PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2014] Some of the International funding agencies have special terms for economic participation stipulating a substantial component of the aid to be used for sourcing equipment from the leading countries. Discuss on merits of such terms and if, there exists a strong case not to accept such conditions in the Indian context.
Linkage: This question directly addresses the modalities and conditionalities of “international funding agencies” which are a core aspect of global development finance. This article highlights that the “rephasing global development finance” is necessary due to several factors, including the “shrinking ODA and debt crisis”, the profound decline in the “flow of global development finance”. |
Mentor’s Comment: India’s development cooperation with the Global South is undergoing a significant reorientation. After years of steadily expanding economic assistance, rising from $3 billion in 2010–11 to $7 billion in 2023–24, the government is signaling a major policy shift. The Finance Ministry has red-flagged the continued use of Lines of Credit (LoCs), which have historically been a key engagement tool under the Indian Development and Economic Assistance Scheme (IDEAS). With the global liquidity crisis, rising debt distress in developing nations, and a sharp decline in traditional Official Development Assistance (ODA) from major donors like the U.S. and U.K., India is now pushing for a more diversified model.
Today’s editorial analyses India’s development cooperation with the Global South. This topic is important for GS Paper II (International Relations) in the UPSC mains exam.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
India’s development cooperation with the Global South has been steadily increasing over the years.
What are India’s modes of cooperation with the Global South?
- Capacity Building: Focuses on training, education, and skill development of human resources in partner countries. Eg: The Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) programme provides training to officials from over 160 countries in various sectors like IT, agriculture, and governance.
- Technology Transfer: Sharing India’s innovations, expertise, and cost-effective solutions with Global South nations. Eg: India has shared digital public infrastructure models like Aadhaar and UPI with countries in Africa and Southeast Asia.
- Market Access: Providing duty-free and preferential access to Indian markets for exports from developing nations. Eg: Under the Duty-Free Tariff Preference (DFTP) scheme, least developed countries (LDCs) benefit from reduced tariffs when exporting to India.
- Grants: Non-repayable financial assistance offered for key infrastructure or social sector projects. Eg: India provided grants for building parliament buildings in countries like Afghanistan and Mali.
- Concessional Finance (Lines of Credit – LoCs): India extends low-interest loans to partner countries for development projects under the IDEAS (Indian Development and Economic Assistance Scheme). Eg: India extended LoCs for railway projects in Africa (like in Mozambique and Senegal) and for solar energy projects under the International Solar Alliance (ISA).
| Note: IDEAS is a flagship initiative of the Government of India designed to promote development cooperation with partner countries, especially in the Global South, by extending Lines of Credit (LoCs) on concessional terms. |
Why is the relevance of Lines of Credit (LoCs) under IDEAS being reconsidered?
- Rising Sovereign Debt and Repayment Challenges: Many partner countries in the Global South are facing sovereign debt crises, reducing their capacity to repay concessional loans. Eg: During the G-20 summit, India raised concerns over the unsustainable debt levels in Africa and small island nations, signalling caution in issuing new LoCs.
- Strain on Indian Public Finances: India borrows from global capital markets and extends credit at concessional rates under IDEAS, absorbing the interest differential. With global liquidity tightening, this model has become fiscally burdensome. Eg: The Finance Ministry flagged the increasing fiscal burden of absorbing interest costs in the 2025–26 budget, suggesting a shift away from LoCs.
- Unpredictability in Global Capital Markets: Fluctuations in global interest rates and capital availability have made it difficult to maintain concessional lending under predictable terms. Eg: Due to the rising cost of borrowing post-COVID, India finds it less viable to sustain concessional credit lines compared to more flexible grant-based or Triangular Cooperation (TrC) models.
How has the decline in Official Development Assistance (ODA) impacted global development finance?
- Reduction in Available Funding for Development Projects: ODA has dropped significantly from $214 billion in 2023 to an expected $97 billion, a ~45% decline, leading to fewer resources for critical development programmes, especially in least developed countries (LDCs).
- Setback to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): The financing gap for SDGs has widened, rising from $2.5 trillion in 2015 to over $4 trillion in 2024. With limited ODA, progress toward achieving the 2030 Agenda remains off track, especially after COVID-19 and global shocks.
