Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lao PDR
Why in the News?
The Indian Embassy in Lao PDR has successfully rescued 67 Indian nationals who were trafficked and forced to work in cyber scam centres in the Golden Triangle Special Economic Zone (GTSEZ).
Golden Triangle Special Economic Zone (GTSEZ)
- It is a semi-autonomous economic zone located in Bokeo Province, Lao PDR (Laos), near the borders of Thailand and Myanmar.
- It is situated within the infamous Golden Triangle region, historically known for opium production and drug trafficking.
- It was established to promote tourism, trade, and investment but has been widely criticized for illegal activities, including human trafficking, cyber fraud, and illicit gambling.
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About Lao PDR (Laos)
| Details |
- Officially known as the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR).
- Gained independence from France in 1953.
- Experienced a civil war (1959–1975), leading to the communist Pathet Lao taking control and abolishing the monarchy in 1975.
- One-party communist state under the Lao People’s Revolutionary Party (LPRP).
- Economic growth driven by hydropower, mining, and agriculture, but remains one of ASEAN’s least developed nations.
- 2023 economic distress due to high debt and inflation, linked to China-backed infrastructure projects like the China-Laos Railway.
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| Geographical Location |
- Landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by China (north), Vietnam (east), Cambodia (south), Thailand (west), and Myanmar (northwest).
- Capital city: Vientiane, located along the Mekong River near Thailand.
- Total area: 236,800 sq. km, with a mountainous landscape and dense forests.
- The Mekong River flows through Laos, supporting trade, agriculture, and hydropower projects.
- Tropical monsoon climate with a wet season (May-Oct) and a dry season (Nov-Apr).
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| Political Aspects |
- One-party communist state, ruled by the Lao People’s Revolutionary Party (LPRP) since 1975.
- The most heavily bombed country per capita in history due to the US Secret War (1964–1973).
- Acts as a buffer state between China, Vietnam, and Thailand, playing a role in Mekong River trade and energy exports.
- ASEAN Membership: Joined ASEAN in 1997, contributing to regional diplomacy and economic cooperation.
Challenges:
- Major recipient of Chinese investment under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), with concerns over debt sustainability.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nahargarh WLS
Why in the News?
The Forest Department of Rajasthan has initiated efforts to revise the boundaries of the Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary to address existing legal and administrative complications.
About the Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary
- It was established in 1980, Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary is located in Jaipur, Rajasthan.
- It is named after the nearby Nahargarh Fort, which overlooks the sanctuary.
- It is a significant part of the Ranthambore Tiger Reserve corridor, providing a habitat for wildlife movement.
- Geographical Features:
- It is situated in the Aravalli hills, close to Jaipur city, offering a natural escape amidst urban surroundings.
- Its area spans approximately 50 square kilometres, featuring rugged terrain with hills, valleys, and plateaus.
- It has seasonal streams and waterholes that serve as vital water sources for wildlife.
- Flora and Fauna:
- Flora: Comprises dry deciduous and thorny scrub forests, typical of the Aravalli range; Key tree species include Dhok, Babool, Khejri, and Ber; Grassy patches and scattered shrubs provide a diverse ecosystem for herbivores.
- Fauna: Fauna: Includes leopards, hyenas, wild boars, jackals, sambars, chitals, peacocks, partridges, migratory birds, monitor lizards, snakes, turtles, and various pollinators.
PYQ:
[2012] In which one among the following categories of protected areas in India are local people not allowed to collect and use the biomass?
(a) Biosphere Reserves
(b) National Parks
(c) Wetlands declared under Ramsar Convention
(d) Wildlife Sanctuaries |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chincholi Wildlife Sanctuary
Why in the News?
The Kalaburagi Forest Division is working to relocate a hamlet within the Chincholi Wildlife Sanctuary on the Karnataka-Telangana border to a safer area.
About the Chincholi Wildlife Sanctuary
| Details |
- Declared a wildlife sanctuary in 2011, covering 134.88 sq. km.
- Recognized as the first dryland Wildlife Sanctuary in South India.
- Located in the Kalaburagi District, renowned for its floristic diversity.
- Contributes to the conservation of dryland ecosystems.
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| Geographical Location |
- Situated in the Hyderabad Karnataka region.
- Features the Chandrampalli Dam and four smaller dams within the sanctuary.
|
| Flora and Fauna |
- Flora: Rich in medicinal plants and tree species like Red Sanders, Sandalwood, Acacia, and Teak.
- Fauna:
- Mammals: Blackbuck, Common Fox, Four-horned Antelope, Indian Wolf, Hyena, and Fruit Bat.
- Birds: Over 35 species, including Black Drongo, Black-winged Kite, Blossom-headed Parakeet, Blue Pigeon, Black-headed Oriole, and Grey Partridge.
