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  • Primary and Secondary Education – RTE, Education Policy, SEQI, RMSA, Committee Reports, etc.

    Mid Day Meal Scheme

    Schemes | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Government Scheme/Policies

    The Centre has decided to give about ₹100 each to children studying in Class 1 to Class 8 in government schools, who are beneficiaries of the Mid Day Meal scheme.

    Mid Day Meal Scheme

    • The Midday Meal Scheme is a school meal programme in India designed to better the nutritional standing of school-age children nationwide.
    • It is a wholesome freshly-cooked lunch served to children in government and government-aided schools in India.
    • The programme supplies free lunches on working days for children in primary and upper primary classes in government, government-aided, local body and alternate innovative education centres, Madarsa and Maqtabs.
    • Serving 120,000,000 children in over 1,265,000 schools and Education Guarantee Scheme centres, it is the largest of its kind in the world.
    • The programme has undergone many changes since its launch in 1995. The Midday Meal Scheme is covered by the National Food Security Act, 2013.

    The scheme aims to:

    1. avoid classroom hunger
    2. increase school enrolment
    3. increase school attendance
    4. improve socialization among castes
    5. address malnutrition
    6. empower women through employment

    Answer this PYQ in the comment box:

    Q.An objective of the National Food Security Mission is to increase the production of certain crops through area expansion and productivity enhancement in a sustainable manner in the identified districts of the country. What are those crops?

    (a) Rice and wheat only

    (b) Rice, wheat, and pulses only

    (c) Rice, wheat, pulses, and oilseeds only

    (d) Rice, wheat, pulses, oilseeds, and vegetables

    What is the new move?

    • The money, ₹1200 crore in total, will be given to 11.8 crore children through direct benefit transfer as a one-time payment.
    • The money comes from the cooking cost component of the scheme, it said.
    • This decision will help safeguard the nutritional levels of children and aid in protecting their immunity during challenging pandemic times.

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  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-Nepal

    India must engage with Nepal-without intervening

    op-ed snap | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: India & Its Neighborhood – Relations

    The article suggests recalibration of India’s approach towards political turmoil in Nepal.

    Nepal in political crisis

    • For the second time in weeks, Prime Minister K P Oli has persuaded President Bidya Devi Bhandari to dissolve parliament and call for fresh elections.
    • That is, unless the Supreme Court decides to declare the dissolution of parliament as unconstitutional, as it had done in the recent past.
    • The current dissolution has been challenged in the court by five political parties.

    Medhesi demand fulfilled

    • Prime Minister Oli has also delivered on the longstanding Madhesi demand to reverse a constitutional provision which denied citizenship to children born of Nepali mothers who had foreign husbands.
    • The widespread unrest in the Terai adjoining India in 2015 was triggered by this attempt to deny equal rights to the Madhesi population.
    • This provision had directly targeted the Madhesi population, which has close kinship and marital ties across the border with India.
    • While this provision has now been removed through a presidential ordinance, it could well be reversed in future by Nepali political parties dominated by the higher caste.

    Steps India needs to take

    • Political uncertainty in a neighbouring country is never good news for India, particularly in Nepal with whom we share a long and open border.
    • The Indian government has maintained a studied silence on the current political developments in Nepal and this may be the right thing to do.
    • But this silence should not imply the lack of a proper assessment of the political situation in Nepal and what would serve the interests of India best.
    • Following are the steps India need to take:

    1) India should declare it does not support the revival of monarchy

    •  The abolition of the monarchy is a net gain for India and the government must firmly and unambiguously declare that it does not support the revival of the monarchy, which has already been rejected by its people.
    • India should declare its unconditional support to Nepal’s republican democracy.

    2) Remain engaged with Nepal

    • India should remain fully engaged with Nepal at all levels and across the political spectrum.
    • The safeguarding of India’s vital interests demands such sustained engagement.
    • A hands-off policy will only create space for other external influences, some of which, like China, may prove to be hostile.
    • However, engagement must dispense with the recurrent tendency to label Nepali political leaders as friends or enemies.
    • India should advocate policies rather than persons.

