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  • Economic Indicators and Various Reports On It- GDP, FD, EODB, WIR etc

    McKinsey released Report on Demographic Transition and Depopulation

    IOCRPrelims Only | Indian Society | Mains Paper 1: Population & Associated Issues

    Why in the News?

    The report, ‘Dependency and Depopulation? Confronting the Consequences of a New Demographic Reality’, released by McKinsey Global Institute, provides a detailed comparative analysis of demographic dynamics in developed (first wave) and developing (later wave) countries.

    IMPORTANT: What is Demographic Transition Theory?

    Demographic transition describes changes in birth and death rates and population age structure as societies develop economically and technologically.

    • Stage 1: High birth and death rates result in a stable population.
    • Stage 2: Decline in death rates due to improved healthcare and sanitation, causing rapid population growth.
    • Stage 3: Falling birth rates slow population growth, influenced by urbanization and access to contraception.
    • Stage 4: Low birth and death rates lead to a stable or aging population, reflecting advanced development.

    Key Highlights of the McKinsey Report 

    • Two-thirds of humanity now live in countries with fertility rates below the replacement level of 2.1 children per family.
    • Age structures are shifting from pyramids to obelisks, with a growing elderly population and a shrinking youth demographic.
    • Populations in some major economies are projected to decline by 20%-50% by 2100 (UN).
    • The global support ratio (working-age individuals per senior aged 65 or older) is projected to decline from 6.5 today to 3.9 by 2050.
    • In India, the ratio will fall from 10 workers per senior in 1997 to 4.6 in 2050 and just 1.9 by 2100, similar to Japan’s current levels..
    • Consumption Patterns in India:
      • India’s share in global consumption is projected to rise from 9% today to 16% by 2050, while shares of advanced economies are expected to remain flat or decline.
      • By 2050, the share of consumption by seniors aged 65 and older will rise from 8% to 15%, reflecting changing consumer demographics.
      • The percentage of hours worked by seniors is projected to increase from 2.9% to 5.4% by 2050 under current trends.

    About India’s Diminishing Demographic Dividend

    • India has 33 years to fully capitalize on its demographic dividend before its support ratios align with those of advanced economies.
    • From 1997 to 2023, India’s favorable demographics added 0.7 percentage points per year to its GDP per capita growth.
    • This contribution is expected to shrink to 0.2 percentage points per year through 2050 as the population ages.
    • India’s support ratio (working-age individuals per senior) is projected to decline significantly, creating greater dependency on fewer workers to support older populations.
    • By 2050, there will be only 4.6 workers per senior, down from 10 workers per senior in 1997.
    • India’s GDP per capita is currently 18% of the World Bank’s high-income threshold, emphasizing the need for faster economic progress to “get rich before it gets old.”
    • Increasing labor force participation, particularly among women, and improving worker productivity are critical to sustaining economic growth.
    • Despite rapid progress, India’s worker productivity remains at $9 per hour, significantly lower than the $60 per hour average in high-income countries.

    PYQ:

    [2012] Consider the following specific stages of demographic transition associated with economic development:

    1. Low birth-rate with low death rate
    2. High birth-rate with high death rate
    3. High birth-rate with low death rate

    Select the correct order of the above stages using the codes given below:

    (a) 1, 2, 3

    (b) 2, 1, 3

    (c) 2, 3, 1

    (d) 3, 2, 1

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  • Death Penalty Abolition Debate

    Does ‘blood money’ have a legal standing?

    Explained | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Governance, Transparency & Accountability, Citizens Charters

    Why in the News?

    The death sentence given to Kerala nurse Nimisha Priya in Yemen for murdering her partner has sparked debates on her acquittal, repatriation, and the role of ‘blood money‘ compensation.

    What does ‘blood money’ mean?

    • ‘Blood money’, known as ‘diya/diyah‘ (in Arabic), refers to the financial compensation paid to the victim or their heirs in cases of murder, bodily harm, or property damage under Islamic law. It serves as an alternative to the principle of qisas, which allows for retribution.
    • The concept aims to promote forgiveness and reconciliation while providing reparative justice to the victim’s family, preventing cycles of vengeance that could lead to further conflict.

    How does it figure in Islamic Sharia law?

