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  • Internal Security Architecture Shortcomings – Key Forces, NIA, IB, CCTNS, etc.

    Not the only path: On acting against the Maoists

    Explained | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Linkages Between Development & Spread Of Extremism

    Why in the News?

    On March 20, 2025, security forces carried out two missions in Bastar, Chhattisgarh, and killed 30 Maoist people. This made the total number of Maoists killed this year more than 100.

    What were the key reasons behind the decline of the Maoist insurgency in India?

    • Strong Counter-Insurgency Operations: Security forces, including CRPF’s elite COBRA (Commando Battalion for Resolute Action) unit and state police forces, have conducted targeted operations against Maoist strongholds. Example: Operation Prahar in Chhattisgarh led to the elimination of top Maoist leaders and disrupted their logistical networks.
    • Improved Governance and Development Initiatives: Infrastructure projects like roads, electrification, and mobile connectivity have reduced Maoist influence by increasing state presence. Example: The Aspirational Districts Programme has focused on healthcare, education, and employment in Maoist-affected regions.
    • Erosion of Support Base: Maoists have lost support due to their violent tactics, including forced recruitment, extortion, and attacks on civilians. Example: The killing of Madvi Hidma, a local tribal leader, by Maoists in Bastar led to mass protests by villagers against them.
    • Surrender and Rehabilitation Policies: Government schemes like the ‘Surrender and Rehabilitation Policy’ offer financial aid, skill training, and housing to former Maoists. Example: Over 600 Maoists surrendered in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh after the government provided rehabilitation and employment opportunities.
    • Internal Divisions and Leadership Crisis: The Maoist movement has suffered from ideological splits, a lack of new leadership, and desertions. Example: The death of Kishenji (Maoist leader) in 2011 and the arrest of several senior cadres have weakened organizational unity.

    Why is a purely militaristic approach insufficient in tackling the Maoist insurgency?

    • Deep-Rooted Socio-Economic Issues Drive Insurgency: Maoism thrives in areas with poverty, land alienation, and lack of governance. Military force alone does not address the core grievances of tribal communities. Example: The displacement of tribals due to mining projects in Dantewada, Chhattisgarh, has fueled resentment, making them vulnerable to Maoist influence.
    • Risk of Civilian Casualties and Alienation: Excessive military action can lead to civilian deaths, human rights violations, and loss of trust in the state, pushing locals towards Maoists instead of the government. Example: The Salwa Judum campaign (2005-2011), a state-backed militia to counter Maoists, led to severe human rights abuses, ultimately worsening the conflict.
    • Failure to Provide a Long-Term Solution: Military operations can weaken Maoists but do not offer a sustainable path for peace and rehabilitation. A mix of governance, dialogue, and development is needed. Example: The Nepali Maoists transitioned into mainstream politics through a negotiated peace process, showing that engagement can be a more effective long-term strategy.

     

    Where are the remaining strongholds of Maoist influence in India?

    • Southern Chhattisgarh (Bastar Region): Dense forests, difficult terrain, and historical neglect in governance make it a Maoist stronghold. Example: Dantewada, Sukma, and Bijapur districts frequently witness Maoist ambushes on security forces.
    • Border Regions of Jharkhand, Odisha, and Telangana: The tri-junction of these states provides a strategic corridor for Maoist movement and arms supply. Example: Latehar (Jharkhand), Malkangiri (Odisha), and Bhadradri-Kothagudem (Telangana) remain active insurgent zones.
    • Gadchiroli District (Maharashtra): Proximity to Chhattisgarh’s Maoist belt and forested terrain offer a safe haven for Maoist cadres. Example: The Jambhulkheda encounter  saw security forces eliminate top Maoist leaders in this region.

    Who are the primary stakeholders in resolving the Maoist issue peacefully?

    • Government (Union and State Governments): Responsible for policy-making, law enforcement, and development initiatives in affected regions. Example: The Surrender and Rehabilitation Policy offers incentives for Maoists to reintegrate into society.
    • Security Forces (Police, Paramilitary, and Intelligence Agencies): Play a crucial role in counterinsurgency operations and maintaining law and order. Example: The Greyhounds (Telangana), CoBRA (CRPF), and District Reserve Guard (Chhattisgarh) specialise in anti-Maoist operations.
    • Tribal Communities and Local Populations: Often caught in the crossfire, they need protection, development, and inclusion in governance. Example: The PESA Act (1996) empowers tribal self-governance to address their grievances.
    • Civil Society and NGOs: Mediate peace talks, advocate for human rights, and support socio-economic development. Example: Swami Agnivesh’s peace efforts attempted negotiations between Maoists and the government.
    • Former Maoists and Rehabilitation Advocates: It can influence insurgents to surrender and integrate into mainstream society. Example: Former Maoist leader Gopanna Markam, who surrendered and helped bring others into the fold.

    How can lessons from international experiences, such as FARC in Colombia or Nepali Maoists? (Way forward)

    • Negotiation and Political Integration: Offering insurgents a political pathway can encourage them to abandon violence. Example: Nepali Maoists transitioned from armed struggle to mainstream politics through the 2006 Comprehensive Peace Agreement, leading to their participation in democratic governance.
    • Rehabilitation and Reintegration Programs: Providing economic and social reintegration opportunities reduces the chances of re-radicalization. Example: Colombia’s peace deal with FARC (2016) included land reforms, financial aid, and skill development programs for former rebels.
    • Addressing Root Causes through Development: Long-term peace requires addressing socio-economic grievances that fuel insurgencies. Example: Colombia’s rural development programs aimed to improve infrastructure, education, and healthcare in former conflict zones to prevent a resurgence of violence.