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| Climatic/Geographical Features |
- Comprises dry deciduous and moist deciduous forests.
- Fringes are planted with Acacia and Teak.
- Supports a dryland ecosystem with water bodies like the Chandrampalli Dam.
- Features a mix of arid and semi-moist climatic conditions.
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PYQ:
[2018] In which one of the following States is Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary located?
(a) Arunachal Pradesh
(b) Manipur
(c) Meghalaya
(d) Nagaland |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Konark Wheels, Sun Temple, Kalinga Architecture
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Mines, in collaboration with the Government of Odisha, has set up the DMF (District Mineral Foundation) Exhibition at the iconic Sun Temple, Konark.
About the Sun Temple
- It is located approximately 64 km from Bhubaneswar, Odisha.
- It was built in the 13th century (around 1250 CE) during the reign of King Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty.
- It is dedicated to Surya, the Sun God.
- It is designed as a massive chariot drawn by 7 horses with 24 intricately carved wheels.
- It was constructed from Khondalite stone, known for its durability and intricate carvings.
- The structure originally included a sanctum (deul) and an assembly hall (jagamohan) that have largely collapsed.
Historical Significance:
- The Konark Wheel, featured on Indian currency (old ₹20 and new ₹10 notes), symbolizes Odisha’s rich cultural heritage and national identity.
- It reflects 13th-century advancements in timekeeping and astronomy through its sundial functionality.
- It embodies the cycle of life and serves as a testament to the worship of Surya, the Sun God.
- It is a key example of the Kalinga architectural style, highlighting the Eastern Ganga Dynasty’s achievements.
Architectural Significance:
- Design: Represents a chariot of the Sun God, drawn by 7 horses, with 24 intricately carved wheels.
- Wheel Details:
- Diameter: 9 feet 9 inches.
- Spokes: 8 wide and 8 thin, symbolizing prahars (three-hour periods).
- Symbolism:
- 7 horses: 7 days of the week.
- 12 pairs of wheels: 12 months.
- 24 wheels: 24 hours in a day.
- Sundial Functionality: Two wheels act as sundials, showing time from sunrise to sunset using the axel’s shadow.
- Carvings: Features intricate designs of foliage, animals, and human figures, showcasing exceptional craftsmanship.
PYQ:
[2012] The Nagara, the Dravida and the Vesara are the:
(a) Three main racial groups of the Indian subcontinent
(b) Three main linguistic divisions into which the languages of India can be classified
(c) Three main styles of Indian temple architecture
(d) Three main musical Gharanas prevalent in India |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Protected areas mentioned
Why in the News?
A recent faunal survey conducted in the Munnar Wildlife Division has documented 24 new species of birds, butterflies, and odonates, enriching its biodiversity checklist.
Which are the surveyed sites?
All the surveyed national parks and wildlife sanctuaries are located in Kerala, India, specifically in the Idukki district:
- Mathikettan Shola National Park (MSNP): It is a biodiversity hotspot and part of the Western Ghats.
- Pambadum Shola National Park (PSNP): It is Kerala’s smallest national park and home to unique flora and fauna.
- Anamudi Shola National Park (ANP): Named after Anamudi, the highest peak in South India.
- Kurinjimala Wildlife Sanctuary (KWLS): Located in Idukki, it protects the habitat of the Neelakurinji (Strobilanthes kunthiana), a flower that blooms once every 12 years.
- Eravikulam National Park (ENP): Famous for the Nilgiri Tahr.
- Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary (CWLS): Situated in the rain-shadow region of the Western Ghats, near the Kerala-Tamil Nadu border in Idukki.
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Key Highlights of the Survey
- New Species Added: 24 new species, including birds (11), butterflies (8), and odonates (5).
- Total Documentation:
- Birds: 217 species recorded; checklist updated to 258.
- Butterflies: 166 species recorded; checklist updated to 246.
- Odonates: 5 new records, checklist updated to 58 species.
- Notable Wildlife Observed: Mammals like Nilgiri Tahr, tigers, leopards, and elephants; 12 species of reptiles and amphibians.
About the Added Species
- Birds:
- New Additions: Brown Hawk Owl, Barred Buttonquail, Spotted Owlet, Mottled Wood Owl, Baya Weaver, Red Munia, Richard’s Pipit, Jerdon’s Bushlark, Golden-Headed Cisticola, Large Grey Babbler, Chestnut-Bellied Nuthatch.
- Highlights: Nilgiri Wood Pigeon, Steppe Eagle, Peregrine Falcon, Indian Grey Hornbill, and Blue-eared Kingfisher.
- Butterflies:
- Endemic Species: Red-disc Bushbrown, Palni Fritillary, Nilgiri Tiger, Nilgiri Four-ring.
- Unique Sightings: Grass Jewel (smallest butterfly in Kerala), Southern Birdwing (largest butterfly in India).
