab-Haryana Water Dispute:
- The dispute dates back to 1966 when Haryana was created from Punjab and was promised a share of river waters from the Ravi and Beas rivers.
- The Satluj-Yamuna Link (SYL) canal was proposed to deliver Haryana’s share but remains incomplete due to Punjab’s resistance.
- The current issue involves Punjab and Haryana over the release of additional water from the Bhakra dam, managed by the Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB).
- On April 30, 2025, BBMB ordered the release of 8,500 cusecs of water to Haryana for drinking needs, which Punjab opposed, claiming Haryana had already withdrawn 104% of its annual share.
- Water levels in the Bhakra, Pong, and Ranjit Sagar dams are low due to poor snowfall in the Himalayas.
- Punjab argues that BBMB’s decision is unilateral and has refused to open the Nangal dam sluice gates.
Inter-State Water Dispute Resolution in India:
- Article 262 of the Constitution empowers Parliament to legislate on inter-state river water disputes and bar courts from intervening in such matters.
- River Boards Act, 1956 allows creation of boards for inter-state river management, but no such board has ever been constituted.
- Inter-State Water Disputes Act, 1956 provides for:
- Conciliation by the Centre among aggrieved states.
- Tribunal formation if conciliation fails.
- The 2002 amendment mandates:
- Formation of a tribunal within 1 year.
- Tribunal decision within 3 years.
- Supreme Court cannot question the award of a tribunal but can examine procedural issues.
- Other prominent disputes include Krishna, Cauvery, and the Satluj Yamuna Link canal disputes.
| [UPSC 2006] Recently Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh governments signed a Memorandum of Understanding for the linking of two rivers as a link project. Which are these two rivers?
Options: (a) Betwa and Chambal (b) Betwa and Ken* (c) Chambal and Son (d) Ken and Narmada |
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Why in the News?
India’s Agriculture Minister has introduced ‘Kamala’ and ‘Pusa DST Rice 1’, the country’s first genome-edited rice varieties, developed by ICAR. These are also the world’s first genome-edited rice varieties.
About ‘Kamala’ and ‘Pusa DST Rice 1’:
- Kamala (DRR Dhan 100): Developed by ICAR-IIRR Hyderabad, derived from Samba Mahsuri; shows higher yield, early maturity, drought tolerance.
- Pusa DST Rice 1: Developed by ICAR-IARI Delhi, based on MTU1010; improves drought and salinity tolerance.
- Agencies involved: Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), ICAR-IIRR, ICAR-IARI.
- They were created using CRISPR-Cas9-based genome editing, specifically Site Directed Nuclease 1 (SDN1). It has NO foreign DNA inserted.
- It has been approved by Institutional Biosafety Committees (IBC) and Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation (RCGM) under relaxed genome-edit rules.
Specific Benefits Offered:
- Yield boost:
- Kamala: +19% over Samba Mahsuri (avg. 5.37 t/ha, max. up to 9 t/ha).
- Pusa DST Rice 1: +9.6% to +30.4% over MTU1010 under stress conditions.
- Climate resilience:
- Kamala: Drought tolerance, early maturity.
- Pusa DST: Salt and drought tolerance for saline/alkaline/coastal soils.
- Water saving: Kamala matures 20 days early → saves 3 irrigations, i.e., 7,500 million m³ water.
- Emission reduction: Cultivation over 5 million ha may reduce 32,000 tonnes GHG emissions (20% drop).
- Food security support: Improved paddy output enhances India’s average yield, critical for 40% of total foodgrain basket.
| [UPSC 2018] With reference to the Genetically Modified mustard (GM mustard) developed in India, consider the following statements:
1. GM mustard has the genes of a soil bacterium that give the plant the property of pest-resistance to a wide variety of pests.
2.GM mustard has the genes that allow the plant cross-pollination and hybridization.
3.GM mustard has been developed jointly by the IARI and Punjab Agricultural University.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 only* (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Why in the News?
The Committee formed to design India’s Repairability Index (RI) framework has submitted its report to Department of Consumer Affairs.
About Repairability Index (RI):
- The RI is a standardized label that indicates how easily a product can be repaired by assessing multiple parameters.
- It is designed to empower consumers to make informed decisions and promote sustainable consumption.
- The RI is applicable initially to smartphones and tablets and uses a 5-point numeric scale for scoring.
- The six key parameters used to calculate RI are:
-
- Disassembly Depth
- Repair Information
- Spare Parts Availability
- Software Updates
- Tools Required
- Fasteners Used
- The scoring covers priority components such as battery, display, cameras, charging port, microphone, speaker, and hinge mechanism.
- RI labels must be displayed at the point of sale, on e-commerce platforms, and via QR code on packaging.
Recommendations of the RI Framework:
- The RI framework must align with global best practices while maintaining ease of doing business for manufacturers.
- Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) will self-declare RI scores based on standard criteria, with no extra compliance burden.
- A clear scoring methodology has been developed, with weightages assigned to each parameter for key parts.
- The committee identified smartphones and tablets as the initial focus under the RI framework.
- Stakeholder consultations included manufacturers, consumer groups, academic bodies, and government departments.
- The framework complements the existing Right to Repair Portal (launched in 2022), which provides repair-related information across four sectors.
- The committee emphasized the need for a robust post-sale ecosystem for both urban and rural consumers.
| [UPSC 2021] R2 Code of Practices’ constitutes a tool available for promoting the adoption of:
Options: (a) environmentally responsible practices in electronics recycling industry*
(b) ecological management of Wetlands of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention
(c) sustainable practices in the cultivation of agricultural crops in degraded land
(d) ‘Environmental Impact Assessment’ in the exploitation of natural resources |
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Why in the News?
Japanese companies, along with other global players, are increasingly turning to India under the China Plus One strategy, aiming to diversify supply chains and reduce overdependence on China.
About China Plus One Strategy:
- It is a global business model introduced in 2013 to reduce dependence on China by adding another country to the manufacturing or sourcing base.
- It emerged due to concerns about geopolitical risks, trade tensions, and regulatory unpredictability in China.
- The strategy gained momentum after the US–China trade war, China’s Zero-Covid policy, and increasing labour and compliance costs.
- Its goal is to create resilient and diversified supply chains by operating in China and one or more alternative countries.
- Vietnam, Mexico, and Taiwan have become early beneficiaries in sectors like machinery, electronics, and transport.
Benefits for India:
- India offers a large market, skilled labor, and cost advantages, making it an attractive destination for diversification.
- The growing digital infrastructure and industrial corridors support the relocation of manufacturing, with government schemes like PLI and Make in India aligning with the China Plus One goals.
- Challenges:
- India faces limited integration into global value chains, logistics inefficiencies, and regulatory bottlenecks.