    • Definition and Purpose: In Islamic Sharia law, diyah (blood money) is the financial compensation paid to the victim or their heirs in cases of murder, bodily harm, or property damage caused unintentionally.
      • It serves as an alternative to qisas (retaliation), allowing the victim’s family to choose between seeking retribution or accepting compensation, thereby promoting forgiveness and reconciliation within the community.
    • Legal Framework: The amount of diyah is typically determined through negotiation and varies based on factors such as the victim’s gender and religion.
      • In traditional Islamic law, homicide is treated as a civil matter between individuals rather than solely a state issue, with the victim or their heirs having significant authority in deciding the resolution.

    What’s India’s stand on ‘diya’?

    • The Indian legal system does not incorporate ‘diyah’ as a means of compensation for victims or their families. Instead, it emphasizes formal legal proceedings and criminal justice processes without the option for monetary compensation in cases of homicide or serious offenses.
    • Introduced through the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2005, plea bargaining allows for some level of negotiation between the accused and the prosecution, enabling victims to receive compensation under specific conditions.
      • However, this process is limited to certain offenses and does not encompass the broader cultural and social implications associated with diyah in Islamic law.

    Have there been other Indians who were pardoned with ‘blood money’?

    Yes, there have been several instances involving Indian nationals who were pardoned through the payment of blood money. 

    • Ten Indians in UAE (2017): In this case, ten Indian nationals were forgiven by the victim’s family after a blood money payment of 200,000 dirhams was made.
    • Seventeen Indians in UAE (2009): These individuals were on death row for the murder of a Pakistani national but were pardoned after a blood money amounting to nearly ₹4 crore was paid. The Indian consulate actively participated by hiring a law firm to advocate for their case.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Diplomatic Interventions: The Indian government should establish dedicated legal aid and consular support mechanisms to negotiate and facilitate the resolution of cases involving citizens abroad, ensuring transparency in blood money arrangements.
    • Promote International Legal Awareness: Educate Indian expatriates on local laws and the implications of blood money practices in host countries to prevent legal entanglements and ensure better compliance with local regulations.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Discuss the possible factors that inhibit India from enacting for its citizen a uniform civil code as provided for in the Directive Principles of State Policy. (UPSC IAS/2015)

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  • Minimum Support Prices for Agricultural Produce

    No, legal guarantee for MSP is not a “folly”

    Explained | Agriculture | Mains Paper 3: Issues Related To Farm Subsidies & Msp

    Why in the News?

    There is an ongoing heated discussion about whether farmers should be given a legal guarantee for Minimum Support Price (MSP).

    Is a legal guarantee for MSP feasible within India’s economic framework?The arguments in favour of the legalisation of MSP: 

    • Protects Farmers from Market Fluctuations: Farmers often face volatile market prices due to surplus production, inadequate infrastructure, or global competition. A legal guarantee for MSP ensures a minimum income and shields them from sudden price crashes.
    • Example: Crops like onions and tomatoes frequently see price collapses that leave farmers unable to cover costs.
    • Addresses Rural Distress and Ensures Livelihood Security: A guaranteed MSP provides a reliable source of income, reducing poverty and addressing the rural distress that drives issues like farmer suicides.
    • Example: In drought-prone regions, assured MSP acts as a safety net against the dual impacts of climate change and market failures.
    • Supports National Food Security: Incentivizing farmers through a guaranteed MSP ensures the continued production of essential crops, securing food for the nation and stabilizing food prices for consumers.
    • Example: Government procurement of rice and wheat at MSP forms the backbone of the Public Distribution System (PDS), ensuring affordable food for millions.

    The arguments against the legalisation of MSP: 

    • Risk of Market Distortions: A legally enforced MSP could disrupt natural price discovery, discouraging private investment in agriculture and creating inefficiencies in the market. Example: Guaranteed MSP could encourage overproduction of certain crops, leading to supply gluts and environmental degradation.
    • Unsustainable Fiscal Burden: Implementing MSP for a wide range of crops would require massive public expenditure, diverting resources from other developmental priorities like healthcare and education. 

     

    What mechanisms can ensure farmers receive the MSP without direct government purchases?

    • Widening Food Basket: Expanding the food basket in the Public Distribution System (PDS) and increasing procurement levels at MSP can help ensure farmers receive fair prices without direct purchases.
    • Market Intervention Schemes: Establishing targeted market intervention schemes can prevent prices from falling below the MSP, thus providing farmers with necessary price support.
    • Price Deficit Payment (PDP): A legally mandated compensation mechanism for farmers when market prices fall below the MSP could be implemented. This would not require direct procurement but would ensure farmers are compensated based on official data regarding area sown and average productivity.

