PYQ Relevance
[UPSC 2022] Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in the light of the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct.”
Linkage: Just as the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) evolved as a tool by the Election Commission of India (ECI) to ensure free and fair elections in a changing political landscape, the present crisis of migrant disenfranchisement in Bihar shows the need for the ECI to evolve its mechanisms to safeguard inclusivity similarly. The deletion of 3.5 million migrant voters highlights that electoral integrity today is not only about regulating political behaviour (through MCC) but also about ensuring universal participation by adapting to realities of circular migration, dual belonging, and portable identities. Strengthening ECI’s role in creating mobile and flexible voter registration systems, like Kerala’s migration surveys or cross-State verification, would be a natural extension of its democratic mandate. |
Mentor’s Comment
The article highlights a silent but serious crisis unfolding in Bihar, where nearly 3.5 million voters, largely migrants, have been deleted from electoral rolls due to the Special Intensive Revision (SIR). This not only exposes flaws in India’s electoral infrastructure but also deepens the democratic deficit in migrant-heavy States. For UPSC aspirants, this issue links to democracy, citizenship, federalism, migration, and social justice, making it highly relevant for GS 2 (Polity & Governance) and GS 1 (Society).
Introduction
In a democracy of 1.4 billion citizens, every vote matters. Yet, millions of India’s migrant workers are quietly being left out of the democratic process. In Bihar, where migration is both an economic lifeline and a survival strategy, the recent mass deletion of 3.5 million voters (4.4% of the total electoral roll) raises critical questions about representation, inclusivity, and the design of India’s electoral system. The crisis is not an isolated administrative lapse but a systemic failure rooted in an outdated model of citizenship tied to permanent residence, ignoring the realities of circular and seasonal migration.
The disenfranchisement of Bihar’s migrants in the news
- Mass deletion: Nearly 3.5 million voters were deleted under the Special Intensive Revision (SIR).
- Reason given: “Permanently migrated”, migrants absent during house-to-house verification.
- Permanent loss of rights: These voters cannot vote either in host States (where they work) or in home States (where their names are deleted).
- Democratic rupture: Bihar’s voter turnout is already low, 53.2% in the last four Assembly elections, compared to 66.4% in Gujarat and 70.7% in Karnataka.
- Scale of migration: 7 million annual outflow from Bihar, of which 4.8 million migrate seasonally. Around 2.7 million return during October–November festivals, yet many will be unable to vote this year.
Electoral system and the migrant challenge in India
- Sedentary citizen model: Voter registration tied to proof of residence and in-person verification.
- Documentation barriers: Migrants often live in rented rooms, construction sites, or slums with no accepted address proof.
- Regionalism & exclusion: Migrants in host States are seen as “outsiders” with fears of electoral influence discouraging registration.
- Dual belonging demonised: Migrants contribute economically in host States but are denied political identity both at origin and destination.
Studies revealing migrant exclusion in electoral participation
- TISS Study (2015): “Inclusive Elections in India” (funded by ECI) confirmed marginalisation of migrants.
- Triple burden: Administrative barriers, digital illiteracy, social exclusion.
- Correlation: Higher migration = Lower voter turnout in source States.
- Mobile data estimates: 7 million circular migrants annually from Bihar, proving large-scale exclusion.
Welfare exclusions and the migrant voting crisis
- One Nation One Ration Card Scheme (2019):
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- Limited uptake: only 3.3 lakh households from Bihar availed portability by May 2025.
- Barriers: Dual residency, bureaucratic hurdles, fear of losing entitlements.
- Parallel with voter IDs: migrants keep origin-based documents for security.
- Cross-border complexities: Along the 1,751 km India-Nepal border, traditional “roti-beti” ties now face exclusion due to restrictive documentation, disproportionately affecting women.
Reforms to safeguard migrant voting rights
- Portable voter identity: Mobile, flexible, and portable voter ID system.
- Cross-verification model: Coordination between origin and destination States to prevent disenfranchisement.