- Historical protectionist trade policies and lack of participation in trade agreements like RCEP hinder its full potential.
- To compete with nations like Vietnam or Mexico, India needs labour reforms, improved ease of doing business, and better trade facilitation.
| [UPSC 2021] Consider the following:
1.Foreign currency convertible bonds 2.Foreign institutional investment with certain conditions 3.Global depository receipts 4.Non-resident external deposits Which of the above can be included in Foreign Direct Investments?
Options: (a) 1, 2 and 3* (b) 3 only (c) 2 and 4 (d) 1 and 4 |
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PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2019] ‘The long-sustained image of India as a leader of the oppressed and marginalised Nations has disappeared on account of its new found role in the emerging global order”. Elaborate.
Linkage: India is at a turning point, and the world is becoming more equal, moving away from old colonial ways. As Asia becomes more important again, this change is also affecting how India is seen and positioned globally. |
Mentor’s Comment: India is at another turning point, similar to when Vasco da Gama arrived in Kozhikode in 1498 and the local ruler, the Zamorin, failed to act strategically. But this time, it’s not about sea trade routes—it’s about how global value chains are being reshaped through power and influence. This is a crucial moment for India, which is on track to become the world’s third-largest economy. For the past 75 years, the world has followed a post-colonial order known as globalisation. It was based on countries following common rules for the greater good, and divided the world into “donors” and “recipients.” But this idea no longer works, especially after China overtook the U.S. in foreign aid, manufacturing, and global trade share. As a result, institutions like the WTO, UN, and various treaties have become less useful to powerful countries, leading to U.S. pullouts.
Today’s editorial analyses global value chains as being reshaped through power and influence. This content would help in the GS Paper II (International Relations).
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
President Donald Trump is not acting randomly. He is reacting to a world where countries are becoming more equal and breaking free from old colonial ideas, while still trying to keep their fading advantages.
What shift in global trade is compared to Vasco De Gama’s arrival?
- Transition from Trade Routes to Value Chains: Vasco De Gama’s 1498 voyage opened sea-based trade routes connecting India to Europe. Today, the world is witnessing a shift from traditional trade to technology-driven global value chains (GVCs), reshaped by geopolitical forces rather than free markets. Eg: The semiconductor supply chain, where countries like Taiwan, South Korea, and the U.S. dominate chip design and fabrication, reflecting value chain complexity over simple trade.
- Strategic Inertia vs Strategic Foresight: The Zamorin’s complacency during Vasco’s arrival represents a lack of strategic foresight in seizing global opportunities. India now faces a similar moment and must act strategically to capitalize on the global trade realignment and not miss out like in the colonial past. Eg: India’s PLI (Production Linked Incentive) schemes in electronics and pharmaceuticals are efforts to plug into global manufacturing chains proactively.
- Geopolitically Driven Trade Structures: Earlier global trade was commercially motivated, but today it is increasingly geopolitically driven, with blocs forming and multilateralism weakening. Eg: The U.S.-China trade war and decoupling from Chinese supply chains are forcing countries like India to reposition themselves in new GVCs.
Why is the post-colonial global order losing relevance?
- Shift from Multilateralism to Bilateralism and Power Politics: The post-colonial world order was built on rule-based multilateral institutions (e.g., WTO, UN), promoting equal participation. Now, major powers prefer bilateral deals that prioritize national interest over global consensus. Eg: The U.S. withdrawing from multilateral agreements like the Paris Climate Accord and WTO dispute mechanisms.
- Obsolescence of Donor-Recipient Hierarchy: The older order assumed a world divided into ‘donors’ (developed nations) and ‘recipients’ (developing nations). This has become irrelevant as emerging powers like China now surpass traditional Western powers in aid and trade influence. Eg: China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has made it a larger global lender than the World Bank in many regions.
- Erosion of Trust During Global Crises: Global institutions failed to uphold equitable principles during emergencies, revealing self-serving behavior by developed nations. Eg: During the COVID-19 pandemic, G-7 countries hoarded vaccines and medical supplies, sidelining poorer nations and weakening trust in global cooperation.
Who should lead India’s push for new global governance principles?
- India’s World-Class Diplomats: India should empower its skilled and experienced diplomatic corps to frame and advocate new governance principles suited to a multipolar world. Eg: Indian diplomats played a key role in shaping the International Solar Alliance, showing leadership in global climate governance.
- Cooperation Between Political Leadership and Policy Experts: A coordinated approach involving political vision (e.g., Prime Minister’s “Asian Century” narrative) and strategic policy institutions can guide India’s global engagement. Eg: NITI Aayog and MEA’s policy think tanks can jointly shape proposals for reforms in multilateral institutions like the WTO and UN.
- Engagement with Global South and Emerging Institutions: India must lead with inclusive principles by aligning with BRICS, ASEAN, and the African Union, promoting a fair and tech-driven global order. Eg: India’s BRICS presidency and advocacy for the Global South Voice at G-20 summits shows readiness for leadership beyond the West-dominated system.
How can India become a global leader in AI and technology?
- Leverage Human Capital and Digital Infrastructure: India must build on its skilled workforce, vast datasets, and proven digital stack (like Aadhaar, UPI) to drive AI innovation. Eg: IndiaStack enabled large-scale digital public goods, which can now serve as the foundation for developing large language models (LLMs) and AI applications.
- Promote Open-Source and Indigenous Innovation: Focusing on open-source technologies and encouraging local R&D will allow India to innovate independently and at scale. Eg: India can emulate models like DeepSeek (an open-source AI rivaling U.S. models) to build affordable, accessible AI tools.
- Create National Consensus and Industry-Academia Collaboration: A national policy consensus involving all stakeholders—governments, academia, and industry—must be built to focus on AI, chips, and deep tech. Eg: China’s rise in hardware was driven by state-industry coordination; India needs similar programs for semiconductors and AI research centers.
Which regions should India partner with for a new economic framework?
- ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations): India should collaborate with ASEAN to build an Asian Common Market and leverage regional complementarities in trade, manufacturing, and digital economy. Eg: India’s Act East Policy and its trade agreements with Singapore and Thailand provide a base for deeper economic integration.
- African Union: Africa offers a growing consumer base and untapped potential for investment in infrastructure, technology, and education. Eg: India’s Pan-African e-Network Project and growing pharma exports make Africa a strategic partner in India’s south-south cooperation.
- BRICS and Emerging Economies: Collaborating within BRICS helps India shape multipolar global governance and alternative trade norms. Eg: India’s proposal for a BRICS currency system and its role in the New Development Bank demonstrate long-term strategic engagement.
- Middle East (West Asia): Strong energy ties and growing interest in tech cooperation make the Middle East a key partner in India’s economic future. Eg: The India-UAE CEPA and I2U2 group (India-Israel-UAE-USA) promote trade, food security, and innovation-led partnerships.