    Mains PYQ:

    Question: “Naxalism is a social, economic and developmental issue manifesting as a violent internal security threat. In this context, discuss the emerging issues and suggest a multilayered strategy to tackle the menace of Naxalism.” (2022)

    Reason: This question directly addresses Naxalism (Maoist insurgency) as more than just a security problem, aligning with this article. It also asks for a multilayered strategy, hinting at the need for more than just security measures, such as addressing social and economic issues.

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  • Tuberculosis Elimination Strategy

    TB treatment success rates are improving gradually in India

    Explained | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

    Why in the News?

    Tuberculosis cases in India dropped from over 237 per lakh people in 2015 to below 200 per lakh in 2022, showing a 16% decrease.

    tb

    What has been the percentage decline in TB incidence and mortality in India since 2015?

    • Decline in TB Incidence: In 2015, TB incidence in India was 237 per lakh population. By 2022, it had dropped to below 200 per lakh, showing a 16% decline. Example: If 237 people per lakh had TB in 2015, now fewer than 200 per lakh are affected.
    • Reduction in TB Mortality: TB mortality declined from higher levels in 2015 to 23 per lakh population in 2022. This represents an 18% decline in TB-related deaths. Example: If 100,000 people were affected, 23 would die from TB in 2022 compared to a higher number in 2015.

    What factors led to a decline in TB incidence and mortality?

    • Improved Diagnosis and Treatment: The decline is attributed to better TB detection, newer diagnostic methods, and improved healthcare access. Example: The use of rapid molecular testing like CBNAAT and TrueNat has increased early detection rates.
    • Government Initiatives and Free Treatment Programs: Schemes like Nikshay Poshan Yojana, which provides nutritional support to TB patients, have played a role. Example: Free TB treatment under Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP) and National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP) has improved patient outcomes.
    • Targeted Approach for Drug-Resistant TB: Specialized treatment centers and newer drugs like Bedaquiline and Delamanid have improved survival rates for MDR-TB and XDR-TB patients.
      Example: The expansion of Drug-Resistant TB Centers (DR-TBCs) across India has ensured timely and quality treatment for resistant cases.
    • Active Case Finding and Surveillance: The government and NGOs have been proactively identifying TB cases, even among asymptomatic individuals, through door-to-door screening and community outreach programs. Example: The “Active Case Finding” (ACF) initiative.
      • The “Aashwasan” program is a large-scale ACF campaign successfully implemented across 174 tribal districts of India in 2022, focusing on TB among tribal communities.

    Note: Despite progress, drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB, XDR-TB) remains a major issue, with low treatment success rates. Example: While overall TB mortality is declining, severely drug-resistant TB still has a treatment success rate of only 45% in India (2021).

    Why is the treatment success rate for severely drug-resistant TB lower than other forms of TB?

    • Limited Effective Drugs & High Toxicity: Severely drug-resistant TB is resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin, fluoroquinolones, and at least one second-line injectable drug. This leaves fewer treatment options, and the available drugs often have severe side effects like organ damage. Example: Patients with Pre-XDR-TB (resistant to fluoroquinolones) have a success rate of only 68%, while MDR-TB (less resistant) has a success rate of 74%.
    • Longer & More Complex Treatment Regimens: Treatment can take 18-24 months with a combination of multiple drugs. Many patients fail to complete treatment due to the high cost, side effects, or lack of adherence. Example: A patient with XDR-TB (extensively drug-resistant TB) may require daily injections and strong antibiotics, leading to dropout and failure.
    • Weaker Immunity & Higher Mortality Risk: Severely drug-resistant TB is harder to treat in patients with weaker immune systems, such as those with HIV, diabetes, or malnutrition. Example: In India, a significant number of TB patients suffer from poor nutrition, making them more vulnerable to severe drug-resistant TB and treatment failure.

    Where does India rank among lower-middle-income countries in terms of catastrophic health expenditure due to TB?

    • Third Highest Among Lower-Middle-Income Countries: Over 10% of India’s population faces catastrophic health expenditure due to TB. Catastrophic health spending is defined as exceeding 10% of a household’s income or consumption. Example: Among 14 lower-middle-income countries with a high TB burden, India ranks third in terms of the population facing financial strain due to TB treatment.
    • Despite High Health Coverage, Costs Remain High: Around 60% of India’s population has some form of health coverage, making it the third highest among these countries. However, out-of-pocket expenses remain high, leading to significant financial distress for many TB patients. Example: Even with government schemes like PM-JAY (Ayushman Bharat), many TB patients still bear steep medical and non-medical costs (e.g., travel, and nutrition).

    Who are the top-performing and bottom-performing states in India’s fight against TB according to the TB index?

    • Top-Performing States: Among major states, Himachal Pradesh, Odisha, and Gujarat rank highest in the TB index. Example: These states have shown better TB detection rates, improved treatment success rates, and stronger healthcare interventions to combat TB effectively.
    • Bottom-Performing States: Punjab, Bihar, and Karnataka rank lowest in the TB index among major states. Example: These states struggle with weaker TB surveillance, lower treatment adherence, and higher financial burden on patients, impacting overall TB control efforts.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Drug-Resistant TB Management: Expand access to newer, effective TB drugs (e.g., Bedaquiline, Pretomanid) and ensure adherence through shorter, less toxic treatment regimens. Example: Scaling up all-oral MDR-TB regimens can improve treatment success rates.
    • Reduce Financial Burden on TB Patients: Enhance direct benefit transfers for nutrition and support under schemes like Nikshay Poshan Yojana and integrate TB care with Ayushman Bharat for full cost coverage. Example: Covering non-medical costs (e.g., travel, nutrition) can reduce catastrophic health expenditure.

    Mains PYQ:

    Question: “In a crucial domain like the public healthcare system, the Indian State should play a vital role to contain the adverse impact of marketisation of the system. Suggest some measures through which the State can enhance the reach of public healthcare at the grassroots level” (2024)

    Reason: This question relates to strengthening the public health system, which is crucial for TB control and treatment success.