- Local bodies’ role: Panchayats and civil society to aid migrant re-registration.
- Kerala model of migration surveys: Replicate in high-migration States like Bihar and UP.
- Immediate halt to blanket deletions: Safeguard against the “largest silent voter purge in post-Independence India.”
Conclusion
Migrants embody India’s paradox, economic backbone but political invisibility. The deletion of millions of voters from Bihar is not just an administrative failure; it is a systemic denial of democratic rights. If India’s electoral infrastructure does not adapt to the realities of migration, democracy risks leaving behind its most hard-working and vulnerable citizens. Ensuring portable electoral rights is not charity, it is the essence of a living democracy.
Value Addition
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Constitutional and Legal Angle
- Article 326: Provides for universal adult suffrage — any exclusion of migrant workers undermines this fundamental principle.
- Representation of People Act, 1950 & 1951: While they govern electoral rolls and voting procedures, they are silent on portable voting rights for internal migrants.
- Supreme Court in PUCL vs Union of India (2003): Declared the right to vote as part of freedom of expression under Article 19(1)(a). Denial to migrants raises constitutional concerns.
Scale of the Problem – National Context
- Census 2011: 45.6 crore internal migrants in India (37% of the population).
- Economic Survey 2017: ~9 million people migrate annually for work, education, or marriage.
- Migrants form a huge electoral constituency, yet remain politically invisible.
Policy/Election Commission (EC) Initiatives Beyond Bihar
- EC’s Remote Voting Machine (RVM) Proposal, 2023: Aimed to allow migrants to vote from remote locations, but postponed after opposition from political parties.
- E-EPIC (Electronic Voter Photo ID Card), 2021: Step toward portability but lacks full integration across States.
Comparative Global Insights
- Philippines: Overseas absentee voting law enables migrants abroad to vote in national elections.
- Mexico: Postal voting rights for citizens abroad.
- South Africa: Mobile registration and voting stations in migrant-dense areas.
- India lags in creating portable political rights for its massive migrant population.
Democratic & Governance Implications
- Political alienation → weakens democratic legitimacy in migrant-heavy States (Bihar, UP, Odisha).
- Rise of sub-nationalism → exclusion in host States deepens identity politics.
- Urban governance: Migrants in cities are tax contributors (indirectly via consumption) but lack political representation → urban policies ignore their needs.
Ethical & Social Justice Dimension
- Ambedkar’s warning: “Political democracy cannot last unless… social democracy is its foundation.” Excluding the poor migrants fractures this balance.
- Gandhian perspective: True Swaraj is when “the last man” (Antyodaya principle) participates in democracy — migrant exclusion violates this ethic.
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Mapping Microthemes
- GS Paper I (Society): Migration, regionalism, exclusion of vulnerable groups.
- GS Paper II (Polity & Governance): Electoral reforms, federal coordination, democratic rights.
- GS Paper III (Economy): Migration as economic survival strategy.
- GS Paper IV (Ethics): Justice, fairness, and democratic inclusivity.
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Introduction
The recognition of gender identity in India rests on strong legal foundations, the NALSA v. Union of India (2014) judgment and the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019. Yet, lived realities remain different, as shown in the Manipur High Court order directing fresh academic certificates for Dr. Beoncy Laishram. What should have been a routine correction instead became a legal battle, exposing the gap between law and practice.
Why is this issue in the news?
The Manipur High Court directed the State to issue fresh academic certificates to Dr. Beoncy Laishram, a transgender doctor, after her university refused to update her records citing procedural hurdles. This is significant because it highlights how basic rights, already guaranteed by law, are still denied in practice. The case reflects a larger systemic problem where bureaucratic rigidity overrides constitutional guarantees under Articles 14 and 21, forcing transpersons into prolonged legal battles to claim what is already legally theirs.
Bureaucratic Inertia vs. Transgender Justice
- Administrative inertia: Officials often defer to rigid procedural rules rather than the spirit of the law.
- Sequential corrections: Universities and boards insisted that records must be corrected starting from the earliest certificate, creating cascading hurdles.
