Type: Prelims Only

The Centre is yet to decide on a research proposal from scientists which would allow plants to be genetically modified without the need for conventional transgenic technology.

What is Genome Editing?

• Genome editing (also called gene editing) is a group of technologies that give scientists the ability to change an organism’s DNA.
• These technologies allow genetic material to be added, removed, or altered at particular locations in the genome.
• Several approaches to genome editing have been developed.

Techs for Genome Editing

The core technologies now most commonly used to facilitate genome editing are

1. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)- associated protein 9 (Cas9)
2. Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs)
3. Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs)
4. Homing endonucleases or meganucleases

Newer technologies

• The Institute has now moved to newer technologies such as Site-Directed Nuclease (SDN) 1 and 2.
• They aim to bring precision and efficiency into the breeding process using gene-editing tools such as CRISPR, whose developers won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2020.

About CRISPR

• CRISPR-Cas9 was adapted from a naturally occurring genome editing system in bacteria.
• The bacteria capture snippets of DNA from invading viruses and use them to create DNA segments known as CRISPR arrays.
• The CRISPR arrays allow the bacteria to “remember” the viruses (or closely related ones).
• If the viruses attack again, the bacteria produce RNA segments from the CRISPR arrays to target the viruses’ DNA.
• The bacteria then use Cas9 or a similar enzyme to cut the virus DNA apart, which disables the virus.
• This method is faster, cheaper, more accurate, and more efficient than other existing genome editing methods.

What is Non-Transgenic Gene Editing?

• Unlike the older GM technology which involves the introduction of foreign DNA, the new proposal involves the use of gene editing tools to directly tweak the plant’s own genes instead.
• It does not involve inserting any foreign DNA.

Use in India

• Scientists at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) are in the process of developing resilient and high-yield rice varieties using such gene editing techniques.
• However, this proposal has been pending with the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) for almost two years.

Why need such technique?

• Similar to natural mutation: But in this case, this protein is right there in the plant, and is being changed a little bit, just as nature does through mutation.
• Faster and cheaper: It is much faster and far more precise than natural mutation or conventional breeding methods which involve trial and error and multiple breeding cycles.
• Safe for consumption: When a protein comes from an outside organism, then you need to test for safety.
• Pathbreaking: It is potentially a new Green Revolution.

No approval issues

• The SDN 1 and SDN 2 categories of genome-edited plants do not contain any foreign DNA when they are taken to the open field trials.
• The US, Canada, Australia and Japan are among the countries which have already approved the SDN 1 and 2 technologies as not akin to GM.
• So, such varieties of rice can be exported without any problem.
• The European Food Safety Authority has also submitted its opinion that these technologies do not need the same level of safety assessment as conventional GM.

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Some farmers in Punjab, especially in the Kinnow belt, have started making Bio-Enzymes (BEs) from this waste fruit — peel and ‘D’ grade, very small kinnows.

What is a Kinnow?

• The ‘Kinnow’ is a high yield citrus fruit cultivated extensively in the wider Punjab region of India and Pakistan.
• It is a year-long duration crop and the main harvesting period is from November-end to March.
• It looks similar to orange but is smaller in size.

Agricultural significance of Kinnows

• Fallen fruit is a major challenge for kinnow farmers in the state as one needs to dig up small pits to bury them, otherwise the fallen fruit rot and invite a fly attack on the healthy fruit still on the plants.
• But now, some farmers are using this waste kinnow to improve the pH level and soil fertility of their land by making BEs from this waste fruit.

What are Bio-Enzymes?

• Chemically, the Bio Enzymes are a mixture of complex organic substances such as proteins, salts and other materials that are by-products of the bacteria/yeast.
• They produced through fermentation of organic waste including various fruits, vegetable peels and flowers, by mixing in sugar, jaggery/molasses and water.
• BE’s also have a lot of usage in our daily lives. They can be used as natural cleansers.

Benefits offered by BEs

• BEs have a lot of good microbes and one of the major methods which helps overall improvement of our ecology.
• It helps in mitigating the imbalance occurred due to overuse of chemicals, in our soil, air and water.
• In a state like Punjab where water table is depleting fast and water contamination is also major issue, BEs can bring the soil back to life.
• It helps in better water recharging and also stops the contamination of water by improving the health of soil.

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