world map | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Geographical Features & Their Location

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Antarctica Region

Mains level: NA

Why in the news?

The Antarctic Treaty has sparked debates among policymakers, scientists, and the public, as they weigh the balance between environmental conservation, economic interests, and geopolitical concerns in Antarctica.

About Antarctica

- Antarctica is the fifth-largest continent, covering an area of approximately 14 million square km.
- It is situated entirely within the Antarctic Circle, with its geographic center near the South Pole.
- It is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent on Earth.
- The interior of Antarctica is a polar desert, receiving very little precipitation, mostly in the form of snow.

The Antarctic Ice Sheet is the largest single mass of ice on Earth, containing approximately 70% of the world’s freshwater.

Geographical Features:

	Description
Mountains	The continent is home to several mountain ranges, including the Transantarctic Mountains. Vinson Massif is the highest peak at 4,892 meters (16,050 feet) above sea level.
Ice Shelves	Large floating ice shelves extend along the coast, formed by glaciers flowing from the interior, crucial for stabilizing the Antarctic ice sheet.
Glaciers	Numerous glaciers flow from the high interior to the coast, including Pine Island Glacier and Thwaites Glacier, among the largest and fastest-moving in the world.
Icebergs	Glaciers calve off large chunks of ice, forming icebergs of various sizes. Antarctic Iceberg A-68, which broke off from the Larsen C Ice Shelf in 2017, was one of the largest recorded.
Plateaus	Much of Antarctica’s interior consists of high, flat plateaus covered by ice, reaching elevations over 4,000 meters (13,000 feet) above sea level.
Ice-Free Areas	Despite being predominantly ice-covered, some ice-free areas exist along the coastlines and in the Antarctic Peninsula region, supporting limited vegetation and wildlife.

Territorial Claims on Antarctica:

The countries with territorial claims in Antarctica are:

Argentina: Claims a sector of Antarctica known as Argentine Antarctica.
Australia: Claims the Australian Antarctic Territory.
Chile: Claims a sector of Antarctica known as Chilean Antarctic Territory.
France: Claims a sector of Antarctica known as Adélie Land.
New Zealand: Claims the Ross Dependency.
Norway: Claims a sector of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land.
United Kingdom: Claims a sector of Antarctica known as the British Antarctic Territory.
United States: Claims a sector of Antarctica known as the Marie Byrd Land.

India’s Antarctic Outreach

Initiated in 1981, India’s Antarctic Program, managed by National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, encompasses multi-disciplinary research expeditions.
With the establishment of research bases like Dakshin Gangotri (1983) (now decommissioned), Maitri (1989), and Bharati (2012), India contributes significantly to Antarctic exploration.
Notably, India’s presence in Antarctica includes a Post Office established in 1984, facilitating communication and research logistics.

PYQ:

[2011] The formation of ozone hole in the Antarctic region has been a cause of concern. What could be the reason for the formation of this hole?

(a) Presence of prominent tropospheric turbulence; and inflow of chlorofluorocarbons

(b) Presence of prominent polar front and stratospheric’: Clouds; and inflow of chlorofluorocarbons

(d) Increased temperature at polar region due to global warming.

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[pib] National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA)

Explained | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Governance, Transparency & Accountability, Citizens Charters

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: NADA and its Functions, Therapeutic Use Exemptions, WADA

Mains level: NA

Why in the news?

The National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA), India, recently concluded its #PlayTrue Campaign, commemorating WADA’s Play True Day.
The campaign aimed to raise awareness about clean sport and anti-doping practices across India.

National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA):

Established in November 2005 by the Government of India with the objective of ensuring dope-free sports.
Formed as a registered society under the Societies Registration Act of 1860.
Functions as an autonomous body under the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports.
It follows the World Anti-Doping Code (WADC) and the Prohibited List published annually by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).
Primary functions include:

Conducting In-Competition and Out-of-Competition dope testing of athletes across various sports disciplines.
Educating athletes, coaches, and support personnel about the dangers of doping and the importance of clean sports through awareness programs and workshops.
Implementing a robust anti-doping policy framework in line with international standards.
Investigating and prosecuting anti-doping rule violations in accordance with the WADA Code.
Collaborating with international anti-doping organizations and agencies to ensure harmonization of anti-doping efforts globally.
Providing support and guidance to National Sports Federations (NSFs), State Sports Associations (SSAs), and other stakeholders to develop and implement effective anti-doping measures.

Key Function: Dope Testing

NADA conducts both in-competition and out-of-competition dope testing of athletes participating in various national and international sports events.
NADA employs trained Doping Control Officers (DCOs) who are responsible for conducting dope testing at sports events and collecting samples from athletes.
These officers are trained to adhere to international standards and protocols during sample collection.
NADA works towards ensuring compliance with the WADA Code and the National Anti-Doping Rules by all stakeholders involved in Indian sports, including athletes, coaches, NSFs, and SSAs.

Allowed Substances and Methods:

Therapeutic Use Exemptions (TUEs): Athletes can apply for TUEs to use otherwise prohibited substances for legitimate medical reasons. TUEs are granted based on the assessment of medical documentation by anti-doping authorities.
Specified Substances: Some substances, such as certain beta-2 agonists and glucocorticoids, are permitted in specific dosages or routes of administration and may require a TUE depending on the circumstances.
PROHIBITED: Prohibited substances and methods include anabolic agents, peptide hormones, beta-2 agonists, hormone and metabolic modulators, diuretics, stimulants, narcotics, cannabinoids, glucocorticoids, beta blockers, blood doping, and gene doping.

Back2Basics: World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)

WADA was established in 1999 and is headquartered in Montreal, Canada.
It was set up as a foundation under the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
It was formed pursuant to the terms of the Lausanne Declaration (1999), which provided for the creation of an independent international anti-doping
WADA is responsible for the World Anti-Doping Code, adopted by more than 650 sports organizations, including international sports federations, national anti-doping organizations, the IOC, and the International Paralympic Committee

PYQ:

[2021] Consider the following statements in respect of the Laureus World Sports Award which was instituted in the year 2000:

1. American golfer Tiger Woods was the first winner of this award.

2. The award was received mostly by ‘Formula One’ players so far.

3. Roger Federer received this award maximum number of times compared to others.

Which of the above statements are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

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Women empowerment issues – Jobs,Reservation and education

Hindu Marriage not valid without requisite Ceremonies: SC

SC Judgements | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Laws, Institutions & Bodies Constituted For The Vulnerable Sections

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Features of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 and its applicability

Mains level: NA

Why in the news?

The Supreme Court recently emphasized the sacredness of Hindu marriage, stating it is not merely a social event but a ‘samskara’ and a sacrament of significant value in Indian society.
The court’s observations came in response to a case involving two commercial pilots seeking a divorce decree without a valid Hindu marriage ceremony.

About Hindu Marriage Act, 1955

	Details
Enactment	Passed by the Parliament of India on May 18, 1955.
Purpose	Amendment and codification of laws related to marriage among Hindus and others.
Applicability	Applies to Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, Sikhs, and others NOT governed by Muslim, Christian, Parsi, or Jewish laws. NOTE: The Special Marriage Act, 1954 applies to all citizens of India, irrespective of religion, faith, or belief. It facilitates inter-religious and inter-caste marriages.
Conditions for Marriage	Section 5 specifies conditions including age, mental capacity, consent, and absence of prohibited relationships.
Features of the HMA
Guardianship for Marriage	Section 6 outlines the persons entitled to give consent for a bride’s marriage.
Solemnization of Marriage	Section 7 recognizes customary rites and ceremonies for Hindu marriage.
Registration of Marriage	Section 8 allows for the registration of Hindu marriages for facilitating proof.
Ceremonies for a Hindu Marriage	Explains the special varieties of ceremonies that may be done to solemnize a Hindu marriage. Ex. ‘Saptapadi’ It acknowledges each conventional and court-registered marriage.
Restitution of Conjugal Rights	Section 9 permits application for restitution of conjugal rights if one spouse withdraws without excuse.
Judicial Separation	Section 10 provides for judicial separation based on certain grounds.
Nullity of Marriage and Divorce	Grounds for voidable marriages and divorce specified in Sections 11-13.
Mutual Divorce	Section 13B allows mutual divorce by consent of both parties.
Alimony and Maintenance	Sections 24-25 enable spouses to seek maintenance and alimony post-divorce.
Marriage Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2010	Proposed amendments for easier divorce on grounds of irretrievable breakdown.
Judicial Review	Supreme Court rulings on divorce petitions and exercise of powers under Article 142.

