💥UPSC 2026, 2027, 2028 UAP Mentorship (March Batch) + Access XFactor Notes & Microthemes PDF
Talk to mentor

Civilsdaily

Login

Type: IOCR

  • Foreign Policy Watch: United Nations

    What is Intergovernmental Negotiations Framework (IGN)?

    IOCR | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Intergovernmental Negotiations Framework (IGN)

    Mains level: Not Much

    Central Idea

    • The Intergovernmental Negotiations Framework (IGN) meetings, which aim to reform the United Nations Security Council, are now being webcasted for the first time in history.

    What is IGN?

    • The Intergovernmental Negotiations framework (IGN) is a collective effort by various nation-states within the United Nations to advance the reform of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC).
    • This article provides an overview of the composition of the IGN and highlights the progress made in achieving consensus among its members.

    Evolution of the Reform Agenda

    • The issue of reforming the UN Security Council has been under discussion since 1993, with successive reports published in 2001 and 2007.
    • The current agenda for this issue within the UN General Assembly can be accessed online.

    Composition of the IGN

    • The IGN consists of several international organizations representing different perspectives on UN Security Council reform, including:
    1. African Union
    2. G4 nations (Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan)
    3. Uniting for Consensus Group (UfC), also known as the “Coffee Club”
    4. 69 Group of Developing Countries
    5. Arab League
    6. Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
    • Each group presents unique positions regarding the reform of the UN Security Council, reflecting the diverse interests and perspectives of its member states.

    Establishment of Consensus

    • On July 27, 2016, the United Nations General Assembly adopted an “oral decision” by general acclamation, approving the “elements of convergence” declaration.
    • This declaration outlined the status of the consensus achieved by the IGN members at that time.

     

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

    Attend Now

  • Renewable Energy – Wind, Tidal, Geothermal, etc.

    Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP)

    IOCR | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Important Geophysical Phenomena

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP)

    Mains level: NA

    just energy

    Central Idea

    • Senegal has joined the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) deal, becoming the fourth country to sign after South Africa, Indonesia, and Vietnam.
    • The deal aims to mobilize 5 billion euros in new financing for Senegal.

    What is Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP)?

    • JETP is a financing mechanism that aims to support developing countries in their transition from fossil fuel-based energy systems to clean and renewable energy sources.
    • JETP is designed to bridge the gap between wealthier nations and coal-dependent developing nations, addressing both the environmental and social aspects of the energy transition.

    JETP Mechanism and Social Considerations

    • JETPs provide financing to developing countries to phase out coal and transition to clean energy.
    • Social aspects, such as protecting affected communities and providing job opportunities, are crucial in JETP plans.
    • Reskilling, upskilling, and creating new jobs are essential components of a just energy transition.

    Funding Sources and Donor Pool

    • JETP funding can be provided through grants, loans, or investments.
    • The International Partners Group (IPG) and the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (GFANZ) Working Group are key contributors.
    • The IPG includes countries such as Japan, the USA, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, the EU, and the UK.
    • The GFANZ Working Group comprises multilateral and national development banks and finance agencies.

    JETP Success Stories

    • South Africa was the first country to enter into a JETP at COP 26 Glasgow, with a pledge of 8.5 billion USD in financing.
    • Indonesia announced its JETP at the G20 Bali Summit, receiving an initial 20 billion USD in public and private financing.
    • Vietnam joined the JETP initiative, securing an initial fund of 15.5 billion USD over the next three to five years.

    Prospects for India’s Participation

    • Talks of a JET-P deal with India are ongoing but have not reached a final conclusion.
    • Challenges include the complexity of India’s coal-based power sector and financing in the form of loans.
    • India seeks favorable conditions and no compromise on energy security and development.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

    Attend Now

  • International Monetary Fund,World Bank,AIIB, ADB and India

    Pak gets a $3 bn IMF Package

    IOCR | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: India & Its Neighborhood – Relations

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: IMF Bailout Packages

    Mains level: Pakistan's prospected economic default and collapse

    imf pakistan

    Central Idea

    IMF and its Bailout

    • The IMF is an international organization that provides loans, technical assistance, and policy advice to member countries.
    • Established in 1944 to promote international monetary cooperation, exchange rate stability, balanced economic growth, and poverty reduction.
    • Headquarters located in Washington, D.C., and it has 190 member countries.
    • An IMF bailout, also known as an IMF program, is a loan package provided to financially troubled countries.
    • Bailout programs have specific terms and conditions that borrowing countries must meet to access the funds.

