PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2019] What makes Indian society unique in sustaining its culture? Discuss.
Linkage: The article emphasizes India’s “deep cultural heritage” and states that India is “uniquely positioned to lead” in the creative economy, reaffirming a “shared creative spirit” with the UK. This question probes the underlying strengths and uniqueness of Indian culture that enable such leadership and sustained collaboration. |
Mentor’s Comment: The landmark moment for India-UK ties, not only with the ratification of the long-awaited Free Trade Agreement but more so with the signing of the Programme of Cultural Cooperation (POCC) between both nations. This represents a significant cultural pivot and recognizes creative industries as drivers of economic growth, inclusion, and diplomacy. It also places India, with its deep heritage and burgeoning digital skills, in a leadership role within the global creative economy — a sector projected to constitute 10% of global GDP by 2030. The POCC opens up a digital-cultural corridor between India and the UK, at a time when cross-border cultural diplomacy is becoming central to international relations.
Today’s editorial analyses the Free Trade Agreement between the UK and India. This content would help in GS Paper I (Indian Society), GS Paper II (International Relations) and GS Paper III ( Indian Economy) in the mains Paper.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
In May 2024, India and the United Kingdom approved their long-awaited Free Trade Agreement, marking a major step forward in their economic relationship.
What is the Programme of Cultural Cooperation (POCC)?
- POCC is a cultural agreement signed on May 2 between U.K. Secretary of State for Culture Lisa Nandy and India’s Minister for Culture Gajendra Singh Shekhawat.
- It aims to strengthen India-U.K. cultural ties and enhance cooperation across the creative economy. It represents a shared commitment to cross-cultural collaboration and economic growth.
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What are its main focus areas?
- Digital Technologies for Culture: Focuses on using emerging tools like AI, AR/VR, and digital platforms to preserve and share cultural experiences. Eg: Creating virtual museum tours or AI-powered cultural archives.
- Exhibitions and Collections: Promotes collaboration between museums and institutions to share art, history, and heritage collections. Eg: Joint exhibitions by the British Museum and Indian cultural institutions.
- Performances and Events: Encourages cultural exchanges through music, dance, theatre, and film festivals. Eg: Participation of Indian artists in the Serendipity Arts Festival – Birmingham chapter.
- Cultural Property: Aims to protect and restore heritage artifacts and traditions, including tackling illicit trafficking. Eg: UNESCO–Royal Enfield’s Himalayan Knot project conserving textile traditions.
- Sustainability: Supports environmentally responsible practices in cultural projects and promotes green initiatives in the arts. Eg: Sustainable exhibition design and eco-friendly performances during India-UK cultural collaborations.
What is the creative economy?
The creative economy includes sectors such as art, music, design, film, architecture, publishing, fashion, advertising, digital media, software, and crafts—all of which rely on individual creativity, skill, and talent. Eg: Bollywood contributes to both India’s cultural identity and economy through movies, music, and dance. |
Why is the creative economy important for both India and the U.K.?
- Drives Economic Growth: The creative economy is projected to contribute 10% of global GDP by 2030. Eg: India’s creative sector is already worth $35 billion, and is rapidly expanding with global collaborations.
- Generates Employment: It is a major employment multiplier, especially in sectors like film, design, digital content, and heritage arts. Eg: In India, it employs 8% of the workforce, second only to agriculture.
- Boosts Cross-Cultural Collaboration: Fosters partnerships and mutual understanding between nations through shared cultural experiences. Eg: The POCC agreement strengthens UK-India ties via co-created exhibitions and performances.
- Supports Innovation through Technology: Integrates AI, AR/VR, and digital platforms into creative practices, making the sector dynamic and future-ready. Eg: The British Council’s Arts and Technologies report calls for embedding digital tools in India’s creative education.
- Promotes Inclusive Development: Engages non-metro regions and artisan communities, helping balance regional inequalities. Eg: Creative hubs in Badgam (J&K) and Tiruppur (TN) show the power of decentralised cultural growth.
How are new technologies shaping the creative sector?