- Increased Vulnerability of Debt-Stressed Nations: The shrinking flow of concessional finance has made it harder for debt-ridden nations to access affordable funding, jeopardizing development progress and worsening existing economic vulnerabilities.
What is Triangular Cooperation (TrC)?
Triangular Cooperation (TrC) is a development model that brings together three key actors:
- A traditional donor from the Global North (e.g., Germany, Japan, USA)
- A pivotal country from the Global South with development experience (e.g., India, Brazil, Indonesia)
- A partner country, usually another developing or least developed country, which receives the support
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What is the role of Triangular Cooperation (TrC)?
- Bridges Global North and South: Triangular Cooperation brings together a traditional donor from the Global North, a pivotal country from the Global South (like India), and a partner country (often another developing nation). It creates inclusive platforms for shared learning, mutual respect, and context-specific solutions.
- Promotes Cost-Effective and Impactful Development: TrC enables the co-creation of development solutions that are tailored to local needs while combining technical expertise, financial resources, and implementation experience from all three partners. This leads to cost-effective and sustainable outcomes. Eg: India and Germany have implemented TrC projects in countries like Cameroon, Ghana, Malawi, and Peru.
- Expands India’s Development Diplomacy: TrC allows India to leverage partnerships with countries such as Germany, UK, EU, and Japan to implement projects in third countries, enhancing India’s role as a global development partner. It aligns with India’s vision of a Global Development Compact and was promoted during its G-20 presidency.
How can India leverage partnerships through TrC to enhance its development diplomacy? (Way forward)
- Strengthening Strategic Alliances and Global Presence: India can collaborate with traditional donors like Germany, Japan, the UK, and the EU to implement development projects in third countries, enhancing its image as a reliable global development partner and expanding its geopolitical influence.
- Promoting Scalable, Cost-Effective Solutions in the Global South: By combining India’s technical expertise with Northern financial resources, TrC enables context-specific, demand-driven projects in areas like energy, health, and education, aligning with India’s vision of a Global Development Compact.
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Why in the News?
A tragic pattern keeps repeating in Tamil Nadu’s firecracker industry, especially in Virudhunagar district, where frequent explosions continue to injure and kill workers. In the first half of 2025 alone, eight accidents have taken 26 lives—adding to a steady trend of 52 deaths in 2024 and 79 in 2023.
What causes repeated accidents in Tamil Nadu’s fireworks industry?
- Unsafe Handling of Chemicals: Accidents often result from friction during the mixing or filling of explosive chemicals, which easily ignite. Eg: In the 2025 Sattur explosion, preliminary reports blamed friction during chemical filling for the blast.
- Improper Storage of Inflammable Materials: Fireworks units store chemicals in unsafe conditions, often exposed to direct sunlight and heat, violating safety norms. Eg: Explosives Rules, 2008 prohibit storage under excessive heat, but violations continue in units across Virudhunagar.
- High Ambient Temperatures: The hot and dry climate of Virudhunagar, especially during summer, increases the likelihood of spontaneous ignition.
- Negligence by Manufacturers: Many factory owners ignore safety protocols to save time and cost, compromising worker safety.
- Inadequate Regulatory Oversight: Despite being licensed by PESO, regulatory inspections are infrequent or ineffective, allowing unsafe practices to persist.
What are the safety regulations in India?
- Explosives Rules, 2008 (under Explosives Act, 1884): Regulates licensing, safe storage, handling, and transport of explosives.
- Factories Act, 1948: Ensures worker safety through ventilation, PPE (Personal Protective Equipment), safety training, and health monitoring.
- Environment (Protection) Act, 1986: Mandates pollution control, hazardous waste management, and environmental safeguards.
- Disaster Management Act, 2005: Requires emergency response plans, mock drills, and local authority coordination.
- PESO Guidelines: Enforces safety standards in explosives units and conducts inspections for compliance.
- National Building Code (NBC), 2016: Prescribes fire safety, exits, alarms, and structural norms for industrial buildings.
- Indian Boilers Act, 1923: Ensures safe operation and periodic inspection of industrial boilers.
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Why is safety regulation ineffective despite existing laws?
- Weak Enforcement of Existing Laws: The Explosives Rules, 2008 mandate strict precautions, such as protecting explosives from sunlight and heat, but enforcement is lax. Eg: Despite clear rules, multiple units in Virudhunagar continue to store chemicals in open areas, leading to repeat accidents.