Essence of Hindu Marriage: Supreme Courts’ Observations

Denouncement of Unrecognized Marriages:

1. - The Supreme Court denounced the practice of seeking marital status without a valid ceremony.
  - Emphasized that marriage is a lifelong commitment and not to be treated lightly.

Sacred Character of Hindu Marriage:

1. - Hindu marriage is termed as a ‘sacrament’ with a sacred character.
  - It symbolizes the unity of two individuals into a dignified, equal, and consensual union.

Institutional Importance:

1. - Viewed as a vital institution for procreation, family consolidation, and fostering fraternity within communities.

Adherence to Rites and Ceremonies:

1. - The court reiterated that a Hindu marriage must adhere to the rites and ceremonies prescribed under the Hindu Marriage Act.
  - For instance, the ‘saptapadi’ ceremony is essential for validity.

Role of Marriage Registration:

- Marriage registration aids in providing evidence of the wedding.
- However, it does not confer legitimacy if the marriage is not solemnized according to the Hindu Marriage Act.

PYQ:

[2020] Customs and traditions suppress reason leading to obscurantism. Do you agree?

[2015] Discuss the possible factors that inhibit India from enacting for its citizen a uniform civil code as provided for in the Directive Principles of State Policy.

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ISRO Missions and Discoveries

Moon occulting the Antares (Jyeshtha)

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Antares (Jyeshtha), Occultation

Mains level: NA

Why in the news?

The Bengaluru-based Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) captured the moon passing in front of Antares, a bright red star.
Moon occasionally occults bright stars such as Antares and planets as it orbits the Earth once a month.

About Antares (Jyeshtha)

Antares is a red supergiant star also called ‘Alpha Scorpii,’ located in the constellation of Scorpius.
It is visible in the southern sky during the summer months in the northern hemisphere.
It is often referred to as the “heart of the scorpion” due to its location within the Scorpius constellation and its striking red color.
It is a massive star, with a diameter estimated to be around 700 times that of the Sun.
It has a relatively low surface temperature compared to other stars, which gives it its distinctive red color.
The distance to Antares from Earth is approximately 550 light-years, making it one of the closest red supergiant stars to our solar system.

What is Occultation?

An occultation is a total or a partial cut-off of the light of a celestial body due to its passage behind another body.
The finest example of an occultation is the solar eclipse.
Strictly speaking, it is not an eclipse, but a lunar occultation of the sun.

PYQ:

[2012] A person stood alone in a desert on a dark night and wanted to reach his village, which was situated 5 km East of the point where he was standing. He had no instruments to find the direction, but he located the pole-star. The most convenient way now to reach his village is to walk in the _______.

(a) Direction facing the pole-star

(b) Direction opposite to the pole-star

(d) Direction keeping the pole-star to his right

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Foreign Policy Watch: United Nations

[pib] 57th Session of the Commission on Population and Development (CPD57)

IOCR Prelims Only | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Commission on Population and Development (CPD)

Mains level: NA

Why in the news?

India’s Elected Women Representatives (EWRs) are participating in the Commission on Population and Development (CPD57) 57th session at the United Nations Headquarters in New York.

About Commission on Population and Development (CPD)

	Details
Establishment	Established by United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) resolution 18(IV) in 1946 to advise on population and development issues.
Mandate	Provides guidance and recommendations on population and development policies to ECOSOC and the UN General Assembly.
Membership	Comprises 47 member states elected by ECOSOC for 4-year terms, based on geographic representation and expertise.
Meetings	Holds annual sessions at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, typically in April.
Themes	Focuses each session on specific population and development themes, such as youth empowerment and gender equality.
Reports and Resolutions	Prepares reports and adopts resolutions containing recommendations for action by ECOSOC and the UN General Assembly.
Linkage to SDGs	Closely aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 3, 5, 10, and 17.
Regional Collaboration	Collaborates with regional commissions and expert groups to analyze population trends and develop strategies at regional and national levels.

PYQ:

[2017] What are the main functions of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)? Explain different functional commissions attached to it.

[2017] With reference to the role of UN-Habitat in the United Nations programme working towards a better urban future, which of the statements is/are correct?

1. UN-Habitat has been mandated by the United Nations General Assembly to promote socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities to provide adequate shelter for all.

2. Its partners are either governments or local urban authorities only.

3. UN-Habitat contributes to the overall objective of the United Nations system to reduce poverty and to promote access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3

(b) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1 only

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Labour, Jobs and Employment – Harmonization of labour laws, gender gap, unemployment, etc.

Analyzing labor on a warming planet

Explained | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Laws, Institutions & Bodies Constituted For The Vulnerable Sections

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Ensuring safety and health at work in a changing climate report

Mains level: The ILO has identified six key impacts of climate change

Why in the News?

The International Labour Organization’s (ILO) latest report, ‘Ensuring safety and health at work in a changing climate’, is an urgent call to ensure the future of labour is climate proofed and to address the constantly evolving work environment as the planet warms.

What are the Emerging Hazards? (The ILO has identified six key impacts of climate change)

Solar Ultraviolet Radiation: Increased exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation due to climate change can have adverse effects on outdoor workers, potentially leading to skin damage and cancer.
Extreme Weather Events: Climate change is contributing to the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as hurricanes, floods, and wildfires, which pose significant risks to workers in various sectors.
Workplace Air Pollution: Climate change can exacerbate air pollution in workplaces, particularly in industrial settings, leading to respiratory illnesses and other health problems among workers.
Vector-Borne Diseases: Changing climate patterns can influence the distribution and prevalence of vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, and Zika virus, posing risks to workers in affected regions.
Agrochemicals: Agricultural workers may face increased exposure to agrochemicals due to changes in pest and disease patterns resulting from climate change, potentially leading to health issues such as pesticide poisoning.
Gig Economy Workers: The rise of gig employment, particularly in heat-susceptible sectors such as transportation and delivery services, exposes workers to additional risks related to heat stress and other climate-related hazards.

Most affected Sectors of the Economy:

Agriculture: Despite a decline in the proportion of the workforce engaged in agriculture over the past few decades, it remains the most heat-susceptible sector, particularly in the developing world like India.
- The NSSO data of July 2018-June 2019 reveal that almost 90% of Indian farmers own less than two hectares of land, and earn an average monthly income of a little over ₹10,000
Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs): India’s vast MSME sector, employing over 123 million workers, contributes significantly to the country’s economy. However, the sector’s informalization poses challenges in ensuring worker safety and health.
- Lack of oversight by state Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) departments makes workers highly vulnerable to heat hazards, despite the sector’s substantial contribution to exports and manufacturing output.
Building and Construction: With approximately 70 million workers, the construction sector in India faces the urban heat island effect, especially in rapidly growing cities. Workers in this sector are exposed to physical injuries and health hazards such as asthma due to air pollution, as many Indian cities rank among the most polluted globally as per World Air Quality Report 2023 by IQAir.

About Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020 (OSH Code, 2020):

This is a comprehensive law, enacted in September 2020.
It consolidates and amends more than 13 central laws related to workplace safety, including the Factories Act, 1948, the Workmen Compensation Act, 1923, the Building and Other Construction Workers Act, 1996, the Plantations Labour Act, 1951, the Mines Act, 1952, and the Inter-State Migrant Workmen Act, 1979.
However, the enforcement of this law is yet to be officially notified by the Union government.

Way forward:

Enhanced Regulations and Enforcement: Implement and enforce the Occupational Safety, Health, and Working Conditions Code, 2020 to ensure comprehensive protection for workers across all sectors. This includes setting clear standards for workplace safety, regular inspections, and penalties for non-compliance.
Heat Stress Management: Implement measures to manage heat stress in workplaces, especially in heat-susceptible sectors like agriculture and construction. This can include providing access to shaded rest areas, increasing hydration facilities, adjusting work schedules to avoid peak heat hours.
Healthcare Access: Ensure access to healthcare services for workers, including regular health check-ups and treatment for heat-related illnesses and other occupational health issues. This may involve setting up medical facilities near worksites or providing transportation to nearby healthcare facilities.

Mains PYQ

Q ‘Climate change’ is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change? (UPSC IAS/2017)

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Animal Husbandry, Dairy & Fisheries Sector – Pashudhan Sanjivani, E- Pashudhan Haat, etc

An Animal Protection Bill that must be moved in June

Explained | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: NA

Mains level: Issues in PCA 1960

Why in the News?

Presently, Croatia has imposed stricter penalties for acts of cruelty, especially the abandonment of domestic pets. Countries across the world are reforming their animal cruelty laws and enhancing punishments for animal cruelty.

On punishment theories:

Inadequacies in the PCA Act (1960): The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act (PCA Act) is the primary legislation criminalizing various forms of cruelty towards animals in India.
Failure to Achieve Objectives: Despite being in place for several decades, the PCA Act has failed to achieve its main objective of preventing cruelty to animals effectively.

Theories of punishment suggest that punishment serves three main goals:

Retribution: Retribution refers to punishment imposed to avenge the crime committed.In the context of animal cruelty, retribution could involve imposing punishment on perpetrators to seek justice for the harm inflicted on animals.
Deterrence: It aims to prevent future crimes by imposing punishment that dissuades both the perpetrator and the general public from engaging in similar behavior.
Reformation or Rehabilitation: It focuses on reforming the behavior of the perpetrator to prevent future offenses.

Issues in PCA 1960 :

Bail and Non-Cognisable Offences: Many offences under the PCA Act are bailable and non-cognisable, allowing accused individuals to seek bail easily and preventing immediate police action without court permission. This delays justice and hampers effective enforcement.
Inadequate Fines: The fines prescribed under the PCA Act have remained unchanged for over 130 years, rendering them insignificant and failing to act as a deterrent against animal cruelty. In many cases, fines are as low as ₹10, which does not reflect the seriousness of the offenses.
Discretionary Sentencing: The law grants courts discretion to choose between imposing imprisonment or a fine on offenders, even for severe cases of animal cruelty. This leniency allows perpetrators to evade appropriate punishment, undermining the deterrent effect of the law.
Lack of Rehabilitation Measures: The PCA Act lacks provisions for alternative forms of punishment such as community service, which could help reform perpetrators and address the root causes of animal cruelty.

Steps taken by Government:

In November 2022, the Draft PCA (Amendment) Bill, 2022 was published by the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying for public comments. Despite widespread public support for the Draft Bill, it was not tabled in Parliament.
The Draft Bill includes significant amendments to the 1960 Act such as the inclusion of the five fundamental freedoms for animals, enhancement of the punishments and the amounts of money to be paid as fines for various offences, and addition of new cognisable offences.

Way forward

Legislative Reforms: Need to table the Draft PCA (Amendment) Bill, 2022 in Parliament for consideration and enactment.Enhance penalties and fines for animal cruelty to reflect the seriousness of the offenses and act as a deterrent.
Promotion of Public Awareness: Launch campaigns and awareness programs to educate the public about animal welfare and the consequences of cruelty.

Mains PYQ

Q Discuss the significance of the lion and bull figures in Indian mythology, art and architecture. (UPSC IAS/2022)

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Government Budgets

Budgets and Bills passed with little deliberation

Explained | | Mains Paper 2: Parliament & State Legislatures

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Public Accounts Committee

Mains level: Key points related to report on the performance of State legislatures in India in 2023

Why in the news?

Madhya Pradesh passed 85% of its Budget without discussion in 2023 followed by Kerala and Jharkhand.
These observations are based on repot of PRS Legislative Research’s Annual Review of State Laws 2023.The report analyses the performance of State legislatures in various key functions.

BACK2BASICS:

What is Public Accounts Committee (PAC)?

The inception of the Public Accounts Committee dates back to 1921 following its initial reference in the Government of India Act, 1919, commonly known as the Montford Reforms.
Currently, the formation of the Public Accounts Committee is an annual occurrence as per Rule 308 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Lok Sabha.
The primary objective of the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) is to examine and scrutinize the government’s financial transactions and expenditures to ensure transparency, accountability, and proper utilization of public funds.

Key points related to report on the performance of State legislatures in India in 2023:

Budget Passing Without Discussion: Nearly 40% of the ₹18.5 lakh crore budget presented by 10 States was passed without discussion. In some States like Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Jharkhand, and West Bengal, a significant portion of the budget was passed without debate.
Public Accounts Committee (PAC) Inactivity: In five States, including Bihar, Delhi, Goa, Maharashtra, and Odisha, the PAC did not table any reports in 2023. Maharashtra’s PAC neither met nor released a report during the year.
Fast-Track Passage of Bills: A significant number of bills were passed quickly with minimal debate, with 44% passed either on the same day they were introduced or the next day. This trend was consistent with previous years, indicating a pattern of swift legislative activity.
Promulgation of Ordinances: 84 ordinances were promulgated in 20 States, covering various subjects such as new universities, public examinations, and ownership of apartments. Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra accounted for the highest number of ordinances.
Regional Disparities: There were regional disparities in legislative activity, with states like Tamil Nadu and Himachal Pradesh tabling a significant number of PAC reports, while others like Maharashtra and Bihar saw inactivity. Similarly, some states passed bills quickly, while others took more time for deliberation.

Negative implication

Lack of Transparency: Budgets being passed without discussion indicate a lack of transparency and accountability in the budgetary process, potentially leading to decisions being made without proper scrutiny or public input.
Ineffective Oversight: The inactivity of Public Accounts Committees (PACs) in some states suggests a failure of oversight mechanisms, undermining the scrutiny of government expenditure and accountability for public funds.
Quality of Legislation: The fast-track passage of bills with minimal debate raises concerns about the quality of legislation and the thoroughness of deliberation, potentially resulting in hastily drafted or poorly scrutinized laws.
Overuse of Ordinances: The high number of ordinances promulgated signifies a reliance on executive orders to bypass the legislative process, which can undermine democratic principles and the role of the legislature in lawmaking.

Way forward

Enhancing Transparency and Accountability: Mandate thorough discussions and debates on budgets before passage to ensure transparency and accountability in financial decision-making.Establish mechanisms for public participation and input in the budgetary process to increase transparency and foster citizen engagement.
Reforming Oversight Mechanisms: Strengthen the functioning of Public Accounts Committees (PACs) by ensuring regular meetings and timely submission of reports.Empower PACs with adequate resources, authority, and independence to effectively scrutinize government expenditure and promote accountability.

Mains PYQ

Q Discuss the role of Public Accounts Committee in establishing accountability of the government to the people. (UPSC IAS/2017)

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Electoral Reforms In India

EC’s Model Code of Conduct (MCC) Need Reforms

Explained | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Federalism

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Model Code of Conduct (MCC)

Mains level: features and concerns related MCC

Why in the news?

