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  • Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

    Six sites added to India’s tentative list by UNESCO’s World Heritage Centre

    Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    Why in the News?

    The Union Minister of Culture and Tourism has announced the addition of six sites to India’s tentative UNESCO World Heritage List.

    About the Sites

    Details
    Mudumal Megalithic Menhirs (Telangana)
    • Located in Mudumal region, Nalgonda district, Telangana.
    • Dates back to 1000 BCE to 500 BCE, associated with Iron Age.
    • Famous for menhirs, large upright stones used for burial or ceremonial purposes.
    • Provides insight into ancient South Indian megalithic cultures.
    Palace-Fortresses of the Bundelas (Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh)
    • Located in Bundelkhand, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh.
    • Built by Bundela Rajputs from 16th to 18th centuries.
    • Known for a mix of Rajput, Mughal, and Hindu architectural styles.
    • Key sites include Orchha Fort, Datia Palace, and Chanderi Fort.
    Kanger Valley National Park (Chhattisgarh)
    • Located in Bastar district, Chhattisgarh.
    • Covers 200 km², known for dense forests, caves, and waterfalls.
    • Home to species like tigers, leopards, sloth bears, and bison.
    • Famous for Kanger Dhara waterfall and Bailadila Range of hills.
    Ashokan Edict Sites (Multiple States)
    • Spread across India: Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, and Karnataka.
    • Created by Emperor Ashoka during 3rd century BCE.
    • Focuses on moral conduct, non-violence, and promoting Buddhism.
    • Key sites include Sanchi, Lumbini, Kalinga, and Kandahar.
    Chausath Yogini Temples (Multiple States)
    • Found in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, and Orissa.
    • Built during the 8th to 12th centuries CE, associated with Tantric Hinduism.
    • Temples dedicated to 64 Yoginis, with notable sites in Khajuraho and Bhilsa.
    Gupta Temples in North India (Multiple States)
    • Located in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Haryana.
    • Built during 4th to 6th centuries CE during the Gupta Empire.
    • Characterized by Nagara-style architecture.
    • Notable examples: Deogarh Temple, Dasavatara Temple, etc.

     

    PYQ:

    [2024] Consider the following properties included in the World Heritage List released by UNESCO:

    1. Shantiniketan

    2. Rani-ki-Vav

    3. Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas

    4. Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodhgaya

    How many of the above properties were included in 2023?

    (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four

     

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  • Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

    [17th March 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: The challenges of public health education in India

    op-ed snap | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) “In a crucial domain like the public healthcare system, the Indian State should play a vital role to contain the adverse impact of marketisation of the system. Suggest some measures through which the State can enhance the reach of public healthcare at the grassroots level.” (2024)

    Reason: This question requires an understanding of the challenges within the public healthcare system, including the availability and competence of public health professionals, which is linked to the quality and accessibility of public health education.

     

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains have focused on the ‘Public health system’ (in 2015) and  ‘role of Indian state in public healthcare system’ (2024).

    The U.S. decision to leave the World Health Organization (WHO) and cut funding for the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has caused major disruptions in healthcare services in many developing countries. However, India has remained mostly unaffected because it relies very little on international aid, which makes up only 1% of its total health spending.

    Today’s editorial discusses the impact of the U.S. decision to withdraw from the World Health Organization (WHO) and reduce funding for the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). This analysis is relevant for GS Paper 2, covering International Relations (IR) and Governance in the health sector.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Recently, the U.S. decided to leave the World Health Organization (WHO) and cut funding for the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).

    Why has the withdrawal of U.S. funding from WHO and USAID had a limited impact on India’s public health system?

    • Low Dependence on Foreign Aid – International aid accounts for only 1% of India’s total health expenditure, making the system largely self-reliant. For example, India’s Ayushman Bharat scheme is fully funded by the government, reducing dependence on external grants.
    • Strong Domestic Health Programs – India has large-scale, government-funded health programs like the National Health Mission (NHM) and the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP). For instance, India’s polio eradication drive was successful primarily due to government initiatives rather than foreign aid.
    • Growing Private Healthcare Sector – The private sector plays a dominant role in healthcare delivery, reducing reliance on foreign-funded public health initiatives. For example, large hospital networks like Apollo Hospitals and Narayana Health operate independently of international funding.
    • Diversified Funding Sources – India receives aid from multiple global organizations, including the Gavi Vaccine Alliance and the Global Fund, ensuring that a reduction in U.S. contributions does not severely impact the overall funding pool. For example, India’s HIV/AIDS control programs receive support from UNAIDS and the Global Fund, not just USAID.
    • Increased Government Health Spending – The Union Budget allocations for health have consistently increased, helping sustain key health initiatives. For instance, India’s health budget in 2023-24 was ₹89,155 crore, allowing for the continued expansion of primary health infrastructure and insurance schemes without heavy reliance on foreign aid.

    What are the key challenges faced by Master of Public Health (MPH) graduates in securing employment in India?