- Lack of Regular and Stringent Inspections: Regulatory bodies like PESO (Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organization) often fail to conduct timely and thorough inspections, enabling rule violations.
- Absence of Accountability and Deterrence: Post-accident investigations rarely result in penal action, and most factories resume operations without meaningful changes. Eg: After the Sattur explosion in 2025, investigations began, but no immediate enforcement action was reported to prevent recurrence.
How does worker vulnerability worsen firecracker factory risks?
- Social and Economic Marginalisation: Workers are often from poor, rural, and socially disadvantaged backgrounds, making them desperate for employment, even in unsafe conditions. Eg: In Virudhunagar, many labourers accept jobs in hazardous fireworks units despite known safety risks due to lack of alternative livelihood options.
- Lack of Awareness and Training: Vulnerable workers often have low literacy levels and receive little or no safety training, increasing the chance of mishandling chemicals or violating protocols. Eg: Many accidents occur during the manual mixing or filling of chemicals, which is often done by untrained workers.
- Weak Bargaining Power and Job Insecurity: These workers usually work in informal or unregistered setups, where they cannot demand better safety gear, facilities, or rights.
What role should the state play in enforcing safety norms? (Way forward)
- Strict Enforcement of Regulations: Ensure regular inspections and penalties for violations under laws like the Explosives Rules, 2008 and Factories Act, 1948.
- Collaboration with Industry for Safer Practices: Work with manufacturers to develop a culture of safety, just as cooperation helped eliminate child labourin the past.
- Support for Worker Protection and Welfare: Ensure social security, compensation, and rehabilitation for injured workers. Promote formal employment practices.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2015] For achieving the desired objectives, it is necessary to ensure that the regulatory institutions remain independent and autonomous. Discuss in the light of the experiences in recent past.
Linkage: This question directly addresses the effectiveness of “regulatory institutions” and their ability to achieve their “desired objectives”. The article explicitly state that the fireworks industry in Tamil Nadu, particularly in Virudhunagar, experiences numerous fatal accidents annually, despite being governed by the Explosives Rules, 2008, and requiring licenses from the Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organization.
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Why in the News?
The custodial death of Ajith Kumar in Sivaganga district, Tamil Nadu, has once again sparked widespread anger across the country over police brutality and the lack of accountability in such cases.
| Note: Custodial death refers to the death of a person while in police or judicial custody, due to torture, negligence, or maltreatment by authorities.
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What are the key reasons behind recurring custodial deaths in India?
- Use of Excessive Force and Torture: Police personnel often resort to physical abuse during interrogations, leading to serious injuries or death. Eg: In 2023, Tamil Nadu reported multiple cases of custodial torture, including the Ambasamudram case, which involved the brutal beating of detainees with iron rods.
- Weak Legal Enforcement and Delayed Justice: Despite numerous inquiries, very few convictions are secured against police officers involved in custodial violence. Eg: Between 2017 and 2022, 123 police personnel were arrested and 79 were chargesheeted, yet zero convictions were recorded across India.
- Lack of Independent Oversight: Most investigations into custodial deaths are conducted internally with minimal external checks or judicial scrutiny. Eg: Only 345 magisterial/judicial inquiries were initiated between 2017 and 2022, despite over 11,000 custodial deaths reported during this period.
- Culture of Impunity within the Police Force: A persistent lack of accountability creates an environment where violations are repeated without fear of consequences. Eg: Out of 74 human rights violation cases filed against police between 2017 and 2022, only 3 convictions were secured.
How are Scheduled Castes disproportionately affected in detentions?
- Overrepresentation in Preventive Detentions: Scheduled Castes (SCs) are detained at a much higher rate than their population share, reflecting systemic bias. Eg: In Tamil Nadu (2022), SCs accounted for 38.5% of detainees under preventive laws, despite forming only 20% of the State’s population.
- Targeted Policing and Social Vulnerability: SC communities often face discriminatory policing, leading to higher instances of illegal detention and custodial violence, especially under vague or discretionary laws. Eg: Tamil Nadu had 2,129 detenues as of December 31, 2022 — nearly half of India’s total — with a large share from SC backgrounds.
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
- Judicial: Enforcement of Article 21 and DK Basu guidelines by the Supreme Court to prevent custodial torture.