The Election Commission of India (ECI) has issued notifications regarding complaints of violations of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) against prominent leaders in India.

Model Code of Conduct (MCC)

Set of guidelines : The Model Code of Conduct (MCC) is a set of guidelines issued by the Election Commission of India (EC) for political parties and candidates.
Aim: It aims to establish standards of conduct during election campaigns and polling.The MCC includes provisions for lodging complaints with EC observers and dictates the conduct of ministers from ruling parties during the MCC period.
In 2019, an addition was made concerning election manifestos, prohibiting promises contrary to constitutional ideals.
The MCC is not legally binding as it is not a statutory document enacted by Parliament.
While violating many MCC guidelines may not result in punitive action, certain actions are categorized as electoral offenses and corrupt practices under the Indian Penal Code and the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
Violators of these laws will face appropriate punishment.

Evolution of MCC:

Origin: The Model Code of Conduct (MCC) originated as a small set of guidelines for the Assembly election in Kerala in 1960.
Initially, it covered various aspects such as the conduct of election meetings, processions, speeches, slogans, posters, and placards.
Expansion of MCC: Under Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) K V K Sundaram in 1968, the EC consulted with political parties and expanded the MCC to ensure minimum standards of behavior for free and fair elections.
Standard practice: By 1979, it became a standard practice for the EC to circulate the MCC before every General Election.
Consolidation of MCC: Over time, the MCC evolved further with consultations between the EC and political parties. In 1991, it was consolidated and re-issued with additional sections, including restrictions on the “party in power” to prevent the misuse of authority for unfair advantages.

Features of MCC:

Activation of MCC: The Model Code of Conduct (MCC) is activated immediately upon the announcement of the election schedule by the Election Commission and remains in effect until the completion of the election process, including the announcement of results.
Applicable on all election: It applies to all elections to the Lok Sabha, State Assemblies, State Legislative Council elections from Local Bodies, and Graduates’ and Teachers’ Constituencies.
Across all India: During General elections, the MCC is enforced across India, while during Legislative Assembly elections, it is enforced in the specific state going to polls.
Funded to adhere with MCC: All organizations, committees, corporations, and commissions funded wholly or partially by the Central or State governments are obligated to adhere to the MCC.
List of Political parties: In addition to listed political parties and candidates, non-political organizations conducting campaigns in support of a political party or candidate are also required to follow specific guidelines outlined by the Election Commission.

Issues related to MCC:

The political environment in the country has become more intense, leading to a decrease in the effectiveness of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC).
Instances of violations of the MCC are increasing rapidly and are becoming widespread and aggressive.
Political leaders are using their influence, resources, and persuasive tactics more aggressively than ever, often exploiting loopholes between the literal and intended meanings of the MCC.
Money power has become more prominent than physical strength, and advancements in technology have provided new ways to circumvent regulations.
The MCC lacks clarity on the consequences of violations, which weakens its ability to deter misconduct.
Delayed responses to violations reduce the impact of penalties and erode public trust in the Election Commission’s credibility.

Way Forward

Strengthen Enforcement: Enhance the enforcement mechanisms to ensure strict adherence to the MCC guidelines.
Technological Solutions: Leverage technology to improve monitoring and enforcement of MCC compliance. Implement tools such as social media monitoring, data analytics, and surveillance technology to detect and deter violations effectively.
Swift and Transparent Action: Ensure timely and transparent action against MCC violations. Establish clear protocols for investigating complaints and imposing penalties on violators. Swift action will enhance the deterrent effect of the MCC.

Mains PYQ:

Q ‘Simultaneous election to the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies will limit the amount of time and money spent in electioneering but it will reduce the government’s accountability to the people’ Discuss. [2017]

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Promoting Science and Technology – Missions,Policies & Schemes

[pib] 46th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM 46)

Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Antarctic Treaty

Mains level: NA

Why in the news?

The Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) will host the 46th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM 46) in Kochi, Kerala.

About Antarctic Treaty

	Details
Signing and Entry into Force	Signed on December 1, 1959 at Washington DC. Entered into force on June 23, 1961. 12 Initial Countries: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the USSR, the UK, and the US.
Objective	Ensure Antarctica remains exclusively for peaceful purposes, free from international discord.
Key Provisions	Art. I: Antarctica shall be used for peaceful purposes only Art. II: Freedom of scientific investigation in Antarctica and cooperation Art. III: Scientific observations and results from Antarctica shall be exchanged and made freely available
Territorial Claims	Prohibits new territorial claims. Preserves existing territorial sovereignty claims.
Disarmament	Prohibits testing of nuclear weapons. Prohibits disposal of radioactive waste
Consultative Meetings	Annual Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings (ATCM) where member states discuss treaty implementation and cooperation
Environmental Protection	Promotes protection of Antarctic environment. Prohibits activities causing pollution or environmental damage
Mineral Resource Exploitation	Bans mining activities until at least 2048. Requires consensus for any review or modification
Membership	54 parties as of 2024. 29 Consultative Parties actively participate in decision-making. 25 Non-Consultative Parties. *India ratified the treaty in 1983.*
Madrid Protocol	Adopted in 1991. Entered into force in 1998. Strengthens environmental protection measures in Antarctic.

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ISRO Missions and Discoveries

Studies Suggest More Water Ice on Moon: ISRO

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Achievements Of Indians In S&T

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Water Ice on Moon

Mains level: NA

Why in the news?

A study has revealed evidence for enhanced possibility of sub-surface water ice occurrence in the polar craters of the Moon, according to ISRO.

Water Ice on Moon: ISRO’s Findings

The research indicates that the amount of sub-surface ice within the first few meters is significantly greater, about 5-8x more, than that found on the lunar surface.
Moreover, the study reveals that the Northern Polar region harbors twice as much water ice as the southern polar region.
It highlights the necessity of drilling to access this ice for future missions and sustained human presence on the Moon.

Origin of Water Ice:

The study validates the hypothesis that sub-surface water ice in lunar poles originated from out-gassing during volcanic activity in the Imbrian period.
It suggests that Lunar Mare Volcanism and preferential impact cratering govern the distribution of water ice on the Moon.

Methodology:

The research team utilized seven instruments aboard the NASA robotic spacecraft Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), including radar, laser, optical, neutron spectrometer, ultra-violet spectrometer, and thermal radiometer. LRO hovers over Lunar South Pole.
These instruments provided crucial data to understand the origin and distribution of water ice on the lunar surface.

Significance of the findings

Accurate knowledge of water ice distribution and depth is vital for identifying suitable landing and sampling sites for future lunar missions.
The study supports ISRO’s future plans for in-situ volatile exploration on the Moon, aligning with its broader lunar exploration objectives.

PYQ:

Q. Discuss India’s achievements in the field of Space Science and Technology. How the application of this technology helped India in its socio-economic development? (2016)

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Start-up Ecosystem In India

10 Years of Street Vendors Act, 2014

Prelims Only | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Laws, Institutions & Bodies Constituted For The Vulnerable Sections

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Notable features of the Street Vendors Act, 2014

Mains level: NA

Why in the news?

It has been a decade since the enactment of the Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act on May 1, 2014.
It marks a significant milestone in the recognition of the rights and contributions of street vendors across India.

About Street Vendors Act, 2014

- The Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act, 2014, was enacted
  - Objective: To regulate street vendors in public areas and protect their rights.
- It was introduced in the Lok Sabha (Lower House of the Parliament of India) on 6 September 2012 by then Union Minister of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Kumari Selja.
- The Act came into force from 1 May 2014.