    Types of IMF Bailout Packages
    Description Duration Conditionality
    Stand-by Arrangements Short-term lending programs for countries with temporary balance of payments problems. 1-2 years Specific macroeconomic policies for stabilization
    Extended Fund Facility Medium-term lending programs to address balance of payments difficulties from structural weaknesses. Longer-term Extensive conditionality and significant reforms
    Rapid Financing Instrument Loan program providing quick financing for countries with urgent balance of payments needs. Flexible Fewer conditions and shorter application process

     

    Quick recap: Pakistan Economic Crisis

    imf

    • The 2022-2023 economic crisis in Pakistan coincides with political unrest in the country.
    • Rising food, gas, and oil prices have aggravated the economic challenges faced by Pakistan.
    • The IMF’s decision to halt disbursement of funds under the 2019 Extended Fund Facility (EFF) program exacerbated the financial crisis.

    Causes of the Economic Crisis

    • Impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine: Worldwide fuel price hike affecting Pakistan’s import-dependent economy.
    • Excessive external borrowings: Raised concerns of default, leading to currency depreciation and expensive imports.
    • High inflation and food prices: By June 2022, inflation reached record levels, adding pressure on the economy.
    • Poor governance and low productivity: Contributing factors to the balance of payment crisis and insufficient foreign exchange earnings.

    Impact on the Pakistani Economy

    • Balance of payment crisis: Inability to generate enough foreign exchange to cover import expenses.
    • Currency depreciation: Weakening of the Pakistani rupee against major currencies, further exacerbating import costs.
    • Rising inflation: Placing a burden on the population, particularly with escalating food prices.
    • Economic instability: The crisis is considered the most significant since Pakistan’s independence.

    What’s’ the new SBA Deal?

    • Electricity subsidies: The agreement calls for the discontinuation of historically heavy subsidies in the power sector. There will be a timely rebasing of power tariffs to ensure cost recovery, which may lead to inevitable price hikes for consumers.
    • Import restrictions and exchange rate: Pakistan’s central bank will be required to remove import restrictions and adopt a fully market-determined exchange rate, aligning with the IMF’s directive.
    • Inflation control measures: The IMF emphasizes the need for the central bank to be proactive in curbing inflation, especially its impact on vulnerable segments of society. This may involve further interest rate hikes.
    • Fiscal discipline: The Pakistani authorities are urged to resist pressures for unbudgeted spending or tax exemptions, ensuring responsible fiscal management.

    Obligations laid on Pakistan

    • The $3 billion IMF support is part of the overall financial aid required to address Pakistan’s external payment obligations.
    • Pakistan will continue to seek additional multilateral and bilateral assistance to meet its financial commitments.
    • Support from countries such as the UAE, Saudi Arabia, and China is expected, further contributing to Pakistan’s financial stability.

    Reaction to the Deal

    • The response from analysts and economists has been mixed, with some expressing optimism that the agreement will restore investor confidence in Pakistan’s economy.
    • However, there are concerns regarding the government’s ability to adhere to the rigorous conditions imposed by the IMF.

    Conclusion

    • The IMF deal provides a temporary respite and financial support to address Pakistan’s economic challenges.
    • However, the successful implementation of the agreement and the long-term stability of Pakistan’s economy will require sustained efforts, adherence to conditions, and comprehensive structural reforms.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

    Attend Now

  • Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

    What is Medicines Patent Pool (MPP)?

    IOCR | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Medicines Patent Pool (MPP)

    Mains level: Not Much

    medicine

    Central Idea

    • The Medicines Patent Pool (MPP) has entered into sub-licence agreements with Indian and Indonesian companies to produce generic versions of the cancer drug Nilotinib.
    • Nilotinib is used in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia, a type of blood cancer.

    What is Medicines Patent Pool (MPP)?

    • Mission and Purpose: The MPP is a United Nations-backed organization focused on increasing access to life-saving medicines for low- and middle-income countries.
    • Addressing IPR: The MPP works to overcome barriers related to intellectual property rights and patents that limit the availability and affordability of essential medicines.
    • Voluntary Licensing Agreements: The MPP negotiates voluntary licensing agreements with pharmaceutical companies to allow the production of generic versions of patented medicines.
    • Production of Affordable Generics: By securing licenses, the MPP enables qualified manufacturers in low- and middle-income countries to produce and distribute affordable generic medicines.