    What are the broader implications of a legal MSP guarantee on agricultural policy and farmer welfare?

    • Social Contract: The demand for a legally guaranteed MSP reflects an unwritten social contract between the Indian state and farmers. Breaching this contract could lead to further disenfranchisement of farmers facing challenges like climate change and global competition.
    • Market Dynamics: A legal guarantee could alter market dynamics by ensuring that farmers are not solely dependent on volatile market conditions. This might encourage more stable agricultural production and investment in rural areas.
    • Political Considerations: Given the electoral implications of food prices in a democracy, a legally guaranteed MSP could compel governments to prioritise farmer welfare over consumer price suppression, potentially leading to more balanced agricultural policies.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Decentralized Procurement and PDP Mechanisms: Expand the food basket under PDS and introduce Price Deficit Payment (PDP) schemes to ensure farmers receive MSP without burdening government finances through direct procurement. This would also reduce inefficiencies in distribution.
    • Promote Diversification and Agri-Infrastructure: Encourage crop diversification by linking MSP with environmentally sustainable and high-value crops, supported by improved storage, transportation, and market access to minimize post-harvest losses and enhance farmer incomes sustainably.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q What do you mean by Minimum Support Price (MSP)? How will MSP rescue the farmers from the low-income trap? (UPSC IAS/2018)

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  • Women empowerment issues – Jobs,Reservation and education

    Why have we normalised hate speech against women in politics?

    Explained | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution – historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure

    Why in the News?

    The 267th Law Commission Report that was recently released, recommended including “hate speech” within the Indian Penal Code, indicating a governmental acknowledgment of the need to address this pervasive issue.

    • This has reignited conversations about the legal framework surrounding hate speech, particularly against women in politics.

    Key Highlights made by the 267th Law Commission Report:

    • Definition and Scope of Hate Speech: The report begins by providing a comprehensive definition of hate speech, emphasizing its potential to incite violence, discrimination, and social discord. It categorizes hate speech as any communication that demeans or vilifies individuals based on attributes such as religion, caste, gender, or ethnicity.
    • Proposed Legal Provisions: One of the report’s central recommendations is the amendment of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and also suggests penalties that reflect the severity of the offense, thereby reinforcing the message that hate speech will not be tolerated in a democratic society.
    • Protection of Minority Communities: The commission advocates for legal safeguards that ensure minority communities are not disproportionately targeted within public discourse. By highlighting the vulnerabilities faced by minorities, the report calls for a proactive approach to uphold their rights and dignity in the face of societal prejudice.
    • Balancing Free Speech and Protection: The commission emphasizes that while free speech is a fundamental right, it should not come at the expense of public order or individual safety. The proposed laws aim to delineate clear boundaries that prevent hate speech without infringing upon legitimate expressions of opinion or dissent.
    • Public Awareness Campaigns: The report additionally recommends launching extensive public awareness campaigns aimed at educating citizens about the harmful consequences of hate speech.

    What factors contribute to the normalization of hate speech against women in politics?

    • Cultural Attitudes: Misogynistic remarks are often rooted in deep-seated cultural attitudes that devalue women, reflecting a broader societal acceptance of gender discrimination and objectification.
    • Political Discourse: Political speeches frequently employ derogatory language towards women, which normalizes such behaviour and diminishes the seriousness of misogyny in public life.
    • Lack of Accountability: Political parties often distance themselves from offensive remarks only after public backlash, leading to a culture where such comments are tolerated until they provoke outrage.
    Note: The word “misogyny” comes from Greek roots: “misein,” which means “to hate,” and “gyne,” which means “woman.” Misogyny can show up in various ways, such as male privilege, discrimination against women, sexual harassment, insulting or demeaning women, violence, and treating women as objects.

    How does hate speech impact women’s participation in politics?

    • Discouragement and Marginalization: Hate speech creates an intimidating environment for women, discouraging them from participating in politics and undermining their credibility as leaders.
    • Social Isolation: The prevalence of hostile commentary can isolate women politicians, making it difficult for them to connect with constituents and build supportive networks.
    • Psychological Effects: Constant exposure to misogynistic remarks can lead to emotional distress, affecting women’s confidence and willingness to engage in political activities.