    3) Recognise the role of Madhesi population

    • In India’s engagement with Nepal, the Terai belt and its large Madhesi population plays a critical and indispensable role.
    • In an effort to win over the Kathmandu political and social elite, one should be careful not to neglect citizens living in the plains.
    • Our engagement with Nepal must find an important place for Nepali citizens who are our immediate neighbours and act as a kinship, cultural and religious bridge between our two countries.

    4) Appreciate people-to-people link

    • India needs to appreciate that the people-to-people links between our two countries have an unmatched density and no other country, including China, enjoys this asset.
    • The challenge to our Nepal policy lies in leveraging this precious asset to ensure a stable and mutually-productive state-to-state relationship.
    • India has every reason to approach its relations with Nepal with confidence and assurance.

    Consider the question “What are the factors that make India-Nepal relationship special? What are the recent challenges impacting this special relationship? ” 

    Conclusion

    The safeguarding of India’s vital interests demands India’s engagement with Nepal without intervening in its politics. A hands-off policy will only create space for other external influences.

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  • Agricultural Sector and Marketing Reforms – eNAM, Model APMC Act, Eco Survey Reco, etc.

    Why are edible oils getting costlier?

    | Agriculture | Mains Paper 3: Major Crops & Cropping Patterns

    Edible oil prices have risen sharply in recent months.

    How much have edible oil prices rising?

    • The prices of six edible oils — groundnut oil, mustard oil, vanaspati, soya oil, sunflower oil, and palm oil — have risen between 20% and 56% at all-India levels in the last year.
    • The prices of soya oil and sunflower oil, too, have increased more than 50% since last year.
    • In fact, the monthly average retail prices of all six edible oils soared to an 11-year high in May 2021.
    • The sharp increase in cooking oil prices has come at a time when household incomes have been hit due to Covid-19.

    Trends of oil consumption in India

    • With rising incomes and changing food habits, consumption of edible oils has been rising over the years.
    • While mustard oil is consumed mostly in rural areas, the share of refined oils —sunflower oil and soyabean oil — is higher in urban areas.

    How much is produced domestically and how much is imported?

    • In 2019-20, domestic availability of edible oils from both primary sources (oilseeds like mustard, groundnut etc.) and secondary sources (such as coconut, oil palm, rice bran oil, cottonseed) was only 10.65 million tonnes against the total domestic demand of 24 million tonnes.
    • Thus, India depends on imports to meet its demand.
    • In 2019-20, the country imported about 13.35 million tonnes of edible oils or about 56% of the demand.
    • This mainly comprised palm (7 million tonnes), soyabean (3.5 millon tonnes) and sunflower (2.5 million tonnes).
    • The major sources of these imports are Argentina and Brazil for soyabeen oil; Indonesia and Malaysia palm oil; and Ukraine and Argentina again for sunflower oil.

    Answer this PYQ from CSP 2019:

    Q.Among the agricultural commodities imported by India, which one of the following accounts for the highest imports in terms of value in the last five years?

    (a) Spices

    (b) Fresh fruits

    (c) Pulses

    (d) Vegetable oils

    Global prices rising

    • The increase in domestic prices is basically a reflection of international prices because India meets 56% of its domestic demand through imports.
    • In the international market, prices of edible oils have jumped sharply in recent months due to various factors.
    • Even the FAO price index (2014-2016=100) for vegetable oils, an indicator of the movement of edible oil prices in the international market, has soared to 162 in April this year, compared to 81 in April last year.

    But why are international prices rising?

    • One of the reasons is the thrust on making biofuel from vegetable oil. There is a shifting of edible oils from food basket to fuel basket.
    • There has been a thrust on making renewable fuel from soyabean oil in the US, Brazil and other countries.
    • Other factors include buying by China, labour issues in Malaysia, the impact of La Niña on palm and soya producing areas, and export duties on crude palm oil in Indonesia and Malaysia.