    Need for MPP

    • Collaborative Approach: The MPP collaborates with governments, non-profit organizations, civil society groups, and pharmaceutical companies to address global health challenges and promote access to medicines.
    • Focus on Priority Diseases: The MPP’s efforts are particularly significant in diseases like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, hepatitis C, and other priority areas where access to affordable medications is crucial.
    • Sustainable Supply of Generic Medicines: Through licensing agreements, the MPP ensures a sustainable supply of quality-assured generic medicines, promoting market competition and expanding treatment options.
    • Improving Health Outcomes: The MPP’s work reduces the burden of high drug costs and enhances access to life-saving treatments, ultimately improving health outcomes and saving lives.
    • Benefit for Low- and Middle-Income Countries: The MPP’s initiatives directly benefit patients in low- and middle-income countries by increasing access to affordable medicines and reducing disparities in healthcare.

    Recent agreements signed

    • Licence Agreement with Novartis: In October 2022, the MPP signed a licence agreement with Novartis Pharma AG, the Switzerland-based pharmaceutical corporation that holds the patent for Nilotinib.
    • First Sub-Licence Agreements: The recent sub-licence agreements with Indian companies Eugia, Hetero, and Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, along with the Indonesian firm BrightGene, mark the first such agreements for a cancer treatment drug by the MPP.

    Benefits

    • Generic Versions of Nilotinib: The licensed manufacturers can produce generic versions of Nilotinib.
    • Manufacturing: The selected manufacturers have the rights to manufacture generic Nilotinib in India and seven middle-income countries.
    • Supply in 44 Territories: The non-exclusive licence agreement allows for the supply of generic Nilotinib in 44 territories covered by the agreement, subject to local regulatory authorisation.
    • Affordable Treatment Option: Charles Gore, the executive director of the MPP, states that the production of generic Nilotinib will provide an affordable treatment option for people diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukaemia in the covered countries.
    • Increasing Access to Cancer Medication: The MPP’s initiative aims to improve access to essential cancer medications by reducing costs and increasing availability.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

    Attend Now

  • Women empowerment issues – Jobs,Reservation and education

    Key Findings from the Gender Gap Report, 2023

    IOCR | Indian Society | Mains Paper 1: Role Of Women & Women Organization

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Global Gender Gap Report

    Mains level: Gender parity in India

    gender gap

    Central Idea

    • India climbed eight places to rank 127 among 146 countries in the Gender Gap Report 2023 by the World Economic Forum.
    • Improvement in India’s ranking from 2022 and partial recovery towards 2020 parity levels.

    What is Global Gender Gap Report?

    • The Global Gender Gap (GGG) Report is an index designed to measure gender equality.
    • It was first published in 2006 by the World Economic Forum.

    Key Areas of Analysis:

    1. Economic participation and opportunity: Examines salary levels, workforce participation, and access to high-skilled employment.
    2. Educational attainment: Assesses access to basic and higher education for both genders.
    3. Political empowerment: Measures representation of women in decision-making structures.
    4. Health and survival: Considers life expectancy and sex ratio, accounting for differences in mortality rates.
    • On each of the four sub-indices as well as on the overall index the GGG index provides scores between 0 and 1, where 1 shows full gender parity and 0 is complete imparity.
    • It is the longest-standing index, which tracks progress towards closing these gaps over time since its inception in 2006

    India’s Ranking and Progress

    • In 2022, India was ranked 135, indicating an improvement of 1.4 percentage points towards its 2020 parity level.
    • India has closed 64.3% of the overall gender gap, showcasing progress in various areas.
    • However, economic participation and opportunity in India achieved only 36.7% parity.
    • India has achieved parity in enrolment across all levels of education.

    Comparison and Regional Context

    • Pakistan ranked 142, Bangladesh at 59, China at 107, Nepal at 116, Sri Lanka at 115, and Bhutan at 103.
    • Iceland remains the most gender-equal country, with over 90% of its gender gap closed.
    • Southern Asia achieved 63.4% gender parity, the second-lowest among the eight regions.