- Odonates (flying insects):
- New Records: Cratilla lineata calverti, Macrodiplax cora, Palpopleura sexmaculata, Tholymis tillarga, Lestes elatus.
PYQ:
[2020] With reference to India’s biodiversity Ceylon frogmouth, Coppersmith barbet, Gray-chinned minivet and White-throated redstart are:
(a) Birds
(b) Primates
(c) Reptiles
(d) Amphibans |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Yala Glacier
Why in the News?
Yala Glacier in Nepal is predicted to disappear by the 2040s due to rapid retreat and mass loss. It is the only glacier in the Himalayas listed on the Global Glacier Casualty List, an initiative launched in 2024 to document endangered or vanished glaciers worldwide.
| Note: The UN has designated 2025 as the International Year of Glacier Preservation, with March 21st to be observed annually as World Glacier Day starting from 2025. |
About the Yala Glacier
- Yala Glacier is located in the Langtang Valley, central Nepal, and is influenced by the Indian summer monsoon.
- It is one of the most studied glaciers in Nepal and represents the Hindu Kush Himalayan region in the World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS) database.
- The glacier has been monitored for over a decade using stakes, snow pits, and satellite images, providing crucial data on the state of Himalayan glaciers.
- It is the only glacier in the Himalayas included in the Global Glacier Casualty List, a recognition of its critical status.
- It plays a vital role in studying the cryosphere, a critical water resource supporting 240 million people in the Himalayan region.
Retreat of Yala Glacier
- Yala Glacier is projected to disappear by the 2040s, reflecting the growing threat to Himalayan glaciers.
- It has retreated by 680 meters between 1974 and 2021, with a 36% reduction in area during this period.
- Its elevation, which ranged between 5,170m and 5,750m in 2011, has significantly declined.
- The glacier has lost so much mass that it no longer meets scientific standards for effective observation.
- The Hindu Kush Himalayan cryosphere is warming twice as fast as the global average, leading to rapid glacial retreat.
About the Global Glacier Casualty List
- It was launched in 2024 by a consortium of institutions including Rice University, World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS), World Meteorological Organization (WMO), and UNESCO.
- It documents endangered or vanished glaciers.
- Glaciers Listed: Includes 15 glaciers, such as:
- Pico Humboldt Glacier (Venezuela): Disappeared in 2024.
- Sarenne Glacier (France): Vanished in 2023.
- Dagu Glacier (China): Categorized as “critically endangered,” expected to vanish by 2030.
- Significance:
- Highlights the urgency of glacier preservation, as these ice masses store 70% of global freshwater and influence water security for billions of people worldwide.
- Reinforces the need for global cooperation to address the accelerating loss of glaciers due to climate change
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PYQ:
[2019] Consider the following Pairs :
Glacier: River
- Bandarpunch : Yamuna
- Bara Shigri : Chenab
- Milam : Mandakini
- Siachen : Nubra
- Zemu : Manas
Which of the following pairs given above are correctly matched?
(a) 1,2 and 4
(b) 1,3 and 4
(c) 2 and 5
(d) 3 and 5 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kerch Strait
Why in the News?
Two Russian ships spilled 3,350 tonnes of low-grade fuel into the Kerch Strait in Crimea, posing an environmental threat to the biodiversity hotspot.
About the Kerch Strait
- The Kerch Strait is a narrow, strategically crucial waterway connecting the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.
- It serves as a natural maritime corridor between the Crimean Peninsula and the Russian mainland.
- It stretches approximately 41 kilometers in length and varying between 4-15 kilometers in width.
- The strait features the Kerch-Yenikalsky canal, a critical maritime passage enabling larger vessels to traverse between the Black and Azov Seas.
- Port facilities at Kavkaz and Kerch serve as essential transportation hubs, facilitating significant cargo and passenger movements.
- Geopolitical Significance
- Since Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014, the Kerch Strait has become a focal point of international tension.
- The construction of the Crimean Bridge in 2018 provides a direct land connection between Russian territory and the Crimean Peninsula.
PYQ:
[2008] Which one of the following straits is nearest to the International Date Line?
(a) Malacca Strait
(b) Bering Strait
(c) Strait of Florida
(d) Strait of Gibraltar |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Diego Garcia Island
Why in the news?
Indian fishermen from Tamil Nadu, were detained near Diego Garcia in the British Indian Ocean Territory for crossing the maritime boundary.
About the Diego Garcia Island
- The Diego Garcia Island is a part of the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT).
- It is situated in the Indian Ocean, south of the equator.
- It is located approximately 1,796 km south of India and 4,723 km east of Africa.
- It was originally inhabited by the Chagossians (Ilois), descendants of African and Indian laborers brought by French colonists.
- It became a British colony in 1814 following the Napoleonic Wars.
Political Significance:
- It houses a significant US military base, established under a 1966 UK-US agreement.