    What are the options before the government?

    • One of the short-term options for reducing edible oil prices is to lower import duties.
    • However, the edible oil industry is not in favor of reducing duties.
    • If import duties are reduced, international prices will go up, and neither will the government get revenue nor will the consumer benefit.
    • The government can rather subsidize edible oils and make them available to the poor under the Public Distribution System.

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  • Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

    What are Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD)?

    IOCR | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

    The ongoing World Health Assembly has declared January 30 as ‘World Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) Day’.

    Neglected Tropical Diseases

    • NTDs are a group of infections that are most common among marginalized communities in the developing regions of Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
    • They are caused by a variety of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and parasitic worms.
    • These diseases generally receive less funding for research and treatment than malaises like tuberculosis, HIV-AIDS and malaria.
    • Some examples of NTDs include snakebite envenomation, scabies, yaws, trachoma, Leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.

    Significance of global recognition

    • NTDs affect more than a billion people globally, according to the WHO. They are preventable and treatable.
    • However, these diseases and their intricate interrelationships with poverty and ecological systems — continue to cause devastating health, social and economic consequences.
    • A major milestone in the movement to recognize the global burden of these diseases was the London Declaration on NTDs that was adopted January 30, 2012.
    • The first World NTD Day was celebrated informally in 2020. This year, the new NTD road map was launched.

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  • Urban Transformation – Smart Cities, AMRUT, etc.

    Cost and complications of transplanting a tree

    | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Urbanization, Their Problems & Remedies

    The Central Public Works Department (CPWD) wants to transplant over 1,800 trees which are inside what used to be the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA) complex, as part of the Central Vista redevelopment project.

    Transplantation of trees

    • The transplantation of trees is a complex and delicate process whose outcome cannot be predicted.
    • A tree cannot be transplanted by simply uprooting it and placing it in a pit dug elsewhere. The process involves multiple steps and requires significant expertise.

    How it is done?

    • First, the soil around the tree is dug up to isolate the roots. The big branches are lopped off, leaving only small shoots for regeneration. This is done to make transportation of the tree to the new location easier.
    • The root system is covered with wet gunny bags to protect the roots and to keep the tree hydrated.
    • The tree has to be first sent to a nursery to acclimatize to a new kind of soil, and to regenerate.
    • Once new shoots start sprouting, the tree is lowered into a pit created in its new spot.

    What factors determine the success of a transplant?

    • Even after all steps are meticulously followed, a lot depends on luck. The survival rate of a transplanted tree is about 50%.
    • Not all trees can be transplanted. While peepal, ficus, semal and sheesham are tolerant to transplantation, trees such as dak, palash, arjun, shahtoot and jhilmil are not.

    (1) Roots

    • Any tree that has a tap root system cannot be transplanted, as the root goes deep into the soil, and it is not possible to isolate it without damage.

    (2) Size

    • Transplanting any tree with a trunk girth of more than 80-90 cm is not advisable as the tree cannot bear the shock, and will eventually die.

    (3) Age

    • That effectively means that big, old trees cannot, in most cases, be removed to another location.

    (4) Soil

    • It is important to consider soil type before transplantation.
    • A tree growing on, say, the Delhi Ridge will not easily acclimatize to the soil in the Yamuna floodplain, as the two ecosystems are entirely different.

    How expensive is transplantation?

    • The cost of transplanting an average-sized tree might come to around Rs 1 lakh, which included post-transplantation care.
    • For larger trees, the cost could go up to Rs 3 lakh.
    • Private and voluntary organizations, however, claim that the cost is between Rs 5,000 and Rs 10,000 per tree.

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  • Minority Issues – SC, ST, Dalits, OBC, Reservations, etc.

    New regulations for Lakshadweep

    | Indian Society | Mains Paper 1: Communalism, Secularism, Regionalism

    A series of regulations proposed by the Lakshadweep administrator has caused widespread resentment and fear among its residents.