    Challenges and Areas of Concern in India:

    • Despite some improvement in wage parity, the representation of women in senior positions and technical roles declined.
    • Political empowerment in India showed 25.3% parity, with women comprising 15.1% of MPs.
    • Notably, 18 countries, including India, have achieved women’s representation of over 40% in local governance.

    Efforts and Impact

    • Women and Child Development Minister Smriti Irani highlighted the importance of women’s participation in local government bodies, which was acknowledged by the WEF.
    • India saw a 1.9 percentage point improvement in the sex ratio at birth, contributing to increased parity after more than a decade.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

    Attend Now

  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-United States

    NATO+5 Status and India

    IOCR | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: NATO+5

    Mains level: Read the attached story

    nato

    Central Idea

    • As Prime Minister Narendra Modi visits Washington, the US Senate is set to introduce legislation that aims to grant India ‘NATO plus five’ defence status.
    • However, India’s External Affairs Minister has already rejected this framework for India.

    What is NATO Plus?

    • NATO Plus is a coalition consisting of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and five countries, namely Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Israel, and South Korea.
    • The primary objective of this group is to enhance global defense cooperation.
    • Membership in NATO Plus would offer several advantages to India, including seamless intelligence sharing among member countries, access to cutting-edge military technology without delays, and a strengthened defense partnership with the United States.

    North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

    • NATO is an alliance composed of 31 North American and European countries with shared values and interests.
    • The organization was established through the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty, also known as the Washington Treaty, on April 4, 1949.
    • The main purpose of NATO is to safeguard peace and ensure the territorial integrity, political independence, and security of its member states.
    • Article Five of the treaty stipulates that an armed attack against one member shall be considered an attack against all members, and the alliance will provide assistance, including the use of armed forces if necessary.
    • NATO’s headquarters is located in Brussels, Belgium.

    Why is the US keen to introduce India to NATO?

    The US is keen to introduce India to NATO for these reasons:

    • Counterbalancing China: India’s inclusion in NATO would help counterbalance China’s influence in the Indo-Pacific.
    • Strengthening defense ties: It would deepen defense cooperation between the US and India.
    • Enhancing regional stability: India’s participation would contribute to regional stability and improve defense capabilities.
    • Expanding NATO’s reach: Including India would expand NATO’s global presence and address security challenges in the Indo-Pacific.
    • Promoting a rules-based order: It aligns with shared values of democracy, human rights, and freedom of navigation.

    Benefits if India’s ever joins

    Joining NATO + 5 would offer several advantages to India, including:

    • Enhanced security cooperation: India would benefit from increased security cooperation and intelligence sharing with NATO and its five partner countries, namely Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Israel, and South Korea.
    • Access to advanced military technology: India would gain access to the latest military technologies and equipment through streamlined transfer processes, allowing for quicker modernization of its defense forces.
    • Strengthened defense partnership: Becoming a member of NATO + 5 would further strengthen India’s defense partnership with the United States and other NATO allies, leading to closer collaboration on various defense initiatives.
    • Improved regional security: India’s participation in NATO + 5 would contribute to regional security, especially in the Indo-Pacific region, by fostering cooperation among like-minded countries to address common security challenges.
    • Enhanced deterrence against adversaries: Being part of this defense framework would enhance India’s deterrence capabilities against potential adversaries, particularly in light of increasing security threats in the region.

    Details of the Bill

    • The proposed legislation seeks to upgrade India-U.S. defence ties by adding India to this arrangement, enabling the transfer of defence equipment with minimal bureaucratic interference.
    • The move comes following a recommendation from a U.S. House of Representatives committee on China, suggesting India’s inclusion in the club.

    India’s Response

    • India’s External Affairs Minister stated that the proposed template does not apply to India, appreciating the sentiment but clarifying that it was not suitable for the country.
    • The distinction between India and the proposed framework is well understood by the Biden administration.