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  • Judicial Reforms

    Appointment and Removal of High Court Judges

    Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Executive & Judiciary

    Why in the News?

    The Chief Justice of India (CJI) has set up a three-member panel to investigate the alleged discovery of a significant sum of money at the residence of a sitting Delhi High Court judge.

    Appointment Process of High Court Judges:

    • According to Article 217, the President of India appoints High Court judges after consulting with the CJI, the Governor of the respective state, and the Chief Justice of the High Court.
    • In the case of the appointment of a judge other than the Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of the High Court is consulted as well.
    • Consultation Process:
      • The process of appointing judges is handled by a Collegium, which includes the CJI and the two senior-most judges of the Supreme Court.
      • The Collegium System allows for a collaborative decision-making process where the Chief Justice of the High Court initiates the proposal, which is then forwarded to the Chief Minister.
      • The Chief Minister, in turn, advises the Governor, who submits the proposal to the Union Law Minister.
      • The Chief Justice of the High Court is appointed in accordance with a policy to ensure that Chief Justices are from outside the respective states.
    • Appointment and Transfer of Judges:
      • The CJI and the senior-most judges of the Supreme Court collectively decide on the appointment and transfer of judges, ensuring judicial independence and preventing executive interference.

    Removal of Judges in the Higher Judiciary:

    • Impeachment Process:
      • Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts can only be removed by impeachment, which requires a motion signed by 100 Lok Sabha MPs or 50 Rajya Sabha MPs.
      • The impeachment motion is investigated by a three-member judicial committee, and if the committee finds merit in the allegations, Parliament votes on the motion.
      • A 2/3rd majority is needed in both Houses for removal.
      • Parliament can, however, consider a motion to impeach a judge according to the procedure laid down in the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968.
    • In-House Inquiry Process:
      • The CJI can initiate an in-house inquiry in the event of serious allegations against a judge. This process involves the Chief Justice of the High Court submitting a report, and if the allegations are deemed serious, a three-member committee is constituted to investigate the matter.
      • If the committee recommends removal, the CJI may advise the judge to resign. If the judge refuses, their judicial work is withdrawn, and impeachment proceedings may be initiated.

    Historical Impeachment Efforts:

    • No judge has been impeached in India, though attempts have been made, including the failed motions against Justice V Ramaswami (1993) and Justice Soumitra Sen (2011).
    • Justice V Ramaswami (1993): Faced impeachment for financial misconduct, but the motion failed in the Lok Sabha.
    • Justice Soumitra Sen (2011): Resigned after impeachment proceedings for misappropriating funds.
    • Justice K Veeraswamy: Chief Justice of Madras HC, investigated for corruption but challenged the investigation. The case remained unresolved until his death in 2010.
    • Justice Shamit Mukherjee (2003), Justice Nirmal Yadav (2008), and Justice SN Shukla (2017): Faced criminal charges for corruption after in-house inquiries found substantial evidence against them.

     

    [UPSC 2019] Consider the following statements:
    1. The motion to impeach a Judge of the Supreme Court of India cannot be rejected by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha as per the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968.
    2. The Constitution of India defines and gives details of what Constitutes ‘incapacity and proved misbehaviour’ of the Judges of the Supreme Court of India.
    3. The details of the process of impeachment of the Judges of the Supreme Court of India are given in the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968.
    4. If the motion for the impeachment of a Judge is taken up for voting, the law requires the motion to be backed by each House of the Parliament and supported by a majority of total membership of that House and by not less than two-thirds of total members of that House present and voting.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 only (c) 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 3 and 4

     

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  • Parliament – Sessions, Procedures, Motions, Committees etc

    Lok Sabha approves Demands for Grants of ₹50 Lakh Cr

    Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Parliament & State Legislatures

    Why in the News?

    The Lok Sabha has passed the Demands for Grants of various Ministries for the financial year 2025-26, approving an expenditure of more than ₹50 lakh crore.

    What are Demands for Grants?

    • Demands for Grants refer to the expenditure estimates that require approval from the Lok Sabha under Article 113 of the Constitution of India.
    • These demands are essentially requests for funds by different ministries to cover their respective expenditure needs.
    • The Demands for Grants cover:
      • Revenue expenditure: Routine expenses for the functioning of government.
      • Capital expenditure: Investment-related spending, such as infrastructure and development projects.
      • Grants to States/UTs: Funds allocated to state governments and Union Territories for various purposes.
      • Loans & advances: Amounts lent to other entities or bodies.
    • Each ministry or department presents its own demand for grants.  Larger ministries may have multiple demands depending on the scope of their activities.
    • Types of Expenditures in Demands for Grants:
    1. Voted expenditure: It refers to the part of the budget that requires approval from the Lok Sabha. This expenditure can be debated and voted on by members of the House.
    2. Charged expenditure: It includes items like the President’s salary, judges’ salaries, debt servicing, and other such payments. This expenditure does not require a vote and is automatically passed.
    • Voting on Demands for Grants:
      • Exclusivity of Lok Sabha: Only the Lok Sabha has the power to vote on Demands for Grants.
      • Voting Process: Voting applies only to votable expenditure, with each demand voted on separately.
      • Guillotine Process: If time runs out for discussion, the Speaker applies the guillotine, automatically approving remaining demands.

    Constitutional Provisions on Demands for Grants

    • Article 113: Requires the President’s recommendation before any demand for a grant can be made.
    • Article 114: Money cannot be withdrawn from the Consolidated Fund of India without parliamentary approval.
    • Article 115: Allows supplementary grants if the budget is insufficient.
    • Article 116: Provides for Vote on Account and Vote of Credit if the budget is not passed before the start of the financial year.
    [UPSC 2024] Consider the following statements regarding the financial procedure in the Indian Parliament:
    1. The Appropriation Bill must be passed by the Lok Sabha after the Demands for Grants are voted upon.
    2. At the Union level, no demand for a grant can be made except on the recommendation of the President of India.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

     

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  • Indian Navy Updates

    Exercise Varuna

    Prelims Only | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Various Security Forces, Agencies & Their Mandates

    Why in the News?