- Enhancing Cultural Experiences through AR/VR: Augmented and virtual reality bring immersive experiences to museums, exhibitions, and performances. Eg: Museums in the U.K. use VR to recreate historical events, allowing virtual tours and deeper engagement.
- Expanding Global Reach via Digital Platforms: Digital platforms enable creators to reach global audiences instantly. Eg: Indian artists now showcase their work on OTT platforms and global streaming services.
- Boosting Innovation in Storytelling with AI: Artificial Intelligence helps generate content, animation, music, and design, improving efficiency and creativity. Eg: AI tools are used in film editing and scriptwriting to speed up production.
- Creating New Art Forms and Jobs: Tech-based sectors like gaming, digital art, and interactive media are emerging as new creative industries. Eg: India’s gaming sector, driven by youth and mobile access, is becoming a major employer in digital creativity.
- Transforming Creative Education: New technologies are integrated into curricula to train the next generation of artists and designers. Eg: The British Council’s report urges India to include tech-based tools in creative education programs.
Way forward:
- Promote Education & Skill Development: Invest in creative education, vocational training, and digital literacy to build a future-ready workforce equipped for sectors like design, animation, gaming, and digital content.
Eg: Setting up creative arts institutes and expanding courses in AR/VR, AI, and multimedia design.
- Strengthen International Collaboration & Policy Support: Foster cross-border partnerships and provide policy incentives for creative industries to innovate, grow, and access global markets. Eg: Agreements like the India–U.K. Programme of Cultural Cooperation (POCC) help promote cultural exchangeand creative trade.
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Why in the News?
India’s coastline has increased by about 48%, not because of new land but due to better digital mapping and updated measurements. It has grown from 7,516 km to 11,098 km, giving a clearer view of the country’s natural borders.
What led to the increase in India’s measured coastline length?
- Use of High-Resolution Mapping Technology: The shift from low-resolution (1:4,500,000) to high-resolution data (1:250,000) allowed finer measurement of the coastline’s bends and curves. Eg: Modern GIS software captured intricate coastal shapes that older manual methods missed.
- Inclusion of Previously Omitted Offshore Islands: Many small offshore islands that were earlier not visible or excluded due to manual limitations are now included. Eg: Several minor islands around the Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep regions added extra coastline length.
- Coastline Paradox and Irregularity of Landforms: Coastlines are naturally irregular; measuring them at a finer scale captures more detail, thus increasing total length. Eg: Like using a one-meter ruler instead of a one-kilometre one—more small features are counted, increasing overall length.
Why is the coastline paradox relevant to India’s coastal mapping?
- Scale-Dependent Measurement: The coastline paradox shows that a coastline’s length varies based on the scale or resolution used for measurement—the finer the scale, the longer the coastline appears. Eg: Measuring with 1:250,000 scale data gives a much longer length than with 1:4,500,000 scale data.
- Irregular Nature of Coastlines: Coastlines are highly irregular, full of bends, curves, and inlets, which get missed at lower resolutions but captured at higher ones. Eg: A low-resolution map smooths out land features, while high-resolution GIS tools map every minor curve.
- No Fixed Length: The paradox proves that coastlines do not have a finite length—they can always be measured in more detail, leading to ever-changing figures. Eg: Even with current high-tech tools, the actual coastline length keeps increasing with better precision in future reassessments.
How does reassessing the coastline and islands impact governance and security?
- Accurate Administrative and Developmental Planning: Reassessment provides a clear understanding of territorial boundaries, aiding in efficient governance and infrastructure development. Eg: Updated coastline data helps plan coastal roads, ports, and disaster response systems in states like Gujarat and West Bengal.
- Strengthening Maritime Security and Surveillance: Precise mapping helps in identifying vulnerable points, enabling better deployment of naval and coast guard resources. Eg: Mapping of remote islands assists in setting up radar stations and surveillance posts in regions like Lakshadweepand Andaman & Nicobar.
- Strategic Assertion and Environmental Management: Helps in asserting sovereignty over maritime zones and managing coastal ecosystems more effectively. Eg: Reassessment supports India’s claim over its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and strengthens climate resilienceplanning in coastal areas.