    Reasons for India’s Denial

    India is unlikely to join ‘NATO-Plus’ for the following reasons:

    • Non-aligned policy: India has traditionally pursued a non-aligned foreign policy, which prioritizes strategic autonomy and avoids formal military alliances.
    • Regional partnerships: India prefers forging strategic partnerships with countries in the Indo-Pacific region based on shared interests, rather than joining broad-based military alliances.
    • Unique security challenges: India faces specific security challenges in its region and tailors its defense priorities accordingly, making a broad military alliance less suitable for its needs.
    • Diverse foreign policy objectives: India pursues a multi-faceted foreign policy approach, focusing on a range of objectives beyond security alliances, such as economic cooperation and climate change.
    • Avoiding provoking China: India seeks to manage its relationship with China pragmatically and avoid actions that could escalate tensions, making joining a US-led military alliance potentially provocative.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

    Attend Now

  • Terrorism and Challenges Related To It

    China blocks Indian proposal to blacklist Pakistani terrorist at UN

    IOCR | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Important International Institutions

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: UNSC 1267 list

    Mains level: Global terrorist designations

    unsc

    Central Idea

    • China yet again blocked a proposal by India and the US at the United Nations to designate Pakistan-national Lashkar-e-Taiba terrorist Sajid Mir as a global terrorist on the UN Security Council’s 1267 list..

    What is the UNSC 1267 list?

    • The UNSC resolution 1267 was adopted unanimously on 15 October 1999.
    • It came to force in 1999, and strengthened after the September, 2001 attacks.
    • It is now known as the Da’esh and Al Qaeda Sanctions Committee.

    What is UNSC 1267 committee?

    • It comprises all permanent and non-permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC).
    • The 1267 list of terrorists is a global list, with a UNSC stamp.
    • It is one of the most important and active UN subsidiary bodies working on efforts to combat terrorism, particularly in relation to Al Qaeda and the Islamic State group.
    • It discusses UN efforts to limit the movement of terrorists, especially those related to travel bans, the freezing of assets and arms embargoes for terrorism.

    How is the listing done?

    (1) Submission of Proposal

    • Any member state can submit a proposal for listing an individual, group, or entity.
    • The proposal must include acts or activities indicating the proposed individual/group/entity had participated in the financing, planning, facilitating, preparing, or perpetrating of acts or activities linked to the said organizations.

    (2) Actual decision

    • Decisions on listing and de-listing are adopted by consensus.
    • The proposal is sent to all the members, and if no member objects within five working days, the proposal is adopted.
    • An “objection” means rejection for the proposal.

    (3) Putting and resolving ‘Technical Holds’

    • Any member of the Committee may also put a “technical hold” on the proposal and ask for more information from the proposing member state.
    • During this time, other members may also place their own holds.
    • The matter remains on the “pending” list of the Committee.
    • Pending issues must be resolved in six months, but the member state that has placed the hold may ask for an additional three months.
    • At the end of this period, if an objection is not placed, the matter is considered approved.

    Why is India furious this time?

    • Recently PM Modi and Xi Jinping attended the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) summit in Samarkand.
    • The grouping had agreed to take strong and consolidated action against terrorism in the region.
    • Despite this, China has exposed its double standards on the issue of terrorism for consistently stopping the listing of Pakistan-based terrorists.
    • This is again very surprising movement by China by putting a ‘Technical Hold’.

    Here is a timeline of how China disrupts the global efforts against terrorism:

    • 2009: After the 26/11 Mumbai attacks, India moved an independent terror designation proposal against Masood Azhar but China blocked the move.
    • 2016: After seven years, India proposes listing of Masood Azhar as a global terrorist and is supported by the US, the UK and France. China blocks the move again.
    • 2017: The trio moves a third proposal only to be blocked by China again.
    • 2019: After the attacks on the CRPF personnel in J-K’s Pulwama, India calls 25 envoys of different countries to highlight the role Islamabad plays in funding, promoting and strengthening global terrorism. India moves the fourth proposal demanding Masood Azhar’s listing. China lifted its technical hold.
    • June 2022: China blocked a proposal by India and the US to list Pakistan-based terrorist Abdul Rehman Makki as a ‘Global Terrorist’
    • August 2022: China blocks India-US joint proposal to list Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM) deputy chief Abdul Rauf Azhar as UNSC designated terrorist.

    Conclusion

    • China’s actions expose its double speak and double standards when it comes to the international community’s shared battle against terrorism.
    • This clearly depicts its care for its vassal state Pakistan.