History:

- 2004: The bill aimed at providing social security and livelihood rights to street vendors, has its origins in the ‘National Policy for Urban Street Vendors’ introduced in 2004.
- 2009: It was later revised as ‘National Policy on Urban Street Vendors’ in 2009.
3 Recognized categories of street vending:

Key Provisions of the Bill:

	Details
Town Vending Committee	Responsible for conducting surveys of all vendors, issuance of certificates of vending, and designation of vending zones. Surveys to be conducted every 5 years. No eviction until certificates are issued. TVCs to have 40% representation of street vendor representatives and 33% of women street vendors.
Designated Vending Zones	All street vendors to be accommodated in designated vending zones. Allocation of space by drawing lots if necessary. Those unable to secure space in the same zone to be accommodated in adjoining zones.
Certificate of Vending	Granted to street vendors above 14 years of age. Can be transferred to family members in certain circumstances. Can be cancelled if conditions are breached.
No-Vending Zones	Prohibits vending activities in designated no-vending zones. Relocation provisions for affected vendors. Notice period of at least 30 days for relocation. Failure to vacate may result in penalties.
Dispute Resolution Body	Consists of a Chairperson (civil judge or judicial magistrate) and two other professionals.
Responsibility of Local Authorities for Implementation	Responsibility for creating schemes and implementation delegated to local municipalities.
Role of Town Vending Committee	Each zone or ward of the local authority to have a Town Vending Committee.
Relocation and Penalties	Vendors failing to relocate from no-vending zones after notice may face penalties, including fines.
Representation and Legal Ambiguities	Criticisms include lack of adequate representation of street vendors in decision-making bodies and legal ambiguities.

Also read about: PM SVANidhi Scheme

PYQ:

[2016] How has globalization led to the reduction of employment in the formal sector of the Indian economy? Is increased informalization detrimental to the development of the country?

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Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

Patachitra Scroll Paintings

Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Patachitra, Patuas etc.

Mains level: NA

Why in the news?

Patachitra Paintings of women in Paschim Medinipur’s Pingla block in West Bengal has become popular worldwide.

About Bengal Patachitra

Patachitra, also spelled as Pattachitra, is a traditional form of scroll painting that originated in the eastern Indian states of Odisha and West Bengal, as well as parts of Bangladesh. The term “Patachitra” derives from Sanskrit, where “pata” means “cloth” and “chitra” means “picture.”
These paintings are typically created on cloth canvas, palm leaves, or paper. Artists associated with Patachitra are known as Patuas.

Origin: Bengal Patachitra is believed to have originated in rural Bengal, with some historical references suggesting its existence during the Pre-Pala period.
Themes and Style:
- The themes of Bengal Patachitra are diverse, ranging from religious and mythological narratives to secular subjects.
- Religious themes often depict stories from Hindu epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata, as well as folklore such as Manasha and Chandi.
- Secular themes include important news events, accidents, scandals, and social issues.
- Each Patachitra is accompanied by a song called Patua Sangeet, sung by the artists while unfurling the scroll.

Aspects of Painting:
- Chalchitra: Background paintings associated with religious idols, such as Durga Pratima.
- Durga Pot: Special Patachitras worshiped during Durga Puja, often featuring images of gods and goddesses.
- Various Technique: Different districts have distinct techniques, colors, and designs. For example, Purulia Patachitras prefer burnt sienna with white and yellow patches, while Hooghly and Manbhum scrolls exhibit modernistic abstract linear treatment.
- Artists: Bengal Patua artists, also known as Chitrakars, are concentrated in villages like Naya in the Medinipur district.
- Colors: Bengal Patachitra typically uses natural colors derived from materials like chalk dust (for white), pauri (for yellow), cultivated indigo (for blue), bhushakali (for black), and mete sindur (for red).

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Economic Indicators and Various Reports On It- GDP, FD, EODB, WIR etc

[PREMIUM] Views on inflation: A matter of interest

Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: CPI and WPI

Mains level: Challenges and measures related to inflation

Why in the News?

AAZData released showed that Retail Inflation had edged marginally upward last month.

What is Inflation?

Inflation, as per the definition provided by the International Monetary Fund, represents the pace at which prices rise within a specified timeframe, covering a comprehensive assessment of general price escalations or those about particular goods and services. To measure the inflation there are different types of inflation index.
An Inflation Index is a statistical measure used to track changes in the overall price level of goods and services in an economy over a specific period. It quantifies the rate of inflation by comparing the current prices of a selected basket of goods and services to their prices in a base period.

In India, there are primarily two types of inflation indices used to measure price changes:

Consumer Price Index (CPI): The CPI measures changes in the prices paid by urban and rural consumers for a basket of goods and services. It provides insights into inflation experienced by households and is divided into various sub-indices based on categories such as food, fuel, clothing, housing, transportation, medical care, recreation, and education. The Government of India releases multiple CPI indices, including:

CPI for Industrial Workers (CPI-IW)
CPI for Agricultural Labourers (CPI-AL)
CPI for Rural Labourers (CPI-RL)
CPI for Urban Non-Manual Employees (CPI-UNME)
CPI for Rural (CPI-R)
CPI for Urban (CPI-U)

Wholesale Price Index (WPI): The WPI tracks changes in the prices of goods at the wholesale level. It includes the prices of commodities traded in bulk such as agricultural products, minerals, crude oil, manufactured products, and electricity. The Office of the Economic Adviser, under the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), releases the WPI every month.

What is Retail Inflation?

Retail inflation, also known as Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation, tracks the change in retail prices of goods and services that households purchase for their daily consumption. CPI is calculated for a fixed basket of goods and services that may or may not be altered by the government from time to time.
How it is Calculated?
- A representative basket of goods and services is selected to represent the typical consumption patterns of households
- The cost of the basket of goods and services is calculated for a base period.
- The CPI is calculated by dividing the cost of the basket in the current period by the cost of the basket in the base period and multiplying by 100.
- The inflation rate is calculated by comparing the CPI of the current period with the CPI of the base period.

Key points as per AAZData released by the National Statistical Office:

Retail Inflation Data: The National Statistical Office reported that retail inflation in India increased marginally, rising to 5.69% in December from 5.55% in November, primarily driven by higher food inflation
Cause of inflation: RBI Governor Shaktikanta Das had anticipated the rise in inflation due to risks in food prices, cautioning about potential second-round effects
Food Inflation: The Consumer Food Price Index surged to 9.53% in December, up from 8.7% in November, with notable inflation in cereals, vegetables, pulses, sugar, and spices
Industrial Production: The index of industrial production slowed to 2.4% in November, partly due to the base effect, with a 6.4% increase in industrial output for the first eight months of the year (April-November)
Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) Actions: The MPC maintained the status quo on rates and stance in the last meeting, focusing on withdrawing accommodation to align inflation with the target of 4%
Future Monetary Policy: There are discussions within the MPC about the necessity of an interest rate cut to prevent excessive real interest rates, especially as inflation is projected to moderate in the coming quarters

Way Forward

Monetary Policy Adjustment: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) could consider implementing a cautious monetary policy stance, possibly by tightening monetary policy through measures such as raising the repo rate. This would help curb inflationary pressures by reducing liquidity in the economy and making borrowing more expensive.
Supply-Side Interventions: The government could focus on addressing supply-side constraints in the agricultural sector to mitigate food price inflation. This might involve measures such as improving infrastructure, increasing agricultural productivity, reducing post-harvest losses, and enhancing market efficiency through better distribution networks.
Fiscal Policy Support: The government could also provide fiscal support to sectors facing supply-side disruptions or demand constraints, which could help stabilize prices and support economic growth. Targeted fiscal measures, such as subsidies for essential commodities or infrastructure investments, could be considered to address specific challenges contributing to inflation.

Mains PYQ

Q Besides the welfare schemes, India needs deft management of inflation and unemployment to serve the poor and the underprivileged sections of the society. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2022)

Q Do you agree with the view that steady GDP growth and low inflation have left the Indian economy in good shape? Give reasons in support of your arguments. (UPSC IAS/2019)

Prelims PYQ

Consider the following statements:(UPSC IAS/2020)

1) The weightage of food in Consumer Price Index (CPI) is higher than that in Wholesale Price Index (WPI).