- Legal Safeguards: According to CrPC Section 176(1A), judicial inquiry is mandated in custodial death cases.
- Institutional Oversight Mechanisms: Establishment of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) and State Human Rights Commissions (SHRCs) to monitor, investigate, and recommend action on custodial violence.
- Police Reforms: Training under Modernisation of Police Forces (MPF) to promote human rights-oriented policing.
- Technological Measures: Implementation of CCTV in police stations, body cameras, and e-Sakshya app for real-time evidence collection.
What are the case studies?
- United Kingdom – Independent Oversight through IPCC: The UK established the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) (now IOPC) to investigate deaths and serious incidents involving the police. It ensures transparent investigations and addresses complaints against police misconduct.
- South Africa – Legal Accountability via Constitutional Court: In Bhe and Others v. Magistrate, Khayelitsha (2005), the South African Constitutional Court held the state responsible for custodial deaths. The judgment pushed for reforms in police behaviour and emphasized constitutional safeguards.
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How can reforms curb impunity in custodial violence cases? (Way forward)
- Establish Independent Investigation Mechanisms: Create autonomous bodies or empower judicial magistrates to investigate custodial deaths and torture cases, ensuring unbiased inquiry and reducing conflict of interest.
- Enact a Robust Anti-Torture Law: Pass a dedicated legislation aligned with the UN Convention Against Torture, clearly defining custodial violence, laying out punishments, and providing legal remedies to victims.
- Ensure Accountability and Transparency: Mandate the use of CCTV and body cameras in all custody areas; implement real-time digital monitoring like e-Sakshya. Need Fast-track trials and ensure strict action against guilty officers to create a strong deterrent.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2021] Though the Human Rights Commissions have con tributed immensely to the protection of human rights in India, yet they have failed to assert themselves against the mighty and powerful. Analyzing their structural and practical limitations, sug gest remedial measures.
Linkage: The article talks about the clear pattern where “a significant number of custodial deaths take place, of which a considerable number of them are reported, a few of the policemen are arrested, and none of them are convicted. This question is highly pertinent to the issue of custodial deaths and the lack of police convictions.
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Why in the News?
Turning 90 on July 6, 2025, the 14th Dalai Lama gave his clearest message yet that the Dalai Lama lineage will continue, challenging China’s stance.
Who is the Dalai Lama?
- Spiritual Head: The Dalai Lama leads the Gelug (Yellow Hat) school, the most influential tradition in Tibetan Buddhism.
- Meaning: The title “Dalai Lama” means “Ocean of Wisdom”, first conferred in the 16th century by Mongol ruler Altan Khan.Role: He is considered the reincarnation of Avalokiteshvara, the Bodhisattva of Compassion, in human form.
Tenzin Gyatso: the 14th Dalai Lama:
- Early Life: The 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, was born in 1935 in Taktser, Tibet, and enthroned in 1940 after recognition in 1939.
- Exile to India: Following China’s occupation of Tibet, he took asylum in India in 1959 and established the Tibetan Government-in-Exile in Dharamsala.
- Political Transition: In 2011, he relinquished political authority, handing it over to an elected leader of the Tibetan Parliament-in-Exile (TPiE) but retained his spiritual role.
- Global Peace Advocate: He received the 1989 Nobel Peace Prize for non-violent advocacy and is a prominent promoter of interfaith harmony and secular ethics.
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Key Notes on Tibetan Buddhism:
- Theology: Tibetan Buddhism blends Mahayana philosophy, Tantric (Vajrayana) rituals, and Bon traditions.
- Major Schools: It includes four schools—Nyingma, Kagyu, Sakya, and Gelug—with the Gelug school founded by Je Tsongkhapa in the 14th century.
- Reincarnation System: Leaders like the Panchen Lama and Karmapa are part of the Tulku system, believed to be reincarnated teachers.
- Textual Foundation: Core texts include the Kangyur (Buddha’s teachings) and Tengyur (commentaries by scholars).
- Meditation Traditions: Practices like Dzogchen and Mahamudra focus on realizing the true nature of mind.
- Institutional Legacy: Monasteries such as Drepung, Ganden, and Tashi Lhunpo are vital centers for learning and ritual.
- Global Influence: Tibetan Buddhism thrives across the Himalayas and is expanding globally, especially in Western countries.
| [UPSC 2018] With reference to Indian history, who among the following is a future Buddha, yet to come to save the world?
