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  • Panchayati Raj Institutions: Issues and Challenges

    [17th February 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: The Panchayati Raj Movement is in Distress

    op-ed snap | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Panchayats & Local Bodies

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) Assess the importance of the Panchayat system in India as a part of local government. Apart from government grants, what sources the Panchayats can look out for financing developmental projects?  (UPSC CSE 2018)

     

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on the Panchayat System (2015), and Local Governance (2021).

    The 73rd Amendment of 1992 was a milestone in India’s democracy, establishing the Panchayati Raj system to decentralize governance. It created a three-tier structure at the village, block, and district levels, ensuring regular local elections and reserving 50% of seats for women, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes. This brought democracy to the grassroots, promoting local representation and inclusive leadership. However, progress in strengthening local governance has slowed. Rapid technological and societal changes now risk making Panchayats less relevant. To keep them effective, their role must be reimagined to address modern challenges while preserving their core democratic purpose.

    Today’s editorial talks about issues related to local government. This content would help in GS Paper 2 in mains answer writing.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The special discussion in Parliament on the 75th anniversary of the Indian Constitution had several salient aspects of the Constitution and policy directions adopted by previous governments but very little on a vital aspect of local governance was highlighted.

    Why is the Panchayati Raj movement facing distress?

    • Incomplete Devolution of Powers: Many States have not transferred all 29 subjects under the Eleventh Schedule, limiting Panchayats’ decision-making authority. Example: A 2022 Ministry of Panchayati Raj report found that less than 20% of States had fully devolved powers, restricting local governance.
    • Declining Fiscal Autonomy: Though direct transfers have increased, untied grants (which Panchayats can use freely) have reduced from 85% (13th Finance Commission) to 60% (15th Finance Commission). Example: Many Gram Panchayats rely on centrally sponsored schemes, leaving little room for independent development planning.
    • Marginalization Due to Digital Welfare Schemes: Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) schemes like PM-KISAN bypass Panchayats, reducing their role in beneficiary selection and grievance redress. Example: Farmers receive ₹6,000 annually under PM-KISAN directly in their accounts, eliminating Panchayats’ role in rural welfare.
    • Political and Bureaucratic Interference: State governments and political parties use Panchayats as tools for electoral gains rather than empowering them as self-governing institutions. Example: In states like West Bengal and Kerala, Panchayat elections are highly politicized, often leading to violence and reducing focus on governance.
    • Impact of Urbanization: With India’s rural population declining (from ~75% in 1990 to ~60% today), policy focus has shifted towards urban development and municipal governance. Example: Rural development funds have increasingly been diverted towards urban infrastructure projects, weakening Panchayat-led rural initiatives.

    What impact does the distress in Panchayati Raj have on rural development?

    • Inefficiency in Rural Welfare Implementation: Panchayats have been sidelined in the distribution of welfare benefits, leading to inefficiencies and reduced grievance redressal. Example: Schemes like PM-KISAN and PM Awas Yojana bypass Panchayats, causing delays in identifying genuine beneficiaries and addressing local concerns.
    • Neglect of Rural Infrastructure and Public Services: Panchayats’ inability to raise resources has led to poor maintenance of rural roads, sanitation, and drinking water supply. Example: Many village schools and health centres remain understaffed due to a lack of funds and decision-making power at the Panchayat level.
    • Increased Rural-Urban Migration: The failure to create employment and sustainable livelihoods in villages forces rural youth to migrate to cities for work. Example: States like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh witness high rural-to-urban migration as Panchayats are unable to promote local skill development and job creation.
    • Weakened Local Decision-Making and Planning: Panchayats struggle to implement need-based development projects due to limited autonomy and lack of funds. Example: In many states, Gram Panchayats cannot initiate independent infrastructure projects like rural roads or drinking water facilities without state approval.
    • Reduced Grassroots Participation in Governance: Declining public engagement weakens democratic processes, reducing local accountability and effective implementation of schemes. Example: Many village-level meetings (Gram Sabhas) see low attendance, leading to top-down decision-making that may not reflect local priorities.

    What steps can be taken to revive and strengthen the Panchayati Raj system?

    • Greater Devolution of Powers and Functions: State governments should fully implement the Eleventh Schedule by transferring all 29 subjects to Panchayats. Example: Kerala’s People’s Plan Campaign empowered Panchayats with financial and planning autonomy, leading to better local governance.
    • Enhancing Financial Autonomy: Increase untied grants from Finance Commissions to Panchayats and allow them to generate local revenue through taxes and fees. Example: Maharashtra has successfully implemented property tax collection at the Gram Panchayat level to fund local development.
    • Strengthening Administrative Capacity: Appoint dedicated local-level bureaucrats and improve digital governance tools for efficient service delivery. Example: Karnataka’s Gram Swaraj Project uses IT-based platforms to improve transparency and monitoring of Panchayat activities.
    • Encouraging Citizen Participation and Accountability: Regular and active Gram Sabha meetings should be mandated for community involvement in decision-making. Example: In Rajasthan, social audits of MGNREGA work through Gram Sabhas have improved transparency and reduced corruption.
    • Expanding Panchayats’ Role in Emerging Areas: Panchayats should be given new responsibilities in areas like water conservation, renewable energy, and disaster management. Example: Gujarat’s Mission Mangalam engaged Panchayats in women-led SHGs to promote local entrepreneurship and sustainable rural development.

    Way forward: 

    • Comprehensive Devolution and Strengthening Autonomy – Ensure full transfer of subjects under the Eleventh Schedule, increase untied grants, and empower Panchayats with independent revenue-generating mechanisms to enhance self-governance.
    • Capacity Building and Community Engagement – Improve Panchayat administration through digital tools, dedicated local bureaucrats, and mandated Gram Sabha participation to enhance transparency, accountability, and grassroots governance.

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  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-China

    [15th February 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Dealing with China’s weaponisation of e-supply chains

    op-ed snap | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) The USA is facing an existential threat in the form of China, that is much more challenging than the erstwhile Soviet Union.” Explain.  (UPSC CSE 2021)

     

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on China as a threat to the USA (2021), and China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools (2017).

    In mid-January, reports said China blocked its engineers and technicians from working at Foxconn in India and recalled those already there. It also restricted exports of key manufacturing equipment, which China dominates. While Foxconn brought in Taiwanese workers, the lack of equipment is a bigger challenge. This move threatens India’s goal of becoming a global manufacturing hub.

    Today’s editorial discusses challenges arising from China’s dominance in the global supply chain. This topic is relevant for GS Paper 2 and GS Paper 3 in the UPSC Mains.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Recently, China has stopped its engineers and technicians from travelling to work at Foxconn’s facilities in India.

    How is China using e-supply chains as a strategic tool?

    • Monopoly Over Critical Manufacturing Equipment: China dominates the production of high-tech manufacturing equipment required for semiconductor and electronics production. Example: In early 2024, China restricted the export of specialized manufacturing machinery to Foxconn in India, slowing down iPhone assembly and production.
    • Control Over Key Raw Materials: China holds a significant share of the global supply of rare earth elements (REEs) essential for electronics, EV batteries, and defense technology. Example: In 2023, China imposed export restrictions on gallium and germanium, two critical metals used in semiconductor and military applications, impacting global supply chains.
    • Workforce and Knowledge Transfer Restrictions: By preventing its engineers and skilled technicians from working in foreign manufacturing hubs, China restricts the transfer of tacit knowledge to competitors. Example: Chinese engineers working at Foxconn’s Indian facilities were recalled, creating a skills gap that affected Apple’s production capacity.
    • Disrupting Supply Chains to Gain Geopolitical Leverage: China can manipulate logistics, trade policies, and export restrictions to pressure countries and corporations dependent on its supply chains. Example: During the U.S.-China trade war, China imposed export controls on key components for companies like Huawei and Apple, demonstrating its leverage in global electronics production.
    • Deep Integration into Global Manufacturing Networks: Through initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and heavy investments in industrial zones, China ensures that multinational corporations remain reliant on its supply chains. Example: Despite U.S. sanctions, companies like Tesla and Apple continue significant operations in China due to its well-integrated and cost-effective supply chain ecosystem.