- Binary mindset: Authorities still stick to birth-assigned gender over self-identity.
The NALSA Judgement Mandate on Self-Identification
- Right to self-identify: In NALSA v. Union of India (2014), the Supreme Court recognised transgender persons’ right to self-identify their gender.
- Welfare entitlements: Declared them socially and educationally backward, eligible for reservations and welfare schemes.
- Constitutional backing: Linked to Articles 14 (equality before law) and 21 (right to life and dignity), making recognition a constitutional obligation.
Statutory Guarantees under the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019Â
- Statutory obligation: Authorities are legally required to recognise self-identified gender and update official records.
- Codification of self-identification: Law translated the NALSA principle into binding statutory practice.
- Gap in implementation: Despite clarity in law, officials often refuse compliance unless compelled by courts.
The Precedent of Dr. Laishram’s Case (A Landmark for Institutional Accountability)
- Individual justice: The order ensures her academic and professional records reflect her affirmed identity.
- Precedential value: Signals to other institutions that procedural rigidity cannot override constitutional rights.
- Systemic spotlight: Reveals how transpersons are forced into legal struggles for routine matters, expending time and resources disproportionately.
Reforms for Bridging Law and Reality
- Institutional reform: Simplify procedures and enforce compliance through clear administrative circulars.
- Cultural change: Bureaucracy must embrace gender as lived reality, not paperwork.
- Awareness and sensitivity training: Officials must be sensitised to constitutional principles and human dignity.
Conclusion
The Manipur High Court’s ruling is a milestone, but it also highlights how rights guaranteed in law often falter in practice. True empowerment will come only when institutions operationalise constitutional principles with sensitivity, ensuring that gender identity is recognised as a matter of dignity, not just paperwork.
Value Addition
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Key Features of the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019
- Definition of Transgender Person: Includes trans-men, trans-women, persons with intersex variations, genderqueer, and persons with socio-cultural identities (like hijra, aravani, jogta).
- Right to Self-Perceived Gender Identity: Allows individuals to identify as male, female, or transgender.
- Prohibition of Discrimination: No discrimination in education, employment, healthcare, housing, access to services, or public places.
- Recognition and Certificates: Provides for a certificate of identity issued by the District Magistrate, recognising a person as “transgender.”
- Welfare Measures: Mandates governments to frame welfare schemes for education, healthcare, vocational training, and social security.
- Offences and Penalties: Criminalises denial of services, removal from household, physical/sexual abuse; punishable with imprisonment (6 months–2 years) and fine.
- National Council for Transgender Persons (NCT): Advisory body to monitor implementation, headed by Union Minister for Social Justice & Empowerment.
Criticisms
- Certification process: Seen as bureaucratic and violating the spirit of self-identification under NALSA (2014)
- No reservation policy: Act does not clearly guarantee reservations in jobs/education despite Supreme Court directions.
- Weak enforcement: Implementation depends heavily on state-level rules; lack of accountability mechanisms.
International Value Addition
- Argentina’s Gender Identity Law (2012): Considered the most progressive globally; allows self-declared gender without medical/psychological proof.
- Nepal (2007): One of the first Asian countries to legally recognise a “third gender” category.
- Yogyakarta Principles: International guidelines on sexual orientation and gender identity as human rights.
Reports & Data
- National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) Report, 2017 – Found that over 92% of transpersons are denied basic rights like jobs, healthcare, education.
- Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Rules, 2020 – Prescribed simple process for self-identification, but implementation is patchy.
Governance & Ethics Lens
- Administrative Sensitisation: Training needed to reduce “file-based rigidity” and promote human dignity.
- Constitutional Morality vs. Social Morality: Governance must align with constitutional principles rather than prevailing biases.
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Mapping Microthemes
- GS Paper I: Social empowerment, issues faced by vulnerable sections.
- GS Paper II: Constitutional provisions (Articles 14, 21), governance issues, judicial interventions.