    • Limited Government Job Opportunities – Despite the increasing number of MPH graduates, government recruitment has stagnated. For example, the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) initially opened roles for non-medical public health specialists, but hiring has since slowed.
    • Preference for Medical and Management Professionals – The private healthcare sector prioritizes hospital administrators and business managers over public health specialists. For instance, private hospitals often recruit MBA (Healthcare) graduates for leadership roles rather than MPH holders.
    • Declining International Funding for Public Health – Many research institutions and NGOs rely on foreign grants, which are shrinking due to the U.S. withdrawal from WHO and USAID cuts. For example, NGOs working on tuberculosis control have faced funding reductions, limiting hiring capacity.
    • Lack of Practical Training and Standardization – Many MPH programs lack field experience, making graduates less competitive. For example, graduates from institutions with strong internships (like PHFI) are often preferred over those from colleges with purely theoretical training.
    • Absence of a Public Health Cadre – Unlike developed nations where public health professionals have dedicated government roles, India lacks a structured Public Health Management Cadre. For example, states like Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra have proposed such a cadre, but implementation remains slow.

    How has the expansion of public health education in India led to concerns about the quality of MPH training?

    • Lack of Standardized Curriculum – Different universities follow varied curricula, leading to inconsistencies in training quality. For example, Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) emphasizes social determinants of health and policy, while Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE) focuses more on epidemiology and biostatistics. This lack of uniformity affects the competencies of graduates.
    • Insufficient Practical Training – Many MPH programs lack field-based learning, making graduates less prepared for real-world public health challenges. For instance, Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI) offers strong internship opportunities in collaboration with state governments, whereas some newer private universities, like Amity University, provide limited hands-on experience.
    • Shortage of Qualified Faculty – Several institutions face a shortage of experienced public health faculty, affecting the depth of education. For example, Banaras Hindu University (BHU) has an established public health faculty, whereas some recently launched programs in private universities struggle to recruit trained professionals, leading to a reliance on general medical or social science faculty.

    What are the steps taken by the Indian government? 

    • Expansion of Public Health Institutes – The government has established institutions to strengthen public health education. Example: The All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health (AIIHPH) and National Institute of Public Health Training & Research (NIPHTR) provide specialized training in public health.
    • Inclusion of Public Health in Government Initiatives – Various health programs now incorporate public health professionals. Example: The National Health Mission (NHM) and Ayushman Bharat programs employ MPH graduates in areas like health policy, epidemiology, and disease surveillance.
    • Strengthening Public Health Cadre – Several states are working on creating a structured public health cadre for MPH graduates. Example: Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra have proposed dedicated Public Health Management Cadres (PHMCs) to integrate MPH professionals into government health services.
    • Skill Development and Capacity Building – Initiatives to enhance practical training and research skills. Example: The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) offer training in epidemiology, biostatistics, and field research.
    • Accreditation and Regulation Efforts – Steps are being taken to ensure uniform standards in MPH education. Example: The University Grants Commission (UGC) has proposed guidelines for public health courses, and discussions are ongoing for a central regulatory body to oversee MPH programs.

    Way forward: 

    • Establishment of a Public Health Cadre – The government should create a dedicated Public Health Management Cadre (PHMC) at the state and central levels to ensure structured employment for MPH graduates. For example, states like Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra have proposed such cadres, but national-level implementation is required.
    • Standardization of MPH Curriculum – A central body like the National Medical Commission (NMC) or the University Grants Commission (UGC) should regulate MPH programs, ensuring a uniform curriculum with a balance of theoretical knowledge and practical skills. For instance, defining core competencies such as epidemiology, health policy, and program management would enhance graduate employability.

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  • Mother and Child Health – Immunization Program, BPBB, PMJSY, PMMSY, etc.

    Tackling the problem of nutrition

    Explained | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Poverty & Hunger

    Why in the News?

    In the upcoming financial year, the government has increased funding for two key schemes—Saksham Anganwadi and Poshan 2.0.

    What are the key nutrition-related schemes that received higher allocations in Budget 2025?

    • Saksham Anganwadi and POSHAN 2.0: Allocated ₹21,960 crore, up from ₹20,070.90 crore in the previous year, these initiatives aim to combat malnutrition and strengthen early childhood care.
    • Mission Vatsalya (Child Protection Services): Received ₹1,500 crore, an increase from ₹1,391 crore last year, focusing on creating a safe environment for vulnerable children through institutional and family-based care.
    • Mission Shakti (Women’s Empowerment): Allocated ₹3,150 crore, with components like Sambal and Samarthya receiving significant funding to support initiatives such as Beti Bachao Beti Padhao and the Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY).
    • Mid-Day Meal Scheme (PM POSHAN): While specific figures were not detailed in the available sources, the scheme continues to provide nutritious meals to school children, aiming to improve health and learning outcomes.
    • Food Subsidy Program: The government plans to increase the food subsidy bill by about 5% to nearly ₹2.15 trillion, primarily due to higher rice purchases and rising storage costs, ensuring food security for the underprivileged.