    What are the risks and vulnerabilities posed by China’s control over e-supply chains?

    • Disruptions to Critical Industries: China’s dominance in semiconductor manufacturing, rare earth metals, and electronics components makes other nations vulnerable to supply chain shocks.
      • India depends on China for over 75% of electronic components, affecting smartphone and telecom industries. The 2020 global chip shortage, worsened by China’s export controls, severely impacted industries like automobiles, defence, and consumer electronics.
    • Geopolitical and Economic Coercion: China can weaponize supply chains to exert diplomatic pressure or punish countries for political disagreements.
      • Post-Galwan clash (2020), India faced delays in customs clearance for Chinese goods, disrupting industries reliant on imports.
      • Lithuania faced trade restrictions in 2021 after allowing a Taiwan representative office, showing how China uses supply chains as leverage.
    • Vulnerability in Strategic Sectors (Telecom, Defense, Energy): Dependence on Chinese technology in strategic sectors poses risks related to cybersecurity, espionage, and sabotage.
      • India banned Huawei and ZTE from 5G trials due to concerns over data security. The U.S. and EU have imposed restrictions on Chinese telecom firms citing national security threats.
    • Supply Chain Manipulation and Price Volatility: China’s control over rare earth metals, batteries, and semiconductors allows it to manipulate prices and supply.
      • Despite efforts to develop local lithium-ion battery production, India still relies on China for key materials, affecting the EV sector. In 2023, China restricted gallium and germanium exports, leading to price spikes for these critical semiconductor materials.
    • Stifling Competitor Growth and Technological Dependence: China restricts the transfer of critical machinery and skilled labor to competitors to maintain its manufacturing edge.
      • China’s ban on engineers working in Indian Foxconn plants and export curbs on key equipment have slowed India’s smartphone manufacturing expansion. U.S. firms like Apple, Tesla, and Intel remain dependent on China’s supply chains, despite attempts at diversification.

    How can countries and companies safeguard themselves from China’s influence over e-supply chains? (Way Forward)

    • Supply Chain Diversification (China Plus One Strategy): Countries and companies should expand production to alternative locations to reduce reliance on China.
      • Example: Apple is shifting iPhone production to India, Vietnam, and Mexico to mitigate risks from China. The U.S. has passed the CHIPS Act (2022) to boost domestic semiconductor manufacturing and reduce reliance on Chinese supply chains.
    •  Strengthening Domestic Manufacturing and R&D: Governments should invest in local industries, incentivize component manufacturing, and build advanced R&D ecosystems.
      • Example: India’s Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme supports domestic electronics and semiconductor manufacturing. Japan and South Korea are increasing investments in semiconductor fabs to reduce dependence on China.
    •  Forming Strategic Trade Alliances and Technology Partnerships: Nations should collaborate on trade agreements and secure alternative sources for critical materials and technology.
      • Example: India, the U.S., Japan, and Taiwan are working together under the Chip 4 Alliance to strengthen the semiconductor supply chain. The EU-U.S. Trade and Technology Council (TTC) is securing alternative semiconductor and rare earth suppliers.

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  • Medical Education Governance in India

    [14th February 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: The problematic globalisation of medical education

    op-ed snap | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) Public health system has limitation in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that private sector can help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives do you suggest? (UPSC CSE 2015)

     

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on the Public health system (2015), and the Health for All’ in India (2018).

    Medical education is changing in unusual ways. There is a shortage of doctors, yet governments and medical professionals limit access to medical studies. As a result, more students from different countries travel abroad to study medicine. In the past, medical education was international, but now each country controls it while it still becomes more global. This trend is important because of healthcare needs. The exact number of students studying medicine abroad is unknown, but it is estimated to be over 200,000, often in low-quality institutions. Before the Russian invasion, Ukraine had 24,000 foreign medical students, mostly from India.

    Today’s editorial talks about issues in the  Medical sector. This content would help in GS Papers 1, 2 and 3 to substantiate your answer.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Studying medicine abroad is common, but it is largely unnoticed and lacks proper regulation.

    How does the globalization of medical education impact the quality and accessibility of healthcare?

    • Increased Access to Medical Education but Quality Concerns Persist: India has only 1 medical seat for every 22 applicants, with 2.3 million students appearing for NEET annually.
      • As a result, over 20,000 Indian students go abroad for medical studies each year. While foreign education provides an alternative, some countries have lax regulatory frameworks, leading to concerns over clinical training standards.
    • Low Licensing Exam Pass Rates for Foreign Medical Graduates: India’s Foreign Medical Graduate Examination (FMGE) pass rate has historically been below 20%.
      • In 2022, only 10,500 out of 41,349 candidates (25.4%) cleared the exam. Many foreign-trained doctors struggle to meet national standards, delaying their entry into the healthcare system.
    • Disproportionate Dependence on Foreign-trained Doctors in Some Countries: In the US, 25% of physicians are international medical graduates (IMGs), while in the UK, 37% of doctors in the NHS come from abroad.
      • While globalization helps address doctor shortages in developed countries, it exacerbates the “brain drain” in source countries like India, Nigeria, and Pakistan.
    • Growth of For-profit Medical Schools with Limited Oversight: The Caribbean region alone has over 50 private medical schools, many catering exclusively to international students from the US and Canada.
      • These institutions charge high tuition fees but often lack sufficient clinical training infrastructure, raising concerns about graduate competence.
    • Shortage of Trained Doctors in Source Countries: The WHO estimates a global shortfall of 10 million healthcare workers by 2030, with Africa facing a deficit of 6 million doctors and nurses.
      • Many doctors trained abroad do not return home, worsening healthcare shortages in low-income countries while benefiting high-income nations.

    What are the consequences of medical degrees that are obtained abroad, especially from countries with lower academic standards?

    • High Failure Rates in Licensing Exams: Foreign-trained doctors often struggle to meet national medical standards, leading to low pass rates in licensing exams.
      • Example: In India, the Foreign Medical Graduate Examination (FMGE) pass rate has historically been below 20%. In 2022, only 10,500 out of 41,349 candidates (25.4%) cleared the exam, delaying their entry into the healthcare system.
    • Limited Clinical Exposure and Skill Gaps: Some foreign medical colleges lack proper clinical training, affecting students’ hands-on experience in diagnosing and treating patients.
      • Example: Several Caribbean medical schools, catering to US and Canadian students, have faced criticism for their limited hospital affiliations, forcing students to complete clinical rotations in different countries.
    • Difficulty in Securing Residency and Employment: Graduates from lesser-known foreign institutions often struggle to secure postgraduate training and jobs in competitive healthcare markets.
      • Example: In the United States, international medical graduates (IMGs) face higher rejection rates for medical residencies, with only about 60% of non-US IMGs matching into residency programs in 2023, compared to 93% of US medical graduates.