- GS Paper IV: Ethics in governance, dignity, empathy, sensitivity in administration.
PYQ Relevance
[UPSC 2017] Does the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 ensure effective mechanisms for empowerment and inclusion of the intended beneficiaries in the society? Discuss.
Linkage: Just as UPSC asked in 2017 about whether the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 ensures real empowerment, a similar question can be framed on the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019. Both laws highlight that while statutory recognition exists, bureaucratic inertia and weak implementation dilute inclusion, making judicial intervention critical for the intended beneficiaries. |
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India is entering a new era of space exploration with lunar success, Gaganyaan, and the proposed Bharat Antariksh Station. Yet, one critical element is missing, a national space law. While India has ratified global treaties like the Outer Space Treaty (1967), it lacks a domestic legal framework to regulate private participation, ensure liability, and attract investment. As space activities expand beyond government agencies to startups and private players, the absence of clear laws poses risks to accountability, innovation, and global competitiveness.
The Urgency of a National Space Law
- Major milestone vs. missing law: India’s scientific achievements are unmatched, but the legal architecture remains absent, risking accountability gaps.
- Private participation: With startups entering, lack of clarity on licensing, FDI rules, liability, and insurance creates operational hurdles.
- International responsibility: Under the Outer Space Treaty, India is responsible for both governmental and private activities, yet it lacks the domestic framework to enforce compliance.
- Global contrast: Countries like the U.S., Japan, and Luxembourg already have national legislation that provides legal certainty and attracts investment.
Principles of the Outer Space Treaty
- Foundational principles: Space is the province of all mankind, prohibiting national appropriation and militarisation.
- State responsibility: Nations are responsible for activities in space, whether by state or private entities.
- Liability framework: Countries bear liability for damages caused by their space objects.
- Not self-executing: According to UNOOSA, national laws are essential to translate treaty principles into enforceable domestic regulations.
India’s Incremental Approach to Space Legislation
- Methodical strategy: India is incremental and cautious, ensuring technical regulations precede overarching law.
- Catalogue of Indian Standards: A framework to ensure safety of space operations.
- Indian Space Policy (ISP), 2023: Encourages non-governmental participation in space activities.
- IN-SPACe Norms, Guidelines and Procedures (NPG): Provide procedures for authorisation of space activities.
- Pending gap: The broader Space Activities Law that incorporates treaty obligations is still not enacted.
Industry Concerns and Operational Challenges
- Statutory authority gap: IN-SPACe lacks formal legal backing, leaving decisions open to procedural challenges.
- Licensing and delays: Companies face multiple ministry clearances, creating uncertainty.
- FDI rules: Industry demands clarity, such as 100% automatic FDI in satellite components to attract capital.
- Liability and insurance: While India is internationally liable, companies need affordable third-party insurance to cover risks.
- Intellectual property protection: Current frameworks risk talent and tech migration to IP-friendly nations.
- Space debris management: Absence of mandatory accident investigations and debris laws increases operational risks.
The Importance of Affordable Insurance for Space Startups
- High-value assets: Satellites and payloads involve massive investments; startups cannot absorb losses alone.
- Global liability: India bears responsibility internationally, so private players must secure third-party insurance.
- Investor confidence: Insurance frameworks encourage investors, reducing risk aversion.
- Innovation support: Affordable insurance ensures startups can experiment and grow, without fear of crippling liability.
Conclusion
India’s space programme has made historic strides, but without a comprehensive national space law, its progress risks being undermined by regulatory gaps. A forward-looking framework ensuring clarity, liability management, insurance, IP protection, and statutory backing for IN-SPACe is essential to balance innovation with responsibility. The future of India’s space leadership will depend as much on strong laws as on strong rockets.
Value Addition
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- UNOOSA Insight: National laws act as the domestic enabler of international obligations. Without them, treaty principles remain unenforceable.
- Comparative Perspective:
- United States: Commercial Space Launch Act allows private launches with liability coverage.
- Luxembourg: Pioneered space mining rights to attract global investors.