Options: (a) Avalokiteshvara (b) Lokesvara (c) Maitreya* (d) Padmapani |
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Why in the News?
With focus shifting to COP30, climate finance is in the spotlight as the Fourth International Financing for Development Conference (FfD4) works to finalise the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) — a more ambitious target to replace the unmet $100 billion annual pledge.
About New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG):
- Overview: It is a new global climate finance target under negotiation to replace the unmet $100 billion pledge made by developed countries in 2009.
- Basis: It is being framed through the Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA).
- Minimum Starting Point: The goal will begin at a minimum of $100 billion per year, with future revisions based on real needs of developing nations.
- Areas to be Covered: NCQG supports mitigation, adaptation, and resilience, with an explicit focus on the needs of developing countries.
How it differs from earlier Pledge?
- From Political to Need-Based: The earlier $100 billion was a political promise, while NCQG is a data-driven, needs-based goal.
- Backed by National Priorities: Funding estimates will use developing countries’ own assessments and climate plans.
- Greater Transparency and Trust: NCQG seeks to rebuild trust by addressing the trust deficit from past failures and improving accountability.
True Scale of Climate Finance Needs:
- Requirement: As per UNFCCC (2021), developing countries may need $6 trillion/year by 2030 to meet their climate goals.
- Global Energy Transition Costs: A low-carbon global transition could need $4–6 trillion annually until 2050.
- Renewable Energy Goals: Tripling renewables by 2030, agreed at COP28, may cost $30 trillion (IRENA).
- India’s Stand: India has proposed an NCQG of $1 trillion/year, with a focus on grants and concessional finance, avoiding debt-heavy solutions.
| [UPSC 2024] Which one of the following launched the ‘Nature Solutions Finance Hub for Asia and the Pacific’?
Options: (a) The Asian Development Bank (ADB) (b) The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) (c) The New Development Bank (NDB) (d) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) |
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Why in the News?
The Tamil Nadu government, with World Bank support, has launched a ₹50 crore restoration project for the sinking Kariyachalli Island.
About Kariyachalli Island:
- Overview: Kariyachalli Island is one of the 21 uninhabited islands in the Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park.
- Geographic Location: It lies 4 km south of Sippikulam and 20 km northeast of Thoothukudi, between Rameswaram and Thoothukudi.
- Made of Reef Sediments: The island is a low-lying landform made of reef debris, sand dunes, spits, and sandy plains.
- Biodiversity Hotspot: Located in India’s coral reef zone, it supports 4,300+ marine species, including 132 coral types and the endangered dugong.
- Ecological Importance: It has seagrass beds and coral reefs that provide food and shelter for marine life.
- Natural Coastal Shield: Kariyachalli acts as a barrier against cyclones and tsunamis, helping protect the Tamil Nadu coast.
- Historical Significance: It played a role in mitigating the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami impact.
Why is it sinking?
- Rapid Land Loss: The island has shrunk by over 70%, from 20.85 ha in 1969 to under 6 ha in 2024.
- High Tide Erosion: At high tide, only 3.14 ha remains, per an IIT Madras (2025) study.
- Wave and Sediment Pressure: Wave action, sediment loss, and lack of natural shoreline defense are accelerating erosion.
- Climate Change Impact: Rising sea levels and coral bleaching have weakened the island’s natural protection.
- Seagrass Depletion: Loss of seagrass beds has reduced the island’s ability to hold sediments and resist erosion.
- Extreme Weather Events: Frequent cyclones and storms are making the island more vulnerable.
- Future Risk: If the current trend continues, Kariyachalli may vanish by 2036.
| [UPSC 2023] Which one of the following is the best example of repeated falls in sea level, giving rise to present-day extensive marshland?
Options: (a) Bhitarkanika Mangroves (b) Marakkanam Salt Pans (c) Naupada Swamp (d) Rann of Kutch* |
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Why in the News?
India’s tiger population is undergoing a major eastward expansion, as young male tigers from central India’s source reserves (like Kanha and Bandhavgarh) disperse into eastern forests (Jharkhand, Odisha, and West Bengal) in search of territory and mates.