- It plays a critical role in global military operations, particularly in the Middle East and Asia-Pacific.
- It serves as a base for long-range bombers, intelligence-gathering operations, and logistical support.
- The sovereignty of Diego Garcia is disputed by Mauritius, which claims it as part of its territory.
- In 2019, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) advised the UK to return the Chagos Archipelago, including Diego Garcia, to Mauritius.
- The United Nations General Assembly endorsed this ruling.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod pipeline;
Mains level: Geopolitical tension in Europe;
Why in the News?
For over 40 years, Russian gas has been transported to Europe through Ukraine, but these supplies are set to cease on January 1, following Ukraine’s Naftogaz decision not to renew its most recent five-year transit agreement with Russia’s Gazprom.
Note: Student you can use this content in Prelims for facts related to map and mains exam for substantiate the argument related to geopolitical tension in Europe.
Do you know about the Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod pipeline?
- The Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod pipeline, also known as the Brotherhood pipeline, is a significant natural gas export route from Russia to Europe, primarily traversing Ukraine. The pipeline starts at the Urengoy gas field in northwest Siberia and extends southwest to Uzhhorod, Ukraine, near the Slovakian border.
- It spans approximately 4,500 kilometers (2,800 miles), with about 1,160 kilometers (720 miles) located in Ukraine.
- The pipeline was commissioned in 1984 and has been a crucial part of Russia’s gas export strategy to Europe.
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What is the volume of gas supplied through Ukraine?
- Historical Context: At its peak, the pipeline system, including the Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod pipeline, delivered approximately 201 billion cubic meters (bcm) of gas to Europe in 2018. However, this volume has drastically decreased over the years due to geopolitical tensions and the ongoing conflict in Ukraine.
- Recent Figures: In 2023, only about 15 bcm of gas was shipped through Ukraine, a significant drop from 65 bcm when the last five-year contract began in 2020.
What are the Possible Impacts?
- Economic Consequences for Ukraine: Ukraine is expected to lose up to $1 billion annually in transit fees due to the cessation of gas flows. To mitigate this loss, it plans to quadruple gas transmission tariffs for domestic consumers, which could burden its industry with additional costs exceeding $38.2 million per year.
- Impact on Gazprom: Russia’s Gazprom is projected to lose around $5 billion in gas sales as a result of this halted transit.
- European Energy Security: The European Union has prepared for this transition and does not anticipate immediate impacts on consumer prices.
- Countries like Slovakia and Austria have secured alternative gas supplies from sources such as Norway and LNG imports from the U.S. and Qatar.
- Hungary will continue receiving Russian gas through the TurkStream pipeline under the Black Sea.
TurkStream pipeline
- Energy Crisis in Moldova: The cessation has led to an energy emergency in Transdniestria, a breakaway region of Moldova that relies on these transit flows, resulting in cutoffs of heating and hot water supplies for residents
Way forward:
- Enhanced Energy Diversification: Europe and Ukraine should continue to strengthen alternative energy supply routes, including LNG imports and renewable energy projects, to reduce reliance on Russian gas and ensure long-term energy security.
- Support for Affected Regions: Provide immediate humanitarian and financial assistance to regions like Transdniestria and Moldova for energy infrastructure upgrades, while encouraging energy-efficient solutions to mitigate the crisis.
Mains PYQ:
Q What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Simlipal Tiger Reserve
Why in the News?
Tigress Zeenat, originally from Maharashtra’s Tadoba, was relocated to Odisha’s Similipal Tiger Reserve after straying through Jharkhand into West Bengal, complicating tracking efforts.
About Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR)
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Details |
| Geographical Features |
- Situated in the Mayurbhanj District, Northern Odisha, surrounded by high plateaus and hills.
- Twin peaks Khairiburu and Meghashini, rising to 1515 meters above mean sea level.
- Undulating and hilly terrain, interspersed with open grasslands and wooded areas.
- Inhabited by tribes like Kolha, Santhala, Bhumija, Gondas, Khadia, Mankadia, and Sahara.
- Declared a Tiger Reserve in 1956; brought under Project Tiger in 1973.
- Included in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves in 2009.
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| Flora and Fauna |
- Flora: Home to 1078 species of plants, including 94 species of orchids, with Sal as the dominant tree species.
- Fauna: Rich wildlife, including Leopards, Gaurs, Elephants, Langurs, Barking Deer, Spotted Deer, Sloth Bears, Mongoose, Flying Squirrels, Porcupines, Pythons, Sambar, Pangolins, and more.
- It is critical habitat for birds, including migratory species like Bar-Headed Geese and Brahmini Ducks, and home to freshwater snails (Radix genus) in its water bodies.
- Melanistic Tigers:
- Similipal hosts 27 of Odisha’s 30 tigers (AOTE-2023-24), including 13 pseudo-melanistic tigers with unique black-striped patterns due to a mutation in the Taqpep gene.