- Japan: Provides licensing, insurance, and debris mitigation guidelines.
- Governance Lens: Reflects the larger theme of state capacity to regulate frontier technologies, similar to how data protection laws govern digital economies.
- Economic Angle: A robust legal framework will strengthen India’s space economy, valued at nearly $9.6 billion (2020) and projected to grow to $13 billion by 2025.
- Investor Confidence: Insurance frameworks, clear FDI rules, and IP protection create a trustworthy ecosystem for global investors.
- Security Dimension: Dual-use nature of space technologies necessitates clarity in export controls and defence linkages.
- Ethical Dimension: Covers responsibility towards space debris management and sustainability of outer space as a global commons.
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Mapping Microthemes
- GS Paper II (Governance, International Relations):
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- Outer Space Treaty (1967) – India’s obligations and global responsibility
- Role of UNOOSA – multilateral governance of outer space
- Need for National Legislation – predictability, legal clarity, statutory backing for IN-SPACe
- GS Paper III (Science & Technology, Economy, Security):
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- Growth of India’s Space Economy – Chandrayaan-3, Gaganyaan, startups, private players
- Insurance and Liability – affordability for startups, international responsibility for damages
- Intellectual Property Rights – preventing brain drain, encouraging innovation
- Space Debris Management – sustainability and accident investigation procedures
- Dual-Use Technology Challenge – balancing civilian and defence aspects
- GS Paper IV (Ethics & Governance):
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- Accountability in Outer Space – who bears liability for damage?
- Ethics of Space Exploration – sustainability, “province of mankind” principle
- Equitable Access – preventing monopolisation of space resources by few nations
PYQ Relevance
[UPSC 2016] Discuss India’s achievements in the field of Space Science and Technology. How the application of this technology has helped India in its socio-economic development?
Linkage: While India’s space achievements like Chandrayaan-3 and Gaganyaan highlight scientific progress, the absence of a national space law shows a governance gap. A legal framework is crucial to translate these achievements into sustainable socio-economic gains through private participation, investment, and accountability. |
Practice Mains Question
With India emerging as a global space power, discuss the urgency of enacting a comprehensive national space law. What key provisions should such legislation include to balance innovation, liability, and global responsibility?
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Why in the News?
The African Union (AU) has endorsed the Correct the Map campaign to replace the 16th-century Mercator projection with more accurate maps.
About the African Union (AU):
- Establishment: Formed in 2002, replacing the Organisation of African Unity (1963).
- Membership: 55 African countries.
- Headquarters: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Vision: “An Integrated, Prosperous, and Peaceful Africa, driven by its own citizens.”
- Agenda 2063: Blueprint for socio-economic growth and continental unity.
- Main Organs: Assembly, Executive Council, AU Commission, Peace and Security Council.
What is a Mercator Map?
- Creation: Designed in 1569 by Gerardus Mercator.
- Projection: Cylindrical map with straight longitude and latitude lines intersecting at 90°.
- Purpose: Enabled sailors to plot straight-line courses for compass navigation.
- Adoption: Became the standard map in schools, atlases, and wall charts by the 19th century.
Issues with the Mercator Map:
- Distortion: Enlarges high-latitude regions (Europe, Russia, North America) while shrinking Africa and South America.
- Example: Greenland appears equal to Africa, though Africa is ~14 times larger.
- Colonial Bias: Reinforced Western dominance narratives and downplayed Africa’s size and importance.
- Impact: Supported marginalisation and exploitation during colonialism.
- Alternatives: Gall-Peters (1970s) and Equal Earth (2018) projections show continents in correct proportion.
- AU Stand: Advocates replacing Mercator maps to restore Africa’s rightful global image.
| [UPSC 2024] The longest border between any two countries in the world is between:
Options: (a) Canada and the USA * (b) Chile and Argentina (c) China and India (d) Kazakhstan and Russian Federation |
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Why in the News?
China has launched the Xinjiang–Xizang Railway Line, a strategic, economic, and engineering milestone, connecting Xinjiang with Tibet.