    Is the global mobility of medical education sustainable, and how does it affect local health systems?

    • Brain Drain Weakens Healthcare in Source Countries: Many doctors trained abroad do not return, leading to a shortage of medical professionals in their home countries.
      • Example: Nigeria loses over 2,000 doctors annually to migration, worsening its doctor-to-patient ratio, which stands at 1:5,000, far below the WHO-recommended 1:1,000.
    • Unequal Distribution of Healthcare Professionals: High-income countries attract foreign-trained doctors, leaving rural and underserved regions in low- and middle-income nations critically short-staffed.
      • Example: In India, only 20% of doctors serve in rural areas, even though 65% of the population resides there, leading to severe healthcare disparities.
    • Reliance on Foreign-trained Doctors in Host Countries: Developed nations depend on foreign medical graduates to fill workforce gaps, making their healthcare systems vulnerable to changing immigration policies.
      • Example: The UK’s NHS workforce includes 37% foreign-trained doctors, with a significant number from India and Pakistan.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthening Domestic Medical Education Infrastructure: Increase the number of medical seats and improve the quality of training in home countries to reduce dependence on foreign institutions. Example: India has added over 100 new medical colleges since 2019 to expand access to medical education.
    • Stricter Accreditation and Recognition of Foreign Medical Degrees: Establish global accreditation standards and bilateral agreements to ensure only high-quality foreign medical degrees are recognized. Example: The National Exit Test (NExT) in India will standardize assessment for both domestic and foreign medical graduates.

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  • Nuclear Energy

    [13th February 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Nuclear energy — dangerous concessions on liability

    op-ed snap | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Disaster Management

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) Give an account of the growth and development of nuclear science and technology in India. What is the advantage of a fast breeder reactor programme in India? (UPSC CSE 2017)

     

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on nuclear science and technology (2017), and atomic energy (2013).

    In the Union Budget speech on February 1, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced plans to amend the Atomic Energy Act and the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (CLND) Act. This move is likely to be welcomed by the U.S., where past governments have opposed India’s law because it holds nuclear manufacturers partly responsible for accidents. However, in India, removing supplier liability could be a major concern, as it might weaken nuclear safety measures.

     

    Today’s editorial talks about the Atomic Energy Act and the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (CLND) Act. This content will help in GS papers 2 and 3 in mains answer writing.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The mention of plans to amend the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act in the Union Budget is a serious issue that needs attention.

    What is the Atomic Energy Act?

    • The Atomic Energy Act, 1962 is an Indian law that regulates the development, production, and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes while ensuring national security. It gives the government exclusive control over nuclear materials, plants, and research and allows the establishment of nuclear power projects. The Act also covers radiation safety, uranium mining, reactor operations, and waste disposal to prevent misuse and ensure public safety.

    What is the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act? 

    • The Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (CLND) Act, 2010 is an Indian law that defines liability in case of a nuclear accident. It ensures compensation for victims while holding nuclear plant operators accountable.

    Key Features:

    • Operator Liability: The primary financial responsibility for any nuclear accident rests with the plant operator (NPCIL in India), not the supplier.
    • Right of Recourse: Unlike many other countries, India allows operators to seek compensation from suppliers if defective equipment or services cause an accident (Section 17).
    • Liability Cap: Operator liability is capped at ₹1,500 crore (~$180 million), with the government covering additional costs if needed.
    • Exclusion from Global Regimes: India has not joined international nuclear liability agreements like the Convention on Supplementary Compensation (CSC), meaning financial responsibility remains domestic.

    What are the safety and liability concerns related to nuclear energy?

    • Risk of Catastrophic Accidents: Nuclear plant failures can lead to massive radiation leaks, environmental destruction, and long-term health impacts.Example: The Fukushima Daiichi disaster (2011, Japan) resulted from a tsunami, causing multiple reactor meltdowns and widespread radioactive contamination.
    • Design Flaws and Negligence: Suppliers may overlook or downplay safety risks in reactor designs, leading to vulnerabilities. Example: The Three Mile Island accident (1979, USA) occurred due to a known reactor design flaw that the supplier failed to address.
    • Limited Liability for Suppliers: In many countries, nuclear suppliers are indemnified, placing financial liability entirely on plant operators and governments.Example: General Electric (GE), which designed the Fukushima reactors, faced no financial consequences due to Japan’s liability laws.
    • Insufficient Compensation for Victims: Liability caps limit compensation for victims, despite the high costs of nuclear disasters. Example: India’s Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (CLND) Act caps liability at ₹1,500 crore, whereas Fukushima’s cleanup costs are estimated at ₹20-46 lakh crore.
    • Radioactive Waste and Long-Term Risks: Safe disposal of nuclear waste remains a major challenge, with risks of leaks and contamination lasting thousands of years.Example: The Chernobyl disaster (1986, USSR) left a radioactive exclusion zone that remains uninhabitable nearly 40 years later.

    How does India’s approach to nuclear liability differ from global standards?

    • Operator Liability with Limited Supplier Responsibility: India’s Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (CLND) Act, 2010, places primary liability on the operator (NPCIL), but allows it to seek compensation from suppliers in case of defective equipment or services (Right of Recourse, Section 17).
      • Global Standard: Most countries fully indemnify suppliers, meaning they bear no financial responsibility after supplying reactors.
      • Example: In Japan, General Electric (GE) faced no liability for the Fukushima disaster (2011), while in India, foreign suppliers fear financial risks if an accident occurs.
    • Liability Cap vs. Unlimited Liability in Some Countries: India caps operator liability at ₹1,500 crore (~$180 million), with additional compensation coming from the government if needed.
      • Global Standard: Some countries, like Germany, impose unlimited liability on operators to ensure full compensation. The U.S. Price-Anderson Act establishes a large industry-backed fund for damages beyond a certain limit.
      • Example: After the Chernobyl disaster (1986, USSR), the Soviet government bore the entire cost (~$235 billion), whereas an Indian accident beyond ₹1,500 crore would shift the financial burden to taxpayers.
    • India is Not Part of Global Nuclear Liability Regimes: India has not signed the Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage (CSC), which standardizes liability norms and creates an international compensation pool.
      • Global Standard: Most nuclear-powered nations, including the U.S. and Japan, are CSC members, ensuring global financial support for nuclear accidents.
      • Example: If a nuclear accident occurs in France, CSC members contribute to compensation, but in India, all financial burdens remain domestic.

    What are the reasons behind the government’s plan to amend the Atomic Energy Act and the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (CLND) Act?

    • Attracting Foreign Investment and Suppliers – The existing CLND Act allows India’s nuclear operator (NPCIL) to seek compensation from foreign suppliers in case of faulty equipment, discouraging companies from supplying reactors. Amendments could limit supplier liability, making India a more attractive market for nuclear investments from countries like the U.S., France, and Russia.
    • Expanding Nuclear Energy Capacity – India aims to increase its nuclear power generation to meet rising energy demands and climate goals. Simplifying liability laws could accelerate agreements with international partners and facilitate the construction of new nuclear plants under deals such as the India-U.S. Civil Nuclear Agreement.

    What are the other implications of increasing nuclear energy reliance?