    ​Why is India’s nutrition challenge not just about food insecurity but also linked to cultural and social factors?

    • Dietary Habits Shaped by Culture: Traditional food choices often lack diversity in essential nutrients, leading to malnutrition. According to the National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5), only 11% of breastfed children (6-23 months) receive an adequate diet. Example: Many vegetarian diets in India lack protein, iron, and vitamin B12, increasing anaemia risks.
    • Caste and Social Norms Impact Food Access: Historical caste-based discrimination limits access to nutrient-rich foods for marginalized communities. Example: Many lower-caste communities have restricted access to milk and pulses, key protein sources.
    • Gender Disparities in Nutrition: Women often eat last and consume less nutritious food compared to men in the family.
      • NFHS-5 reports that 57% of Indian women (15-49 years old) are anaemic, significantly higher than men.
    • Urbanization and Processed Food Consumption: Rising income levels and urban lifestyles have increased fast food and processed food consumption, leading to diet-related diseases. Around 23% of women and 22.2% of men in India are overweight or obese, according to NFHS-5. Example: High consumption of sugar-laden, fiber-poor packaged foods contributes to rising cases of diabetes and hypertension.
    • Limited Nutrition Focus Beyond Maternal and Child Health: National policies prioritize nutrition interventions for pregnant women and children but ignore other vulnerable groups.Elderly populations and working men receive little policy attention, despite being at risk of malnutrition and lifestyle diseases.
      • Example: According to NFHS-5, only 27.5% of adults with diabetes were aware of their condition, 21.5% were on treatment, and just 7% had their diabetes under control.

    How does the existing nutrition policy overlook certain segments of the population? 

    • Focus on Women and Children, Ignoring Other Vulnerable Groups: Most policies, like Poshan 2.0 and Saksham Anganwadi, prioritize maternal and child nutrition but neglect other groups. Example: Elderly populations, adolescent boys, and working men rarely receive targeted nutritional support.
    • Lack of Attention to Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs): Policies focus on undernutrition but ignore rising lifestyle-related diseases like diabetes and hypertension. Example: 14% of adults in India require diabetes medication, yet nutrition plans rarely address high sugar and processed food consumption.
    • Limited Inclusion of Urban Poor and Middle-Class Nutritional Needs: Urban food insecurity and poor dietary habits are often overlooked in favor of rural nutrition programs. Example: Many urban poor rely on cheap, processed foods with low nutritional value, increasing obesity and micronutrient deficiencies.
    • One-Size-Fits-All Approach Ignores Local Dietary Diversity: National policies provide standardized nutrition interventions that may not align with regional food habits. Example: In some tribal areas, traditional nutrient-rich foods like millets are being replaced with government-distributed wheat and rice, reducing diet diversity.
    • Inadequate Support for Special Groups (Elderly, Disabled, Recuperating Patients): People recovering from illnesses, trauma, or those with disabilities have special dietary needs that existing policies fail to address. Example: Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs) provide minimal nutrition support for elderly individuals with osteoporosis or post-surgical patients needing high-protein diets.

    What steps has taken by the Indian government?

    • Increased Allocation for Nutrition Schemes: Higher funding for Poshan 2.0 and Saksham Anganwadi to improve maternal and child nutrition. Example: Focus on aspirational districts and take-home rations for malnourished children.
    • Fortification of Staple Foods: Distribution of fortified rice, wheat, and edible oil to tackle micronutrient deficiencies. Example: Fortified rice with iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12 in Mid-Day Meal (PM-POSHAN).
    • Strengthening Public Distribution System (PDS): Free ration under Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY) to ensure food security. Example: 5 kg of free grains per person per month for priority households.
    • Promotion of Millets and Local Food: Encouraging millet consumption for better nutrition and climate resilience. Example: 2023 was the International Year of Millets, and millets are now included in PM-POSHAN.
    • Awareness and Behavioral Change Campaigns: POSHAN Abhiyan promotes healthy dietary habits, anemia prevention, and hygiene. Example: Campaigns to promote breastfeeding and combat malnutrition at the grassroots level.

    Way forward: 

    • Expand Nutrition Coverage Beyond Maternal and Child Health: Develop inclusive policies targeting adolescents, elderly populations, and working adults. Example: Introduce nutrition programs for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like diabetes and obesity.
    • Promote Region-Specific and Sustainable Diets: Encourage traditional, locally available nutrient-rich foods over a one-size-fits-all approach. Example: Integrate millets and indigenous grains into government nutrition programs.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q “Poverty and malnutrition create a vicious cycle, adversely affecting human capital formation. What steps can be taken to break the cycle? (2024)

    Reason: This question directly addresses the link between poverty and malnutrition and asks for solutions.

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  • Trade Sector Updates – Falling Exports, TIES, MEIS, Foreign Trade Policy, etc.