    India and France recently conducted the 23rd edition of Exercise Varuna, a key bilateral naval exercise aimed at enhancing interoperability and combat readiness between the two countries’ naval forces.

    About Exercise Varuna

    • Exercise Varuna is a bilateral naval exercise between India and France.
      • It was first initiated in 1993 and officially named Varuna in 2001.
    • The exercise focuses on enhancing combat readiness, improving interoperability, and deepening maritime security cooperation between the two nations.
    • It spans multiple domains, including air, surface, and sub-surface operations, with a strong emphasis on anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and air combat drills.
    • Key Highlights:
      • The 2025 edition took place from March 19-22 off the coast of Goa, with participants such as INS Vikrant (India) and Charles de Gaulle (France).
      • This year’s exercises included aircraft carrier operations, ASW drills, and joint surface warfare operations.
      • Rafale-M (French Navy) and MiG-29K (Indian Navy) fighters participated in advanced air defence and mock air-to-air combat scenarios. 
      • Indian Scorpene-class submarines acted as aggressors, while French and Indian frigates protected high-value assets, including the French oiler Jacques Chevallier.
      • These drills enhanced underwater domain awareness and improved ASW tactics.

    Other Notable India-France Military Exercises:

    • FRINJEX: A joint exercise between the Indian and French armies focused on ground operations.
    • GARUDA: A bilateral air exercise between the Indian and French air forces, first held in 2003.
    • SHAKTI: A biennial military exercise between India and France, focusing on counter-terrorism operations.
    • La Pérouse: A multilateral maritime exercise led by the French Navy, with India participating for the first time in 2021.

     

    [UPSC 2024] Which of the following statements about ‘Exercise Mitra Shakti-2023’ are correct?

    1. This was a joint military exercise between India and Bangladesh.

    2. It commenced in Aundh (Pune).

    3. Joint response during counter-terrorism operations was a goal of this operation.

    4. Indian Air Force was a part of this exercise.

    Select the answer using the code given below:

    (a)  1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 4 (c) 1 and 4 (d)  2, 3 and 4

     

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  • Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

    United Nations World Water Development Report, 2025

    IOCRPrelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Why in the News?

    On March 21, 2025, the United Nations marked the first-ever World Day for Glaciers, and in conjunction, the United Nations World Water Development Report issued a disturbing warning about the rapid loss of glaciers.

     

    Key Highlights of the Report:

    • Hindu Kush Himalayas (HKH) Glacier Loss: Glaciers are melting 65% faster (2011-2020) than the previous decade, with up to 50% shrinkage by 2100 if global temperatures rise by 1.5-2°C.
    • WMO’s Climate Report: The 2024 climate year was the warmest in 175 years, reinforcing the link between rising temperatures and accelerated glacier melt.
    • Unprecedented Glacier Mass Loss: Over 9,000 billion tonnes of ice lost since 1975, with 450 gigatons lost in 2024 alone.
    • Rising Sea Levels: Melting glaciers contribute to sea level rise, displacing 200,000 to 300,000 people annually and increasing coastal flooding risks.
    • Increased Wildfires and Dust Storms: Rising wildfires and dust storms accelerate glacier melt by darkening their surfaces.
    • Permafrost Thawing: Thawing permafrost releases carbon and nutrients, worsening climate change and increasing landslide risks.
    • Declining Snow Cover: A 7.79% global decline in persistent snow cover from 1979-2022 affects water resources.

    About World Glaciers Day 

    • March 21, 2025, marked the first-ever World Day for Glaciers, aimed at raising awareness about glaciers and the risks posed by their loss due to climate change.
    • It was declared by the UN in its resolution A/RES/77/158 along with the International Year of Glaciers 2025.
    • The day calls for governments, organizations, and individuals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adopt sustainable water management practices.
    [UPSC 2019] Consider the following statements:

    1. Global warming might trigger the release of methane gas from these deposits.

    2. Large deposits of ‘methane hydrate’ are found in Arctic Tundra and under the seafloor.

    3. Methane in atmosphere oxidizes to carbon dioxide after a decade or two.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

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  • Indian Ocean Power Competition

    [22nd March 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Charting a route for IORA under India’s chairship

    Explained | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    PYQ Relevance:

    Question: Do you think that BIMSTEC is a parallel organisation like the SAARC? What are the similarities and dissimilarities between the two? How are Indian foreign policy objectives realized by forming this new organisation? (2022)

    Reason: This question explores India’s engagement with other regional groupings. India’s experience with BIMSTEC, its objectives, and the lessons learned in fostering regional cooperation can inform its approach and strategy as the chair of IORA. It also touches upon how India uses multilateral platforms to achieve its foreign policy goals, a key aspect of its IORA leadership.

     

    Mentor’s Comment: The Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) held its Council of Ministers (COM) meeting in Colombo on October 11, 2024, with the theme “Reinforcing Indian Ocean Identity.” Foreign ministers and senior officials from its 23 member countries attended the event. In 2024, many other countries, especially “dialogue partners” or those wanting to join as dialogue partners, showed great interest in the organization. IORA, founded 26 years ago, is believed to have been an idea originally proposed by former South African President Nelson Mandela.

    Today’s editorial discusses issues related to the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) and India’s role in it, which is useful for GS Paper 2 in International Relations.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    New Delhi should create a strong base for effective governance that works at the local level and brings real impact.

    What are the key priorities for India as it prepares to chair the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA)?