    Back2Basics: United Nations Security Council

    • The UNSC is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations and is charged with the maintenance of international peace and security.
    • Its powers include the establishment of peacekeeping operations, the establishment of international sanctions, and the authorization of military action through Security Council resolutions.
    • It is the only UN body with the authority to issue binding resolutions to member states.
    • The Security Council consists of fifteen members. Russia, the United Kingdom, France, China, and the United States—serve as the body’s five permanent members (P5).
    • These permanent members can veto any substantive Security Council resolution, including those on the admission of new member states or candidates for Secretary-General.
    • The Security Council also has 10 non-permanent members, elected on a regional basis to serve two-year terms. The body’s presidency rotates monthly among its members.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

    Attend Now

  • Trade Sector Updates – Falling Exports, TIES, MEIS, Foreign Trade Policy, etc.

    UK launches Developing Countries Trading Scheme (DCTS)

    IOCR | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Developing Countries Trading Scheme (DCTS)

    Mains level: Read the attached story

    developing

    Central Idea

    • The launch of the Developing Countries Trading Scheme (DCTS) by the United Kingdom presents a significant opportunity for India and 65 other poor and developing nations.

    Developing Countries Trading Scheme (DCTS)

    • The DCTS is a preferential trading program introduced by the United Kingdom.
    • It replaces similar arrangements that were in place during the UK’s membership in the European Union.
    • The scheme aims to support trade and economic growth for 65 poor and developing countries.

    Key Features:

    • Tariff Reduction: DCTS removes or reduces tariffs on imports from eligible countries.
    • Simplified Trading Rules: The scheme simplifies trade procedures to facilitate smoother transactions.
    • Enhanced Market Access: It provides improved market access for participating countries’ products.
    • Favorable Terms: UK businesses can save costs through reduced or eliminated tariffs on imports.
    • Product Coverage: The scheme covers various goods, including clothing, food, and children’s toys.

    Focus on Sustainability and Good Governance

    • Responsible Trade Practices: Participating countries are expected to adhere to international conventions related to human rights, labor standards, anti-corruption measures, climate change, and environmental protection.
    • Mutual Benefits: The scheme promotes sustainable development and creates a mutually beneficial partnership between the UK and developing countries.

    Benefits for Participating Countries

    • Trade Opportunities: DCTS creates opportunities for businesses and supports livelihoods.
    • Job Creation: The scheme aims to generate employment by diversifying local and international supply chains.
    • Economic Growth: It contributes to sustained economic growth in participating countries.
    • Market Expansion: DCTS helps countries access the UK market and expand their export capacities.

    Impact on India

    • Trade Opportunities for India: The DCTS presents significant trade opportunities for India.
    • Labour-Intensive Sectors: Indian exporters in sectors like textiles, leather goods, and metals can benefit.
    • Market Access: The scheme reduces trade barriers and expands market access to the UK for Indian goods.
    • Interim Measure: DCTS serves as an interim measure while negotiations for a comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between the UK and India continue.
    • Future Potential: The DCTS sets the stage for deeper economic ties and a future FTA between the UK and India.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

    Attend Now

  • AIIB & The Changing World Order

    Canada to quit China-led AIIB

    IOCR | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Important International Institutions

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: AIIB

    Mains level: Read the attached story

    aiib

    Central Idea: Canada’s government has announced it will halt its work at the China-led Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).

    Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)
    Established Multilateral development bank established in 2016.
    Headquarters Located in Beijing, China.
    Founding Members 57 countries that initiated the establishment of the AIIB.

    India is a founding member.
    Current Membership Over 100 countries have joined the AIIB since its inception.
    Capital Total capital of $100 billion for financing infrastructure projects.
    Largest Shareholder China holds the largest voting power and financial contribution.

    India holds the second-largest voting power within the AIIB, providing influence in decision-making processes.
    Focus Areas Provides funding for diverse sectors including transportation, energy, telecommunications, urban development, and rural infrastructure.
    Collaboration Partners with other multilateral development banks for co-financing projects and enhancing development outcomes.
    Environmental & Social Standards Adheres to environmental and social standards in project selection and implementation.

    Promotes sustainability and inclusiveness.
    Notable Projects Supports significant infrastructure projects such as Chennai Metro Rail and Assam’s road network.

     

    Try this PYQ from CSP 2019

    Q.With reference to Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), consider the following statements

    1. AIIB has more than 80 member nations.
    2. India is the largest shareholder in AIIB.
    3. AIIB does not have any members from outside Asia.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

    Post your answers here.