    India, New Zealand resume trade deal talks after decade

    Explained | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Why in the News?

    After nearly 10 years, India and New Zealand have resumed talks on a free trade agreement (FTA) to strengthen economic relations.

    What is the main objective of resuming India-New Zealand FTA negotiations?

    • Enhancing Market Access & Trade Growth: The FTA aims to expand trade opportunities by reducing tariffs and trade barriers. Example: Bilateral trade surpassed USD 1 billion (April-January 2025), highlighting the potential for further growth.
    • Strengthening Supply Chain Integration: The agreement seeks to improve logistics and supply chain efficiency between the two countries. Example: New Zealand’s dairy and agricultural products could find structured entry into India, while India’s IT and pharmaceutical sectors could benefit from easier access to the New Zealand market.
    • Boosting Investment & Business Opportunities: The FTA will help attract investments and foster job creation in sectors like IT, services, and agriculture. Example: India seeks better mobility for skilled professionals, benefiting industries like software services and engineering.

    Why did the India-New Zealand trade talks stall in 2015?

    • Disagreements Over Dairy Market Access: New Zealand demanded greater access to India’s dairy market, but India resisted to protect its millions of dairy farmers. Example: India’s dairy imports from New Zealand were minimal (~$0.57 million), and India remained firm against allowing raw dairy imports.
    • Tariff Reduction Challenges: New Zealand had a low average tariff of 2.3%, while India had a higher average tariff of 17.8%, making tariff reductions challenging. Example: India was reluctant to lower tariffs on New Zealand’s dairy, meat, and wine exports, fearing a negative impact on domestic industries.
    • Limited Gains for India in Goods Trade: Since New Zealand already had low tariffs and duty-free access for many goods, India saw fewer advantages in an FTA. Example: Indian exports such as textiles, apparel, and pharmaceuticals already had significant access to the New Zealand market.
    • Concerns Over Skilled Labor Mobility: India wanted easier movement of skilled professionals in IT and services, but New Zealand was hesitant. Example: India sought better visa provisions for IT and engineering professionals, which faced resistance.
    • External Trade Pressures: India faced pressure from other countries like the U.S. to open its dairy and agricultural sectors, complicating negotiations. Example: Allowing New Zealand’s dairy products could have set a precedent for other trade partners demanding similar concessions.

    How does the tariff disparity between India and New Zealand pose a challenge to the negotiations?

    • Significant Difference in Average Tariff Rates: New Zealand’s average import tariff is only 2.3%, with over half of its tariff lines duty-free, while India’s average tariff stands at 17.8%. Example: Indian goods already have substantial access to the New Zealand market, making a traditional FTA less beneficial for India.
    • Limited Market Access Gains for India: Since New Zealand already imposes low or no tariffs on many products, India’s exporters may not gain significant new access. Example: Sectors like textiles, pharmaceuticals, and auto components already enter New Zealand with minimal restrictions, reducing the FTA’s potential benefits for India.
    • Pressure on India to Lower Tariffs on Sensitive Sectors: New Zealand is pushing for tariff reductions on dairy, meat, and wine exports, but India is reluctant to protect domestic farmers and industries. Example: India’s dairy sector supports millions of small farmers, making it difficult to allow imports that could undercut local production.
    • Imbalance in Reciprocal Concessions: If India significantly lowers its tariffs, New Zealand would gain more than India, creating an imbalance in trade benefits. Example: India would have to make greater tariff cuts, while New Zealand’s market access would remain largely unchanged.
    • Potential Precedent for Other Trade Partners: If India agrees to major tariff cuts for New Zealand, other countries in future FTAs may demand similar concessions, complicating trade policy. Example: Countries like Australia, the EU, and the U.S. could push India to open up its agriculture and dairy sectors, which India has traditionally protected.

    Way forward: 

    • Balanced Trade Concessions & Sectoral Safeguards: India and New Zealand should explore sector-specific agreements rather than blanket tariff reductions. Example: India can allow limited access to value-added dairy products while ensuring safeguards for domestic farmers. Similarly, New Zealand can offer better terms for India’s IT and services sector.
    • Enhanced Collaboration in Non-Tariff Areas: Both nations should focus on investment facilitation, technology exchange, and regulatory cooperation to maximize mutual benefits beyond tariff cuts. Example: Joint ventures in agritech, renewable energy, and pharmaceuticals can create new trade opportunities without tariff-related conflicts.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Critically analyse India’s evolving diplomatic, economic and strategic relations with the Central Asian Republics (CARs) highlighting their increasing significance in regional and global geopolitics. (2024)

    Reason:  It highlights the importance of analyzing India’s evolving economic relations with other regions, which is similar to the context of resuming talks with New Zealand.

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  • Solar Energy – JNNSM, Solar Cities, Solar Pumps, etc.

    Air Pollution will Lower India’s Solar Generation Capacity: Study

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc.

    Why in the News?