    • High Economic Costs and Project Delays: Nuclear power plants require massive upfront investments, long construction periods, and frequent cost overruns.
      • Example: The AP1000 reactors in Georgia, USA, were initially estimated at $14 billion but were completed at $36.8 billion—a 250% cost overrun. Similarly, India’s Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant faced significant delays and cost escalations.
    • Nuclear Waste Management and Environmental Risks: Nuclear energy produces radioactive waste that remains hazardous for thousands of years, requiring secure disposal and long-term monitoring.
      • Example: The Fukushima disaster (2011) led to the release of radioactive material, contaminating land and water, with cleanup costs estimated between ¥35-80 trillion (~₹20-46 lakh crore). India lacks permanent storage facilities for high-level nuclear waste.
    • Geopolitical and Security Concerns: Expanding nuclear energy means higher dependence on foreign suppliers, leading to strategic vulnerabilities and potential external influence.
      • Example: India’s civil nuclear deal with the U.S. (2008) opened doors for technology transfer, but suppliers now demand liability protection before delivering reactors, creating diplomatic pressure.

    Way forward:

    • Strengthen Liability and Safety Frameworks: The government should Amend the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (CLND) Act to ensure fair risk-sharing between operators and suppliers.
      • Need to invest in advanced reactor safety technologies (e.g., Small Modular Reactors – SMRs) and strengthen independent regulatory oversight.
    • Develop Robust Waste Management and Indigenous Capabilities: The government should establish permanent disposal sites for high-level nuclear waste with stringent monitoring.
      • Need to enhance domestic nuclear technology (e.g., Thorium-based reactors) to reduce reliance on foreign suppliers and improve energy security.

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  • Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

    [12th February 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: A role for India in South-South climate cooperation

    op-ed snap | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) Clean energy is the order of the day.’ Describe briefly India’s changing policy towards climate change in various international fora in the context of geopolitics. (UPSC CSE 2018)

     

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on Climate Change (2017), and COP 26 (2021).

    In the Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) 2025, India ranks among the top 10 climate performers globally, underscoring its commitment to climate action. India has been recognized for its significant role in South-South climate cooperation, reflecting its leadership in fostering collaboration among developing nations to address climate change. 

     

    Today’s editorial highlights how South-South cooperation can help achieve climate goals, promote sustainable development, and empower developing countries to meet their climate targets, drawing attention to India’s strategic opportunities and responsibilities in this area. This content would help in substantiation of answers in Mains GS Paper III (Environment and Biodiversity).

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    Why in the News?

    India’s potential role in fostering climate cooperation between developing nations through South-South cooperation in the context of the Paris Agreement is needed for the  global solutions to tackle climate change.

    How does Article 6 of the Paris Agreement benefit India in achieving its climate goals?

    • Carbon Markets: Under Article 6.2, countries can trade carbon credits to meet their emissions reduction targets. India can participate in these carbon markets, generating revenue by selling surplus carbon credits earned through emission reductions in sectors like renewable energy, energy efficiency, and afforestation.
        • By engaging in carbon trading, India can attract foreign investments from companies in developed countries looking to offset their emissions. This can provide funding for clean energy projects, supporting India’s transition to a low-carbon economy.
    • Cooperative Approaches: Article 6.4 establishes a global carbon market mechanism, similar to the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol, but with improvements. India could utilize this mechanism to undertake joint projects with other countries that help reduce emissions while fostering sustainable development.
      • Through cooperative approaches, India can access advanced technologies, practices, and expertise from other countries, enabling its industries to adopt cleaner technologies and improve energy efficiency, contributing to its climate and development goals.
    • Non-Market Approaches:
      • Article 6.8 promotes non-market mechanisms, which focus on facilitating actions like capacity-building, finance, and knowledge sharing to address climate change. This can help India strengthen its national capabilities to implement climate policies and adapt to the impacts of climate change, particularly in vulnerable regions.
      • India, being highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, can benefit from non-market approaches to enhance its adaptive capacities and resilience, addressing critical sectors like agriculture, water resources, and infrastructure.
    • Flexibility in Meeting Targets:
      • The flexibility provided by Article 6 allows India to find the most cost-effective solutions for emission reductions, especially in sectors where technology deployment is expensive or challenging. It provides an opportunity to meet its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) in a way that balances economic growth with environmental sustainability.

    What are the potential challenges India faces in utilizing ITMOs and engaging in international climate finance?

    • Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) Systems: India’s current MRV systems for tracking emissions reductions may not meet the rigorous standards required for ITMOs, which are crucial for ensuring transparency and accountability in carbon markets.
      • Inadequate MRV mechanisms could hinder India’s ability to accurately quantify and report emission reductions, limiting its participation in carbon trading and climate finance.
    • Accessing Climate Finance: Despite being a major developing country, India faces challenges in accessing sufficient and predictable climate finance from international sources, as the global financing mechanisms often favor smaller or more vulnerable nations.
      • Limited access to finance can slow down India’s ability to implement large-scale climate projects, especially in sectors like renewable energy, adaptation, and infrastructure development.
    • Ensuring Environmental Integrity: While ITMOs enable carbon trading, there’s a risk of “low-quality” credits or “double counting” (where emissions reductions are claimed by multiple parties), which could undermine the credibility and environmental integrity of the system.
      • If India is not careful in ensuring robust methodologies for generating and trading ITMOs, it might face challenges in maintaining the credibility of its climate commitments, affecting its international reputation.
    • Domestic Policy and Institutional Coordination: India’s domestic policies on climate change may not be fully aligned with the requirements of international climate finance mechanisms or ITMO systems. There is also a need for better coordination among various ministries and stakeholders to implement and track climate action effectively.
      • Misalignment between international climate goals and domestic policies could result in inefficiencies and missed opportunities to access ITMOs and climate finance.

    What are the opportunities for India under South-South cooperation via Article 6.2?

    • Carbon Trading with Fellow Developing Countries: India can collaborate with neighbouring countries like Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and others in the South Asian region to work together to reduce emissions through renewable energy, afforestation, or energy efficiency programs.
      • India could sell any surplus carbon credits generated through its own emission reduction efforts to other developing countries that need help meeting their own NDCs (Nationally Determined Contributions). This allows India to both achieve its climate goals and potentially generate revenue.
    • Technology and Knowledge Transfer: India has already made significant progress in solar energy and can offer valuable lessons and technologies to fellow developing countries.
      • India can also help other countries develop adaptation strategies for climate change impacts, such as water management techniques, disaster preparedness, and climate-resilient infrastructure.
      • In return, India could receive new technologies, methods, and knowledge to enhance its own climate resilience.
    • Joint Ventures for Clean Energy Projects: India can partner with other developing countries to co-develop large-scale renewable energy projects, such as solar, wind, or hydropower. Joint initiatives could be supported by carbon markets, with emission reductions which could attract investments, expertise, and improve access to clean energy technologies.
      • By collaborating with other developing countries, India can contribute to the development of affordable, scalable solutions that are tailored to the specific needs of developing nations.
      • These solutions could be implemented locally, reducing emissions and improving energy access.
    • Strengthening Capacity and Institutional Frameworks: South-South cooperation can help India and other developing countries to assist in establishing frameworks for monitoring, reporting, and verifying (MRV) emissions reductions, benefiting both India and its partner countries.
      • India can help south countries in refining its strategies and implementing the best practices that suit their own development contexts.
    • Leveraging Climate Finance: India, by engaging in South-South cooperation, could also have access to international financial instruments that make climate action more affordable.
      • This would be particularly beneficial in sectors where India faces challenges in scaling up clean technologies, like electric vehicles, or in regions like rural areas that require adaptation interventions.