- Latin America and Caribbean (LAC): This region provides opportunities for trade diversification, agricultural cooperation, and technology exchange. Eg: India’s investments in pharmaceuticals and IT sectors in Brazil and Mexico mark a growing footprint in the LAC region.
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Way forward:
- Institutionalise Strategic Partnerships: India should formalise economic and technology alliances through frameworks like FTAs, digital cooperation pacts, and regional value chains with emerging regions (ASEAN, Africa, LAC).
- Champion Inclusive Global Norms: Lead the Global South in advocating reforms in global governance institutions, emphasising equity, sustainability, and tech sovereignty to shape a multipolar, resilient global order.
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Why in the News?
Along with having efficient governance, there should also be a high level of accountability, which should begin with a strong and effective Parliament.
What mechanisms does the Indian Parliament currently use to ensure executive accountability?
- Question Hour: A daily session where Members of Parliament (MPs) ask questions to the government, holding the executive accountable for its actions. Eg: During Question Hour, MPs can ask questions on various issues like government policies, spending, and public welfare programs. If the government fails to respond adequately, it is held accountable in front of the public.
- Zero Hour: An informal session where MPs can raise urgent matters of public importance without prior notice. Eg: In the past, MPs have used Zero Hour to raise concerns about natural disasters, governance issues, or urgent societal problems like price hikes or corruption, which require immediate attention from the government.
- Standing Committees (e.g., Department-related Standing Committees): These committees examine the policies and functioning of various government departments, scrutinizing their budget proposals, schemes, and implementation. Eg: The Standing Committee on Railways in 2015 recommended waiving dividend payments to Indian Railways to improve its financial health, which was subsequently implemented.
- No-Confidence Motion: A formal motion in Parliament that can be moved by MPs to express a lack of confidence in the government. If passed, it leads to the resignation of the government. Eg: In the 17th Lok Sabha, a no-confidence motion was raised against the government over issues related to economic policies, though it did not pass, it highlighted the need for greater executive accountability.
- Public Accounts Committee (PAC): This committee scrutinizes government expenditure and ensures that public funds are used efficiently and for their intended purposes. Eg: The PAC exposed irregularities in the Commonwealth Games 2010, revealing delays, opaque appointments, and corrupt practices, leading to corrective actions and reforms.
Why has the effectiveness of Question Hour and parliamentary committees declined in recent years?
- Frequent Disruptions during Question Hour: Question Hour is often disrupted by protests and disruptions, leading to adjournments and reducing the time spent on addressing important government issues. Eg: During the 17th Lok Sabha (2019-24), Question Hour functioned for only 60% of its scheduled time in the Lok Sabha and 52% in Rajya Sabha, limiting its effectiveness in holding the government accountable.
- Focus on Isolated Queries rather than Systematic Scrutiny: MPs often focus on individual queries rather than engaging in comprehensive, cross-ministerial scrutiny of complex issues, which limits the depth of oversight. Eg: Instead of addressing broader policy issues, MPs tend to ask specific questions that do not contribute to a deeper analysis of government actions or programs.
- Limited Impact of Parliamentary Committees’ Reports: Despite generating detailed reports, parliamentary committees’ findings are often not discussed in Parliament, leading to a lack of follow-up on recommendations and diminishing their influence on legislation and executive actions. Eg: Even though the Standing Committees on Railways and Transport made significant recommendations, such as waiving the dividend payments and influencing the Motor Vehicles Bill, many committee reports have not led to substantial legislative or executive changes.
How can technology and data analytics improve the quality of parliamentary scrutiny?
- AI and Data Analytics for Efficient Scrutiny: Technology can help MPs analyze vast amounts of data, such as budget documents and audit reports, enabling them to quickly identify irregularities and policy trends. Eg: Using AI, Parliament can automatically flag inconsistencies in spending or uncover patterns in policy implementation, helping MPs ask more informed, evidence-based questions during sessions like Question Hour.
- Enhancing Accessibility and Transparency of Committee Findings: Technology can make parliamentary committee reports more accessible to the public and MPs by translating them into local languages, creating visual explainers, or using short videos. This increases transparency and public engagement while also aiding MPs in scrutinizing complex issues. Eg: The use of visual tools and AI-driven summaries could simplify the analysis of technical reports, helping MPs quickly grasp important findings and engage in more meaningful debates in Parliament.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Post-Legislative Scrutiny: Establish a formal process for tracking the implementation and impact of laws, ensuring timely reviews and corrections. This can be modeled on the UK system, where government departments submit reviews of major laws within a set period.
- Enhance Technology Integration: Leverage AI, data analytics, and digital tools to support MPs with real-time insights, enabling more effective questioning and in-depth scrutiny of government actions and policies.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2018] Why do you think the committees are considered to be useful for parliamentary work? Discuss, in this context, the role or the Estimates Committee.
Linkage: General usefulness of parliamentary committees, which are highlighted as crucial mechanisms for accountability and scrutiny. It specifically asks about the Estimates Committee, another important financial committee alongside the PAC.
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Why in the News?
Prime Minister Narendra Modi said on Friday that coastal states and port cities will play a major role in India’s growth as it becomes more developed. He was speaking after the launch of the ₹8,800 crore Vizhinjam International Deepwater Multipurpose Seaport in Kerala’s capital.
What is the significance of the Vizhinjam International Deepwater Multipurpose Seaport for India’s maritime trade?
- Strategic Global Location: Located close to the international East-West shipping route, making it ideal for global container traffic. Eg: Ships passing through the Suez Canal–Malacca route can now directly dock at Vizhinjam without diversion, saving cost and time.
- India’s First Dedicated Transshipment Port: Will handle transshipment of containers that earlier went to foreign ports like Colombo (Sri Lanka), Dubai, or Singapore. Eg: Around 75% of India’s transshipped cargo is currently handled abroad; Vizhinjam aims to reverse this trend and retain revenue domestically.
- Natural Deep Draft for Large Vessels: With a natural draft of nearly 20 metres, it can host Ultra Large Container Vessels (ULCVs) without the need for expensive dredging. Eg: Ports like Colombo or Rotterdam require regular dredging, while Vizhinjam offers cost-effective long-term operations.
- Boost to Logistics and Trade Efficiency: Reduces logistics costs, cargo handling time, and dependence on intermediate ports, increasing India’s ease of doing business. Eg: Indian exporters from hinterland states can now ship directly via Vizhinjam, avoiding time-consuming rerouting through foreign ports.
- Economic Multiplier Effect and Self-Reliance: Encourages Make in India, builds maritime self-reliance, and fuels coastal economy development. Eg: Encourages investments in warehousing, ship repair, and allied services around the port zone—generating local employment and GDP growth.