    A new study by IIT Delhi, published in Environmental Research Letters (November 2024), reveals that air pollution and climate change are undermining solar panel efficiency in India.

    Key Findings of the IIT Delhi Study

    • Efficiency Loss Forecast:
      • Scenario 1 (Moderate climate efforts): Solar panel efficiency is projected to decline by more than 2.3% by 2041-2050.
      • Scenario 2 (Weak climate action, strong air pollution control): Efficiency drops by 2.3%, amounting to at least 840 GWh loss annually.
    • Primary Causes:
      • Solar radiation decline is the biggest factor.
      • Temperature increase follows closely, with a 2°C rise in cell temperature predicted by mid-century.
      • Wind speed variations have minimal but present impact.
    • Kerala and Northeast regions could see higher solar potential due to reduced cloud cover, offering opportunities for future solar investments.

    India’s Solar Capacity

    • India, is the 5th-largest solar power producer globally.
    • India has achieved a significant milestone with a total installed solar capacity of 100.33 GW as of January 31, 2025.
    • India’s solar capacity has increased 35 times in the past decade, growing from 2.82 GW in 2014 to 100 GW in 2025.
    • PM SuryaGhar Muft Bijli Yojana has been a key driver in promoting rooftop solar, with nearly 9 lakh rooftop installations already completed.
    • A record 24.5 GW of solar capacity was added in 2024, more than doubling the installations compared to 2023.
    • In 2024, 18.5 GW of utility-scale solar capacity was installed, a nearly 2.8 x increase compared to the previous year.
    • Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh are the top-performing states, contributing significantly to India’s solar installations.
    • India’s solar module production capacity has surged from 2 GW in 2014 to 60 GW in 2024, establishing the country as a global leader in solar manufacturing.

    PYQ:

    [2020] India has immense potential for solar energy though there are regional variations in its developments. Elaborate.

    [2018] With reference to solar power production in India, consider the following statements:

    1. India is the third largest in the world in the manufacture of silicon wafers used in photovoltaic units.

    2. The solar power tariffs are determined by the Solar Energy Corporation of India.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

     

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  • Tribes in News

    Definition of ‘Tribe’ in India

    Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution – historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure

    Why in the News?  

    At the recent Indian Anthropology Congress officials from the Anthropological Survey of India (AnSI) and National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) called for a shift in defining tribes.

    Instead of a rigid binary classification—tribe or not—they advocate for a “spectrum of tribalness”.

    About Scheduled Tribes (STs)

    • STs are defined under Article 366(25) of the Indian Constitution as “such tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under Article 342 to be Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of this Constitution.“
    • Under Article 342, the President notifies STs for each State/UT after consultation with the Governor, and modifications can only be made by Parliament through legislation.
    • Currently, 705 STs are notified across 30 States/UTs, comprising 8.6% of India’s population (2011 Census).
    • They are mainly concentrated in Central India (Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, etc.) and the North-East.

    Existing Criteria for ST Classification (Lokur Committee, 1965)

    • The Lokur Committee (1965) laid down 5 key criteria for classifying STs:
    1. Primitive Traits
    2. Distinctive Culture
    3. Geographical Isolation
    4. Shyness of Contact with the Community at Large
    5. Backwardness
    • Criticisms of Existing Criteria:
      • Termed obsolete, condescending, and colonial by scholars.
      • Many communities today do not fully meet all criteria.
      • Fails to reflect regional diversity, historical coexistence, and social changes.
      • Overly dependent on a binary view of ‘tribe’ vs. ‘non-tribe’, leading to inclusion-exclusion conflicts (e.g., Meitei ST demand in Manipur).

    Proposal for a ‘Spectrum of Tribalness’

    Recent academic and policy discussions (e.g., at the Indian Anthropology Congress) advocate for a paradigm shift:

    • Replace binary classification with a “spectrum of tribalness” or matrix of indicators.
    • Use a broader set of 100-150 indicators, including:
      • Marriage, kinship systems, language, rituals, governance structures, cultural materiality (e.g., headgear, weaponry) etc.
    • Assign weightage to each indicator to determine the degree of tribalness.

    PYQ:

    [2024] Consider the following statements:

    1. It is the Governor of the State who recognizes and declares any community of that State as a Scheduled Tribe.

    2. A community declared as a Scheduled Tribe in a State need not be so in another State.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

     

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  • Gold Monetisation Scheme

    What Laws govern Import of Gold into India?

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth

    Why in the News?

    India is facing a rise in gold smuggling due to higher global gold prices, with a recent high-profile case where an actor was arrested for smuggling over 14 kg of gold from Dubai to Bengaluru.