- It is the only wild habitat in the world with pseudo-melanistic tigers.
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PYQ:
[2011] Two important rivers – one with its source in Jharkhand (and known by a different name in Odisha), and another, with its source in Odisha – merge at a place only a short distance from the coast of Bay of Bengal before flowing into the sea. This is an important site of wildlife and biodiversity and a protected area.
Which one of the following could be this?
(a) Bhitarkanika
(b) Chandipur-on-sea
(c) Gopalpur-on-sea
(d) Simlipal |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pangong Lake
Why in the News?
The Indian Army has installed a statue of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj on the bank of Pangong lake at an altitude of 14,300 feet, a region that is close to the Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China in the eastern Ladakh sector.
About Pangong Lake (Pangong Tso)
- Its name is derived from the Tibetan term “Pangong Tso,” meaning “high grassland lake.” It is an endorheic (landlocked) lake with no outflow.
- Location & Size:
- Spans 134 km, divided between India (1/3) and the Tibetan Autonomous Region (2/3).
- Situated at an altitude of 4,350 meters, covers 604 sq. km, and is 5 km wide at its broadest point.
- Water & Climate:
- Brackish water that completely freezes in winter.
- The lake’s color shifts with sunlight and weather, displaying shades of blue, green, and red.
- Wildlife: Acts as a breeding ground for Bar-Headed Geese, Brahmini Ducks, and Radix freshwater snails.
- Strategic Importance: Located in the Chushul approach, a key route for potential Chinese offensives, and was a major site of conflict during the 1962 war.
Political Features:
- Border & Control: Lies on the Ladakh-China border, with the Line of Actual Control (LAC) passing through it.
- Contested Terrain: The northern bank is a hotspot due to differing boundary perceptions; China has built roads highlighting the lake’s strategic value.
- 1999 Incident: During Operation Vijay, China constructed a 5-km road inside Indian territory.
- 2020 Standoff:
- Began on May 5, 2020, following a clash in the Pangong Lake area.
- Disengagement on the north and south banks concluded in 2021.
- On October 21, 2024, India and China resolved the final friction points (Demchok, Depsang), ending a four-and-half-year border standoff.
PYQ:
[2020] Siachen Glacier is situated to the
(a) East of Aksai Chin
(b) East of Leh
(c) North of Gilgit
(d) North of Nubra Valley |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Greenland
Why in the News?
US President-elect Donald Trump has once again expressed interest in buying Greenland, and Greenland has again stated it is not for sale.
Why is the US so much interested in Greenland?
- Greenland is strategically located in the North Atlantic Ocean, between Europe and North America, and across the Baffin Bay from Canada.
- The US maintains a large air base in Greenland, the Pituffik Space Base (formerly Thule Air Base).
- From here, the US can monitor and counter missile threats from Russia, China, and North Korea.
- Greenland is abundant in rare earth minerals, critical for manufacturing electronics, electric vehicles, and weapons.
- Melting ice caps due to global warming are opening new shipping routes in the Arctic.
- Greenland’s position is crucial for controlling these waterways, with the US seeking to limit Russian and Chinese influence in the region.
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Greenland: Everything you need to know
|
Details |
| About |
- World’s largest island, located in the North Atlantic Ocean between Europe and North America; part of the Kingdom of Denmark.
- An autonomous territory within Denmark, managing domestic affairs, while Denmark oversees defense, foreign policy, and some economic matters.
- Population: ~57,000, primarily Inuit communities, concentrated along the coast.
- Transitioned from a Danish colony to self-rule in 1979, gaining further autonomy in 2009.
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| Geographical Features |
- Covers 2.16 million square kilometers, with ~80% under the Greenland Ice Sheet, a critical focus for studying climate change and sea-level rise.
- Predominantly Arctic climate, with freezing temperatures most of the year; milder summers in the southern coastal areas.
- Rich in rare earth minerals, iron ore, zinc, lead, and uranium, making it geopolitically significant.
- Banned uranium mining in 2021 for environmental reasons.
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| Political Features |
- Has its own parliament (Inatsisartut) and prime minister overseeing domestic policies; Denmark controls foreign relations and defense.
- Closely tied to Denmark, with Danish subsidies accounting for ~60% of Greenland’s budget.
- Some political groups advocate for full independence, though economic dependence complicates this goal.
|
PYQ:
[2014] Consider the following countries :
- Denmark
- Japan
- Russian Federation
- United Kingdom
- United States of America
Which of the above are the members of the ‘Arctic Council ‘?
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2, 3 and 4
(c) 1, 4 and 5
(d) 1, 3 and 5 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Panama Canal
Why in the News?
US President-elect Donald Trump criticized Panama for charging excessively for US ships’ use of the Panama Canal and threatened a US takeover of the canal.