What challenges exist in accurately counting India’s offshore islands?
- Ambiguity in Definitions and Tidal Variations: Some landforms may appear as islands during high tide but get connected to the mainland during low tide, causing confusion in classification. Eg: Certain coastal features in Sundarbans and Gulf of Khambhat shift between island and non-island status based on tide levels.
- Discrepancies Across Agencies and Lack of Standardisation: Different agencies like state governments, Coast Guard, and Surveyor General have reported varying island countsdue to inconsistent definitions and methods. Eg: In 2016, the Surveyor General listed 1,382 islands, while other agencies reported 1,334, leading to a need for data reconciliation.
Way forward:
- Standardised Methodology and Regular Reassessment: Adopt a uniform classification system for islands and coastlines across all agencies, and institutionalise periodic reassessments using high-resolution GIS and satellite data every 10 years.
- Integrated Coastal Management and Strategic Mapping: Develop a centralised coastal database linking administrative, ecological, and security data to support policy-making, climate resilience, and maritime defence planning.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] In a crucial domain like the public healthcare system, the Indian State should play a vital role to contain the adverse impact of marketisation of the system. Suggest some measures through which the State can enhance the reach of public health care at the grassroots level.
Linkage: This article explicitly highlights alcohol consumption as a significant public health issue in India, leading to injuries, mental illness, non-communicable diseases like cancer, and contributing to approximately 2.6 million Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) in 2021.
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Why in the News?
Prime Minister is visiting Croatia as part of his three-nation tour, which includes Cyprus and Canada. It is his first foreign trip since Operation Sindoor and the first-ever by an Indian PM to Croatia.
Why is India’s PM’s visit to Croatia strategically important for India-Europe ties?
- First-Ever Visit Signals Diplomatic Priority: PM of India visit marks the first by an Indian Prime Minister to Croatia, signalling India’s intent to strengthen ties with smaller but strategically located EU nations. Eg: This visit follows recent high-level engagements with the EU, including EAM S. Jaishankar’s tour of key European nations and the EU chief’s visit to India.
- Gateway to Broader European Engagement: Croatia’s location on the Adriatic Sea and participation in EU and NATO makes it a vital link for India to access Central, Eastern, and Southern Europe. Eg: Ports like Rijeka and Split could serve as future nodes for the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC).
- Strategic Counter to China’s Growing Presence: The visit is a part of India’s effort to counterbalance Chinese influence in the region through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) by building stronger ties with countries like Croatia. Eg: Croatia is part of the Three Seas Initiative (3SI), where India can build alternative trade and energy partnerships.
What is the significance of Croatia’s location in India’s trade and connectivity plans?
- Strategic Adriatic Sea Access to Europe: Croatia is located on the Adriatic Sea, offering India a western maritime gateway to Europe and easy access to landlocked Central and Eastern European nations. Eg: Ports like Rijeka, Split, and Ploče can facilitate India-Europe cargo movement, reducing dependence on northern European routes.
- Link to Trans-European Transport Corridors: Croatia sits at the intersection of the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T), enabling smoother logistics and intermodal trade connectivity across the EU. Eg: Goods arriving at Croatian ports can be distributed via rail or road to Germany, Austria, Hungary, and beyond.
- Potential Hub in the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC): Croatia could be a key extension point in IMEC, connecting India to Europe through Middle Eastern and Mediterranean routes. Eg: A route through Adriatic ports would offer faster, diversified supply chain options to bypass chokepoints like the Suez Canal.
How have India-Croatia relations evolved since Yugoslavia’s breakup?
- Early Recognition and Diplomatic Ties: India was among the first non-European countries to recognise Croatia’s independence in 1992 and quickly established formal diplomatic relations. Eg: The Indian mission in Zagreb opened in 1996, and ties were upgraded to the ambassadorial level by 1998.
- Continuity of Warm Relations from Yugoslav Era: Friendly ties from the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) days continued, especially since Marshal Tito (of mixed Croatian and Slovene heritage) had a strong personal rapport with Indian leadership. Eg: Croatia once accounted for two-thirds of India-Yugoslavia trade, laying a historical economic foundation.