About the Xinjiang–Xizang Railway Line:
- Overview: A major high-altitude railway project connecting Hotan in Xinjiang to Shigatse and Lhasa in Tibet (Xizang).
- Total length planned: ~2,000 km, part of China’s larger 5,000 km rail grid in Tibet by 2035.
- Construction is phased:
- Shigatse–Pakhuktso section (by 2025)
- Pakhuktso–Hotan section (by 2035).
- Terrain: Himalayas, Karakoram, Kunlun ranges, deserts, glaciers, and permafrost — average altitude above 4,500m.
- Significance: Seen as one of China’s most advanced and difficult transport projects, comparable to the Qinghai–Tibet Railway (2006).
Strategic Implications of the Project:
- Military Mobility: Proximity to Aksai Chin and Line of Actual Control (LAC) enhances Chinese troop deployment and logistics capabilities.
- Regional Integration: Links Xinjiang (Uyghur region) and Tibet (Buddhist region) with mainland China, supporting Sinicisation and demographic shifts.
- Economic Role: Opens remote high-altitude areas to trade, energy transport, and tourism, reducing isolation of minority regions.
- Political Control: Strengthens Beijing’s hold over restive border provinces and suppresses separatist tendencies.
- India Factor: Raises security concerns as India is also upgrading border infrastructure post-2020 Galwan clash.
- Part of “Go West Strategy” (2000): Long-term plan to develop western provinces with infrastructure and integrate them into China’s national economy.
| [UPSC 2023] With reference to India’s projects on connectivity, consider the following statements :
1. East-West Corridor under Golden Quadrilateral Project connects Dibrugarh and Surat.
2. Trilateral Highway connects Moreh in Manipur and Chiang Mai in Thailand via Myanmar.
3. Bangladesh-China -India -Myanmar Economic Corridor connects Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh with Kunming in China. How many of the above statements are correct?
Options: (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None* |
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Why in the News?
India has successfully test-fired the Agni-5 Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM) from the Integrated Test Range, Chandipur (Odisha).
What are Ballistic Missiles?
- Powered by: Solid propellant rocket motors; thrust generated by exhaust gases forces missile upward.
- Three phases:
- Boost Phase – missile consumes propellant; trajectory fixed.
- Midcourse Phase – missile coasts in space on momentum.
- Terminal Phase – warheads re-enter atmosphere and strike target.
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About Agni-5:
- Type: Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) developed by DRDO.
- Range: 5,000–5,500 km (upgrade under development up to 7,500 km).
- Propulsion: Three-stage, solid-fuel rocket motors.
- Payload: ~1.5 tonnes, nuclear-capable.
- Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) Technology: Can carry multiple nuclear warheads that target different locations.
- Features: Fire-and-forget system, advanced navigation, guidance and propulsion technologies.
- First Test: 2012 from Wheeler Island (Odisha).
- Strategic Role: Strengthens India’s nuclear deterrence posture, especially vis-à -vis China.
Back2Basics: Agni Series and its Development
- Origins: Began in 1983 under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) led by A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.
- Evolution: Started as technology demonstrators for re-entry vehicles; later developed into full-fledged strategic missiles.
- Variants:
- Agni-I: 700–1,200 km range, inducted 2007.
- Agni-II: 2,000–3,000 km range, inducted 2010.
- Agni-III: 3,500 km range, highly accurate, tested 2007.
- Agni-IV: 4,000 km range, advanced avionics, tested 2011.
- Agni-V: 5,000+ km range, ICBM, MIRV capable.
- Agni Prime (Agni-P): 1,000–2,000 km, lighter, tested 2021.
- Agni-VI: Under development, 6,000–10,000 km, MIRV + submarine launch capable.
- Significance: Backbone of India’s nuclear triad, enhancing deterrence against regional and global adversaries.
| [UPSC 2023] Consider the following statements:
1. Ballistic missiles are jet-propelled at subsonic speeds throughout their fights, while cruise missiles are rocket-powered only in the initial phase of flight.