    How are Panchayats playing a good field in building awareness?

    • Women Representation: Nearly 20 states have achieved 50% representation of women in Panchayati Raj institutions, fostering an environment where women’s voices are amplified in local governance.
    • Empowerment Initiatives: There has been an emergence of all-women panchayats like ‘Manje Rai Panchayat’ in Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra and ‘Kultikri Gram Panchayat’ under Jhargram sub-division in West Bengal.
      • For example, the political women leaders like Mamta Devi exemplify effective governance by addressing infrastructure, and livelihood issues, and mobilizing women within their communities.

    What are the key recommendations from the Global Gender Gap 2023 Report?

    • ‘Women in local governance’ have been added as an indicator in the 2023 Global Gender Gap Report (India is ranked quite low at 127/146).
    • The report emphasizes the urgent need for legal recognition of gender-based hate speech. This entails developing laws that specifically address and penalize hate speech directed at women.
    • The report calls for enhanced accountability and commitment towards gender equality, not just through government schemes but as a fundamental aspect of political culture.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Legal Frameworks: Enact comprehensive hate speech laws that explicitly address gender-based discrimination and ensure accountability for misogynistic remarks in politics, alongside implementing the recommendations of the 267th Law Commission Report.
    • Promote Women-Centric Governance: Encourage greater representation of women in all levels of governance, drawing inspiration from successful initiatives in Panchayati Raj institutions, while supporting leadership training and public awareness campaigns to combat societal biases.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q “Though women in post-independent India have excelled in various fields, the social attitude towards women and the feminist movement has been patriarchal.” Apart from women’s education and women empowerment schemes, what interventions can help change this milieu? (UPSC IAS/2021)

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  • Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

    Makaravilakku Festival

    Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    Makaravilakku Festival

    Why in the News?

    The Makaravilakku festival was celebrated at the hill shrine of Sabarimala Ayyappa temple.

    About the Makaravilakku Festival

    • Makaravilakku is a significant annual Hindu festival celebrated at the Sabarimala Temple in Kerala, dedicated to Lord Ayyappa.
    • It marks the celestial event of the Sun entering the zodiac sign of Capricorn (Makaram Rashi) and coincides with Makara Sankranti.
    • Celebrations are centred at the Sabarimala Temple, nestled in the Periyar Tiger Reserve in Kerala.
    • The event draws millions of devotees who chant “Swamiye Saranam Ayyappa” in reference to Lord Ayyappa.
    • The festival typically lasts for seven days, beginning on Makara Sankranti.
    • Key Rituals and Events:
      • A symbolic lamp ‘Makaravilakku’ is lit at Ponnambalamedu, a hill near Sabarimala, on the evening of Makara Sankranti.
      • A divine star Makara Jyothi is believed to appear in the sky, symbolizing the blessings of Lord Ayyappa.
      • Devotees undertake a strict 41-day penance (Vratham) before making the pilgrimage to the temple.

    It’s Significance:

    • The festival signifies the merging of celestial and spiritual energies, celebrating devotion, purity, and self-discipline.
    • The tradition emphasizes equality, with all devotees wearing black or blue attire and carrying the “Irumudi Kettu” (a sacred bundle).

    PYQ:

    [2017] Consider the following pairs:

    Traditions- Communities

    1. Chaliha Sahib Festival- Sindhis

    2. Nanda Raj Jaat Yatra- Gonds

    3. Wari-Warkari- Santhals

    Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) None of the above

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  • Industrial Sector Updates – Industrial Policy, Ease of Doing Business, etc.

    [pib] Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme 1.1

    Schemes | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth

    Why in the News?

    Union Minister for Steel and Heavy Industries has inaugurated the second round of the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Specialty Steel, termed PLI Scheme 1.1.