    • Enhancing Funding Opportunities: India can engage private sector players like shipping companies (Maersk, Adani Ports), oil & gas firms (ONGC, Reliance), and marine tourism operators to contribute financially to IORA’s initiatives.
    • Strengthening Maritime Security & Safety: Expanding India’s Information Fusion Centre – Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR) in Gurugram to enhance real-time maritime surveillance and counter threats like piracy, illegal fishing, and trafficking.
    • Integrating Technology for Data Management & Policy Analysis: Promoting AI-driven marine data analytics to track ocean health, predict climate change impacts, and improve fisheries management across IORA nations.
    • Developing Maritime Education & Skill-Based Training: Partnering with institutions like IIT-Madras and NIOT (National Institute of Ocean Technology) to create specialized courses in marine economy, deep-sea exploration, and coastal governance.
    • Strengthening Blue Economy & Sustainable Practices: Collaborating with Australia for marine research, UAE for investment in sustainable fisheries, and Seychelles for traditional knowledge on marine conservation to develop eco-friendly economic growth models.

    Why is funding a major challenge for IORA? 

    • Dependence on Member Contributions: IORA’s budget is primarily dependent on contributions from its 23 member states, most of which are developing economies. For example, Only a few countries like Singapore, UAE, and France have the financial capability to contribute significantly, while others struggle to meet commitments.
    • Limited Private Sector Involvement: IORA lacks strong partnerships with private enterprises, which could provide alternative funding sources. For example, Industries related to shipping, oil & gas, fisheries, and marine tourism are key players in the region but are not formally involved in IORA’s funding model.
    • Comparatively Small Budget: IORA’s total annual budget is just a few million dollars, making it insufficient for large-scale maritime security, climate resilience, and economic development projects. For example, The Indian Ocean Commission (IOC), despite having only five members, has a $1.3 billion budget (2020-25)—significantly larger than IORA’s budget.
    • Expanding Scope of Activities: IORA is expanding into maritime safety, disaster management, technology, and blue economy initiatives, all of which require resource-intensive investments. For example, Implementing maritime surveillance systems and disaster risk management programs demands consistent funding, which is currently lacking.
    • Lack of a Dedicated Fundraising Mechanism: Unlike organizations like the ASEAN Development Fund, IORA does not have a structured mechanism to raise funds through external donors, financial institutions, or international aid agencies. For example, ASEAN collaborates with ADB (Asian Development Bank) and the World Bank for project funding, while IORA lacks such institutional financial backing.

    How can it be addressed?

    • Diversifying Funding Sources: IORA should explore alternative funding mechanisms such as public-private partnerships (PPPs), external grants, and contributions from international financial institutions. Example: ASEAN collaborates with the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the World Bank for project funding, which IORA can emulate.
    • Enhancing Private Sector Engagement: Establish formal partnerships with shipping, energy, fisheries, and tourism industries to attract investment in key maritime projects. Example: Creating an IORA Business Forum to facilitate corporate sponsorships and private sector-driven development projects.
    • Setting Up a Dedicated IORA Development Fund: Establish a structured IORA Development Fund where member states, international donors, and regional banks contribute for long-term sustainability. Example: The ASEAN Development Fund (ADF) pools resources for regional projects, which IORA can replicate to support blue economy and maritime security initiatives.
    • Strengthening Bilateral and Multilateral Cooperation: Strengthen financial partnerships with G20 economies, UN agencies, and regional economic blocs to access technical and financial assistance. Example: IORA can seek support from India’s Development Partnership Administration (DPA) or Japan’s Official Development Assistance (ODA) for infrastructure and capacity-building programs.
    • Implementing a Tiered Membership Contribution Model: Introduce a differentiated contribution system where larger economies contribute more while smaller nations have flexible or in-kind contributions. Example: Organizations like the International Maritime Organization (IMO) use GDP-based contribution tiers to ensure fair burden-sharing among members.

    India’s Role in IORA – Timeline of Key Initiatives

    How does the Indian Ocean Region contribute to global trade and economic activities?

    • Major Trade and Energy Corridor: The Indian Ocean facilitates 75% of global maritime trade and 50% of daily oil consumption, making it a critical route for global commerce. The Strait of Malacca, Bab-el-Mandeb, and the Strait of Hormuz are key chokepoints for oil and goods transportation.
    • Rich Blue Economy and Marine Resources: The region generates $1 trillion in goods and services, including fisheries, aquaculture, and seabed resources. India, Indonesia, and Thailand have thriving fishing industries, while Mozambique and Madagascar are rich in offshore gas reserves.
    • Strategic Economic Hubs and Ports: Major ports like Singapore, Mumbai, Colombo, and Dubai serve as global transhipment and logistics hubs, driving regional and global trade. Gwadar (Pakistan) and Hambantota (Sri Lanka) are being developed as part of strategic maritime infrastructure projects.

    Where can India leverage its strengths and partnerships to enhance IORA’s governance and effectiveness?

    • Maritime Security and Disaster Resilience: India can take the lead in strengthening maritime surveillance, anti-piracy measures, and disaster preparedness in the Indian Ocean region. Example: India’s Information Fusion Centre – Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR) can be expanded to assist IORA members in real-time maritime domain awareness.
    • Capacity Building and Skill Development: India can offer training programs, scholarships, and technical assistance to IORA members in areas like blue economy, digital governance, and climate adaptation. Example: The Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) program can be expanded to provide skill development for professionals from IORA nations.
    • Sustainable Blue Economy Initiatives: India can collaborate with IORA countries to promote marine biotechnology, sustainable fisheries, and ocean-based renewable energy. Example: India’s Deep Ocean Mission and expertise in offshore wind energy can be shared with IORA nations for sustainable development.
    • Trade and Connectivity Infrastructure: India can enhance regional trade and connectivity through port modernization, maritime logistics, and blue economy-driven trade facilitation. Example: The Sagarmala Project can be leveraged to assist IORA nations in upgrading port infrastructure and coastal shipping networks.
    • Multilateral Partnerships and Development Finance: India can work with Quad, G20, BRICS, and ASEAN to secure additional funding and policy coordination for IORA’s initiatives. Example: India’s leadership in the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) can be extended to help IORA nations build climate-resilient maritime infrastructure.