Why is private sector participation considered crucial in developing port infrastructure in India?
- Mobilization of Capital and Faster Project Execution: The private sector brings in large-scale investments that the government alone may not be able to allocate promptly. Eg: The ₹8,800 crore Vizhinjam Port was developed through a public-private partnership (PPP) with Adani Ports, accelerating infrastructure delivery.
- Technological Innovation and Operational Efficiency: Private companies often introduce modern technologies and international best practices, improving service quality and turnaround time. Eg: Mundra Port, operated by Adani Ports, has emerged as one of India’s most efficient ports due to automation and smart logistics.
- Risk Sharing and Long-Term Sustainability: PPP models allow for shared risks between the public and private sectors, reducing the financial burden on the government and ensuring long-term commitment. Eg: The collaboration between Kerala’s state government and Adani Group in Vizhinjam port demonstrates how risk-sharing enables execution even in ideologically diverse environments.
Where is the new shipbuilding and repair cluster being set up?
- Strategic Location in Kochi, Kerala: Kochi has been selected for its existing maritime infrastructure and strategic coastal position. The cluster aims to enhance India’s shipbuilding and repair capabilities, reducing reliance on foreign facilities. Eg: The cluster is being developed through a collaboration between Cochin Shipyard Limited and Drydocks World, aiming to create world-class ship repair facilities in Kochi.
- Public-Private Partnerships Driving Development: The project leverages public-private partnerships to combine government support with private sector efficiency and investment. This approach is expected to bring in advanced technologies and best practices. Eg: Cochin Shipyard Limited, a government-owned entity, has signed an MoU with Drydocks World to jointly develop the ship repair cluster in Kochi.
- Economic Growth and Employment Opportunities: The cluster is anticipated to generate substantial employment, particularly benefiting the local population in Kerala. It will also contribute to the growth of ancillary industries and services. Eg: The establishment of the shipbuilding and repair cluster in Kochi is expected to create numerous new employment opportunities, providing Kerala’s local talent and youth with a platform for growth.
What opportunities is it expected to create?
- Job Creation and Skill Development: The new shipbuilding and repair cluster in Kochi is expected to create thousands of direct and indirect jobs, particularly benefiting the local population by providing employment opportunities in shipbuilding, repair, and ancillary services.
- Boost to India’s Maritime and Manufacturing Sectors: The cluster will significantly enhance India’s shipbuilding capabilities, reducing dependence on foreign facilities and positioning India as a key player in global shipbuilding and repair.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Port Connectivity and Infrastructure: Enhance hinterland connectivity to ensure seamless movement of goods between ports and key industrial zones. Eg: Develop efficient road, rail, and inland waterways to complement the Vizhinjam Port and Kochi shipbuilding cluster.
- Focus on Skill Development and Innovation: Invest in specialized maritime education and training programs to create a skilled workforce. Eg: Collaborate with global institutions to bring advanced shipbuilding technologies and best practices to India, fostering innovation and sustainability in the maritime sector.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2021] “Investment in infrastructure is essential for more rapid and inclusive economic growth.”Discuss in the light of India’s experience.
Linkage: Coastal states and port cities will be key growth centres and that strengthening the maritime sector through infrastructure is essential for driving economic power and achieving the full potential of the port economy. Thus, this question aligns with the core idea that ports, as critical infrastructure, are drivers of growth.
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Why in the News?
Prime Minister has formally commissioned India’s first deep-sea transshipment port at Vizhinjam in Kerala.
About Vizhinjam Port
- Vizhinjam Port is India’s first deep-sea transshipment port located near Thiruvananthapuram.
- Developed under a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model, the port cost ₹8,900 crore to build.
- It is operated by Adani Vizhinjam Port Pvt. Ltd., with a 61.5% stake held by Kerala’s government and 9.6% by the Central government.
- Commercial operations began in December 2024, following a trial run in July 2024.
- The port has handled 285 ships and processed 5.48 lakh TEUs since its operational launch.
- Positioned just 10 nautical miles from a major international shipping route, it provides quick access to global trade lanes.
Notable Features of the Port:
- It is India’s first semi-automated port, utilizing AI-powered control rooms and the Indigenous Vessel Traffic Management System (VTMS).
- Its deep natural draft (up to 24 meters) allows it to accommodate Ultra Large Container Vessels (ULCVs).
- The current infrastructure includes a 3,000-meter breakwater and an 800-meter container berth, with full capacity expected by 2028–29 at 6.2 million TEUs annually.
- The port is designed as a multi-purpose, green port, ensuring year-round operations.
- Positioned 20 kilometers from Trivandrum International Airport, it offers seamless air-sea connectivity.
| [UPSC 2023] Consider the following pairs:
Port—–Well known as
1. Kamarajar Port—-First major port in India registered as a company
2. Mundra Port—–Largest privately owned port in India
3. Visakhapatnam—-Largest container port in India
Options: (a) Only one pair (b) Only two pairs* (c) All three pairs (d) None of the pairs |
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Why in the News?
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has launched Green Hydrogen Certification Scheme (GHCS) under the National Green Hydrogen Mission.
About Green Hydrogen Certification Scheme (GHCS):
- GHCS aims to certify that hydrogen produced in India meets the criteria to be labelled as “green hydrogen”, based on verified emissions data.
- The scheme enhances transparency, credibility, and traceability in hydrogen production and supports India’s goal of becoming a global hub for green hydrogen exports.
- The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) is the nodal agency responsible for the implementation of this scheme.
- Certification under GHCS also helps producers access carbon credits under the Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS), subject to additional requirements.
- The scheme covers hydrogen produced using electrolysis with renewable energy or biomass conversion.
Key Features of GHCS:
- Hydrogen will be certified as “green” if its non-biogenic greenhouse gas emissions are ≤ 2 kg CO₂ equivalent per kg of hydrogen, averaged over 12 months.
- The certification process includes four stages:
- Concept Certificate (project design stage)
- Facility-Level Certificate (infrastructure readiness)
- Provisional Certificate (early production data)
- Final Certificate (verified emissions based on actual production)
- Only the Final Certificate is mandatory for producers seeking government incentives or selling hydrogen in the domestic market.
- Producers must appoint Accredited Carbon Verification (ACV) agencies for independent verification, recognized by the BEE.
- The scheme is aligned with international standards like ISO 19870:2023, ensuring global credibility.
- Certificates are issued in multiples of 100 kg of hydrogen, containing details on emission intensity and production sources.
| [UPSC 2023] With reference to green hydrogen, consider the following statements:
1. It can be used directly as a fuel for internal combustion. 2. It can be blended with natural gas and used as fuel for heat or power generation . 3. It can be used in the hydrogen fuel cell to run vehicles. How may of the above statements are correct?