2. Agni-V is a medium-range supersonic cruise missile, while BrahMos is a solid-fuelled intercontinental ballistic missile.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2* |
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Why in the News?
German researchers found that P. aeruginosa bacteria can switch a key gene (glpD) on or off, even though the bacteria are genetically identical — a survival trick called epigenetic bistability.
About Pseudomonas aeruginosa:
- Nature: Rod-shaped bacterium found in soil, water, and hospital environments.
- Pathogen Type: Opportunistic; infects mainly those with weakened immunity.
- Resistance: Forms biofilms (protective layers), making it highly resistant to antibiotics.
- Genetic Flexibility: Large genome (~6,000 genes) allows adaptation to diverse environments.
Impact on Humans:
- Hospital Infections: Leading cause of hospital-acquired infections.
- Vulnerable Groups: Burn patients, catheter users, cystic fibrosis patients.
- Diseases Caused: Keratitis (eye infection), urinary tract infections, pneumonia, bloodstream infections.
- Mortality: Strong antibiotic resistance makes treatment difficult, leading to high hospital deaths.
Recent Research Findings:
- Discovery: German researchers identified bistable expression of the glpD gene (active in some cells, inactive in others).
- Survival Advantage: This variability helps bacteria survive hostile conditions and trigger infections even from small populations.
- Experiments:
- Cells with glpD active were more lethal in moth larvae and mouse immune models.
- Cells without glpD showed reduced infection ability.
- Significance: On–off switching of glpD is a survival and infection strategy; targeting this mechanism may lead to new treatments for resistant infections.
| [UPSC 2010] Which bacterial strain, developed from natural isolated by genetic manipulations, can be used for treating oil spills?
Options: (a) Agrodbacterium (b) Clostridium (c) Nitrosomonas (d) Pseudomonas* |
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Why in the News?
The Trump administration sanctioned judges and prosecutors of the International Criminal Court (ICC) over arrest cases involving Israeli leaders and past probes into U.S. officials.
About the International Criminal Court (ICC):
- Established: 2002 under the Rome Statute (1998); headquartered at The Hague, Netherlands.
- Nature: First permanent international court to try individuals for grave crimes.
- Jurisdiction over 4 core crimes:
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- Genocide
- Crimes against humanity
- War crimes
- Crime of aggression
- Members: 124 States Parties
- NON-members: India, China, USA, Russia, Israel, Ukraine
- Structure:
- Office of the Prosecutor – investigates and prosecutes cases.
- 18 Judges – elected for 9 years.
- Assembly of States Parties – governs ICC administration.
- Trust Fund for Victims, Detention Centre
- Languages: English, French, Arabic, Chinese, Russian, Spanish
- Funding: Annual budget (2025) ~ €195 million (mostly from member states)
Jurisdiction and Reach of an ICC Warrant:
- Applicability:
- Crimes by nationals of member states
- Crimes committed on member state territory
- UNSC referrals can extend jurisdiction to non-member states (e.g., Libya, Darfur)
- Obligations on States:
- Member states must execute arrest warrants and cooperate fully.
- Non-compliance can be reported to Assembly of States Parties or UN Security Council (for UNSC referrals)
- Challenges:
- ICC lacks an independent enforcement mechanism
- Non-members (e.g., US, Russia) are not bound to cooperate
- Political and diplomatic constraints hinder the execution of warrants
- Special Mechanisms: ICC established an Arrest Working Group (2016) to enhance warrant enforcement through better intelligence-sharing.
| [UPSC 2022] Which one of the following statements best reflects the issue with Senkaku Islands, sometimes mentioned in the news ?
Options:
(a) It is generally believed that they are artificial islands made by a country around South China Sea.
(b) China and Japan engage in maritime disputes over these islands in East China Sea. *
(c) A permanent American military base has been set up there to help Taiwan to increase its defence capabilities.
(d) Though International Court of Justice declared them as no man’s land, some South-East Asian countries claim them. |
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