- Stable Relations Amid Croatia’s Western Integration: Despite Croatia’s focus on EU and NATO membership, India maintained cordial ties and engaged through trade, cultural diplomacy, and multilateral platforms. Eg: Croatia joined NATO in 2009 and the EU in 2013, yet bilateral trade and cultural exchanges with India have steadily grown.
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What are the key economic and cultural links between India and Croatia?
- Growing Bilateral Trade: Economic ties have steadily improved, with bilateral trade increasing from $199.45 million in 2017 to $337.68 million in 2023. Eg: India exports medicines, machinery, chemicals, and apparel, while Croatia exports chemicals, precision instruments, and timber products to India.
- Deep Cultural and Civilisational Connect: Cultural exchanges trace back centuries, with scholars and missionaries engaging with Indian traditions and languages. Eg: Croatian scholar Ivan Filip Vezdin printed the first Sanskrit grammar in Latin in 1790 after learning from Kerala Brahmins—a reprint was gifted to PM Modi.
- Academic and Heritage Bonds: Indian culture continues to attract interest in Croatia, particularly in universities and historical architecture. Eg: Croatian involvement in the construction of the Church of Sao Braz in Goa in the 1560s and Indian studies programmes in Croatian academic institutions reflect enduring links.
Why should India deepen engagement with Central and Eastern Europe amid China’s BRI?
- Strategic Counter to China’s Expanding Influence: Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries are key participants in China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), increasing Beijing’s geopolitical footprint in the region. Eg: Strengthening ties with countries like Croatia, Poland, and Hungary allows India to offer an alternative partnership model based on mutual respect and balanced trade.
- Support for India’s Global Aspirations: Many CEE countries support India’s bid for permanent membership in the United Nations Security Council (UNSC)and other multilateral forums. Eg: Engaging with pro-India nations in the EU helps India shape global norms and strengthen its diplomatic leverage.
- Geostrategic and Economic Gateway to Europe: CEE countries lie at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, making them vital for India’s trade connectivity, energy cooperation, and access to European markets. Eg: Croatia’s role in the Three Seas Initiative (3SI) and its ports linked to Trans-European corridors can serve as hubs for the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC).
Way forward:
- Institutionalise Strategic and Economic Dialogue: India should establish regular high-level forums and joint working groups with Croatia and other CEE countries to deepen cooperation in trade, infrastructure, and digital technology.
- Enhance Cultural and Academic Exchange: Boosting people-to-people ties through scholarships, cultural festivals, and collaborative research will strengthen India’s soft power and foster long-term partnerships across the region.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] The West is fostering India as an alternative to reduce dependence on China’s supply chain and as a strategic ally to counter China’s political and economic dominance.’ Explain this statement with examples.
Linkage: Prime Minister Modi’s visit to Croatia, an EU member, is highlighted as part of a broader strategy to strengthen India-EU ties. The article explicitly states that this growing importance of India-EU relations comes in the context of the EU “trying to de-risk from China”.
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Why in the News?
BSNL announced the soft launch of Quantum 5G Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) broadband in Hyderabad.
About Quantum 5G FWA:
- Overviews: It is India’s first SIM-less, fixed wireless access broadband service.
- Development: It delivers fibre-like internet over 5G radio and was developed entirely by Indian vendors under the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative.
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- Customers are provided with a CPE (Customer Premises Equipment) device that connects wirelessly to the nearest BSNL 5G base station.
- The CPE auto-authenticates without requiring a SIM card, using Direct-to-Device technology.
- Internet is delivered over the air, eliminating the need for trenching or fibre installation.
- The service currently reaches 85% of Hyderabad households using BSNL’s existing tower infrastructure.
Key Features:
- Indigenous: Includes core network, RAN, and CPE, all developed by Indian vendors.
- High Performance: Achieves up to 980 Mbps download, 140 Mbps upload, and <10 ms latency—ideal for streaming, gaming, and remote work.
- Quick Setup: Customers can self-install the device with no need for physical fibre connections.