    Laws Against Gold Smuggling in India:

    • Gold smuggling is regulated by the Customs Act, 1962.
      • Sections 111 & 112 allow confiscation and fines for illegal imports.
      • Section 135 provides up to 7 years imprisonment if the smuggled goods’ value exceeds ₹1 lakh.
    • Under the Baggage Rules, 2016, men abroad for 1+ year can bring 20g duty-free (₹50,000 cap); women can bring 40g (₹1 lakh cap).
    • Customs duty rates:
      • 3% duty: Men (20-50g), Women (40-100g).
      • 6% duty: Men (50-100g), Women (100-200g).
      • 10% duty: Beyond these limits.
    • The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, punishes organized smuggling with 5 years to life imprisonment under Section 111.
    • Under UAPA Section 15, smuggling that affects India’s monetary stability is treated as a terrorist act, attracting life imprisonment.
    • The Supreme Court (2003) ruled that non-compliant imports are prohibited goods, liable for confiscation and punishment.

    India’s Gold Imports:

    • India is the second-largest gold consumer after China, with gold making up 5% of total imports, mostly for the jewellery industry.
    • Major import sources: Switzerland (40%), UAE (16%), South Africa (10%).
    • Budget 2024 reduced import duty from 15% to 6% to control smuggling and balance trade.
    • In April-July 2024-25, gold imports dipped by 4.23%, easing pressure on the Current Account Deficit (CAD).
    • April-June 2024:
      • Gems & jewellery exports: US$ 6.87 bn.
      • Diamonds: 53.47%, gold jewellery: 32.39% (US$ 608 mn), silver jewellery: 3.36%.
      • Gold jewellery imports: US$ 88.61 mn (June 2024).
    • Major production hubs: Surat, Mumbai, Jaipur, Thrissur, Nellore, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata.
    • India targets US$ 100 billion gems & jewellery exports by 2027, making it a focus sector for export promotion.

    PYQ:

    [2016] What is/are the purpose/purposes of Government’s ‘Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme’ and ‘Gold Monetization Scheme’?

    1. To bring the idle gold lying with Indian households into the economy.

    2. To promote FDI in the gold and jewellery sector.

    3. To reduce India’s dependence on gold imports.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

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  • International Criminal Court (ICC)

    IOCR | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Important International Institutions

    Why in the News?

    The International Criminal Court (ICC) has taken into custody former Philippines President Rodrigo Duterte on charges of crimes against humanity, linked to his infamous “war on drugs”.

    About the International Criminal Court (ICC)

    • The ICC is the world’s first permanent international court established to prosecute individuals responsible for the gravest crimes of global concern.
    • Founded under the Rome Statute in 1998, it became operational in 2002 and is headquartered in The Hague, Netherlands.
    • The ICC has jurisdiction over 4 core international crimes:
    1. War crimes
    2. Crimes against humanity
    3. Genocide
    4. Crimes of aggression
    • It has 125 member states, signatories to the Rome Statute, though major powers like India, the US, China, Russia, Israel, and Ukraine are NOT members due to concerns over sovereignty and political misuse.
    • The ICC’s budget, primarily funded by member states with additional voluntary contributions, for 2025 is approximately €195 million.
    • The ICC structure includes 18 judges elected for 9-year terms and an independent Office of the Prosecutor responsible for investigations and prosecutions.
    • Key bodies include the Trust Fund for Victims, a Detention Centre, and the Assembly of States Parties, which oversees its administrative functions.
    • The ICC lacks an enforcement mechanism and depends on member states’ cooperation for executing arrest warrants, gathering evidence, and enforcing sentences.

    Reach of an ICC Warrant:

    • Applicability:
      • Applies to crimes committed by nationals of member states or on member state territories.
      • Maintains jurisdiction over crimes committed before a state withdraws from membership.
    • State Obligations:
      • Member states must execute ICC arrest warrants under the Rome Statute.
      • Non-compliance can lead to reporting to the Assembly of States Parties and potential escalation to the UN Security Council (UNSC).
      • This applies particularly in cases involving UNSC-mandated probes, like Darfur and Libya.
    • Challenges to Enforcement:
      • Non-member states (e.g. US, Russia, China) are not bound by ICC warrants.
      • Political considerations lead to inconsistent compliance.
    • Special Mechanisms:
      • In 2016, the ICC formed an Arrest Working Group to improve intelligence-sharing and warrant execution.
    • Duterte Case Implications:
      • Even after Philippines’ withdrawal in 2019, the ICC retains jurisdiction for crimes committed from 2011-2019.
      • Duterte’s arrest highlights how domestic politics, such as the collapse of the Duterte-Marcos alliance, can influence warrant execution.

    PYQ:

    [2019] Consider the following statements:

    1.The International Criminal Court (ICC) has jurisdiction to prosecute nationals of even those States that have not ratified the Rome Statute.

    2. The International Criminal Court is a ‘court of last resort’ intended to complement national judicial systems.

    3. The United Nations Security Council can refer a situation to the Prosecutor of the ICC even if the State concerned is not a party to the Statute.

    Which of the statements given above are correct?