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  • The Crisis In The Middle East

    [11th February 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Gaza and Trump’s ‘expanding the canvas’ strategy

    op-ed snap | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) “India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back.” Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2018)

    Q) Consider the following statements: (2023)

    Statement I: Israel has established diplomatic relations with some Arab States.

    Statement-II: The ‘Arab Peace Initiative’ mediated by Saudi Arabia was signed by Israel and Arab League.

    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

    (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement II is the correct explanation for Statement I

    (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

    (c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect

    (d) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

     

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on India’s relations with Israel (2018), and the Arab Peace Initiative for Israel and Palestine ( 2023).

    On February 4, 2025, Donald Trump proposed relocating Gaza’s 2.3 million residents to Egypt and Jordan, turning the area into a global resort under U.S. control. He hinted at a West Bank plan soon. Alongside Netanyahu, he praised Saudi Crown Prince Mb Salman, who reaffirmed that Saudi-Israel ties depend on a Palestinian state’s creation.

     

    Today’s editorial talks about issues in the Middle East which is always in the news because of the Israel and Palestine conflict. This topic is also the favourite of UPSC in GS Paper2 mains and prelims related to International relations above mentioned in the box (PYQ Relevance). This content would help in substantiation of answers in Mains GS Paper 2.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Donald Trump recently proposed an audacious plan to relocate 2.3 million residents of the Gaza Strip to Egypt and Jordan, turning Gaza into a global resort, which has stirred geopolitical tension.

    • This suggestion, along with his praise for Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman (MbS), hints at possible changes in the West Asia region, especially concerning the Israel-Palestine issue and Saudi Arabia’s potential involvement in the Abraham Accords.

    What is meant by Trump’s ‘expanding the canvas’ strategy?

    • Trump’s “expanding the canvas” strategy refers to his approach of broadening the scope of a negotiation or conflict resolution by introducing bold, often extreme proposals to provoke reaction and stimulate further discussions.
    • By presenting an audacious or exaggerated idea, he aims to shift the focus and push opposing parties to consider more realistic and agreeable counter-offers. The idea is that this “shock tactic” can help break a stalemate and create space for new solutions.
    • In the context of the Gaza proposal, Trump’s suggestion to depopulate Gaza and turn it into a global resort serves as an example of this strategy—pushing the boundaries of negotiation to force other stakeholders to come up with a more balanced, practical solution.

    What are the implications of the proposed strategy for the Gaza conflict, and how might it reshape the geopolitical landscape in West Asia?

    • Geopolitical Tensions and Pushback: This proposal would likely anger Palestinians and Arab nations, as it bypasses the core issue of Palestinian statehood and self-determination. It could worsen tensions between Israel, Palestinians, and neighboring Arab countries.
      • The suggestion might also be viewed as a land grab or colonial move, particularly because it disregards the established claim of Palestinians to their land, creating significant backlash in the region and beyond.
    • Impact on Palestinian Statehood: Trump’s plan shifts focus away from the two-state solution (Israel and Palestine coexisting as separate states), which many international actors, including the U.S. and the UN, support.
      • The proposal undermines the push for Palestinian independence and could derail efforts to achieve a lasting peace settlement.
    • Saudi Arabia and Other Arab Nations’ Involvement: Trump’s proposal could alter the balance in Arab-Israeli relations. Saudi Arabia, which is being courted for inclusion in the Abraham Accords, might find it difficult to reconcile such a plan with its own stance on Palestinian rights, especially since Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman has linked normalization with Israel to the creation of a Palestinian state.
      • It could either push Saudi Arabia and other Arab states further toward Israel or create more division, depending on how the proposal is received by the region’s leaders.
    • Shifting Regional Alliances: If Saudi Arabia were to move toward accepting the proposal, it could signal a significant shift in Middle Eastern alliances, possibly leading to greater cooperation between Arab states and Israel, while sidelining Palestinian aspirations for statehood.
      • On the other hand, if the plan fails, it could deepen regional divisions, particularly between Israel and the Arab world, and intensify the existing geopolitical instability in the region.

    How are the ongoing conflicts and economic challenges in West Asia affecting the region’s future?

    Political Impact of Conflicts: The wars and conflicts in places like Gaza, Syria, Yemen, and Lebanon have created deep divisions and instability. The region has been repolarized, leading to less cooperation and more distrust between nations.

    • Issues such as the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Iran’s nuclear ambitions, and Kurdish national aspirations remain unresolved, keeping tensions high and preventing lasting peace.

    Economic Challenges: The conflicts have caused massive destruction, with the rebuilding costs in places like Gaza, Lebanon, and Syria. However, economic recovery is impossible without resolving the political issues first.

    • The region’s economy is also heavily dependent on oil, which is a vulnerable resource. The global push to move away from fossil fuels and the volatility of oil prices make the region’s future uncertain.
    • Countries like Saudi Arabia are aware of this and are trying to diversify their economies, but this process is slow.

    What are the Abraham Accords?

    The Abraham Accords refer to a series of normalization agreements between Israel and several Arab countries, aimed at establishing diplomatic, economic, and cultural relations. These agreements were brokered by the USA, and they marked a significant shift in Middle Eastern geopolitics.

    Here are the four major features of the Abraham Accords:

    • Normalization of Relations: Israel established diplomatic ties with Arab countries like UAE, Bahrain, Sudan, and Morocco.
    • Economic Collaboration: The signatories are working together to enhance trade relations, investment opportunities, and economic partnerships. Israel’s advanced technology sector, including cybersecurity and innovation, is seen as a valuable area for collaboration with the Arab countries.
    • Security Cooperation: Enhances defense and intelligence sharing, especially to address regional threats like Iran. As part of the normalization, the Accords encourage cultural exchange programs, tourism, and people-to-people connections.
    • Exclusion of the Palestinian Issue: One of the most notable features—and points of controversy—of the Abraham Accords is that the agreements were made without resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
      • While Palestinian leaders and many in the Arab world have opposed the Accords, claiming they betray the Palestinian cause, the agreements were framed as separate tracks that do not require the resolution of Palestinian statehood for Arab-Israeli relations to normalize.

    Saudi Arabia’s Role in Shaping Stability:

    • Economic Influence: Saudi Arabia, as the largest economy in the region, plays a major role in the economic stability of West Asia. It has massive reserves of wealth, particularly from its oil exports, and is using this to invest in rebuilding and diversifying the region’s economy. The Saudi Public Investment Fund, for example, is helping to fuel new development projects.
    • Diplomatic Influence: Saudi Arabia’s political influence is also crucial. Under Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman (MbS), the country has made efforts to mediate regional conflicts, like the war in Yemen and tensions with Iran. It has also sought to balance relationships with global powers, including the U.S., China, and Russia, while maintaining its leadership role in the Arab and Islamic world.
    • Potential to Guide Regional Stability: Despite the conflicts around it, Saudi Arabia has largely avoided direct involvement in the region’s major wars. It can use its wealth and diplomatic leverage to fund reconstruction efforts and push for more peaceful, negotiated solutions to ongoing conflicts. It also holds significant sway over organizations like OPEC, which can affect the global oil market and, by extension, the region’s economy.

    What are the challenges the US faces in advancing the Abraham Accords, and how does it  complicate vision for broader Arab-Israeli normalization?