- Enterprise Capability: Supports network slicing and Service Level Agreement (SLA)-backed links for MSMEs and industrial clusters.
- Strategic Vision: Positions BSNL as a leader in next-generation broadband and enhances rural and urban connectivity.
| [UPSC 2019] With reference to communication technologies, what is/are the difference/differences between LTE (Long-Term Evolution) and VoLTE (Voice over Long-Term Evolution)?
1. LTE ‘is commonly marketed as 3G, and VoLTE is commonly marketed as advanced 3G.
2. LTE is data-only technology, and VoLTE is voice-only technology.
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2* |
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Why in the News?
The Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) asked states to add QR codes to Prime Minister Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) rural road boards to boost public monitoring and streamline upkeep via the eMARG platform.
About PM Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY):
- Launch: It was launched on December 25, 2000, by then PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee as a Central Sector Scheme to provide all-weather road connectivity to unconnected rural habitations.
- Objective: The scheme helps bridge the rural-urban divide and improves access to markets, healthcare, education, and public services.
- Implementation: It is now a centrally sponsored scheme led by the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) and supported by state governments.
- Monitoring: Progress is tracked using e-MARG, a digital platform for monitoring road construction and maintenance.
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- Phase I (2000): Focus on connecting unconnected habitations.
- Phase II (2013): Upgrading roads built in Phase I to enhance rural infrastructure.
- Phase III (2019–2025): Consolidation of 1.25 lakh km of rural roads connecting habitations to Gramin Agricultural Markets, Higher Secondary Schools, and Hospitals. Cost: ₹80,250 crore (2019-2025). Funding: 60:40 (Centre), 90:10 for North-East and Himalayan States.
- Phase IV (2024–2029): Aims at constructing 62,500 km of all-weather roads to provide connectivity to 25,000 unconnected habitations with a focus on Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) areas, tribal areas, and remote regions.
Key Features of PMGSY:
- Rural Connectivity Focus: Targets habitations based on population thresholds (e.g., 500+ in plains, 250+ in hill/NE areas).
- Funding Pattern: Initially 100% central funding; since 2015–16, it follows a 60:40 split (90:10 for NE and Himalayan states).
- Maintenance Period: Contractors are responsible for road upkeep for 5 years post-construction.
- Quality Assurance: Involves routine inspections and geo-tagged photographs to evaluate maintenance performance.
- Economic Impact: Improves rural livelihoods, reduces migration, and enhances access to markets and services.
| [UPSC 2001] Consider the following schemes launched by the Union Government: I. Antyodaya Anna II. Gram Sadak Yojana III. Sarvapriya IV. Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojana. Which of these were announced in the year 2000?
Options: (a) I and II* (b) II and IV (c) III and IV (d) I, II and III |
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Why in the News?
The first Indian inscriptional reference to Halley’s Comet has been discovered on a copper plate dated 1456 CE, from the Vijayanagar Period.
What does the inscription say?
- The inscription was found on a copper plate dated June 28, 1456 CE, during the Vijayanagar Empire, preserved at the Sri Mallikarjunaswamy temple in Srisailam, Andhra Pradesh.
- Written in Sanskrit using the Nagari script, it describes the sighting of a comet (dhūmaketu) and a meteor shower, which coincide with the documented appearance of Halley’s Comet that year.
- The inscription records a village grant made by King Mallikarjuna of Vijayanagar to a Vedic scholar named Limgaṇarya from Kaḍiyalapura (likely present-day Kaḍiyapulanka, Kadapa district).
- The grant’s purpose is explicitly mentioned: “to mitigate the great calamity believed to arise due to the appearance of a comet and meteor shower”—a reference to traditional beliefs of such celestial events being inauspicious.
- The Sanskrit phrase “Prakāśyāya mahōtpāta śāntyartham dattavān vibhuḥ” translates to “this grant was made in order to pacify the calamities that may arise due to the illuminating comets and meteor shower upon the king and his kingdom.”
- Though dhūmaketus (comets) are referenced in ancient Indian astronomical texts, this is the earliest inscriptional record linking a comet to a specific historical date and royal response.