Recent Incidents of Tiger Migration:
- Bandhavgarh (MP) → Palamu (Jharkhand) → Purulia (WB) → Rescued and sent back to Palamu
- Simlipal (Odisha) → Jharkhand → Lalgarh (WB) → Tiger killed by villagers
- Tadoba (Maharashtra) → Simlipal (Odisha) → West Bengal → Zeenat the tigress translocated and dispersed
Back2Basics: Royal Bengal Tiger
- Declared National Animal of India in 1972 by the Indian Board for Wildlife (IBWL).
- Largest population in India; also found in Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, China, and Myanmar. India harbours 75% of the world’s wild tigers.
- Occupies habitats such as high mountains, mangrove swamps, grasslands, deciduous forests, evergreen, and shola forests.
- Ecological Significance:
- Flagship species: Essential for conservation efforts since it’s the topmost predator in food chain.
- Umbrella species: Protecting tigers helps conserve other species (through food chain regulation).
- Protection Status:
- Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule I.
- IUCN Red List: Endangered.
- CITES: Listed in Appendix I.
- Project Tiger is a wildlife conservation initiative in India that was launched in 1973.
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Behavioural Traits of Tigers Influencing Dispersal:
- Territorial Independence: Upon maturity, male tigers must leave their natal territory to find exclusive prey-rich zones and mates, triggering long-distance dispersal.
- Gendered Dispersal:
- Males are wanderers – they cover vast areas and often cross multiple states.
- Females are philopatric – they stay close to their birthplace and are usually accepted by nearby relatives.
- Source-Sink Dynamics:
- Source forests (e.g. Kanha, Bandhavgarh) produce surplus tigers due to good prey and protection.
- Sink forests (e.g. Palamu, Dalma) cannot sustain tiger populations without new immigrants.
- Adaptive but Risk-Prone: Tigers are biologically wired to explore new habitats, even degraded ones, but often face food scarcity, isolation, and human conflict.
- Prey Dependence and Conflict: In prey-deficient forests, floater tigers’ resort to livestock hunting, increasing the risk of human-tiger conflict.
- Resilience and Colonisation Instinct: Despite setbacks, tigers attempt to colonise new areas, offering hope for species expansion if supported by proper conservation.
| [UPSC 2024] Consider the following statements:
1. Lions do not have a particular breeding season.
2. Unlike most other big cats, cheetahs do not roar.
3. Unlike male lions, male leopards do not proclaim their territory by scent marking.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only* (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Why in the News?
Scientists from Bengaluru, in collaboration with Aligarh Muslim University, have developed an advanced material that significantly improves supercapacitor performance.
What are Supercapacitors?
- Fast-Charging Energy Devices: Supercapacitors are special tools that store and release energy very quickly, much faster than regular batteries.
- Used in Modern Technology: They are found in phones, electric vehicles, and solar systems where fast energy delivery is needed.
- Trade-Off in Storage: While they charge faster, they generally hold less energy than traditional batteries.
- Ongoing Scientific Efforts: Researchers are trying to increase energy capacity without sacrificing their quick-charging abilities.
About Lanthanum-Doped Silver Niobate:
- New Material from Indian Scientists: A research team from Bengaluru and Aligarh Muslim University created a better material for supercapacitors.
- Silver Niobate as Base: They used silver niobate, which is non-toxic and eco-friendly, as the base material.
- Improved by Lanthanum Doping: They added lanthanum, a rare metal, to help enhance electrical performance — a method called doping.
- Smaller Particles, Bigger Surface: The particles became smaller, increasing the surface area for energy storage.
What makes this material special?
- Better with Use: The material retained 118% of its capacity after repeated use, showing it improved over time.
- 100% Energy Efficiency: It wasted no energy during charge or discharge, making it highly efficient.
- Quick and Smooth Performance: It delivered energy faster and more steadily than previous materials.
- Proven in Real-World Test: A test device using this material could power an LCD screen, proving practical use.
- Eco-Friendly Choice: It is lead-free and safe for the environment.
- Future Potential: Scientists hope to apply this method to other materials and scale up for commercial use in electronics, EVs, and solar tech.
| [UPSC 2022] With reference to India, consider the following statements:
1. Monazite is a source of rare
earths. 2. Monazite contains thorium. 3. Monazite occurs naturally in the entire Indian coastal sands in India. 4. In India, Government bodies only can process or export monazite.
Which of the statements given above are correct ?
Options: (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 2 and 4 only* (c) 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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