About Panama Canal:
Geographical Location:
- Located in Central America, connecting the Atlantic Ocean (via the Caribbean Sea) to the Pacific Ocean.
- 80 km long, spanning across the Isthmus of Panama.
- Uses a system of locks to raise and lower ships across an elevation of 85 feet (26 meters).
Historical Significance:
- French started construction in 1881, led by Ferdinand de Lesseps, but failed.
- Completed by the U.S. in 1914, under engineers George Washington Goethals and John Stevens.
- Control was transferred from the U.S. to Panama in 1999 under the Torrijos-Carter Treaties (1977).
- Present Significance:
- Crucial for global trade, reducing travel time between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
- Strategic military value, especially during the World Wars.
- Major contributor to Panama’s economy through tolls and trade-related activities.
Present Geopolitics:
- Trump raised concerns about China’s influence in the region, especially Panama’s role in China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
- In recent years, Chinese companies have been involved in infrastructure projects around the Panama Canal, including logistics and energy sectors.
- Panama’s 2018 signing of the BRI furthered its ties with China, a development that some view as a challenge to US influence in the region.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chancay Port Project, OBOR
Why in the News?
The Chancay Port was inaugurated in Peru by Chinese President Xi Jinping.
About Chancay Port Project:
- The Chancay Port Project was inaugurated in Peru as part of a new land-sea corridor linking China with Latin America.
- It is funded under Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), with a total cost of $3.6 billion.
- The port can accommodate vessels up to 18,000 TEUs (twenty-foot equivalent unit), the largest shipping vessels in the world.
- Ownership: 60% of the port is owned by China Ocean Shipping (Group) Company (COSCO), with the remaining stake held by a local company.
- It is expected to generate $4.5 billion annually for Peru, equivalent to 1.8% of the country’s GDP.
- Key Exports: The port will handle exports like copper, blueberries, soybeans, and lithium from the lithium triangle (Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina).
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Geo-strategic Location:
- Proximity to Lima: Located 78 km north of Lima, Peru’s capital, in the small fishing town of Chancay.
- Natural Deep-Water Port: Chancay is a natural deep-water port, ideal for accommodating large vessels.
- Trade Gateway: Positioned strategically to facilitate trade between South America and Asia, reducing transit time for goods between the two continents.
- Alternative to North America: It eliminates the need for Latin American exports to transit through ports in North America, offering a more direct route to Asia.
Why it is a concern for USA?
- Chinese Influence in Latin America: The US has traditionally viewed Latin America as its sphere of influence. The Chancay Port increases China’s economic and geopolitical presence in the region.
- Strategic Gateway for China: The port strengthens China’s access to critical resources in South America, including lithium and copper, raising concerns about China’s growing dominance in the region.
- US Trade Routes Disruption: The port reduces transportation time between Latin America and Asia, which could disrupt existing US trade routes and diminish its role as a trade facilitator.
PYQ:
[2017] What is the importance of developing Chabahar Port by India?
(a) India’s trade with African countries will enormously increase.
(b) India’s relations with oil-producing Arab countries will be strengthened.
(c) India will not depend on Pakistan for access to Afghanistan and Central Asia.
(d) Pakistan will facilitate and protect the installation of a gas pipeline between Iraq and India. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dead Sea, Salt Chimneys
Why in the News?
Researchers have identified unique salt chimneys on the Dead Sea floor.
Key facts about the Dead Sea:
|
Details |
| Location |
• Located between Jordan and Israel, with the eastern shore in Jordan and the western shore in Israel.
• The southern half of the western shore belongs to Israel, and the northern half is in the West Bank.• Divided by Al-Lisan peninsula into two basins: the northern basin is deep (400 m), and the southern basin is shallow (< 3 m). |
| Geographical Features |
• 430.5 meters below sea level, the Earth’s lowest land-based feature.
• Length: 50 km, Width: 15 km at its widest point.
• Surrounded by the Judaea hills (west) and Transjordanian plateaus (east). |
| Salinity and Density |
• Salinity: 34.2%, almost ten times saltier than ordinary seawater, making it the fourth saltiest water body in the world.
• Density: 1.240 kg/L, which allows people to float easily. |
| Inlets and Outlets |
• Main inlet: Jordan River.
• No outlet, water loss occurs primarily through evaporation.
• High salinity and harsh climate result in no life except for algae and microorganisms. |
|
About the Salt Chimneys
- Salt chimneys are tall, chimney-like structures made of crystallized salt, recently discovered on the Dead Sea floor.
- They are found by researchers from the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) during an underwater survey.
- These chimneys range from 1 to over 7m in height.
- Formation Process:
- Groundwater from surrounding aquifers flows through old salt deposits around the Dead Sea basin, dissolving halite (salt) and carrying it as brine.