    What are the new regulations?

    [1] Cow slaughter & beef

    • An order from the Administration seeks to ban the slaughter of cow, calf, bull, and buffalo without a certificate from a competent authority.
    • It prohibits the sale, transport, and storage of beef and beef products. Penalties include a jail term of up to one year and a fine of Rs 10,000.
    • The Administration has not provided an explanation on why the rule was brought in.
    • Residents view the rule as a direct infringement on their culture and eating habits. They allege the rule was decided without consultation with local bodies.

    [2] Two-child policy

    • Under the Draft Panchayat Regulation 2021, the Administration aims to bar people with more than two children from becoming a member of the gram panchayat.
    • For those who already have more than two children, the regulation does not disqualify them provided they do not have further children after the date on which the rule comes into effect.

    [3] Serving liquor to tourists

    • The Administration has decided to allow liquor to be served at resorts on inhabited islands.
    • Currently, prohibition is in place on all inhabited islands, with liquor served only at resorts on the uninhabited Bangaram Island.
    • The Dist Collector clarified that liquor permits would be given only to resorts for tourists, not for locals.
    • Residents have alleged that the move will lead to a proliferation of liquor sales on the island, which had been observing near-prohibition until now.

    [4] Land acquisition powers

    • The Administration brought in a draft Lakshadweep Development Authority Regulation (LDAR) to oversee the development of towns on the islands, with sweeping changes in the way land can be acquired and utilized.
    • It talks of the declaration of ‘planning areas’ and constitution of ‘planning and development authorities’ for preparing a land-use map and register, ostensibly for large projects.
    • Residents have protested against the way it was prepared and pushed through without consultation.
    • They fear large infrastructure and tourism projects can destabilize the ecology, and that the notification gives powers to the Administration to remove small landholdings of ST residents.

    [5] Anti-social activities regulation

    • The draft Lakshadweep Prevention of Anti-Social Activities Regulation provides for powers to detain a person for up to one year to prevent him from “acting in any manner prejudicial to the maintenance of public order”.
    • It allows for detention for anti-social activities from six months to a year without legal representation.
    • The Collector said while the island remains peaceful, there have been reports of drugs being found along with weapons and live ammunition.
    • He said the regulation is required to keep the “youth from getting misguided by illegal businesses”.
    • Residents are skeptical of the need for such stringent law in a UT with one of the lowest crime rates in the country. They allege it has been brought in to arrest those opposed to the Administration.

    Back2Basics: Lakshadweep Islands

    • There are 36 islands across 12 atolls, closest to Kerala, on which it depends for essential supplies. Only 10 of the islands are inhabited.
    • Once a part of the Malabar district of the Madras Presidency, Lakshadweep was given Union Territory status following Kerala state’s formation in 1956.
    • With a population of 65,000 (2011 Census), Lakshadweep is India’s smallest Union Territory.
    • It has the highest population share of Muslims (96%) and Scheduled Tribes (94.8%) among the UTs.
    • Residents speak Malayalam and Dhivehi.

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  • Promoting Science and Technology – Missions,Policies & Schemes

    [pib] National AI Portal INDIAai

    PIB | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    The ‘National AI Portal (https://indiaai.gov.in)’, celebrated its first anniversary on May 28, 2021.

    National AI Portal

    • INDIAai is the National AI Portal of India – a central hub for everything AI in India and beyond.
    • A joint initiative of MeitY, NeGD and NASSCOM, the website aims to be the trusted content powerhouse in the backdrop of India’s journey to global prominence in Artificial Intelligence.
    • It serves as a central hub for AI related news, learning, articles, events and activities etc., in India and beyond.
    • It has been set up to prepare the nation for an AI future.
    • It is the single central knowledge hub on artificial intelligence and allied fields for aspiring entrepreneurs, students, professionals, academics, and everyone else.
    • The portal focuses on creating and nurturing a unified AI ecosystem for driving excellence and leadership in India’s AI journey, to foster economic growth and improve lives through it.