    About the PLI Scheme 1.1

    • It is built upon the earlier round of the PLI scheme to enhance domestic manufacturing of high-value steel, reduce imports, and boost India’s global steel market position.
    • 5 specialty steel categories are considered:
      1. Coated/Plated Steel Products for appliances, construction, and automotive sectors.
      2. High Strength/Wear-Resistant Steel for infrastructure, mining, and heavy machinery.
      3. Specialty Rails for railways and metros.
      4. Alloy Steel Products and Steel Wires for industrial uses.
      5. Electrical Steel (CRGO and others): Cold-Rolled Grain-Oriented Steel, essential for power transformers and electrical applications.
    • It covers production from FY 2025-26 to FY 2029-30 and operates within the original budget of ₹6,322 crore.
    • Changes introduced in PLI Scheme 1.1:
      • Investment and capacity thresholds reduced:
        • For CRGO Steel: Investment threshold lowered to ₹3,000 crore; capacity threshold to 50,000 tonnes.
        • Encourages CRGO production as a strategic priority under Atmanirbharta.
      • Carry-forward provision: Excess production in one year can offset shortfalls in another, ensuring optimal incentive distribution.
      • Companies investing in capacity augmentation can participate; thresholds reduced to 50% of original requirements.
      • Simplified guidelines: Revised to improve accessibility and encourage industry participation.

    Bakc2Basics: PLI Schemes 1.0 and 2.0

    PLI Scheme 1.0

    • Launched in March 2020, it aimed to boost domestic manufacturing, reduce imports, and create jobs in key sectors.
    • Initially focused on three industries (mobile manufacturing, electrical components, and medical devices) but later expanded to 14 sectors, including electronics, pharmaceuticals, and textiles.
    • Provided 1%–4% incentives on incremental sales over the base year, with a ₹7,350 crore outlay for IT hardware.
    • Had an estimated investment target of ₹2,500 crore (IT hardware) but did not specify details on job creation.
    • Served as a cornerstone for Atmanirbhar Bharat, promoting self-reliance and innovation in India’s manufacturing ecosystem.

    PLI Scheme 2.0

    • Launched in May 2023, it specifically focuses on IT hardware (laptops, tablets, servers, PCs) to enhance global competitiveness.
    • Comes with a higher budget of ₹17,000 crore (for IT hardware) over a 6-year duration.
    • Incentivizes local manufacturing with ~5% incentives on incremental sales, alongside additional benefits for components like memory modules and SSDs.
    • Targets ₹2,430 crore in investment, ₹3.35 lakh crore in production, and $12–17 billion in exports by 2025–26.
    • Seeks to create 75,000 direct jobs and up to 2 lakh indirect jobs, offering different incentive caps for global, hybrid, and domestic companies.

     

    PYQ:

    [2023] Consider, the following statements:

    Statement-I: India accounts for 3.2% of global export of goods.

    Statement-II: Many local companies and some foreign companies operating in India have taken advantage of India’s ‘Production-linked Incentive’ scheme.

    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

    (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

    (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

    (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

    (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

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  • Organic Farming – Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojna (PKVY), NPOF etc.

    [pib] National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP)

    Prelims Only | Agriculture | Mains Paper 3: Transport & Marketing Of Agricultural Produce

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of Commerce & Industry has inaugurated the 8th edition of the National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) emphasizing India’s goal to enhance organic farming and achieve ₹20,000 crore in organic exports within the next 3 years.

    About the National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP):

    Details
    About
    • Launched in 2001.
    • Implemented by the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) under the Ministry of Commerce & Industries.
    • Focuses on accreditation, organic production standards, and promoting organic farming.
    • Enhances India’s global competitiveness in organic farming and supports eco-friendly and viable practices.
    Features of the 8th Edition
    • Recognition for Organic Grower Groups: Simplified certification requirements for grower groups, granting them legal status and replacing the Internal Control System (ICS), a previous quality assurance system for group certification.
    • NPOP Portal: Provides visibility and streamlines operations for organic stakeholders.
    • Organic Promotion Portal: Connects farmers, Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs), and exporters with global buyers, offering trade leads, training, and events.
    • TraceNet 2.0: Upgraded system ensuring farm-to-market transparency, traceability, and compliance with global standards.
    • AgriXchange Portal: Facilitates data analysis and connects international buyers and sellers to strengthen India’s position in the global organic market.
    • 6. Technological Advancements: Boosts organic farming operations through innovative systems and tools, enhancing India’s organic production ecosystem.
    Significance
    • Sets standards for organic production and accreditation, recognized by the European Commission and Switzerland, enabling acceptance of Indian organic products internationally.
    • Facilitates India’s integration into the global organic market.

     

    Do you know?

    • India ranks 2nd globally in terms of organic agricultural land.
    • Sikkim is the world’s first fully organic state, and North East India has a tradition of organic farming with minimal chemical use.
    • India has the highest number of organic producers worldwide, with 2.3 million farmers.
    • By 2023-24, approximately 4.5 million hectares (2.5% of total agricultural land) were under organic certification.
    • Madhya Pradesh (26%), Maharashtra (22%), Gujarat (15%), and Rajasthan (13%) together contribute 76% of India’s total organic farming area.