Options: (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three * (d) None |
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Why in the News?
Heavy rainfall and strong winds disrupted life in Delhi due to a fresh splash of Western Disturbances over North India.
What are Western Disturbances?
- Western Disturbances are extra-tropical weather systems that originate near the Mediterranean region.
- They carry moisture from the Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Caspian Sea, and Arabian Sea.
- These disturbances are embedded within the subtropical westerly jet stream, a fast-moving air current in the upper atmosphere.
- They bring rain, snow, and fog, especially from December to March, as they encounter the Himalayas, causing rainfall in the plains and snowfall at higher altitudes.
- They are responsible for most of the winter and pre-monsoon rainfall in Northwest India and are critical for rabi crops like wheat.
Recent Changes in its Pattern:
- Recent observations show an increase in frequency, particularly from late January onwards, with disturbances now occurring outside the winter season.
- These disturbances have been observed even in May, June, and July, where they were once rare.
- The geographic spread of these disturbances is widening, affecting larger parts of North and Northwest India.
- Reasons behind:
- The strengthening of the subtropical westerly jet stream, likely influenced by rising global temperatures, is a key factor.
- The delayed retreat of the jet stream is affecting the timing of the summer monsoon, leading to overlapping weather patterns.
- The warming of the Arabian Sea (by 1.2°C to 1.4°C over recent decades) is increasing moisture, intensifying rainfall.
| [UPSC 2015] Consider the following statements:
1. The winds which blow between 30° N and 60° S latitudes throughout the year are known as westerlies. 2. The moist air masses that cause winter rains in North-Western region of India are part of westerlies.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only * (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Why in the News?
The red-crowned roofed turtle has returned to the Ganga River after nearly 30 years of absence.
About Red-Crowned Roofed Turtle
- The Red-Crowned Roofed Turtle (Batagur kachuga) is one of the most endangered freshwater turtle species in the world.
- It is native to South Asia, particularly India, Bangladesh, and Nepal.
- Historically found in deep, flowing rivers with sandbar nesting sites, it now survives only in the Chambal River, with fewer than 300 individuals remaining.
- This species plays a crucial role in maintaining river ecosystem balance by controlling aquatic vegetation and contributing to nutrient cycling.
- Under the Namami Gange Mission and Turtle Survival Alliance India (TSAFI) project, 20 turtles (10 males, 10 females) were released into the Ganga River at Haiderpur Wetland and Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary.
- The IUCN Red List categorizes it as Critically Endangered, while India’s Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 lists it in Schedule I, offering the highest legal protection.
- It is also listed under Appendix I of CITES, regulating international trade of the species.
| [UPSC 2017] In India, if a species of tortoise is declared protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, what does it imply?
Options: (a) It enjoys the same level of protection as the tiger*. (b) It no longer exists in the wild, a few individuals are under captive protection; and how it is impossible to prevent its extinction. (c) It is endemic to a particular region of India. (d) Both (b) and (c) stated above are correct in this context. |
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PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2017] China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia’, In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbor.
Linkage: China’s economic relations to its strategic power status in Asia and asks about the impact on India, which aligns with the broader implications of China’s growing regional influence discussed in the source. |
Mentor’s Comment: Chinese President Xi Jinping’s visit to Vietnam, Malaysia, and Cambodia from April 14-18, 2025, aimed to present China as the most reliable partner in the region. With a 145% tariff on Chinese goods imposed by the Trump administration, China is rethinking its foreign trade strategies, particularly with countries in Southeast Asia where it has strong ties and supportive partners. This visit is not just regular diplomacy but a strategic move by China to ease economic pressure, show stability, and strengthen its leadership role in the Indo-Pacific region.
The editorial today analyzes Chinese President Xi Jinping’s recent visit to Vietnam, Malaysia, and Cambodia. This analysis can help in understanding the broader dynamics of China’s foreign policy and its impact on international relations, which is relevant for GS Paper 2 in the UPSC exam.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Beijing’s efforts to engage with Southeast Asia could make it harder for the U.S. to form a coalition aimed at isolating or limiting China economically.
What was the aim of Xi Jinping’s Southeast Asia tour?
- Counter U.S. Economic Pressure and Protectionism: In response to the 145% tariff on Chinese exports by the Trump administration, China used the tour to strengthen trade ties with receptive Southeast Asian partners like Vietnam, Malaysia, and Cambodia.
- Position China as a Stable and Reliable Partner in the Indo-Pacific: Xi signed 45 agreements with Vietnam and over 30 with Malaysia, showcasing China’s willingness to invest in digital economy, AI, agriculture, and infrastructure — directly contrasting U.S. policies perceived as protectionist or security-centric.
- Promote China’s Regional Leadership and Soft Power: Xi emphasized non-interference, cultural ties, and the Belt and Road Initiative, including major projects like the Funan Techo Canal in Cambodia, to build a “community with a shared future” and present China as the regional leader.
Why is Southeast Asia key to China’s trade strategy?
- Buffer Against U.S. Trade Pressures: As the U.S. imposes tariffs (e.g., 145% on Chinese exports under Trump), China needs trade partners less influenced by Washington. Eg: Cambodia, Vietnam, and Malaysia are not aligned with U.S. protectionism and offer alternate trade routes.
- Alternative Manufacturing Base: Rising labor costs and export restrictions push China to shift low-cost manufacturing to nearby countries. Eg: Many Chinese firms are investing in Vietnamese and Malaysian industrial parks as part of their “China Plus One” strategy.
- Gateway to Regional Supply Chains: Southeast Asia is integrated into global value chains and is a key node in East Asian manufacturing. Eg: The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) links China with ASEAN, allowing tariff-free trade on many goods.
- Diplomatic and Economic Receptiveness: ASEAN countries are generally open to China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and infrastructure investment. Eg: The Funan Techo Canal in Cambodia, funded by China, improves logistics and deepens economic ties.
- Market Expansion and Political Influence: Growing middle classes and urbanization offer long-term markets for Chinese goods and services. Eg: Digital economy and AI agreements with Malaysia expand Chinese tech firms’ reach while strengthening bilateral ties.
Which agreements were signed with Vietnam, Malaysia, and Cambodia?
- Vietnam – Strategic and Economic Deepening: China and Vietnam signed 45 cooperation agreements covering infrastructure, trade, connectivity, and border management. Eg: Agreements included railway connectivity, digital economy initiatives, and boosting cross-border trade.
- Malaysia – Tech and Economic Collaboration: Over 30 agreements were signed focusing on the digital economy, artificial intelligence, agriculture, and infrastructure. Eg: MoUs on AI cooperation, palm oil trade, and joint development of industrial parks were key highlights.