    B2BASICS

    Artificial intelligence (AI) is a wide-ranging branch of computer science concerned with building smart machines capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence. AI is an interdisciplinary science with multiple approaches, but advancements in machine learning and deep learning are creating a paradigm shift in virtually every sector of the tech industry.

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  • Social Media: Prospect and Challenges

    New IT Rules 2021

    op-ed snap | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Social Media Networks & Internal Security

    The article highlights the issues with the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021.

    Important provision made in the IT Rules 2021

    • The Rules mandate duties such as removal of non-consensual intimate pictures within 24 hours.
    • The rules also mandates publication of compliance reports to increase transparency.
    • Rules provides for setting up of a dispute resolution mechanism for content removal.
    • It provides for adding a label to information for users to know whether content is advertised, owned, sponsored or exclusively controlled.

    Issues with the rules

    1) Affects right to free speech and expression

    • The Supreme Court, in the case of Life Insurance Corpn. Of India vs Prof. Manubhai D. Shah (1992) had elevated ‘the freedom to circulate one’s views as the lifeline of any democratic institution’.
    • So, the rules need to be critically scrutinised for the recent barriers being imposed by it.

    2) Violation of legal principles

    • The rules were framed by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeiTY).
    • However, the Second Schedule of the Business Rules, 1961 does not empower MeiTY to frame regulations for digital media.
    • This power belongs to the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.
    • This action violates the legal principle of ‘colourable legislation’ where the legislature cannot do something indirectly if it is not possible to do so directly.
    • Moreover, the Information Technology Act, 2000, does not regulate digital media.
    • Therefore, the new IT Rules which claim to be a piece of subordinate legislation of the IT Act, goes beyond the rule-making power conferred upon them by the IT Act.
    • This makes the Rules ultra vires to the Act.

    3) Deprives the fair recourse to intermediary

    • An intermediary is now supposed to take down content within 36 hours upon receiving orders from the Government.
    • This deprives the intermediary of a fair recourse in the event that it disagrees with the Government’s order due to a strict timeline.

    4) Privacy violation

    • These Rules undermine the right to privacy by imposing a traceability requirement.
    • The immunity that users received from end-to-end encryption was that intermediaries did not have access to the contents of their messages.
    • Imposing this mandatory requirement of traceability will break this immunity, thereby weakening the security of the privacy of these conversations.
    • This will also render all the data from these conversations vulnerable to attack from ill-intentioned third parties.
    • The threat here is not only one of privacy but to the extent of invasion and deprivation from a safe space.
    • Recent data breach affecting a popular pizza delivery chain and also several airlines highlights the risks involved in such move in the absence of data protection law.
    • Instead of eliminate the fake news, the Rules proceed to hurriedly to take down whatever authority may deem as “fake news”.

    5) Operational cost

    • The Rules create additional operational costs for intermediaries by requiring them to have Indian resident nodal officers, compliance officers and grievance officers.
    • Intermediaries are also required to have offices located in India.
    • This makes profit making a far-fetched goal for multinational corporations and start-up intermediary enterprises.
    • Therefore, not only do these Rules place a barrier on the “marketplace of ideas” but also on the economic market of intermediaries in general by adding redundant financial burdens.

    Consider the question “What are the challenges associated with the social media? How the  Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 will help is dealing with these challenges? What are the issues with these rules?”

    Conclusion

    Democracy stands undermined in direct proportion to every attack made on the citizen’s right. The IT Rules 2021 have tilt towards violation of rights. Therefore, these rules need reconsideration.

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  • Wildlife Conservation Efforts

    Odisha’s blackbucks double in 6 years

    Species | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Odisha’s blackbuck population has doubled in the last six years, according to figures from the latest population census.