2) The WPI does not capture changes in the prices of services, which CPI does.

3) Reserve Bank of India has now adopted WPI as its key measure of inflation and to decide on changing the key policy rates.

Which of the statements give above is/are correct?

a) 1 and 2 only

b) 2 only

c) 3 only

d) 1, 2 and 3

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Industrial Sector Updates – Industrial Policy, Ease of Doing Business, etc.

Implementing the Street Vendors Act

Explained | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Laws, Institutions & Bodies Constituted For The Vulnerable Sections

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: The Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act, 2014

Mains level: Challenges related to Act implementation

Why in the News?

The Street Vendors Act was celebrated as a progressive legislation, but the law now faces numerous challenges in its implementation.

The Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act, 2014:

	Details
Introduction and Objective	Introduced in Lok Sabha on 6 September 2012 by Kumari Selja, Union Minister of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation. Objective: Regulate street vendors and protect their livelihoods.
Enactment and Implementation	Came into force on 1 May 2014. Aims to legalize vending rights and establish mechanisms for protection and regulation. State-level rules and schemes are developed for execution.
Roles and Responsibilities	Delineates roles of street vendors and government. Commits to accommodating existing vendors in vending zones and issuing vending certificates.
Participatory Governance	Establishes Town Vending Committees (TVCs). Representation: 40% of TVC members, with 33% for women SVs. TVCs tasked with including all existing vendors in zones.
Grievance Redressal	Mechanisms for addressing grievances and Establishes Grievance Redressal Committee chaired by civil judge or judicial magistrate.
Survey and Identification	States/ULBs conduct surveys to identify vendors at least once every five years.
Certificate of Vending	Granted to vendors above 14 years. Can be transferred to family members. Can be cancelled

Significance of street vendors

Role of Street Vendors: Street vendors constitute about 2.5% of any city’s population and play multifaceted roles in city life, providing essential services, modest income for migrants and the urban poor, and affordable goods for others.
Integral to Urban Life: Street vendors are essential for maintaining affordability and accessibility to food, nutrition, and goods distribution, and they are integral to the cultural fabric of cities like Mumbai and Chennai.

Challenges faced during the implementation:

Administrative Challenges: Increase in harassment and evictions of street vendors despite the Act’s emphasis on protection and regulation.Outdated bureaucratic mindset viewing vendors as illegal entities.
- Lack of awareness and sensitization about the Act among state authorities, the public, and vendors.
- Limited influence of street vendor representatives in Town Vending Committees (TVCs), often remaining under the control of local city authorities.Tokenistic representation of women vendors in TVCs.
Governance Challenges: Weak existing urban governance mechanisms.
- Lack of integration of the Act with the framework established by the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act for urban governance.
- Insufficient powers and capacities of ULBs.
- Focus on top-down policies like the Smart Cities Mission on infrastructure development, ignoring provisions for the inclusion of street vendors in city planning.
Societal Challenges: The prevailing image of the ‘world-class city’ tends to be exclusionary.Marginalization and stigmatization of street vendors as obstacles to urban development rather than legitimate contributors to the urban economy.
- Reflection of these challenges in city designs, urban policies, and public perceptions of neighborhoods.

Way forward

Decentralization of Interventions: There’s a need to decentralize interventions and enhance the capacities of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) to plan for street vending in cities.
Shift from Department-led Actions to Deliberative Processes: Moving away from high-handed department-led actions towards actual deliberative processes at the Town Vending Committee (TVC) level is crucial.
Amendments to Urban Schemes and Policies: Urban schemes, city planning guidelines, and policies need to be amended to include provisions for street vending.
Need-based Welfare Provisions: Broad welfare provisions of the Act should be used creatively to meet the emerging needs of street vendors, such as addressing the impact of climate change, competition from e-commerce, and reduced incomes.
Adaptation in National Urban Livelihood Mission: The sub-component of street vendors in the National Urban Livelihood Mission should acknowledge changed realities and facilitate innovative measures to address needs.

Mains PYQ

Q To what extent, in your opinion, has the decentralisation of power in India changed the governance landscape at the grassroots?

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Economic Indicators and Various Reports On It- GDP, FD, EODB, WIR etc

Constitution and the Redistribution of wealth

Explained | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Governance, Transparency & Accountability, Citizens Charters

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: FR and DPSP

Mains level: Current debate surrounding economic policies and inequality in India due to shift from Socialistic to Market-Driven Economy

Why in the news?

The debate surrounding the redistribution of wealth has piqued interest during the ongoing election campaigns.

What does the Constitution provide?

Preamble to the Constitution: It outlines the objectives of the Constitution, including securing social, and economic justice, liberty, and equality for all citizens.
Part III and IV: These are principles that the central and State governments should follow to achieve social and economic justice in our country. Unlike the fundamental rights in Part III, the DPSP is not enforceable in court.
Article 39(b) and 39 (c): Article 39(b) emphasizes the distribution of ownership and control of material resources to serve the common good. Article 39(c) aims to prevent the concentration of wealth in a manner detrimental to the common good.

The history of the ‘Right to Property’ in the Indian Constitution:

Original Guarantee: The Constitution initially guaranteed the right to property as a fundamental right under Article 19(1)(f). It provided that individuals have the right to acquire, hold, and dispose of property.
Compensation Requirement: Article 31 of the Constitution mandated that the state must provide compensation in case of the acquisition of private property for public purposes.
Land Reforms and Public Welfare: The government, facing challenges such as land reforms and the need for public infrastructure development, found the original provisions restrictive due to inadequate resources. This led to amendments aimed at providing more flexibility in acquiring land for public welfare.
Constitutional Amendments: Notable amendments such as Articles 31A, 31B, and 31C were introduced to curtail the right to property and facilitate land acquisition for public welfare projects.
Judicial Interpretation of Constitution ammendment: The Supreme Court interpreted the relationship between fundamental rights and Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) in various cases. In the Golak Nath case (1967), the Court held that fundamental rights cannot be diluted to implement DPSP. However, in the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973), the Court upheld the validity of Article 31C, subject to judicial review.
Harmonious Balance: In the Minerva Mills case (1980), the Supreme Court emphasized the need for a harmonious balance between fundamental rights and DPSP in the Constitution.
44th Amendment Act: In 1978, the property right was removed as a fundamental right through the 44th Amendment Act, making it a constitutional right under Article 300A. This aimed to reduce excessive litigation and protect public welfare projects.

Impacts due to the shift from a Socialistic to a Market-Driven Economy:

Impact of Economic Policies: The socialistic policies of the early decades after independence focused on land reforms, nationalization of industries, high taxation rates, and regulations on private enterprise. These policies aimed to reduce inequality and redistribute wealth but were criticized for stifling growth and leading to inefficiencies.
Changes in Taxation: Over the years, there have been significant changes in taxation policies, including the abolition of estate duty in 1985 and wealth tax in 2016. Income tax rates were also reduced considerably, reflecting a shift towards a more business-friendly environment.
Growing Inequality: Despite economic growth, there has been a growing concern about inequality. Reports, such as the one by the World Inequality Lab, highlight the widening wealth and income gap, with a significant portion of the wealth concentrated among the top 10% of the population.
Opposition Criticism: The ruling party and its supporters have criticized the Opposition, alleging that their proposed measures, such as the reintroduction of inheritance tax, would burden even the poorer sections of society.
Legal Interpretation: The Supreme Court’s involvement in the debate is highlighted by its decision to constitute a nine-judge Bench to interpret whether Article 39(b) of the Constitution, which pertains to the distribution of material resources for the common good, includes private resources.
Central Question of the debate: The central question in the current debate revolves around the balance between economic policies that promote growth and efficiency versus those aimed at reducing inequality and ensuring social justice.