    Way forward: 

    • Institutional Strengthening & Financial Sustainability: IORA should establish a dedicated development fund, diversify revenue streams through public-private partnerships, and enhance cooperation with global financial institutions like the World Bank and ADB to ensure long-term financial stability.
    • Strategic & Inclusive Engagement:  India must promote technology-driven governance, capacity-building initiatives, and regional connectivity projects while fostering multilateral partnerships with ASEAN, Quad, and BRICS to enhance IORA’s strategic relevance and effectiveness.

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  • Parliament – Sessions, Procedures, Motions, Committees etc

    India’s marginalised Parliament in budgetary affairs

    Explained | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Parliament & State Legislatures

    Why in the News?

    The current budget process reduces the involvement of elected representatives, weakening democratic accountability.

    How does the current budget process reduce the role of elected representatives and weaken democratic accountability?

    • Executive Monopoly Over Budget Formulation: The Budget is drafted exclusively by the Finance Ministry, with even Cabinet Ministers kept unaware until its presentation in the Lok Sabha. Example: Unlike legislative bills, the Union Budget is not subjected to extensive cabinet discussions before being tabled in Parliament.
    • Lack of Pre-Budget Consultations: Parliamentarians do not have an institutional mechanism to provide input before the Budget is finalized. Example: In contrast to countries like the UK, where parliamentary committees discuss budget priorities in advance, India lacks such structured engagement.
    • Limited Role of the Rajya Sabha: The Upper House has no direct power to amend or reject the Budget, reducing its ability to scrutinize financial policies. Example: The Finance Minister, even if a Rajya Sabha member, cannot vote on the Budget in the Lok Sabha, where financial matters are decided.
    • Weak Oversight by Parliamentary Committees: Parliamentary committees do not have the authority to modify budget proposals or demand policy changes. Example: Department-related Standing Committees review Demands for Grants but can only make recommendations, which the government is not bound to accept.
    • Time Constraints and Superficial Debates: The Budget session allows limited time for discussion, leading to rushed approvals without in-depth scrutiny. Example: In many cases, the Guillotine Process is used, where multiple Demands for Grants are passed without discussion due to time limitations.

    What is the Parliamentary Budget Office (PBO)?

    A Parliamentary Budget Office (PBO) is an independent, non-partisan institution that provides objective analysis of government budgets, fiscal policies, and economic forecasts to assist lawmakers in informed decision-making. It enhances legislative oversight, ensures transparency, and improves accountability in public finance management. Examples include the U.S. Congressional Budget Office (CBO) and Canada’s PBO.

    What about the constitutional status of the Parliamentary Budget Office (PBO)?

    There is no explicit mention of a Parliamentary Budget Office (PBO) in the Indian Constitution. However, its establishment can be linked to broader constitutional provisions related to financial oversight and legislative accountability:

    • Article 112 (Annual Financial Statement) – The Union Budget is presented before Parliament, which has the power to scrutinize and approve it. A PBO can strengthen this oversight by providing independent budgetary analysis.
    • Article 266 & 267 (Consolidated and Contingency Funds of India) – Parliament controls government expenditure, and a PBO can assist in evaluating the fiscal implications of such spending.
    • Article 148-151 (Comptroller and Auditor General – CAG) – While CAG audits past expenditures, a PBO would provide forward-looking budgetary insights to Parliament.
    • Article 105 (Powers and Privileges of Parliament) – Parliament has the right to seek information on financial matters, and a PBO could serve as a resource for unbiased fiscal analysis.

    Why is the establishment of a Parliamentary Budget Office (PBO) considered essential for fiscal oversight?

    • Independent and Data-Driven Budget Analysis: A PBO would provide legislators with non-partisan, expert analysis of government spending, revenue forecasts, and fiscal policies. Example: The U.S. Congressional Budget Office (CBO) conducts independent evaluations of federal budgets, ensuring transparency and evidence-based policy decisions.
    • Enhanced Legislative Scrutiny and Accountability: It would strengthen Parliament’s ability to evaluate the financial implications of policies and hold the executive accountable. Example: Countries like Canada and the UK have PBOs that assess fiscal policies, preventing governments from making unrealistic budgetary claims.
    • Support for Informed Decision-Making by Legislators: Parliamentarians often lack technical expertise in financial matters; a PBO would equip them with research reports and policy briefs. Example: Australia’s PBO helps legislators understand the long-term economic impact of proposed policies, ensuring fiscal discipline and responsible budgeting.

    How do pre-Budget discussions contribute to a more transparent and democratic Budget-making process?

    • Greater Legislative Involvement and Accountability: Pre-Budget discussions allow parliamentarians to voice public concerns, debate fiscal priorities, and influence resource allocation before the Budget is finalised. Example: In Germany, the Bundestag conducts pre-budget debates, ensuring the government considers legislative recommendations before finalizing financial plans.
    • Improved Public Participation and Transparency: Open discussions increase public awareness and trust by making the Budget-making process more inclusive and participatory. Example: South Africa holds public consultations before the Budget, allowing citizens to provide inputs, and ensuring financial policies align with public needs.
    • Better Coordination Among Subject Committees: Structured discussions help parliamentary committees collaborate effectively, leading to more informed scrutiny of sector-wise allocations. Example: In Sweden, parliamentary finance committees review preliminary budget proposals, enabling sector-specific recommendations before the final Budget is tabled.