     

    Background of Canada’s Involvement in the AIIB

    • Canada, a founding member of the AIIB, joined the bank in 2016 with the objective of participating in its development finance activities in the Asian region.
    • The AIIB was seen as an opportunity for Canada to engage in infrastructure development projects and gain access to funding for its companies operating in Asia.

    Rationale behind Canada’s withdrawal

    • Allegations of Chinese Communist Party Control: Canada’s decision stems from the serious allegations made by Bob Pickard regarding the extent of Chinese Communist Party control within the AIIB.
    • Concerns about Autocratic Regimes: The decision also reflects Canada’s growing concerns, shared by other democratic countries, regarding the risks associated with reliance on autocratic regimes for economic cooperation and infrastructure financing.
    • Evaluating Multilateral Institutions: Canada’s move signals a desire to reassess its participation in multilateral institutions like the AIIB to ensure transparency, governance, and adherence to democratic principles.
    • Shifting Attitudes towards China: Canada’s decision reflects a broader trend of Western countries becoming more cautious about their engagements with China and re-evaluating their relationships.

    AIIB’s Role and Relation to Other Banks

    • Development finance: The AIIB was created to address the growing need for development finance in the region.
    • Rival of World Bank: It is often referred to as a rival to the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank (ADB), but this description exaggerates its capacities.
    • Limited interface: Many of the AIIB’s early projects were co-funded with the World Bank or the ADB, and its capacity to evaluate projects was initially limited. The share of co-funded projects has decreased over time.

    India’s Rationale for Joining AIIB

    • China’s renewed focus on Multilateralism: India was satisfied with the AIIB’s focus on multilateralism, transparency, and adherence to laws.
    • Developed countries joining: The UK and Germany joined the AIIB despite the US discouraging its partners and allies from doing so. The membership includes countries such as Russia, Germany, South Korea, Australia, France, and the UK.
    • Green initiatives: The bank has largely tried to avoid politics and has focused on promoting green projects in the region.
    • Symbolic distancing from BRI: India joined the AIIB but decided not to participate in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).

    Conclusion

    • Canada’s decision to halt its involvement in the AIIB highlights the importance of transparency and adherence to democratic principles in multilateral institutions.

    Back2Basics:

    Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)

    World Bank (WB)

    International Monetary Fund (IMF)

    Asian Development Bank (ADB)
    Year Established 2016 1944 1944 1966
    Headquarters Beijing, China Washington, D.C., United States Washington, D.C., United States Manila, Philippines
    Membership 100+ countries 189 countries 190 countries 68 countries
    Purpose Infrastructure financing in Asia Global development assistance Economic stability and growth Economic and social development in Asia-Pacific
    Capital $100 billion Not applicable Over $1 trillion $153 billion
    Focus Areas Infrastructure, sustainable growth Poverty reduction, development Economic stability, balance of payments, capacity development Infrastructure, poverty reduction, climate change adaptation
    Financing Mechanism Loans, equity investments, guarantees Loans, grants, technical assistance Financial assistance, policy advice Loans, grants, technical assistance
    Collaboration Partners with other multilateral development banks Collaborates with various institutions and organizations Collaborates with member countries and international institutions Collaborates with other development institutions, governments, and civil society organizations
    Geographical Focus Asia and beyond Global Global Asia-Pacific
    India’s Involvement Founding member, significant involvement and benefits Active participant, recipient of funding and technical assistance Member, recipient of financial assistance and policy advice Active participant, recipient of funding and collaboration

     

     

     

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

    Attend Now

  • Uniform Civil Code: Triple Talaq debate, Polygamy issue, etc.

    Uniform Civil Code

    IOCR | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution – historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Freedom of Religion

    Mains level: Read the attached story

    uniform civil code ucc

    Central Idea: The 22nd Law Commission of India has sought fresh suggestions from various stakeholders, including public and religious organisations, on the Uniform Civil Code (UCC).

    What is Uniform Civil Code (UCC)?

    • The UCC aims to establish a single personal civil law for the entire country, applicable to all religious communities in matters such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, adoption, etc.
    • The idea of a UCC has a long history in India and has been a topic of debate and discussion.
    • This article explores the basis for a UCC, its timeline, the conflict with the right to freedom of religion, minority opinions, challenges to implementation, and the way forward.

    Basis for UCC: Article 44

    • Article 44 of the Directive Principles envisions the state’s endeavor to secure a UCC for all citizens throughout the country.
    • While DPSP of the Constitution are not enforceable by courts, they provide fundamental principles for governance.