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About Halley’s Comet:
- Periodicity: It is one of the most famous periodic comets, visible from Earth approximately once every 76 years.
- Behind its name: It is named after the English astronomer Edmond Halley, who correctly predicted its return in 1758 using Newton’s laws of motion.
- Early observations: The comet has been recorded by observers around the world for over 2,000 years, including in Babylonian, Chinese, and mediaeval European sources.
- Latest appearance: Halley’s Comet last appeared in 1986 and is expected to return in 2061.
- Visibility: It is visible to the naked eye and appears as a bright streak of light with a glowing tail, caused by solar radiation vaporising its icy surface.
- Significance: Its 1456 CE appearance was especially bright and visible across Europe and Asia, and now, for the first time, it has been identified in an Indian epigraphical record.
| [UPSC 2011] What is the difference between asteroids and comets?
1. Asteroids are small rocky planetoids, while comets are formed of frozen gases held together by rocky and metallic material.
2. Asteroids are found mostly between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars, while comets are found mostly between Venus and Mercury.
3. Comets show a perceptible glowing tail, while asteroids do not.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only* (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Why in the News?
The Defence Ministry announced a breakthrough as IIT-Delhi and DRDO scientists successfully demonstrated quantum communication over 1 km in free space.
What is Quantum Communication?
- It is a new way of sending messages so safely that no one can secretly listen in.
- It uses the laws of quantum physics, especially something called quantum entanglement, to make sure that if someone tries to spy on your message, you’ll know immediately.
- In quantum entanglement, two tiny particles (like photons of light) are connected in a mysterious way—whatever happens to one instantly affects the other, even if they’re far apart.
- Because of this, if someone tries to distort one particle, it changes, and the system knows the message isn’t safe anymore.
- This makes quantum communication perfect for defence, banking, and sensitive messages that must stay secret.
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) – Explained Simply:
- Imagine you want to lock a box and send it to your friend, but you also want them to have the key—without anyone else being able to copy it.
- QKD is a special way to share that key safely, using quantum particles instead of metal keys.
- Two people use entangled particles to create the same secret key, without anyone else knowing it.
- If someone tries to intercept the key while it’s being shared, the particles will show signs of disturbance, and the system will know to discard it and try again.
- Once both people have the same key, they can use it to lock and unlock messages using regular encryption tools.
- QKD doesn’t send the actual message—it just safely shares the key that keeps messages secret.
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What did the IIT-Delhi team achieve?
- A team led by IIT-Delhi, in collaboration with DRDO, successfully demonstrated entanglement-based quantum communication over 1 km in free space.
- This was done within the IIT-Delhi campus and marks a key advancement from previous experiments using only optical fibre.
- The demonstration achieved a secure key rate of 240 bits per second and maintained a quantum bit error rate (QBER) of under 7%, which is considered acceptable for real-world QKD.
- This capability is a step toward achieving satellite-to-ground quantum communication, enabling encrypted keys to be distributed across vast regions without physical links.
India’s Quantum Communication Journey So Far:
- In 2022, Prof. Kanseri’s team first demonstrated quantum communication between Vindhyachal and Prayagraj.
- In 2023, they expanded this capability to 380 km using standard telecom fibre, achieving a low QBER of 1.48%.
- By 2024, the team established a QKD link spanning over 100 km of optical fibre, further pushing the reliability and reach of India’s quantum infrastructure.
- These achievements are part of India’s larger effort under the National Quantum Mission (2023–2031), which has a budget of ₹6,000 crore to support R&D and deployment in quantum computing, sensing, and communication.
- India now joins an elite group of nations—alongside China and the US—actively building toward a quantum-secure internet, with potential applications in defence, finance, telecom, and cybersecurity.
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| [UPSC 2025] Consider the following statements:
I. It is expected that Majorana 1 chip will enable quantum computing. II. Majorana 1 chip has been introduced by Amazon Web Services (AWS). III. Deep learning is a subset of machine learning.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Options: (a) I and only I (b) II and III only (c) I and III only* (d) I, II and III |
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