     

    PYQ:

    [2021] How is permaculture farming different from conventional chemical farming?

    1. Permaculture farming discourages mono-cultural practices but in conventional chemical farming, monoculture practices are predominant.
    2. Conventional chemical farming can cause an increase in soil salinity but the occurrence of such phenomenon is not observed in permaculture farming.
    3. Conventional chemical farming is easily possible in semi-arid regions but permaculture farming is not so easily possible in such regions.
    4. Practice of mulching is very important in permaculture farming but not necessarily so in conventional chemical farming.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    (a) 1 and 3
    (b) 1, 2 and 4
    (c) 4 only
    (d) 2 and 3

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  • Disasters and Disaster Management – Sendai Framework, Floods, Cyclones, etc.

    Need quake warning systems: PM; working to better accuracy by 10-15%, says IMD DG

    Explained | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Disaster Management

    Why in the News?

    Recently, PM released the IMD’s Vision Document 2047, outlining a plan to achieve nearly perfect weather forecasts for up to three days and 90% accuracy for forecasts made five days ahead by 2047.

    What is IMD’s Vision Document 2047? 

    • The Vision Document aims for zero-error forecast accuracy for up to three days lead time and 90% accuracy for forecasts issued five days in advance by 2047. This ambitious target reflects India’s commitment to improving weather forecasting capabilities significantly.
    • Focus Areas: The document emphasises enhancing weather surveillance technologies, improving atmospheric observations, and leveraging high-performance computing systems.
      • It also highlights the importance of developing advanced earth system models and data-driven methods, including the use of AI and machine learning.

    Why does India need an Earth warning system? 

    • High Seismic Vulnerability: India lies in a seismically active zone, with regions like Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and the Northeast being particularly earthquake-prone. Early warning systems can help reduce damage and save lives in these areas. Example: The 2001 Gujarat earthquake caused widespread devastation.
    • Risk to Dense Urban Areas: Major cities like Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata are vulnerable to earthquakes. Early warnings can help evacuate people, protect infrastructure, and minimize casualties. Example: A strong earthquake in Delhi could severely impact millions.
    • Limited Preparedness and Response Time: Earthquakes give little to no time for people to react. A warning system could provide crucial seconds or minutes to activate emergency protocols, limiting loss of life and property. Example: The 2015 Nepal earthquake caused devastation in northern India.

    How can India achieve zero-error accuracy in forecasting disasters?

    • Technological Advancements: The implementation of Mission Mausam involves deploying next-generation radars, satellites with advanced instruments, and high-performance computing systems. These tools are crucial for improving the precision of weather predictions.
    • Data Assimilation and Modeling: Enhancing data assimilation processes and developing improved earth system models will contribute to better forecasting accuracy. The integration of AI/ML tools is expected to refine weather predictions further.
    • Capacity Building: The initiative will also focus on building capacity within meteorological services to ensure that no severe weather events go undetected. This includes training personnel and enhancing operational frameworks for the timely dissemination of forecasts.

    What are the steps taken by the Indian Government in the past year?

    • Amendment of the Disaster Management Act: In August 2024, the government introduced the Disaster Management (Amendment) Bill, 2024, in the Lok Sabha.
      • This bill proposes the establishment of Urban Disaster Management Authorities for state capitals and large cities, the creation of disaster databases at national and state levels, and the formation of State Disaster Response Forces to strengthen disaster response capabilities.
    • Investment in Urban Flood Mitigation: In August 2024, India announced plans to invest nearly $300 million over two years to mitigate urban flooding and conserve water in major cities, including Mumbai, Chennai, and Bengaluru.
      • The initiative focuses on expanding water bodies like lakes and constructing drainage systems to manage excessive rainfall during monsoon seasons.
    • Addressing Urban Heat Islands: In June 2024, government officials acknowledged that rapid urbanization has turned cities into “heat traps,” exacerbating the effects of heatwaves.
      • Efforts are underway to implement heat action plans, which include provisioning drinking water, improving medical facilities, rescheduling outdoor work, and increasing green spaces to mitigate urban heat.
    • Enhancement of Early Warning Systems: The government has been working to improve early warning systems for various natural disasters, including floods and heatwaves, to provide timely alerts and reduce the impact on vulnerable populations.
    • Capacity Building and Training: There has been a focus on training and capacity building for disaster response teams at both national and state levels. For instance, In 2024, the NDRF organised a multi-agency mock drill in Assam to simulate a response to a major flood disaster.