- Despite being saline, the brine is less dense than the Dead Sea water due to its high salinity, causing it to rise as a plume from the lake bed.
- When this brine contacts the colder Dead Sea water, it rapidly crystallizes, forming chimney structures that can grow several centimeters in height each day.
Potential Role in Sinkhole Forecasting
- Thousands of sinkholes have appeared near the Dead Sea in recent decades; understanding chimney formation may aid in preventing future collapses in vulnerable areas.
- Researchers have linked the formation of salt chimneys to underground cavities, which are often the precursors to sinkholes.
- The location of these chimneys may help predict areas at high risk for sinkhole formation, offering a way to monitor and mitigate potential hazards.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Amchang Wildlife Sanctuary
Why in the News?
A decomposed carcass of an elephant was discovered in the Khanapara range of the Amchang Wildlife Sanctuary.
About Amchang Wildlife Sanctuary:
|
Details |
| Location |
Eastern fringe of Guwahati, Assam.
Extends from the Brahmaputra River in the north to the hilly forests of Meghalaya in the south. |
| Formation |
Established in 2004 by combining Amchang, South Amchang, and Khanapara reserved forests |
| Flora and Fauna |
Tropical moist deciduous forest, with semi-evergreen areas in valleys and river depressions.
- Fauna: Asiatic elephants, Chinese pangolin, slow loris, Assamese macaque, rhesus monkey, hoolock gibbon, leopard, Leopard cat, jungle cat, sambar, barking deer, red serow, Malayan giant squirrel, Himalayan porcupine.
- Vultures and raptors: White-backed vulture, Slender-billed vulture, White-cheeked hill partridge, Grey peacock pheasant,
- Birds: Kaleej pheasant, Greater adjutant stork, Great pied hornbill, Oriental pied hornbill, Green imperial pigeon.
|
| Conservation Status |
Recognized as an Important Bird & Biodiversity Area (IBA). |
PYQ:
[2018] In which one of the following States is Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary located?
(a) Arunachal Pradesh
(b) Manipur
(c) Meghalaya
(d) Nagaland |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Flashpoint Reef
Why in the News?
China reasserted its claim over Flashpoint Reef (the Scarborough Shoal) in the South China Sea following Philippines’ establishment of defined sea boundaries.
Do you know?
- Fiery Cross Reef is a rock located in the Spratly Islands. China first took possession of the feature in 1988.
- Mischief Reef is a Low-Tide Elevation (LTE) within the Philippines’ EEZ. It is part of the submerged continental shelf of the adjacent coastal state, which is the Philippines.
|
About the Flashpoint Reef
- It generally refers to Scarborough Shoal, a contested reef in the South China Sea.
- Known as Huangyan Dao in China, this reef has become a focal point of territorial disputes between China and the Philippines.
- It lies close to the Philippines’ Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) but is also claimed by China, which asserts control over nearly the entire South China Sea under its nine-dash line claim.
- China took control of the shoal in 2012 after a standoff with the Philippines, despite an international tribunal ruling in 2016 that invalidated China’s claims.
Its significance in the South China Sea
- It is strategically located near key shipping lanes that are essential for global trade, with about one-third of global shipping passing through the South China Sea.
- Its proximity to the Philippines, Vietnam, and China makes it an ideal location for military outposts, providing control over surrounding waters and a base for monitoring activities in the region.
- Control over Scarborough Shoal could allow China to extend its air and naval reach, reinforcing its influence and deterrence capabilities over other Southeast Asian nations.
- The South China Sea, including Scarborough Shoal, is believed to hold vast reserves of oil and natural gas—up to 11 billion barrels of oil and 190 trillion cubic feet of natural gas.
- This reef is strategically important due to its proximity to rich fishing grounds and potential undersea mineral resources.
PYQ:
[2011] Southeast Asia has captivated the attention of global community over space and time as a geostrategically significant region. Which among the following is the most convincing explanation for this global perspective?
(a) It was the hot theatre during the Second World War
(b) Its location between the Asian powers of China and India
(c) It was the arena of superpower confrontation during the Cold War period
(d) Its location between the Pacific and Indian oceans and its preeminent maritime character |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Loaita Island
Why in the News?
Philippine forces conducted combat exercises in the South China Sea to practice retaking the Loaita Island in the disputed waters.
About Loaita Island
- Loaita Island, also known as Kota Island, has an area of 6.45 hectares and is the 10th largest of the naturally-occurring Spratly Islands.
- The island is administered by the Philippines as part of Kalayaan, Palawan, and is also claimed by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam.
- Loaita Island fringes the Loaita Bank, which includes shoals and reefs, and its western side features calcarenite outcrops visible at low tide.
- The island is covered with mangrove bushes, coconut palms, and other small trees.
- On May 22, 1963, a sovereignty stele was rebuilt on Loaita Island by South Vietnam, marking its claim.