    • Palestinian Statehood and the Core Issue of the Conflict: The Palestinian issue is a major barrier to Arab-Israeli normalization, with many Arab nations, including Saudi Arabia, insisting on a Palestinian state as a prerequisite.
      • Trump’s focus on individual peace deals with Arab states bypasses this issue, making it difficult for countries like Saudi Arabia to fully normalize relations with Israel.
    • Opposition from Palestinian Leaders and Supporters: The Palestinian leadership has consistently rejected the Abraham Accords, seeing them as a betrayal of their cause. They argue that normalizing relations with Israel without addressing Palestinian rights and the establishment of a Palestinian state undermines their struggle for sovereignty and independence.
      • This complicates the situation. As long as Palestinians feel excluded from peace processes or see no meaningful progress toward a state of their own, it will be difficult to secure broad Arab-Israeli normalization.
    • Resistance from Ultra-Religious Israeli Groups: Within Israel, the growing influence of ultra-religious Jewish groups also complicates Trump’s plans. These groups often oppose any peace deal and their influence makes it harder for the Israeli government to adopt policies that could lead to broader peace agreements, even with Arab states.
    • Competing Interests Among Arab States: While some Arab states like the UAE and Bahrain have embraced the Abraham Accords, others, particularly in the Gulf, have been more cautious.
      • Saudi Arabia, for example, has signaled interest in normalizing relations with Israel, but only on the condition that Palestinian statehood is part of the deal.
      • This puts Trump in a difficult position, as he must balance the desire to expand the Accords with the realities of Arab and Palestinian demands.

    Way Forward: 

    • Need for Revised Diplomacy: A lasting solution must address Palestinian statehood, with a two-state solution being central to gaining support from Arab nations and Palestinian leaders. Direct negotiations, backed by international mediators, are crucial.
      • Arab states, Israel, and global powers must work together through multilateral platforms, with Saudi Arabia playing a key role in fostering peace and stability in the region.
    • Humanitarian Focus: Immediate efforts are needed to address the humanitarian crisis in Gaza and surrounding areas, with international aid supporting reconstruction and stability.
    • Economic Diversification: The region must move beyond oil dependency by investing in other industries, with collaboration between the U.S. and Gulf states to promote long-term economic stability.

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  • Terrorism and Challenges Related To It

    [10th February 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Keeping a watch on the growing arc of violence

    op-ed snap | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Important International Institutions

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q. The scourge of terrorism is a grave challenge to national security. What solutions do you suggest to curb this growing menace? What are the major sources of terrorist funding? (2017)

    Q. Discuss the impediments India is facing in its pursuit of a permanent seat in the UN Security Council. (2015)

    Mentor’s Comment:   UPSC mains have always focused on grave challenge to national security (2017), and ‘pursuit of a permanent seat in the UN Security Council ’ (2015)

    Wars are raging, global institutions are failing, and terrorism is evolving in new, digital, and decentralized forms. While conflicts like the Ukraine war and Gaza crisis dominate headlines, subterranean threats such as radicalization and lone-wolf terrorism are quietly reshaping global security risks.

    Today’s editorial highlights why the world is in a volatile state, how extremist groups are adapting, and why counterterrorism efforts must evolve to meet these new challenges. This content will help in GS paper 2 (Security issues).

    Why in the News?

    The world is going through an unpredictable phase, with wars, conflicts, and terrorism on the rise. The post-1945 global order has collapsed, and international institutions like the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) and the International Court of Justice (ICJ) are failing to prevent violence. At the same time, terrorism is evolving, using digital tools and decentralized networks to survive and grow.

    Why is the Present Period Unpredictable?

    • Wars in Europe and West Asia:
      • The Ukraine war continues with no clear end in sight.
      • The Gaza conflict and tensions in Lebanon have led to large-scale civilian casualties.
    • Failure of Global Institutions:
      • The UNSC and ICJ have become powerless observers, unable to stop wars.
      • The principles of international law are now ignored by major powers.
    • Moral and Political Decline:
      • Nations are acting in self-interest, with no common moral framework.
      • Peace efforts are temporary and do not address the root causes of conflicts.

    What are the Recent Subterranean Activities?

    • False Sense of Stability in West Asia:
      • Some believe that Israeli military actions have weakened Iran’s regional influence.
      • However, underground resistance movements are growing, keeping tensions high.
    • Resurgence of Islamist Extremism:
      • Jihadist groups are reorganizing, using online radicalization.
      • “Lone wolf” attacks are increasing, making them harder to predict.
    • Digital Radicalization:
      • Terrorist groups are recruiting and training people online.
      • Social media and encrypted messaging apps are used to spread extremist ideologies.

    How Terrorism is Witnessing a Revival?

    • Terrorism is Adapting:
      • Since 1979, terrorist networks have evolved.
      • Al-Qaeda and ISIS have used both military and digital strategies to stay active.
      • Now, terrorism is shifting towards smaller, more frequent attacks.
    • Al-Qaeda and ISIS Regrouping:
      • Al-Qaeda is training militants in Afghanistan, under Taliban rule.
      • ISIS-Khorasan (ISKP) is expanding its operations beyond Afghanistan and Pakistan.
      • Attacks have been reported in Moscow, Türkiye, and Iran.
    • More Small-Scale Attacks:
      • Instead of large bombings, modern terrorism relies on:
        • Lone-wolf attacks (one person acting alone).
        • Vehicle attacks, knives, or simple explosives.
        • AI-driven propaganda to recruit supporters.
    • Recent Terror Attacks in the U.S.:
      • Las Vegas Cyber Truck Explosion: A Tesla exploded outside a hotel where President-elect Donald Trump was staying.
      • New Orleans Vehicle Attack: A former soldier drove a truck into a crowd, killing 14 people while displaying an ISIS flag.
      • Virginia Terror Plot: Authorities foiled a planned attack in early 2025.
    • Warnings for the Future:
      • Experts warn of a new wave of terror attacks using digital tools.
      • Security agencies worldwide are on high alert to prevent further incidents.

    Conclusion

    A technology-driven and cooperative global approach is essential to counter rising conflicts and terrorism. Nations must strengthen international institutions, use AI for surveillance, and enforce stricter digital regulations to prevent online radicalization. Community engagement and de-radicalization programs can help address extremism at its roots. Stronger border security, cyber-tracking, and intelligence-sharing will be key to preventing future attacks. As threats become more decentralized and digital, proactive measures and global collaboration are the only paths to lasting peace.

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  • Primary and Secondary Education – RTE, Education Policy, SEQI, RMSA, Committee Reports, etc.

    [8th February 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Technology and the challenge of equitable education

    op-ed snap | Indian Society | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) How have digital initiatives in India contributed to the functioning of the education system in the country? Elaborate your answer (UPSC CSE 2020)

    Q) Despite the consistent experience of high growth, India still goes with the lowest indicators of human development. Examine the issues that make balanced and inclusive development elusive.  (UPSC CSE 2019)

     

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on National Education Policy (2020), and Significance of Primary Education (2016 and 2022).

    Did you know that, the Budget Allocation for the FY 2024-25 of ₹ 73,498 cr is the highest ever for the Department of School Education & Literacy. On the other hand, while science and technology have integrated countries, education can generate the need for profit and can widespread use of innovations.

    Today’s editorial discusses the major observations from the ASER 2024 Report. This content can be used in Mains answer to present the Digital divide in Rural and Urban Area. Further this content also tells you the Potential of Digital infrastructure and Implementation that India needs to build. 

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    According to the recent ACER Survey 2024, India lacks a road map in the field of education that allows the promise of technology to be harnessed for those who need it the most.

    What are the Key Highlights given by ASER 2024?