Way forward:

Inclusive Growth: While promoting innovation and growth, it’s essential to ensure that the benefits are distributed equitably across all sections of society, especially the marginalized. Policies should aim for inclusive growth where the benefits reach those who need them the most.
Debate and Adaptation: Economic policies should be framed after adequate debate and consideration, taking into account current economic models and global best practices. There should be a continuous process of adaptation and refinement to address emerging challenges and opportunities.
Empowerment of Marginalized: Special attention should be given to empowering marginalized communities through targeted interventions such as education, skill development, access to resources, and opportunities for economic participation.

Mains PYQ:

Q Critically discuss the objectives of Bhoodan and Gramdan movements initiated by Acharya Vinoba Bhave and their success. (UPSC IAS/2013)

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Labour, Jobs and Employment – Harmonization of labour laws, gender gap, unemployment, etc.

The need for the use of labour statistics

Explained | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Laws, Institutions & Bodies Constituted For The Vulnerable Sections

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Trade union

Mains level: Issues related to labour statistics

Why in the news?

Trade unions can play a pivotal role in producing labour statistics

Issues related to labour statistics

Lack of Rigorous Labour Statistics: Labour statistics are not as robust as economic and industrial data. While institutions like the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) and the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) provide valuable information.
Voluntary Reporting of Work Stoppages: Data collection on work stoppages relies on voluntary reporting, which may lead to underreporting or incomplete information. This lack of comprehensive data on strikes and other work stoppages affects the accuracy and reliability of labour statistics.
Limited Use of Evidence in Social Dialogue:Lack of evidence-based arguments in these dialogues undermines their effectiveness, leading to a perception of the ILC as a mere “talking shop.”
Class-Based Opinions without Data Support: Stakeholders often advocate for labour reforms based on “class-based opinions” rather than credible data or empirical evidence.

The role of trade unions in producing labour statistics:

Data Collection on Labour Inspection: Trade unions can gather information and statistics on labour inspection practices, including the number of sanctioned and employed inspectors, inspection frequency, and coverage. This data can highlight deficiencies in inspection systems and advocate for their strengthening.
Monitoring Retrenchment and Closure Applications: Trade unions can track retrenchment and closure applications submitted to labour departments, along with permissions granted or refused. This data can provide insights into the prevalence of denials and the impact of labour regulations on job security.
Analysis of Strikes and Lockouts: Trade unions can utilize data on strikes and lockouts published by agencies like the Labour Bureau to analyze trends and patterns. This analysis can inform discussions on labour laws and industrial relations, challenging the need for harsher clauses on strikes.
Evidence-based arguments: Trade unions can use objective data and empirical studies to contest labour reforms in policy debates. By presenting evidence-based arguments, trade unions can influence decision-making processes and advocate for policies that promote workers’ rights and well-being.

Conclusion:

Implement more robust and standardized data collection methods for labour statistics to ensure accuracy and consistency across different sources. This may involve leveraging technology, such as digital reporting systems, to streamline data collection processes.

Mains PYQ

Q Account for the failure of manufacturing sector in achieving the goal of labour-intensive exports. Suggest measures for more labour-intensive rather than capital-intensive exports.

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The Crisis In The Middle East

[PREMIUM] Conflict Regions in West Asia

world map | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: India & Its Neighborhood - Relations

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Conflict areas in West Asia

Mains level: NA

Why in the news?

The resurgence of West Asian rivalries has been reignited by the ongoing Hamas-Israel War, which commenced on October 7, 2023.
With a backdrop of historical conflicts, including the Iran-Iraq War and Israel’s engagements with Hezbollah and Hamas, the current conflict is escalating tensions in the region.

About West Asia

[A] Political Overview:

Countries:

West Asia comprises 17 countries, including:
- In Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) has 6 countries such as Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Oman.
- Middle Eastern countries like Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, and Yemen.
- Egypt is sometimes included in the definition of West Asia due to its geographical proximity and historical ties.

Geopolitical Dynamics:
- The region is characterized by complex geopolitical dynamics, including conflicts, alliances, and power struggles.
- Ongoing conflicts include the Syrian Civil War, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and the Yemeni Civil War, among others.
- Strategic interests of global powers, including the United States, Russia, and China, contribute to the region’s instability.

[B] Physical Features:

Terrain:
- West Asia encompasses varied terrain, including vast deserts like the Rub’ al Khali in Saudi Arabia and the Syrian Desert in Syria and Jordan.
- Mountainous regions include the Zagros Mountains in Iran, the Taurus Mountains in Turkey, and the Anti-Lebanon Mountains along the Lebanon-Syria border.
- Fertile river valleys, such as the Tigris-Euphrates in Iraq and the Nile in Egypt, have historically supported agriculture and civilization.
Climate:
- The region experiences diverse climates:
  - Arid and semi-arid climates prevail in much of the interior, with hot summers and mild winters.
  - Mediterranean climates along the coastal areas, characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters.
  - Highland climates in mountainous regions, with cooler temperatures and higher precipitation.
Natural Resources:
- West Asia is endowed with abundant natural resources, notably oil and natural gas reserves, concentrated primarily in countries like Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, and the Gulf states.
- The region also possesses significant mineral deposits, including phosphates in Jordan, sulfur in Iraq, and metals like copper and iron in various countries.

[C] Physiographical Details:

Biodiversity:
- Despite its predominantly arid climate, West Asia supports diverse ecosystems, including desert, mountain, and coastal habitats.
- Unique species of flora and fauna, adapted to harsh environmental conditions, inhabit the region, including desert mammals like the Arabian oryx and mountain species like the Persian leopard.
Water Resources:
- Water scarcity is a pressing issue in West Asia, exacerbated by population growth, urbanization, and climate change.
- Countries rely on shared river basins, such as the Tigris-Euphrates and the Nile, leading to water disputes and conflicts.
- Desalination plants along the coastlines provide an alternative source of freshwater, particularly in Gulf countries.
Human Geography:
- The region is home to diverse ethnic and religious communities, including Arabs, Kurds, Turks, Persians, Jews, and Christians, among others.
- Urbanization is on the rise, with major cities like Riyadh, Tehran, Istanbul, and Cairo serving as economic, cultural, and political centers.