    Blackbucks in Odisha

    • Blackbucks are found only in the Ganjam district in the southern part of the state, which is where the census was carried out.
    • It is known in Odisha and Ganjam as Krushnasara Mruga.
    • The people of Ganjam believe the sighting of a blackbuck in a paddy field is a harbinger of luck for them.
    • It used to be sighted in the Balukhand-Konark Wildlife Sanctuary in Puri district till 2012-13, but now has vanished from the area.
    • The blackbuck is a Schedule-1 animal according to the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 (amended in 1992) and is considered as ‘Vulnerable’ according to the Red Data Book.

    Reasons for their rise

    • Improvement of habitats, the protection given by the local people and forest staff were some of the reasons for the increase of the population.
    • The people of Ganjam had been enthusiastically protecting the animal like the Bishnois of western Rajasthan and the Vala Rajputs of Saurashtra.

    Answer this PYQ:

    Q.With reference to ‘Eco-Sensitive Zones’, which of the following statements is/are correct?

    1. Eco-Sensitive Zones are the areas that are declared under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
    2. The purpose of the declaration of Eco-Sensitive Zones is to prohibit all kinds of human activities, in those zones except agriculture.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

    Back2Basics: Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972

    • WPA provides for the protection of the country’s wild animals, birds, and plant species, in order to ensure environmental and ecological security.
    • It provides for the protection of a listed species of animals, birds, and plants, and also for the establishment of a network of ecologically important protected areas in the country.
    • It provides for various types of protected areas such as Wildlife Sanctuaries, National Parks, etc.
    • There are six schedules provided in the WPA for the protection of wildlife species which can be concisely summarized as under:
    Schedule I: These species need rigorous protection and therefore, the harshest penalties for violation of the law are for species under this Schedule.
    Schedule II: Animals under this list are accorded high protection. They cannot be hunted except under threat to human life.
    Schedule III & IV: This list is for species that are not endangered. This includes protected species but the penalty for any violation is less compared to the first two schedules.
    Schedule V: This schedule contains animals which can be hunted.
    Schedule VI: This list contains plants that are forbidden from cultivation.

     

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  • Coronavirus – Health and Governance Issues

    Addressing vaccine hesitancy

    op-ed snap | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

    The article deals with the issue of vaccine hesitancy and its consequences.

    Why vaccinate?

    • The primary purpose of vaccination is to protect individuals against severe infection.
    • Vaccination also protects populations by providing ‘herd immunity’, if done on a large scale.
    • Globally, vaccinations against polio, small pox, meningitis and so on have seen huge success.

    Need to address the vaccine hesitancy

    • The results of a 2020 Gallup poll, conducted before the vaccine roll-out reveals that 18% of the Indian said that they won’t take the vaccine.
    • But vaccine hesitancy has gone up in India since then, due in part to largely overblown reports of complications or even deaths.
    • The consequences of vaccine hesitancy are disastrous.
    • If herd immunity does not develop, disease outbreaks and pandemics will prevail.
    • The slower the vaccination rate, the wider the spread of infection and the greater the chances of mutations and the emergence of new variants.

    Factors driving vaccine hesitancy

    • The influencing factors include a lack of awareness of the extent of benefits.
    • Fears based on inaccurate information.
    • Lack of access to vaccine.
    • Disinformation, especially on social media.
    • Other factors include civil liberty concepts, cost, cultural issues, and various layers of confidence deficit.

    Way forward

    • To allay vaccine fears, our messaging needs to focus on simple facts.
    • Before attempting to persuade people, we need to understand the basis of their fear, hesitancy and the anti-vax attitude.
    •  By challenging untruths, we inadvertently feed the perception that we are actively suppressing the “real” truth.
    • The objective now should be to reach more people faster with a message that doesn’t just provide more science but includes guidance.
    • Providing practical information through social media, alternatives to apps for those lacking easy access to vaccines, and taking the help of well-informed frontline workers will all help.

    Conclusion

    The possibility of a significant number of people not getting vaccinated thwarts our collective ability to reach the herd immunity threshold against Covid-19. Therefore the issue of vaccine hesitancy needs to be urgently addressed.

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