    The Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) is a citizen-led survey that provides estimates of schooling and learning levels in rural India. Published by the NGO Pratham, ASER has been conducted since 2005. After 2016, the survey transitioned to an alternate-year model, with the “basic” ASER conducted in all rural districts every other year. In the intervening years, a smaller survey focuses on specific age groups and domains. The “basic” ASER tracks enrollment for children aged 3-16 and assesses the reading and arithmetic skills of children aged 5-16 through household surveys.
    • Academic Observations and Reporting: Since 2006, private school enrollment in rural India has been increasing, plateauing at 30.8% in 2014 and remaining there in 2018.
      • Basic arithmetic abilities in Class 3 have risen to 33.7% in 2024, exceeding both 2022 and 2018 rates. Class 5 reading levels are also up, nearly matching 2018 figures, although private schools have not yet reached their pre-pandemic reading levels.
      • Attendance for both teachers and students in government elementary schools has improved. Several states have pre-primary enrollment rates above 90%.
    • Focus on Foundational Literacy and Numeracy: The big push for foundational literacy and numeracy (FLN) under NEP 2020 and the NIPUN Bharat Mission has helped to improve foundational learning through better resources, learning materials, and teacher training which appears to be a major contributor to the improvements noted in the ASER 2024 report.
    • Emphasis on Early Childhood Education: NEP 2020’s emphasis on early childhood education is expected to further improve access, as ASER 2024 reported increased enrollment in early childhood education, with almost 80% of children aged 3 to 6 years enrolled in some form of pre-primary education.
    • Improved Accessibility and Potential: In 2018, approximately 90% of rural households possessed basic mobile phones, while 36% owned smartphones. By 2022, smartphone ownership in these households increased to over 74%, and further to 84% in 2024, but educational use is limited to 57%.
      • Among children aged 14-16, smartphone ownership rose from 19% to about 31% within a year.
      • Smartphones were mainly used to send texts, worksheets, and videos during the pandemic as a substitute for textbooks. Digital skills from the pandemic remained relevant, and artificial intelligence (AI) generated new interest.
    • Reversing Pandemic Losses: The ASER 2024 report suggests a rebound from the learning losses during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in government schools, where reading and arithmetic skills have reached or exceeded pre-pandemic levels.
      • The improvement in standard III implies that some of its credit can go to the NIPUN Bharat Mission.

    What are the present challenges of digital divide in India according to ASER Report 2024?

    • Gender Disparity: Boys outpace girls in access, ownership, and smartphone usage, which puts girls at a disadvantage and exacerbates existing inequalities. Even when smartphones are available, girls face systemic barriers that limit their access, such as social norms, parental control, and prioritization of boys’ education.
    • Access vs. Usage: While nearly all children between 14 and 16 have access to cell phones, only 57% use smart devices for education-related activities, while about 76% use them for social media.
    • Variations Across States: ASER 2024 indicates wide variations in digital literacy across states.
    • Digital Literacy Skills: While smartphone access is widespread, structured digital education programs can enhance meaningful use of technology for learning.
      • There is a gender gap in digital skills, with 85.5% of boys and 79.4% of girls reporting that they know how to use a smartphone.
    • Smartphone Ownership: There is a gender gap in smartphone ownership, with only 36.2% of boys and 26.9% of girls reporting owning a smartphone.
      • This lack of personal ownership limits access and curtails opportunities for girls to explore and learn independently.

    How can technology be leveraged to bridge the digital divide and ensure equitable access to educational resources?

    • Targeted distribution of school-owned devices: Schools can monitor device-to-student ratios to decide how each device can best support specific learning activities within the curriculum.
      • Distribution can be based on the individual needs of the student, ensuring that each device is allocated where it can have the most significant impact on learning.
    • Embrace pedagogically-led technology integration: Prioritizing integrating technology in a way that enhances the learning experience as a whole can ensure that every student benefits from the transformative potential of digital tools.
      • This includes how educators are trained in technology as a means to achieve equitable learning outcomes.
    • Assess Needs and Resources: Survey families to understand current technology access at home and take inventory of existing school technology equipment and infrastructure. Identify areas that need upgrades to support 1:1 device programs.
    • Provide Multiple Access Options: Offer devices that students can use at school and take home and create a community technology center with free WiFi, computers, and printers. Partner with community organizations to provide access outside of school

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  • Government Budgets

    [6th February 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: A Budget that is mostly good but with one wrong move

    op-ed snap | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Government Budgeting

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) Distinguish between Capital Budget and Revenue Budget. Explain the components of both these Budgets. (UPSC CSE 2021)

     

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on the Capital Budget and Revenue Budget (2021), and the objectives of Union-Budget (2017).

    The Union Budget’s forecast of 10.1% nominal GDP growth for 2025-26 seems reasonable, based on the Economic Survey’s prediction of 6.3%-6.8% real GDP growth. Although capital spending has gone up, it’s similar to last year’s budget. The Budget aims to drive growth towards becoming a developed nation, though some measures, like tax relief, could have come sooner.

    Today’s editorial talks about the measures taken in the Budget. This content would help in GS paper 3 in the economy section.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Some measures in the Budget should have been introduced earlier and replacing ‘fiscal deficit’ as a key indicator is a wrong decision.

    How realistic are the government’s tax revenue growth assumptions?

    • Gross Tax Revenue (GTR) Trends: The growth in the Government of India’s GTR has been trending downwards in recent years. The buoyancy of GTR has fallen for three successive years from 1.4 in 2023-24 to 1.15 in 2024-25 (RE) and then to 1.07 in 2025-26 (BE). As a result, growth in the Government of India’s GTR has kept falling from 13.5% in 2023-24 to 11.2% in 2024-25 (RE), and to 10.8% in 2025-26 (BE). Within the government’s tax revenues, the growth rate of Goods and Services Tax (GST) has also fallen from 12.7% in 2023-24 to 10.9% in 2025-26 (BE).
    • Shift to Direct Taxes: The structure of the government’s taxation has moved from indirect to direct taxes, with the share of direct taxes in the government’s GTR increasing from 52% in 2021-22 to 59% in 2025-26 (BE).
    • Personal Income Tax: There has been a fall in growth from 25.4% in 2023-24 to 20.3% in 2024-25 (RE) and 14.4% in 2025-26 (BE). This fall in growth in 2025-26 (BE) is partly due to the announced income-tax concessions.
    • Corporate Income Tax: The growth in 2024-25 (RE) is quite low at 7.6%. This growth has been raised to 10.4% in 2025-26 (BE).

    Is the level of government expenditure appropriate, and is its composition efficient?

    • Overall Expenditure: The government is estimated to spend Rs 50,65,345 crore in 2025-26, 7.4% higher than the revised estimate of 2024-25. The size of government expenditure as a percentage of GDP has been reduced from 14.6% in 2024-25 (RE) to 14.2% in 2025-26 (BE). Growth in total expenditure, at 7.6% in 2025-26 (BE), is lower than the budgeted nominal GDP growth at 10.1%.
    • Capital Expenditure: Capital expenditure has been raised from 11.11 lakh crore rupees in the current fiscal year to 11.21 lakh crore rupees for the oncoming fiscal year1. There has been a steady improvement in the quality of government expenditure as the share of capital expenditure in total expenditure has been improving. This share has improved by 10% points over the period from 2020-21 to 2025-26 (BE).
    • Investment in Key Areas: Investment remains a central theme in the Budget, categorized into three key areas—people, economy, and innovation.
      • Investment in people: Includes the establishment of Atal Tinkering Labs, broadband connectivity for schools and health centers, Centers of Excellence for Skilling, and initiatives for Gig workers.
      • Investment in the economy: Focuses on infrastructure projects, interest-free loans to states for capital expenditure, asset monetization, and urban redevelopment projects.
      • Investment in innovation: Allocates funds to private sector-driven R&D initiatives and missions to support urban planning and knowledge systems.
    • AI Infrastructure: The Government of India has to build up large-scale Artificial Intelligence (AI) infrastructure in order to facilitate the adoption of emerging technologies.