    (a) 1 and 3 only

    (b) 2, 3 and 4 only

    (c) 2 and 4 only

    (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

     

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  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-United States

    [15th March 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Modern day summitry, its perils and its prospects

    Explainedop-ed snap | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q)  The West is fostering India as an alternative to reduce dependence on China’s supply chain and as a strategic ally to counter China’s political and economic dominance.’ Explain this statement with examples. (2023)

    Mentor’s Comment: This question focused on India’s strategic positioning and alliances with the West, relates to the broader context of high-level summit diplomacy and strategic interactions between nations

    A strong leader is often seen as someone who holds significant power, shaping both government policies and their political party. This leadership style is debated, but many agree it can be useful in politics and diplomacy. Leaders like Donald Trump and Narendra Modi are considered strong leaders. Both actively engage in summit diplomacy, which has both advantages and risks. While decisive leadership can bring benefits, relying too much on personal judgment can lead to problems. Despite these challenges, summit diplomacy has become a key tool for powerful leaders in handling major global issues like war and peace.

    Today’s editorial highlights the importance of summit diplomacy and the key traits of a strong leader. This topic is useful for GS Paper 2 in the UPSC Mains exam.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Despite unplanned meetings like Trump’s, summit diplomacy will remain important in global relations.

    What are the key characteristics of a “strong leader” in the context of modern politics and diplomacy?

    • Centralization of Power: A strong leader often consolidates power, making key policy and political decisions with minimal consultation. Example: Vladimir Putin’s centralized control over Russian politics and military decisions.
    • Assertive Foreign Policy and Summit Diplomacy: They engage directly in high-profile diplomatic negotiations, often prioritizing personal rapport over traditional diplomatic channels. Example: Donald Trump’s direct summits with Kim Jong-un to negotiate North Korea’s nuclear program.
    • Image Building and Popular Appeal: They craft a strong public persona through rhetoric, social media, and large-scale events to project authority and national pride. Example: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s use of mass rallies and media control to consolidate power in Turkey.
    • Decisive but Controversial Decision-Making: They make bold decisions, sometimes bypassing institutional checks, which can lead to both positive reforms and authoritarian tendencies. Example: Xi Jinping’s removal of term limits in China, allowing him to rule indefinitely.
    Why is summit diplomacy considered both beneficial and problematic in resolving international conflicts?

    Benefits of summit diplomacy: 

    • Direct and Efficient Decision-Making: Summits allow leaders to bypass bureaucratic delays and make high-stakes decisions quickly. Example: The Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) saw U.S. President John F. Kennedy and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev negotiate directly, preventing nuclear war.
    • Confidence-Building and Diplomatic Trust: Face-to-face interactions help build mutual trust and diplomatic relationships between nations. Example: The Reagan-Gorbachev Summits (1985-1988) played a key role in reducing Cold War tensions and leading to nuclear arms reduction.
    • Breakthroughs in Long-Standing Disputes: Summit diplomacy has resolved historical disputes that traditional diplomacy failed to address. Example: The Camp David Accords (1978) led to peace between Egypt and Israel after decades of hostility.
    • Symbolic and Strategic Value: High-profile summits reinforce a country’s global leadership and strategic partnerships. Example: The Singapore Summit (2018) between Donald Trump and Kim Jong-un, which temporarily reduced tensions on the Korean Peninsula.
    • Crisis Management and De-escalation: Summits provide a platform for crisis diplomacy, helping to prevent conflicts from escalating into full-scale wars. Example: The Dayton Accords (1995) ended the Bosnian War by bringing together leaders of Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia for direct negotiations.

    Problems of summit diplomacy: 

    • Risk of Superficial Agreements: Leaders often prioritize political optics over substantive solutions, leading to vague or unenforceable agreements. Example: The Minsk Agreements (2014-2015) aimed at resolving the Ukraine conflict but lacked effective implementation mechanisms.
    • Personal Egos and Power Imbalances: Strong-willed leaders may focus more on personal victories rather than genuine conflict resolution. Example: The Trump-Zelenskyy Summit (2025), where public confrontations and political grandstanding overshadowed meaningful negotiations on Ukraine.

    How did the Trump-Zelenskyy exchanges highlight the complexities and risks of pseudo-summit diplomacy?

    • Blurred Lines Between Diplomacy and Personal Interests: Instead of focusing purely on state interests, pseudo-summit diplomacy can be influenced by personal or political gains. Example: The Trump-Zelenskyy phone call (2019) became controversial when Trump allegedly pressured Zelenskyy to investigate Joe Biden’s son, intertwining diplomacy with U.S. domestic politics.
    • Lack of Institutional Safeguards: Informal or direct leader-to-leader diplomacy can bypass traditional diplomatic channels, reducing oversight and accountability. Example: The absence of career diplomats in the Trump-Zelenskyy exchanges led to concerns over improper diplomatic conduct and potential abuse of power.
    • Vulnerability to Misinformation and Manipulation: Without structured diplomatic engagement, such interactions can be misused for propaganda or misinterpreted in ways that escalate tensions. Example: The impeachment inquiry against Trump was fueled by the whistleblower complaint alleging that the U.S. was leveraging military aid for political favors.