Flash Points in West Asia

Conflict Areas	Description	Flashpoints
Israeli-Palestinian Conflict	A protracted dispute over territory, borders, and self-determination between Israel and Palestinians.	Gaza Strip: A densely populated coastal enclave with sandy beaches, urban areas, and limited agricultural land. It is approximately 41 kilometers long and 6 kilometers wide. Netzarim Corridor: The Netzarim Corridor is a just under seven-kilometer-long corridor that is set to cut Gaza City from the rest of the enclave, running east to west from the Israeli border south of Nahal Oz to the Mediterranean Sea. Israel has previously bisected the Gaza Strip to create a Buffer Zone. West Bank: Diverse geography including mountainous terrain, fertile valleys, and the Jordan River Valley. It covers an area of approximately 5,655 square kilometers. East Jerusalem: Hilly terrain with historic landmarks and religious sites, including the Old City with its ancient walls, mosques, and churches.
Syrian Civil War	Complex conflict involving multiple factions, resulting in immense humanitarian suffering.	Aleppo: Surrounded by fertile plains and agricultural land, it is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. It covers an area of approximately 190 square kilometers. Damascus: Situated in the foothills of the Anti-Lebanon Mountains, it is one of the oldest cities in the Middle East. It spans an area of around 105 square kilometers. Homs: Located along the Orontes River, it is an important industrial center with a history dating back to ancient times. It has an area of about 165 square kilometers. Idlib: Mix of agricultural plains, hills, and urban centers, covering an area of approximately 6,097 square kilometers.
Iraqi Conflict	Various conflicts including the Iraq War, sectarian violence, insurgency, and fight against ISIS.	Baghdad: Flat terrain surrounded by fertile agricultural land, situated on the Tigris River. It covers an area of around 204 square kilometers. Mosul: Surrounded by plains, historic landmarks, and the Tigris River, it is one of Iraq’s largest cities. It spans an area of approximately 370 square kilometers. Fallujah: In the Euphrates River valley with arid landscapes and urban areas, it is strategically located near major highways. It covers an area of about 139 square kilometers. Kirkuk: Oil-rich region with diverse ethnic populations and mountainous terrain, it covers an area of approximately 9,679 square kilometers.
Yemeni Civil War	Involves the Yemeni government, Houthi rebels, and other factions, leading to a dire humanitarian crisis.	Sana’a: Surrounded by mountains and valleys in the Yemeni Highlands, it is one of the highest capital cities in the world. It covers an area of approximately 73 square kilometers. Aden: Coastal city with a strategic port and urban areas, located on the Gulf of Aden. It spans an area of around 50 square kilometers. Hodeidah: Major port city with coastal plains, mountains, and urban areas, situated on the Red Sea coast. It covers an area of about 192 square kilometers.
Lebanese-Israeli Tensions	Sporadic clashes and occasional escalation over territorial disputes and Hezbollah’s presence.	Southern Lebanon: Rugged terrain with mountains, fertile valleys, and coastal plains along the Mediterranean Sea. It covers an area of approximately 929 square kilometers.
Kurdish-Turkish Conflict	Involves the Turkish government and Kurdish separatist groups, focusing on Kurdish autonomy.	Southeastern Turkey: Mountain ranges, plateaus, fertile river valleys, and urban areas, covering an area of approximately 190,534 square kilometers. Northern Iraq: Zagros Mountains, valleys, rivers, and urban centers, with an area of about 198,956 square kilometers.
Iranian-Israeli Tensions	Fueled by Iran’s support to militant groups and its nuclear program, leading to regional security concerns.	Golan Heights: Plateau region with rocky slopes, volcanic hills, fertile agricultural land, and urban settlements. It spans an area of approximately 1,800 square kilometers. Southern Lebanon: Rugged terrain with valleys, plains, and urban areas, covering an area of about 929 square kilometers.
Gulf States Tensions	Rivalries among Gulf states are driven by ideological differences, political alliances, and economic interests.	Qatar: Peninsula with desert terrain, low-lying coastal areas, and urban development, covering an area of approximately 11,586 square kilometers. Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia: Desert landscapes, oasis areas, oil fields, and urban centers, with an area of about 672,522 square kilometers.

PYQ:

[2015] Which one of the following countries of South-West Asia does not open out to the Mediterranean Sea?

(a) Syria

(b) Jordan

(d) Israel

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Global Geological And Climatic Events

Taam Ja’: World’s Deepest Blue Hole

Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Salient Features Of World'S Physical Geography

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Taam Ja’ Blue Hole (TJBH) and its location

Mains level: NA

Why in the news?

Researchers have made a discovery in Mexico, uncovering the world’s deepest blue hole, known as Taam Ja’ Blue Hole (TJBH).

What are Blue Holes?

Blue holes, such as TJBH, are formed in coastal regions with soluble bedrock, such as limestone, marble, or gypsum.
Water percolates through the rock, dissolving minerals and widening cracks, ultimately leading to the formation of sinkholes.
Famous examples: 410-foot Great Blue Hole in Belize, the 663-foot Dean’s Blue Hole in the Bahamas and the 328-foot Blue Hole in the Red Sea near Dahab, Egypt.

About Taam Ja’ Blue Hole (TJBH)

TJBH extends at least 1,380 feet (420 meters) below sea level, making it the deepest known underwater sinkhole in the world.
It is located in Chetumal Bay off the southeast coast of the Yucatan Peninsula.
It was first discovered in 2021, was originally thought to be 900 feet deep.
This discovery surpasses the previous record-holder, the Sansha Yongle Blue Hole in the South China Sea, by an impressive 480 feet.

Research Expedition and Findings

Scientists utilized a conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) profiler to collect data about the environmental conditions within the blue hole.
Despite reaching depths of 1,640 feet (500 meters), the CTD profiler was unable to reach the bottom of TJBH, indicating its remarkable depth.
Data from the profiler suggested the presence of different water layers within the blue hole, with conditions resembling those of the Caribbean Sea at depths below 1,312 feet (400 meters).

PYQ:

[2017] In the context of mitigating the impending global warming due to anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide, which of the following can be the potential sites for carbon sequestration?

1. Abandoned and uneconomic coal seams.

2. Depleted oil and gas reservoirs.

3. Subterranean deep saline formations.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

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Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

Unveiling of Raja Ravi Varma’s Indulekha Painting

Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Raja Ravi Varma and his notable paintings

Mains level: NA

Why in the News?

The first true copy of Raja Ravi Varma’s painting “Indulekha” will be unveiled at Kilimanoor Palace, the birthplace of the legendary artist, on his 176th birth anniversary celebrations.

About the Indulekha Painting:

The painting depicts Indulekha, the protagonist of the first modern Malayalam novel by O. Chandu Menon, published in 1889.
The painting holds significance as it is believed to have inspired Ravi Varma’s famous work, “Reclining Lady.”
The oil painting portrays Indulekha holding a letter, dated 1892.
It exhibits meticulous attention to detail and symmetry, characteristic of Ravi Varma’s style.

Who was Raja Ravi Varma (1848-1906)?

Raja Ravi Varma was born in April 1848 in Kilimanoor, Kerala, to a family which was very close to the royals of Travancore.
Often referred to as the father of modern Indian art, he is widely known for his realistic portrayal of Indian gods and goddesses.
While he majorly painted for the royalty, he is also credited for taking art to the masses with his prints and oleographs.
Patronised by Ayilyam Thirunal, the then ruler of Travancore, he learnt watercolour painting from the royal painter Ramaswamy Naidu.
He later trained in oil painting from Dutch artist Theodore Jensen.

Fame as a notable painter

Following a portrait of Maharaja Sayajirao of Baroda, he has commissioned 14 Puranic paintings for the Durbar Hall of the new Lakshmi Vilas Palace at Baroda.
Depicting Indian culture, Varma borrowed from episodes of Mahabharata and Ramayana for the same.
He also received patronage from numerous other rulers, including the Maharaja of Mysore and Maharaja of Udaipur.
As his popularity soared, the artist won an award for an exhibition of his paintings at Vienna in 1873.
He was also awarded three gold medals at the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893.
Viceroy Lord Curzon honoured him with the Kaisar-i-Hind Gold Medal for his service.

Nature of his artforms

Much of his celebrated art also borrows heavily from Indian mythology.
In fact, he is often credited with defining the images of Indian gods and goddesses through his relatable and more realistic portrayals often painted with humans as models.
The depictions include Lakshmi as the goddess of wealth, Saraswati as the goddess of knowledge and wisdom, and Lord Vishnu with his consorts, Maya and Lakshmi.
Raja Ravi Varma aspired to take his art to the masses and the intent led him to open a Lithographic Press in Bombay in 1894.
The first picture printed at Varma’s press was reportedly The Birth of Shakuntala, followed by numerous mythological figures and saints such as Adi Shankaracharya.

Major works

It is believed that he had made around 7,000 paintings before his death at the age of 58.
But only one painting is now left in ‘Chithrashala,’ the artist’s studio at Kilimanoor Palace — an unfinished portrait of ‘Parsi lady’ which was his last work.
Some of his popular works include ‘Lady in the Moonlight’, ‘Nair Lady Adorning Her Hair’, ‘Malabar Lady with Violin’, ‘Lady with Swarbat’, and ‘Maharashtrian Lady with Fruits’.

[2018] The well-known painting “Bani Thani” belongs to the

(a) Bundi school

(b) Jaipur school

(d) Kishangarh school

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