    What are the challenges in forecasting a disaster?

    • Data Gaps and Limited Technology: Forecasting requires high-quality, real-time data from advanced technologies like satellite imagery, weather radars, and seismic sensors. However, data scarcity in remote areas or regions with underdeveloped infrastructure hampers accurate predictions.
      • Example: The 2013 Kedarnath floods in India resulted from a cloudburst that was not forecasted in time due to a lack of localized meteorological data and advanced radar systems.
    • Unpredictability of Natural Phenomena: Some disasters, such as earthquakes and tsunamis, are inherently unpredictable because they result from sudden geological shifts.
      • Example: The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami followed a massive earthquake, but the lack of a regional tsunami warning system in the Indian Ocean made it impossible to alert affected countries in time.
    • Challenges in Communication and Dissemination: Even when forecasts are accurate, ineffective communication of warnings to vulnerable populations due to language barriers, poor outreach, or lack of awareness can render forecasts ineffective.
      • Example: During Cyclone Tauktae (2021) in India, while the forecast was accurate, several fishermen ignored warnings to evacuate, leading to fatalities despite advanced cyclone prediction systems.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Technological and Data Capabilities: Invest in localized weather stations, advanced radar systems, and seismic sensors in remote areas, while leveraging AI and machine learning for precise forecasting and real-time data integration.
    • Enhance Community Awareness and Communication: Develop multilingual, accessible early warning systems and conduct regular public awareness campaigns to ensure timely dissemination and community readiness during disasters.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Discuss the recent measures initiated in disaster management by the Government of India departing from the earlier reactive approach. (UPSC IAS/2020)

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  • Industrial Sector Updates – Industrial Policy, Ease of Doing Business, etc.

    India needs to be a global champion in sunrise sectors

    Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indigenization Of Technology

    Why in the News?

    India must lead in emerging industries to become a developed nation and a USD 32 trillion economy by 2047. Niti Ayoge CEO stressed the need to produce solar panels and electric vehicles.

    What are the Sunrise sectors?

    • Sunrise sectors refer to rapidly growing industries that are in their early stages but have high potential for expansion. These sectors attract significant venture capital and are appealing for long-term growth prospects.
    • Niti Aayog CEO believes that excelling in these sectors is crucial for India to meet its ambitious economic targets by 2047.

    Key Sunrise Sectors: 

    • Electric Vehicles (EVs): With initiatives like FAME II, India aims to boost EV manufacturing and infrastructure. The sector is expected to grow significantly, contributing to sustainability and reducing dependence on fossil fuels.
    • Electronics and Semiconductors: The semiconductor market in India is projected to triple by 2026, driven by government incentives and initiatives like the PLI Scheme. This sector is vital for establishing India as a global manufacturing hub.
    • Renewable Energy: India is focusing on renewable energy sources, particularly solar power, where it currently lags behind globally by 5-7 years in manufacturing capabilities.
    • Artificial Intelligence (AI) and advanced tech: It will drive innovation, economic growth, and global competitiveness.

    What are the potential impacts?

    • Economic Growth: By investing in sunrise sectors, India can drive economic growth through innovation, job creation, and industrial development. This can help bridge the gap to becoming a global economic power.
    • Sustainability: These sectors align with global sustainability goals, helping India reduce dependency on fossil fuels and transition to cleaner, more renewable energy sources, ultimately aiding in climate change mitigation.
    • Global Competitiveness: Being a leader in sunrise sectors, such as electric vehicles or solar panel manufacturing, can position India as a global hub for cutting-edge technology and innovation.

    What are the challenges faced by the Sunrise Sectors in India?

    • Technological Gap: Indian industries are lagging in areas like solar panel manufacturing and electric vehicles, often 5-7 years behind global leaders. This technological gap hinders competitiveness and innovation. Example: India has not fully capitalized on the growing electric vehicle market, which is dominated by countries like China.
    • Infrastructure and Investment Deficits: India’s current infrastructure does not fully support the rapid scaling of sunrise sectors. Additionally, private credit to GDP in India is lower compared to global giants like the US and China, affecting the ability of industries to scale up. Example: Limited investments in research, development, and infrastructure for clean technology and manufacturing.
    • Policy and Regulatory Bottlenecks: India’s policy frameworks for clean technology and green industries often lack the depth and support required for aggressive global competition. There is a need for more incentives, clear regulatory guidelines, and quicker approvals for new technologies.