- Cambodia – Investment and Infrastructure Expansion: China reaffirmed its role as Cambodia’s largest investor and trading partner, with a focus on large-scale infrastructure projects. Eg: The Funan Techo Canal project was a major outcome, seen as a symbol of deepened strategic and economic ties.
How does China’s approach differ from the U.S. in the region?
- Economic Diplomacy vs. Security-Centric Strategy: China emphasizes infrastructure, trade, and investment, while the U.S. often leads with security alliances and military cooperation. Eg: China’s Belt and Road projects (like the Funan Techo Canal in Cambodia) contrast with U.S.-led initiatives like AUKUS and the Quad.
- Non-Interference vs. Value-Based Engagement: China promotes a policy of non-interference and economic cooperation without imposing political conditions. The U.S. ties engagement to democracy, human rights, and strategic alignment. Eg: China’s warm ties with Cambodia, despite its authoritarian governance, contrast with U.S. criticism of its human rights record.
- Tangible Deliverables vs. Abstract Frameworks: China offers clear economic incentives (like market access and investments), while U.S. initiatives often lack concrete trade benefits. Eg: China signs dozens of bilateral agreements; the U.S.’s Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) has been criticized for lacking market access.
What could be the impact on India?
- Strategic Space Shrinkage in Southeast Asia: As China deepens ties with ASEAN countries, India may find it harder to expand its influence in the region. Eg: Vietnam engaging with China despite maritime tensions may dilute India’s strategic partnership with Hanoi.
- Competitive Pressure on Infrastructure and Trade Diplomacy: China’s aggressive investment through BRI challenges India’s outreach via initiatives like the Act East Policy or Mekong–Ganga Cooperation. Eg: China’s infrastructure push in Cambodia (e.g., Funan Techo Canal) may overshadow India’s developmental efforts in the region.
- Risk of Regional Economic Isolation: Closer China-ASEAN integration may sideline India from key trade and supply chains unless it accelerates its economic engagement. Eg: India’s exit from RCEP and China’s expanding trade deals with ASEAN may reduce India’s leverage in setting regional economic norms.
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Economic and Infrastructure Diplomacy: India should deepen its engagement with Southeast Asia through large-scale infrastructure projects, trade agreements, and digital economy initiatives to compete with China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Eg: Focusing on improving connectivity, like the India-Myanmar-Thailand trilateral highway, and enhancing regional supply chains could help.
- Foster Strategic Partnerships and Multilateral Cooperation: India should prioritize strengthening its strategic ties with ASEAN countries through multilateral platforms like the East Asia Summit (EAS) and the Quad, focusing on security and regional stability. Eg: India must increase its participation in economic partnerships to counter China’s growing influence.
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Why in the News?
The Centre’s decision to include caste data in the next national Census is a significant change for the ruling BJP, as it goes against their earlier stance on the issue.
What prompted the government to shift its stance and include caste enumeration in the next Census?
- Electoral Setback Due to Perception of Anti-Reservation Agenda: Calls for constitutional overhaul and earlier statements questioning caste-based reservations created fear among backward communities about erosion of their rights. Eg: The lack of a clear electoral majority in the 2024 general elections was partly attributed to concerns among OBC and Dalit communities.
- Rising Political Demand and Ground Realities in Key States: Increasing public support for caste enumeration, especially in socially diverse states, compelled the government to reconsider its position. Eg: With state elections approaching and widespread demand for a caste census, continuing opposition risked alienating a significant voter base.
- Pressure from Social Justice Movements and Civil Society: Growing civil society activism and calls for greater transparency in the distribution of benefits made it difficult to ignore the demand for a caste count. Eg: Public discussions on expanding reservations and ensuring proportional representation intensified the push for a data-driven approach.
Why is there growing concern about the political implications of a caste census, especially in Bihar?
- Impact on OBC and Dalit Mobilization: A caste census could provide more accurate data on the representation of OBCs and Dalits, leading to demands for more targeted reservations and welfare programs. Eg: In Bihar, where caste-based politics has been historically influential, a caste census could alter the political calculus by intensifying demands for more affirmative action.
- Electoral Strategy and Vote Bank Politics: Political parties in Bihar may try to exploit caste-based data to attract specific voter segments, resulting in increased polarization. Eg: In Bihar, caste-based mobilization has historically influenced election results, and any shift in data could be used to either strengthen or disrupt existing political alliances.
- Social Tensions and Division: The caste census may exacerbate social divisions, particularly in a state like Bihar, where caste identities play a significant role in shaping societal relations and political behavior. Eg: Tensions may rise between communities if the census results challenge current power dynamics, leading to potential unrest and further fragmentation within society.
How have national political parties historically approached caste-based policies?
- Ambivalence and Opposition to Caste-Based Politics: Initially, national parties were reluctant to fully embrace caste-based policies, viewing them as divisive. This led to a more generic approach focused on broader social and economic justice. Eg: The Congress party, traditionally seen as the party of social justice, was hesitant to fully adopt caste-based policies until the 1990s, when it started advocating for the inclusion of OBCs and Dalits.
- Shift Towards Inclusivity and Affirmative Action: Over time, national parties, particularly the Congress and BJP, began adopting affirmative action policies, such as reservations, to address caste-based inequities and broaden their electoral base. Eg: In the 1990s, after the Mandal Commission report, both Congress and BJP supported the implementation of OBC reservations to gain support from OBC communities, especially in states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
- Caste-Based Mobilization for Electoral Gains: National parties have increasingly used caste-based mobilization as a tool to win elections, though they often avoid explicitly acknowledging it, relying on coalition politics instead. Eg: The BJP, after initially distancing itself from caste politics, has adapted by incorporating OBCs into its fold, as seen in its strategy in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, leading to its dominance in the 2014 and 2019 general elections.
When was the last comprehensive caste census conducted in India?
- The Last Comprehensive Caste Census: The last detailed caste census in India was conducted in 1931 during British rule, which included data on various social groups, castes, and tribes.
- Post-Independence Efforts: Since then, India has not conducted a comprehensive caste census. However, caste data has been collected through surveys like the Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) in 2011, though it was not as detailed as the one in 1931.
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Way forward:
- Ensure Data Privacy and Equity in Implementation: A caste census should be conducted with strict guidelines to ensure data privacy and avoid misuse, ensuring that it is used only for policy planning and affirmative action rather than political exploitation.
- Strengthen Social Welfare Mechanisms Based on Census Data: The government should leverage the caste census data to create targeted social welfare programs that address the needs of backward communities without exacerbating social divisions.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] Despite comprehensive policies for equity and social justice, underprivileged sections are not yet getting the full benefits of affirmative action envisaged by the Constitution. Comment.