    Personal Laws and UCC: A Timeline

    • Colonial Period: Personal laws were first framed for Hindu and Muslim citizens during the British Raj.
    • 1940: The idea of a UCC was proposed by the National Planning Commission, examining women’s status and recommending reforms for gender equality.
    • 1947: UCC was considered as a fundamental right during the framing of the Constitution by Minoo Masani, Hansa Mehta, Amrit Kaur, and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
    • 1948: The Constitution Assembly debated Article 44, which emphasizes the implementation of uniform civil laws as a state duty under Part IV.
    • 1950: Reformist bills were passed, granting Hindu women the right to divorce and inherit property and outlawing bigamy and child marriages.
    • 1951: Ambedkar resigned when his draft of the Hindu Code Bill was stalled in Parliament.
    • 1985: Shah Bano case highlighted the need for a UCC and the rights of divorced Muslim women.
    • 1995: Sarla Mudgal v. Union of India reiterated the urgency of a UCC for national integration and removing contradictions.
    • 2000: The Supreme Court, in Lily Thomas v. Union of India, stated it could not direct the government to introduce a UCC.
    • 2015: The apex court refused to mandate a decision on implementing a UCC.
    • 2016: The Triple Talaq debate gained attention, leading to the ruling of its unconstitutionality in 2017.

    UCC vs. Right to Freedom of Religion

    1. Article 25: Guarantees an individual’s fundamental right to religion.
    2. Article 26(b): Upholds the right of religious denominations to manage their own affairs.
    3. Article 29: Protects the right to conserve distinctive culture.
    • Reasonable restrictions can be imposed on freedom of religion for public order, health, morality, and other provisions related to fundamental rights.

    Minority Opinion in the Constituent Assembly

    • Some members sought to exempt Muslim Personal Law from state regulation, arguing against interference in personal laws based on secularism.
    • Concerns were raised about uniformity in a diverse country like India and the potential for opposition from different communities.
    • Gender justice was not a significant focus during these debates.

    Enacting and Enforcing UCC

    • Fundamental rights are enforceable in courts, while Directive Principles have varying degrees of enforceability.
    • The wording of Article 44 suggests a lesser duty on the state compared to other Directive Principles.
    • Fundamental rights are considered more important than Directive Principles, and a balance between both is crucial.

    Need for UCC

    • Multiple personal laws: Different religions and denominations follow distinct property and matrimonial laws, hindering national unity.
    • Absence of exclusive jurisdiction: Such thing in the Union List implies that the framers did not intend to have a UCC.
    • Customary laws are discriminatory: These laws also vary among different communities and regions.

    Why is UCC Necessary?

    • Harmonizing equality: UCC would provide equal status to all citizens, promote gender parity, and align with the aspirations of a liberal and young population.
    • Promote fraternity: Implementation of UCC would support national integration.

    Hurdles to UCC Implementation

    • Opposition from religious factions: The diverse religious and cultural landscape of India poses practical difficulties.
    • Minority resistance: UCC is often perceived by minorities as an encroachment on religious freedom and interference in personal matters.
    • Societal preparedness: Experts argue that Indian society may not be ready to embrace a UCC at present.

    Unaddressed Questions

    • Ignoring diversities: Maintaining the essence of diverse components of society while achieving uniformity in personal laws.
    • One size fits all: The assumption that practices of one community are backward or unjust.
    • Uniqueness of diversity: The effectiveness of uniformity in eradicating societal inequalities.

    Way Forward

    • Theological education: Religious intelligentsia should educate their communities about rights and obligations based on modern interpretations.
    • Open discussion: The government should create an environment conducive to UCC by explaining Article 44’s contents and significance while considering different perspectives.
    • Gradual introduction: Social reforms should be gradual, addressing concerns such as fake news and disinformation.
    • Prioritizing social harmony: Preserving the cultural fabric of the nation is essential.

    Conclusion

    • UCC is a complex issue that requires careful consideration of religious, cultural, and societal perspectives.
    • Balancing the unity and diversity of India is crucial, as the implementation of a UCC should aim to provide equal rights and opportunities while respecting the distinct identities of different communities.
    • Education, dialogue, and a gradual approach are necessary to achieve consensus and promote social harmony in the country.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

    Attend Now