    Way forward: 

    • Increased Investment in Research and Development: India must invest heavily in R&D for sunrise sectors, particularly in clean technologies and electric vehicle manufacturing. Government-backed initiatives and partnerships with global players can help bridge technological gaps.
    • Policy Support and Incentives: India should provide stronger policy frameworks, such as tax incentives, subsidies for clean tech investments, and faster clearances for new ventures in sunrise sectors. More investment in infrastructure, particularly for electric vehicle charging stations and renewable energy grids, is crucial.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q How is efficient and affordable urban mass transport key to the rapid economic development in India? (UPSC IAS/2019)

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  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-Bangladesh

    India summons envoy: Why Bangladesh has objected to fencing along the border

    Explained | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: India & Its Neighborhood – Relations

    Why in the News?

    Recently, New Delhi called Bangladesh’s Acting High Commissioner to India to discuss border security and issues related to fencing.

    What are the India-Bangladesh border guidelines?

    • 1975 Joint Guidelines: According to the 1975 Joint India-Bangladesh Guidelines for Border Authorities, no defense structures can be constructed within 150 yards of the international boundary by either side. This includes any form of fencing deemed a defensive structure.
    • Defence Structures: India does not classify wire fencing as a defence structure, whereas Bangladesh and Pakistan do, leading to differing perspectives on the legality and implications of such constructions along the border.

    What are the issues between India and Bangladesh? 

    • Fencing Disputes: The primary contention revolves around India’s construction of barbed wire fencing along the border, which Bangladesh claims violates the 1975 agreement. Recently, incidents in Malda and Cooch Behar have highlighted tensions, with Bangladesh’s Border Guards attempting to obstruct these efforts.
    • Cross-Border Crime: India justifies fencing as a necessary measure to combat cross-border crimes, including smuggling and trafficking. However, Bangladesh argues that such measures inconvenience local residents and violate their sovereignty.
    • Diplomatic Tensions: The situation has led to reciprocal diplomatic actions, with both countries summoning each other’s diplomats to express concerns over border management practices.

    Why need to fence the India-Bangladesh border? 

    • To Prevent Cross-Border Crimes: Fencing helps reduce the smuggling of goods, drugs, and arms, as well as human trafficking, which are major concerns in border areas. For example, regions like Malda in West Bengal have seen high rates of cattle smuggling, which fencing aims to curb.
    • To Manage Unauthorized Crossings: Fencing is crucial to control illegal immigration and unauthorized movements across the border, which can strain local resources and create security challenges. For instance, in Assam, illegal migration has led to demographic shifts, contributing to political and social tensions.
    • To Address Geographical Complexities: The border’s unique geography, with rivers and villages close to the boundary, makes monitoring difficult, necessitating physical barriers. For example, in areas like Cooch Behar and the Dahagram–Angarpota enclave, fencing helps clearly demarcate the border and prevent disputes.

    What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?

    • Current Status: As of early 2025, approximately 3,180.65 kilometres of the border have been fenced, with around 915.35 kilometres remaining to be completed.
      • The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has set a new deadline for completion by March 2024, although this is likely to be missed due to various challenges.
    • Mixed Barriers Approach: The government plans to utilize both physical and non-physical barriers for the remaining unfenced stretches. This includes advanced technologies such as sensors and surveillance systems in areas where traditional fencing is not feasible due to geographical constraints.
    • Increased Security Measures: Alongside fencing, there are plans to enhance floodlighting, establish more border outposts, and improve integrated checkposts to bolster security along the border.

    Way forward: 

    • Enhanced Bilateral Cooperation: Strengthen dialogue mechanisms, such as flag meetings and joint consultations, to resolve disputes amicably and ensure mutual agreement on border management practices, including fencing.
    • Integrated Border Management: Implement smart border solutions, combining advanced surveillance technologies and community involvement, to address security concerns while minimizing disruptions to local populations.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q  Analyze internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan borders including Line of Control (LoC). Also discuss the role played by various security forces in this regard. (UPSC IAS/2020)

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