Linkage: The core issue that a caste census, as discussed in the article, aims to potentially improve: ensuring that underprivileged sections receive the intended benefits of affirmative action and social justice policies.
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Why in the News?
Private Member’s Bills (PMBs) allow Members of Parliament (MPs) who are not ministers to suggest their own laws. In India, most laws are brought by the government and are prepared by different ministries.
What are Private Member’s Bills (PMBs)?
- PMBs are legislative proposals introduced by Members of Parliament who are not Ministers (i.e., private members). These bills reflect the individual MP’s views or address constituency needs rather than the government’s official stance.
- In 2019, Supriya Sule (NCP) introduced the Right to Disconnect Bill in the Lok Sabha, which aimed to give employees the legal right to not engage in work-related communication after office hours. Though not passed, it sparked national debate on work-life balance and mental health.
How do they differ from government bills in the Indian parliamentary system?
| Feature |
Private Member’s Bill (PMB) |
Government Bill |
| Introduced by |
Any MP who is not a minister |
Introduced by a Minister |
| Drafted by |
Individual MP or external inputs |
Concerned Ministry |
| Schedule |
Usually taken up on Fridays |
Prioritized in regular business hours |
| Chances of passing |
Very low; often symbolic |
High; backed by ruling party |
| Party mandate |
MPs have greater freedom |
Ministers follow cabinet decisions |
Why has the significance of Private Member’s Bills declined in recent Lok Sabha sessions?
- Frequent Disruptions and Adjournments: Parliamentary proceedings are often disrupted, especially on Fridays (earmarked for PMBs), reducing the time available for meaningful discussion. Eg: In the winter session, two Fridays were lost to disruptions.
- Government Business Prioritised: The government frequently uses Fridays for its own legislative agenda, sidelining private members’ time. Eg: In the Budget Session, the first Friday was used for discussion on the Union Budget instead of PMBs.
- Low Discussion Rate: Despite hundreds of PMBs being introduced, only a handful are ever discussed or debated in the House. Eg: Of the 729 PMBs introduced in the 17th Lok Sabha, only two were discussed.
- Symbolic Rather than Substantive: PMBs are increasingly viewed as symbolic acts with little legislative impact, deterring MPs from actively pursuing them.
- Lack of Institutional Support: No dedicated mechanism exists to screen, prioritise, or fast-track relevant PMBs, unlike government bills which have bureaucratic and legal backing. Eg: The ‘Right to Disconnect’ Bill by Supriya Sule sparked debate but saw no legislative progress due to lack of structured support.
How can reforms strengthen the PMB process?
- Protect Time for PMBs as Sacrosanct: Amend rules to ensure that Fridays (or designated hours) reserved for PMBs cannot be overridden, except during national emergencies. Eg: Ensuring uninterrupted PMB discussion time would prevent situations like the Budget Session, where government business took over private members’ time.
- Introduce a Review and Prioritisation Mechanism: Create a dedicated committee to screen PMBs for quality, relevance, and constitutionality, and prioritise those with cross-party or public support. Eg: A fast-track mechanism could have helped advance Tiruchi Siva’s ‘Rights of Transgender Persons’ Bill, which ultimately influenced the 2019 law.
- Adopt the UK’s Ten-Minute Rule Model: Allow MPs to introduce and explain PMBs in brief speeches, increasing visibility and legislative input without demanding long debate time. Eg: This could help bring forward more unconventional yet important ideas like the ‘Right to Disconnect’ Bill by Supriya Sule.
Way forward:
- Institutionalise Support Mechanisms: Establish a dedicated PMB committee and research support system to assist MPs in drafting robust, impactful bills.
- Ensure Legislative Space and Time: Legally safeguard specific hours or days for PMB discussions to encourage meaningful debate and democratic participation.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2014] The role of individual MPs (Members of Parliament) has diminished over the years and as a result healthy constructive debates on policy issues are not usually witnessed. How far can this be attributed to the anti-defection law, which was legislated but with a different intention?
Linkage: This explicitly states that Private Member’s Bills are one of the few remaining avenues for individual MPs to suggest constructive policy alternatives, and that the effectiveness of such mechanisms for independent legislative action by MPs has been curtailed, partly due to the unintended effects of the Anti-Defection Law.
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Why in the News?
The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs has approved an increase in the Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) of sugarcane for the 2025-26 sugar season, raising it from ₹340 per quintal to ₹355 per quintal.
About Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP):
- The FRP for sugarcane is set under the Sugarcane Control Order, 1966.
- It replaced the Statutory Minimum Price (SMP) in 2009-10 to better align with economic conditions and improve farmers’ welfare.
- It represents the minimum price sugar mills must pay to farmers for sugarcane.
- It is determined by the central government based on Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) recommendations, with discussions involving state authorities and sugar industry associations.
- Factors Influencing FRP:
-
- Cost of production: ₹173 per quintal for 2025-26.
- Return from alternative crops: Comparison of potential earnings from other crops.
- Consumer sugar prices: Affects sugar production costs.
- Sale price of sugar: Influences the FRP.
- Sugarcane-to-sugar recovery rate: Efficiency of conversion.
- Income from by-products: Including molasses and bagasse.
- Profit margins for farmers: Ensures financial viability.
- State Agreed Price (SAP): States can set SAP, often higher than the FRP, based on local conditions.
- Minimum Selling Price (MSP) for sugar was introduced in 2018 to protect farmers, including FRP and conversion costs.
Sugarcane Cultivation in India:
- Sugarcane is India’s highest production-value crop, key for producing sugar, jaggery, and khan sari.
- Major states: Uttar Pradesh (contributes 50% of total production), Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh.
- Sugarcane thrives in a tropical climate (21°C – 27°C), with 75cm-150cm rainfall. It needs well-drained soil and a cool, dry winter for ripening.
- India has the largest global sugarcane cultivation area after Brazil.
- The ratooning method reduces costs by allowing a second crop from the same roots.
| [UPSC 2015] The Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) of sugarcane is approved by the:
Options: (a) Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs* (b) Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (c) Directorate of Marketing and Inspection, Ministry of Agriculture (d) Agricultural Produce Market Committee |
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Why in the News?
The Supreme Court has ruled that inclusive and meaningful Digital Access to e-governance and welfare systems is a part of the Fundamental Right to Life and Liberty under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution.
Key Highlights of the Judgment:
- Inclusive Digital Access: The Court ruled on April 30, 2025, that access to e-governance and welfare systems is a fundamental right under Article 21, requiring inclusive digital ecosystems, especially for marginalised groups.
- Focus on KYC Processes: It issued 20 directions to make digital KYC processes more accessible for acid attack survivors and the visually impaired.
- Digital Divide: It recognised the digital divide as a constitutional issue, emphasising the need for equal access to digital platforms for essential services and opportunities.