    Which global models of legislative Budget scrutiny can India learn from to enhance parliamentary engagement?

    Country

    Features

    Example
    United States – Congressional Budget Office (CBO) for Independent Analysis The U.S. Congressional Budget Office (CBO) provides independent, non-partisan economic and budgetary analysis to assist lawmakers in evaluating fiscal policies. India could establish a Parliamentary Budget Office (PBO) for similar fiscal oversight.
    United Kingdom – Strong Parliamentary Committee System: The UK’s House of Commons Treasury Committee scrutinizes budget proposals, questioning government officials and publishing reports on financial policy. In 2021, the Treasury Committee analyzed the economic impact of the UK Budget and made recommendations for pandemic recovery, influencing fiscal decisions. India can strengthen its Parliamentary Committees to enhance budgetary oversight.
    Germany – Pre-Budget Consultations for Legislative Input: The Bundestag (German Parliament) conducts structured pre-Budget discussions, allowing legislators to debate fiscal priorities before finalizing budgetary allocations. Germany’s Medium-Term Financial Planning Framework ensures that multi-year fiscal policies align with economic goals. India could introduce pre-Budget discussions to improve transparency and parliamentary engagement.

    Way forward: 

    • Establish a Parliamentary Budget Office (PBO) for Independent Analysis: A PBO should be set up to provide non-partisan, expert-driven financial analysis to Parliament, similar to the U.S. Congressional Budget Office (CBO). This would enhance legislative oversight, fiscal transparency, and informed decision-making by equipping parliamentarians with independent budget assessments.
    • Institutionalize Pre-Budget Consultations and Strengthen Committee Oversight: Implement structured pre-Budget discussions involving parliamentary committees, policymakers, and stakeholders to ensure greater transparency and inclusivity in Budget-making.

    Mains question for practice:

    Question: “The growth of cabinet system has practically resulted in the marginalisation of the parliamentary supremacy.” Elucidate. (UPSC 2024)

    Reason: This question addresses the broader theme of parliamentary supremacy being undermined by the executive. The budget being primarily an executive-driven process, with limited parliamentary influence, is a prime example of this marginalization.

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  • Judicial Reforms

    Judge’s transfer is not related to ‘rumours’: SC

    Explained | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Executive & Judiciary

    Why in the News?

    On Friday (March 21, 2025), the Supreme Court stated that false information and rumours were being spread about an “incident” at the home of Delhi High Court Judge Justice Yashwant Varma, suggesting that this led to his transfer. The Court clarified that the transfer decision was unrelated to the incident.

    What was the Supreme Court’s response to the reports regarding the incident at Justice Yashwant Varma’s residence?

    • Rejection of Misinformation: The Supreme Court dismissed media reports about a “huge pile of cash” being recovered during a fire at Justice Varma’s residence. Example: It stated that rumours and misinformation were being spread, clarifying that the reports were not verified facts.
    • Clarification on Transfer Proposal: The Court confirmed that Justice Varma’s transfer to Allahabad High Court was an independent decision, unrelated to the in-house enquiry into the incident. Example: It emphasized that the transfer process had been initiated separately and was being reviewed by the Collegium before the enquiry even began.
    • Confidentiality of the Enquiry Process: The Supreme Court maintained that the in-house enquiry was confidential and aimed at preserving judicial integrity. Example: The Court cited the 2015 Additional District and Sessions Judge ‘X’ vs. Registrar General, MP High Court judgment, which ensures fairness in such proceedings.

    Removal of Judges in the Higher Judiciary:

    • Impeachment Process:
      • Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts can only be removed by impeachment, which requires a motion signed by 100 Lok Sabha MPs or 50 Rajya Sabha MPs.
      • The impeachment motion is investigated by a three-member judicial committee, and if the committee finds merit in the allegations, Parliament votes on the motion.
      • A 2/3rd majority is needed in both Houses for removal.
      • Parliament can, however, consider a motion to impeach a judge according to the procedure laid down in the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968.

    What is in-house enquiry?

    • The CJI can initiate an in-house inquiry in the event of serious allegations against a judge. This process involves the Chief Justice of the High Court submitting a report, and if the allegations are deemed serious, a three-member committee is constituted to investigate the matter.
    • If the committee recommends removal, the CJI may advise the judge to resign. If the judge refuses, their judicial work is withdrawn, and impeachment proceedings may be initiated.

    What is the legal precedence of it? 

    • Justice V. Ramaswami Case (1991): One of the first instances where an impeachment motion was attempted against a sitting Supreme Court judge, highlighting the importance of in-house mechanisms before formal parliamentary action.
    • Additional District and Sessions Judge ‘X’ vs. Registrar General, High Court of Madhya Pradesh (2015): This case outlined the two-stage procedure for in-house enquiries, emphasizing exclusion of bias and ensuring due process in judicial investigations.
    • In re: Justice C.S. Karnan (2017): The Supreme Court invoked its contempt jurisdiction against a sitting High Court judge, Justice C.S. Karnan, highlighting the limitations of in-house procedures when misconduct disrupts judicial functioning.

    Why did the Supreme Court emphasize that the transfer proposal for Justice Yashwant Varma was independent of the in-house enquiry?