- The Philippines has stationed soldiers on the island since 1968, and the island contains minimal structures serving as shelters for the soldiers.
China also reasserted its claim over Flashpoint Reef (the Scarborough Shoal) in the South China Sea following Philippines’ establishment of defined sea boundaries.
About the Flashpoint Reef
- Flashpoint Reef generally refers to Scarborough Shoal (part of the
Spratly Islands), a contested reef in the South China Sea.
- Known as Huangyan Dao in China, this reef has become a focal point of territorial disputes between China and the Philippines.
- Flashpoint Reef lies close to the Philippines’ Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ); which asserts control over the entire South China Sea under its nine-dash line claim.
- China took control of the shoal in 2012 after a standoff with the Philippines, despite an international tribunal ruling in 2016 that invalidated China’s claims.
|
Do you know?
- Fiery Cross Reef is a rock located in the Spratly Islands. China first took possession of the feature in 1988.
- Mischief Reef is a Low-Tide Elevation (LTE) within the Philippines’ EEZ. It is part of the submerged continental shelf of the adjacent coastal state, which is the Philippines.
|
|
PYQ:
[2018] Consider the following pairs:
Regions sometimes Country mentioned in news
- Catalonia — Spain
- Crimea — Hungary
- Mindanao — Philippines
- Oromia — Nigeria
Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 3 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 2 and 4 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: South Caucasus Region (Transcaucasia); Important places mentioned
Why in the News?
- The 29th COP to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) will begin on November 11, 2024, in Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan.
- As global leaders gather near the Caspian Sea, the surrounding region of the South Caucasus faces significant climate challenges.
Key Areas at Risk:
(1) Regional/transboundary areas:
- Northern Armenia and southern Georgia
- North-west Azerbaijan and north-east Georgia (Alazani/Ganykh river basin)
(2) Within countries:
- Yerevan and Ararat Valley (Armenia)
- Lake Sevan (Armenia)
- Kura-Ara(k)s lowlands (Azerbaijan)
- Baku and Absheron peninsula (Azerbaijan)
- Adjara and the Black Sea coast (Georgia)
- Tbilisi, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, and Kakheti regions (Georgia)
|
About South Caucasus Region (Transcaucasia):
|
Details |
| Location |
South of the Greater Caucasus Mountains, bordered by Russia (north), Turkey and Iran (south), between the Black Sea (west) and Caspian Sea (east). |
| Countries |
Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia; includes disputed territories like Nagorno-Karabakh (Artsakh), Abkhazia, and South Ossetia. |
| Mountains |
Lesser Caucasus Mountains (up to 3,000m); includes the Zangezur Range, Meskheti Range, and Armenian Highlands. |
| Seas |
Between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea; Absheron Peninsula (Azerbaijan) extends into Caspian Sea, rich in oil. |
| Rivers and Lakes |
Major rivers: Kura River (Georgia & Azerbaijan) and Aras River (Armenia & Azerbaijan). Key lake: Lake Sevan (Armenia). |
| Climate |
- Continental climate: hot summers and cold winters;
- Subtropical climate along Georgia’s Black Sea coast;
- Semi-arid to desert climate near Caspian Sea, especially Azerbaijan.
|
| Natural Resources |
Rich in oil and natural gas, particularly in Azerbaijan; critical hub for energy pipelines like the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline. |
| Geopolitical Importance |
Strategic transit route for energy resources to Europe; region of geopolitical tensions due to conflicts (Nagorno-Karabakh, South Ossetia, Abkhazia). |
PYQ:
[2014] Turkey is located between:
(a) Black Sea and Caspian Sea
(b) Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea
(c) Gulf of Suez and Mediterranean Sea
(d) Gulf of Aqaba and Dead Sea |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Amangarh Tiger Reserve
Why in the News?
The body of an eight-year-old tiger was found on the border of Amangarh Tiger Reserve of Bijnor and Jim Corbett National Park.
About Amangarh Tiger Reserve
|
Details |
| Location |
Bijnor district, Uttar Pradesh, India |
| Established |
2012 |
| Area |
80 square kilometers (approx.) |
| Significance |
Part of the Corbett Tiger Reserve landscape (buffer zone of Jim Corbett National Park) |
| Tiger Population |
Acts as a buffer zone for tigers migrating from Corbett Tiger Reserve |
| Primary Fauna |
Tigers, leopards, elephants, deer, and several species of birds |
| Flora |
Sal, teak, khair, and several other deciduous trees |
| Rivers |
Ganga and Ramganga rivers flow near the reserve |
| Significance in Conservation |
Part of “Project Tiger,” contributing to the national conservation strategy for tigers in India |
PYQ:
[2012] Consider the following areas:
1. Bandipur
2. Bhitarkanika
3. Manas
4. Sunderbans
Which of the above are Tiger Reserves?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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