    What should India learn from this? (Way forward)

    • Institutionalize Diplomatic Processes: Informal leader-to-leader diplomacy should not replace structured diplomatic engagement involving foreign service professionals.
      • India should prioritize institutional mechanisms (e.g., MEA-led negotiations) to ensure consistency and avoid undue political influence in international relations.
    • Avoid Mixing Domestic Politics with Foreign Policy: Diplomatic engagements must remain separate from electoral or partisan interests to maintain credibility.
      • India must ensure that foreign policy decisions are not dictated by short-term political gains and avoid using international diplomacy for domestic political narratives.
    • Strengthen Transparency and Accountability: Diplomatic engagements should be conducted with oversight to prevent misuse or misinterpretation.
      • India should continue using parliamentary committees and professional diplomats to maintain transparency and avoid secretive deals that could lead to unintended consequences.

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  • Primary and Secondary Education – RTE, Education Policy, SEQI, RMSA, Committee Reports, etc.

    A voluntary mandate: On the APAAR student ID

    Explained | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of Education introduced the Automated Permanent Academic Account Registry (APAAR) ID to digitally store each student’s academic records, providing a single, reliable source of their educational history throughout their life in India.

    Should the APAAR ID be imposed without a legal framework in place?

    • Violation of Right to Privacy: Without a legal framework, imposing APAAR violates the right to privacy upheld by the Supreme Court in the Puttaswamy judgment (2017). Example: The Court ruled that Aadhaar cannot be mandatory for basic services like school admissions. APAAR, linked to Aadhaar, may similarly infringe on privacy rights.
    • Lack of Informed Consent: Mandatory implementation without clear legal guidelines undermines voluntary participation and informed consent. Example: Parents in Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka face pressure to enroll their children despite official claims that APAAR is voluntary.
    • Data Security Risks: Collecting sensitive student data without legal safeguards increases vulnerability to data breaches and misuse. Example: The Aadhaar leak incidents exposed millions of personal records, highlighting risks in handling large-scale digital databases without strict protection laws.
    • Discrimination and Exclusion: Errors in digital records (e.g., name mismatches) can exclude students from educational benefits if no legal recourse is available. Example: In DigiLocker, discrepancies in Aadhaar details have led to failed registrations and denial of services. Similar risks exist with APAAR.
    • Need for Legislative Oversight: A legal framework ensures transparency, accountability, and public trust in the system’s operation. Example: Countries like Germany regulate educational data under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) to protect citizens’ privacy. India lacks similar comprehensive safeguards for APAAR.

    What is the purpose of the APAAR ID introduced by the Ministry of Education?

    • Digitisation of Academic Records: APAAR (Automated Permanent Academic Account Registry) aims to create a digital repository for every student’s academic transcripts, ensuring a lifetime record of their educational journey.
      • It seeks to provide a unified and verified database for academic credentials, reducing discrepancies and ensuring authenticity across institutions.
    • Improved Accessibility and Portability: Enables students to access, share, and transfer their academic records seamlessly across educational institutions and employment platforms.
    • Integration with Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI): APAAR is part of the broader Digital Public Infrastructure strategy, aligning with initiatives like UDISE+ and the Student Database Management System to enhance educational governance.
    • Facilitating Future Opportunities: It aims to streamline processes like scholarship applications, higher education admissions, and employment verification, making these services more efficient and transparent.

    How are schools and state education authorities in Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka enforcing APAAR enrolment?

    • Imposing 100% Enrolment Targets: Schools have been directed to achieve “saturation”, meaning complete APAAR enrolment for all students, putting pressure on administrators and parents. Example: In Uttar Pradesh, education authorities have set strict deadlines for schools to register every student under the APAAR system.
    • Threatening Consequences for Non-Enrolment: Schools are warning parents of potential penalties or loss of educational services if they refuse to enroll their children. Example: In Karnataka, some schools have informed parents that students may face issues in accessing government benefits and future educational opportunities without APAAR registration.
    • Targeting Minority Institutions and Administrators: Religious minority schools and district education officials face increased scrutiny for discrepancies between APAAR and existing student records. Example: In Uttar Pradesh, authorities have questioned minority institutions over mismatched enrollment data, raising concerns about discrimination and administrative overreach.

    Way forward: 

    • Enact a Clear Legal Framework: Introduce legislation to regulate APAAR, ensuring data protection, informed consent, and compliance with the right to privacy as upheld by the Supreme Court.
    • Ensure Voluntary Participation and Transparency: Maintain APAAR enrolment as optional, provide clear communication to parents and institutions, and establish grievance redressal mechanisms to address errors and concerns.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Examine the scope of Fundamental Rights in the light of the latest judgement of the Supreme Court on the Right to Privacy. (UPSC IAS/2017)

    Reason- UPSC’s focus on privacy concerns related to government actions.

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