    • To Prevent Misinterpretation of Judicial Transfers: The Supreme Court clarified that the transfer was part of routine administrative decisions, not a punitive action linked to the enquiry. Example: Justice Varma’s transfer was to his parent High Court (Allahabad), where he would be ninth in seniority, a common practice for judges.
    • To Uphold the Collegium’s Credibility: The Court ensured that the Collegium’s decisions were based on judicial requirements, not external events. Example: The Collegium followed its standard procedure of consulting judges and the Chief Justices of the concerned High Courts before deciding on the transfer.
    • To Avoid Pre-Judgment of the Enquiry Outcome: If the transfer was seen as linked to the enquiry, it could imply guilt before a formal investigation was concluded. Example: The Court confirmed that the Delhi High Court Chief Justice had initiated the enquiry separately, even before the Collegium met on March 20, 2025.
    • To Maintain Judicial Independence and Fairness: Judges must be free from undue influence, and linking transfers to allegations could undermine judicial autonomy. Example: The Court cited the in-house enquiry framework, which ensures that any probe follows due process before any action is taken.
    • To Protect the Reputation of the Judiciary: Associating the transfer with allegations could harm the judge’s integrity and create unnecessary controversy. Example: The Supreme Court press note stressed that the transfer decision was made on administrative grounds, separate from any enquiry findings.

    What is the process of judicial transfers in India? 

    • Initiation by the Chief Justice of India (CJI): The transfer of High Court judges is initiated by the CJI in consultation with the Collegium, which includes the four senior-most Supreme Court judges. Example: In 2021, Justice Sanjib Banerjee was transferred from the Madras High Court to the Meghalaya High Court, reportedly due to administrative reasons.
    • Consultation with the Government and Affected Judges: The Union Law Ministry processes the recommendation and seeks the President’s approval. The judge being transferred is consulted, but their consent is not required. Example: Justice Akil Kureshi’s transfer from Gujarat High Court to Tripura High Court in 2019 sparked debates about judicial independence.
    • Final Approval by the President of India: After receiving recommendations from the CJI and the Collegium, the President issues a formal order for the transfer under Article 222 of the Constitution. Example: Justice Vijaya Kapse-Tahilramani resigned in 2019 after being transferred from the Madras High Court to the Meghalaya High Court.

    How does the in-house enquiry procedure against sitting High Court judges ensure fairness and prevent bias?

    • Two-Stage Investigation Process: The procedure involves an initial assessment by the Chief Justice of the concerned High Court, followed by a deeper probe if required, ensuring a systematic and impartial review. Example: In Justice Yashwant Varma’s case, the Delhi High Court Chief Justice first examined the allegations before forwarding a report to the Chief Justice of India (CJI) for further action.
    • Principles of Natural Justice: The accused judge is given a fair opportunity to present their defense before any decision is made, preventing arbitrary actions. Example: If the CJI determines a deeper probe is needed, a three-member committee (two Chief Justices and one High Court judge) is formed, ensuring multiple perspectives in the investigation.
    • Confidentiality to Protect Integrity: The enquiry remains confidential to prevent media trials and undue reputational damage before conclusions are drawn. Example: The Supreme Court’s press note stated that the findings of the Delhi High Court’s in-house enquiry would be examined privately before deciding on further action.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthening Transparency and Communication: The judiciary should proactively address misinformation by issuing timely clarifications and making non-confidential aspects of administrative decisions more accessible to prevent speculation and misinterpretation.
    • Enhancing Institutional Safeguards: The in-house enquiry mechanism should be periodically reviewed to ensure procedural robustness, fairness, and adaptability while maintaining judicial integrity and independence.

    Mains PYQ:

    Question: “Constitutionally guaranteed judicial independence is a prerequisite of democracy”. Comment. (2023)

    Reason: The proposed transfer of a High Court judge, especially amidst “rumours” touches upon the independence of the judiciary. While the Supreme Court clarifies the transfer is unrelated to the “incident” and in-house inquiry, questions about maintaining judicial independence in the face of potential external pressures or perceptions remain pertinent.

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  • Parliament – Sessions, Procedures, Motions, Committees etc

    PAC flags Failure of Swadesh Darshan Scheme

    Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution – historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure

    Why in the News?

    The Public Accounts Committee (PAC) has criticized the Ministry of Tourism for the poor execution of the Swadesh Darshan Scheme and highlighted lapses in planning, approvals, and project execution.

    About Public Accounts Committee (PAC):

    • The PAC was established in 1921 under the Government of India Act, 1919.
    • It consists of 22 members, with 15 from the Lok Sabha and 7 from the Rajya Sabha, who are elected annually.
    • The Chairman of the committee is traditionally selected from the Opposition since 1967.
    • The PAC plays a crucial role in examining the audit reports of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG), focusing on public expenditure.
    • It ensures that funds are utilized efficiently, and it checks for irregularities, corruption, waste, and inefficiencies in government spending.

    About Swadesh Darshan Scheme (SDS):

    • The Swadesh Darshan Scheme was launched in 2015 by the Ministry of Tourism.
      • Objective: Developing theme-based tourist circuits such as Buddhist, Coastal, Heritage, and Eco-tourism circuits in India, emphasising sustainable tourism.
    • The scheme is 100% centrally funded, and it provides financial assistance to state governments, Union Territory administrations, and central agencies for the development of tourism infrastructure.
    • Swadesh Darshan 2.0 scheme (which began from January 2023) adopts a more holistic approach, shifting from circuit-based tourism to a destination-centric model.
      • This new version aims to encourage private sector investment in tourism and hospitality, aligning with India’s ‘Vocal for Local’ and Aatmanirbhar Bharat vision.
      • It prioritizes long-term growth and the development of sustainable tourism destinations.
      • The Challenge-Based Destination Development (CBDD) is a sub-scheme under Swadesh Darshan 2.0, focusing on the competitive development of tourism destinations.
      • This initiative aims to foster sustainability, digitalization, skill development, MSME support, and effective management, ensuring that the tourism sector thrives in a more modern and organized manner.

    PYQ:

    [UPSC 2007] Consider the following statements:

    1. The Chairman of the Committee on Public Accounts is appointed by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.

    2. The Committee on Public Accounts comprises Members of Lok Sabha, Members of Rajya Sabha, and a few eminent persons of industry and trade.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

     

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