    ⁠Is the shift away from using fiscal deficit as a primary indicator of fiscal prudence a positive step?

    • Change in Indicator: One measure introduced in the Budget is to move away from fiscal deficit as an indicator of fiscal prudence. The practice of giving a glide path in terms of fiscal deficit is being discontinued. It has been stated that from now on, the focus will be on reducing the debt-GDP ratio annually.
    • New Target: The central government aims to reduce its outstanding liabilities to around 50% of GDP by March 2031.
    • Debt-GDP Ratio: In the 2025-26 Budget, the practice of giving a glide path in terms of fiscal deficit is being discontinued. Alternative paths of the debt-GDP ratio with nominal GDP growth assumptions of 10.0%, 10.5% and 11.0% are given.
      • The glide paths are indicated in terms of alternative growth assumptions and alternative assumptions regarding mild, moderate, and high degrees of fiscal consolidation. This makes the whole exercise vague and non-transparent.
    • Fiscal Deficit Target: The fiscal deficit target for FY26 is set at 4.4% of GDP, revised down from 4.8% in the current financial year.

    Way forward: 

    • Restore Fiscal Deficit Transparency: Reintroduce clear fiscal deficit targets with specific timelines, instead of focusing solely on the debt-GDP ratio. This would ensure greater clarity and accountability in fiscal management.
    • Enhance Investment Efficiency: Prioritize strategic investments in key areas like AI infrastructure, R&D, and innovation, while ensuring these investments align with long-term growth goals and contribute to overall economic resilience.

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  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-United States

    [5th February 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: The U.S.’s WHO exit, a chance to reshape global health

    op-ed snap | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Effect Of Policies & Politics Of World On India’S Interests

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) Critically examine the role of WHOin providing global health security during the Covid-19 pandemic. (UPSC CSE 2020)

     

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on Bridging Healthcare Gaps (2015), and WHO Initiatives (2020).

    The US is the largest contributor to WHO, providing about 18% of its funding. The withdrawal is expected to jeopardize critical health programs, particularly those addressing tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and other health emergencies.

    Today’s editorial emphasizes the need for member states to collaborate more effectively in light of reduced US involvement, ensuring that global health priorities remain addressed despite funding challenges. This content can be used to present the significance of multilateral collaboration and its impact on international policy and governance with respect to Health.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    After the USA’s withdrawal from WHO, it is time for the countries in the global south to support WHO and initiate collaborative actions to reshape the global health agenda.

    What are the Potential Impacts of the US Withdrawal from WHO?

    • Disruption of Funding and Programs: The US contributes nearly 18% of WHO’s budget (~$1 billion annually), supporting critical health programs like immunization, tuberculosis control, and pandemic preparedness.
      • The withdrawal will likely disrupt ongoing projects aimed at combating health challenges such as HIV/AIDS and polio eradication.
    • Weakened Global Health Response: WHO’s ability to coordinate responses to health crises will be significantly impaired without US support. This includes reduced resources for disease surveillance and emergency operations in regions facing outbreaks or health threats.
    • Impact on Global Health Leadership and Collaboration: The absence of the US may create a leadership vacuum within WHO, allowing other nations (e.g., China) to increase their influence.
      • This shift could alter international collaboration dynamics and lead to fragmented approaches to public health challenges.
    • Repercussions for Low-Income Countries: Marginalized communities in low-income countries may face disproportionate impacts due to reduced funding from WHO. These communities rely heavily on WHO for access to essential health services, and the withdrawal signals a deprioritization of global health initiatives, exacerbating existing inequalities.
      • The overall effectiveness of global health initiatives may decline as WHO struggles with funding constraints and could slow long-term progress toward key health goals, such as disease eradication and comprehensive vaccination programs, ultimately affecting global health security.

    How might the withdrawal reshape international health diplomacy?

    • Shift in Global Health Leadership: The absence of the US may create a leadership vacuum within WHO, potentially allowing countries like China to increase their influence in global health governance.
      • This shift could alter the dynamics of international collaboration, with other nations stepping up to fill the void left by the US.
    • Increased Geopolitical Tensions: The withdrawal could intensify competition between the US and China for influence in global health matters.
      • China’s initiatives, such as the Health Silk Road, may gain traction as it seeks to position itself as a leader in global health, thereby reshaping alliances and partnerships among countries.
    • Impact on Multilateral Cooperation: The US’s exit may weaken multilateral cooperation on critical health issues, leading to fragmented responses to global health challenges.
      • Countries may become less willing to collaborate on shared health threats without US leadership, which could hinder effective pandemic preparedness and response efforts.
    • Loss of Diplomatic Leverage: By withdrawing, the US relinquishes its role as a key influencer in shaping global health policies and initiatives.
      • This could diminish its ability to advocate for public health programs that align with its interests and values, allowing other nations to take a more prominent role in setting global health agendas.
    • Disproportionate Effects: The low-income countries that rely heavily on WHO for support may face greater challenges without US involvement.

    What reforms or changes might be necessary within WHO in light of this withdrawal?

    • Diversification of Funding Sources: WHO should encourage member states to increase their assessed contributions, which currently cover less than 20% of its budget. This could help reduce reliance on any single donor, particularly the US.
      • WHO can seek to expand its voluntary contributions from other countries and private organizations to fill the financial gap left by the US withdrawal.
    • Strengthening Governance and Accountability: Implementing more transparent financial management practices can help restore trust among member states and ensure that funds are allocated effectively.
      • Establishing an independent oversight body to review WHO’s operations and decision-making processes may help address concerns about political influence and enhance accountability.

    What opportunity do India have in this situation?

    • Increased Leadership Role: India can take a prominent leadership position within WHO, representing the Global South.
      • For Example, through the Vaccine Maitri initiative, India facilitated vaccine exports during the COVID-19 pandemic, demonstrating its commitment to global health equity and influencing health policies.
    • Strengthening Domestic Capabilities: The withdrawal allows India to bolster its healthcare infrastructure and research capabilities.
      • For Example, significant investments in indigenous vaccine production, such as Covaxin and Covishield, have positioned India as a major player in global vaccine supply chains, enhancing self-reliance and healthcare outcomes.
    • Enhanced Collaboration with Emerging Economies: India can forge stronger partnerships with other emerging economies to collaboratively address global health challenges.
      • For Example, engagement with countries like Brazil and South Africa through the IBSA Dialogue Forum can focus on shared issues like antimicrobial resistance and maternal health, enhancing collective responses to public health threats.
    • Leveraging Pharmaceutical Strength: India’s robust pharmaceutical industry can fill gaps left by reduced WHO funding.
      • Known as the “pharmacy of the world,” India supplied affordable vaccines during the pandemic, reinforcing its reputation as a key player in global healthcare by continuing to produce low-cost medications.

    Way Forward: India can not only mitigate the impacts of the US withdrawal but also can significantly contribute to shaping a more equitable global health landscape.

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