About Article 21 of the Indian Constitution and its Scope:
- Article 21 reads: “No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.”
- Initially focused on protecting life from arbitrary state action, it has been expanded to include living with dignity.
- Key Judicial Expansions:
- Maneka Gandhi vs. Union of India (1978): Right to live with dignity, requiring a fair, just, and reasonable procedure.
- Sunil Batra vs. Delhi Administration (1978): Right to live a healthy life and preserve cultural heritage.
- Bandhua Mukti Morcha vs. Union of India (1984): Linking Article 21 with the Directive Principles of State Policy, ensuring abolition of forced labour.
- Subramaniam Swamy vs. Union of India (2016): Recognized right to reputation as part of Article 21.
- Olga Tellis vs. Bombay Municipal Corporation (1985): Recognized right to livelihood as part of Article 21.
- Aruna Shanbaug case (2011): Recognized the right to die with dignity as part of Article 21.
- K.S. Puttaswamy vs. Union of India (2017): Right to privacy recognized as an essential part of Article 21.
Other Judgments Related to Digital Empowerment
- Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978): Laid the foundation for inclusive digital rights, stating that procedures restricting fundamental rights must be fair, just, and reasonable.
- Faheema Shirin RK v. State of Kerala (2019): Recognized right to access the internet as part of Article 21 and Article 21A (Right to Education). Denying students internet access in hostels was held unconstitutional.
- Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India (2020): SC held that Article 19(1)(a) protects the freedom of speech and expression via the internet, and Article 19(1)(g) safeguards the right to trade online. Restrictions on these rights must meet the tests of reasonableness and proportionality.
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| [UPSC 2024] Under which of the following Articles of the Constitution of India, has the Supreme Court of India placed the Right to Privacy?
Options: (a) Article 15 (b) Article 16 (c) Article 19 (d) Article 21* |
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Why in the News?
Scientists working on the world’s largest nuclear fusion project ITER has completed its main magnet system with India playing a key role in building critical infrastructure.
About ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor):
- ITER is the world’s largest nuclear fusion research project, aimed at demonstrating that nuclear fusion can be a safe, carbon-free, and sustainable energy source.
- It involves 35 nations, including the EU, US, China, India, Japan, South Korea, and Russia.
- It uses deuterium and tritium (hydrogen isotopes) to undergo fusion at temperatures over 150 million °C, 10 times hotter than the sun’s core, producing large amounts of energy.
- Its goal is to achieve a fusion gain (Q) of 10, producing 500 megawatts of fusion power from just 50 megawatts of input heating power, a 10x gain.
- Launched in 1985 and officially founded in 2006, the project began construction in 2007 and is expected to start its operations in 2033.
- The tokamak is a doughnut-shaped magnetic fusion device used to contain the hot plasma required for nuclear fusion.
- It uses powerful superconducting magnets to confine plasma and prevent it from touching the reactor walls.
India’s Role in ITER/Tokamak:
- India has been a full partner in ITER since 2005, contributing expertise and technology to key aspects of the project.
- It has designed and manufactured the cryostat, a 30-meter-high, 30-meter-diameter vacuum shell made of stainless steel that houses the ITER tokamak and maintains the ultra-cold environment needed for superconducting magnets.
- It has developed in-wall shielding to protect ITER’s components from heat generated during fusion reactions.
- It provides cryogenic systems to cool the superconducting magnets and RF heating systems to heat the plasma to fusion temperatures.
- It has contributed to developing the superconducting magnets, which are essential for plasma confinement inside the tokamak.
Note:
- India manages ITER-India, a project under the Institute for Plasma Research (IPR), overseeing key contributions, including diagnostics, power supplies, and other infrastructure.
- It is also working on the development of a tritium breeding module for future fusion reactors, ensuring self-sufficiency in this critical fuel.
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| [UPSC 2016] India is an important member of the ‘International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor’. If this experiment succeeds, what is the immediate advantage for India?
Options: (a) It can use thorium in place of uranium for power generation (b) It attain a global role in satellite-navigation (c) It can drastically improve the efficiency of its fission reactors in power generation (d) It can build fusion reactors for power generation* |
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Why in the News?
A recent survey by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) uncovered eleven inscriptions in Telangana’s Gundaram Reserve Forest, offering key insights into the region’s ancient history, particularly during the Satavahana period.
Key Findings about the Inscriptions:
- One inscription mentions a person from the Haritiputra lineage, indicating a connection between the Satavahanas and Chutu dynasty.
- The site includes religious symbols such as a trident and damaru, marking the first known religious iconography in early inscriptions of South India.
- The inscriptions reinforce findings from Mukkutraopet and Kotilingala, identifying Telangana as part of the Asmaka Mahajanapada.
About the Satavahana Dynasty:
- The Satavahana dynasty emerged after the fall of the Mauryan Empire around 60 BCE, ruling over Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Madhya Pradesh.
- Simuka, the founding king, reigned from 60 BC to 37 BC and was succeeded by his brother Kanha.
- Notable Rulers:
- Satakarni I (70–60 BC) conquered western Malwa from the Shungas.
- Gautamiputra Satakarni (106–130 AD) expanded the empire and patronized Brahmanism and Buddhism.
- Vashishtaputra Pulamayi (130–154 AD) extended his reign to the mouth of the Krishna River.
- Yajna Sri Satakarni (165–194 AD) was the last great ruler, expanding the empire to Kokan and Malwa.
- Art and Architecture: The Amaravati School of Art flourished during this period, with marble sculptures depicting Buddhist narratives. The Satavahanas promoted rock-cut architecture, including Chaityas and Viharas (e.g., Karle Caves, Ajanta Caves).
- Economic and Administrative Contributions: The Satavahanas fostered trade with the Romans, promoted agriculture, and implemented a mixed revenue system. They also introduced tax-free villages for Brahmins and Buddhist monks.
- Religious and Social Structure: The Satavahanas promoted Brahmanism and Vedic sacrifices and supported Buddhism. The Varna system governed social structure.
- Decline of the Satavahana Dynasty: The empire weakened due to weak rulers after Yajna Sri Satakarni and was eventually fragmented by feudatories and invasions from the Shakas.
- Military Organization: The Satavahanas maintained a large military with 100,000 infantry, 2,000 cavalry, and 1,000 elephants.
| [UPSC 2023] Consider the following statements:
1. The last Mauryan ruler, Brihadratha was assassinated by his commander-in-chief, Pushyamitra Sunga. 2. The last Sunga king, Devabhuti was assassinated by his Brahmana minister Vasudeva Kanva who usurped the throne. 3. The last ruler of the Kanva dynasty was deposed by the Andhras.
Which of these statements is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1 and 2 (b) Only 2 (c) Only 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3* |
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