Judicial Reforms

Justice BR Gavai appointed as Chairman of Supreme Court Legal Services Committee

DOMR Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Executive & Judiciary

Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:
Prelims level: Supreme Court Legal Services Committee
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Justice BR Gavai has been appointed as the Chairman of the Supreme Court Legal Services Committee (SCLSC), succeeding Justice Sanjiv Khanna.
Understanding the Supreme Court Legal Services Committee
- Constitution and Purpose: The SCLSC, established under Section 3A of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, aims to provide free legal services to weaker sections of society in cases under the Supreme Court’s jurisdiction.
- Composition: Chaired by a sitting Supreme Court judge, the committee includes members with prescribed experience and qualifications, all nominated by the Chief Justice of India (CJI).
Composition and Functioning of the SCLSC
- Current Members: As of now, the SCLSC comprises Chairperson BR Gavai and nine other members appointed by the CJI.
- Staffing and Administration: The Committee can appoint officers and employees as per the Centre’s guidelines, in consultation with the CJI.
Need for Legal Services in India
- Constitutional Basis: The Indian Constitution, particularly Article 39A, emphasizes the state’s role in ensuring legal justice is accessible to all citizens, regardless of economic or other disabilities.
- Historical Development: The concept of legal aid in India evolved over decades, with significant progress marked by the establishment of a national committee under Justice PN Bhagwati in 1980.
Legal Services Authorities Act and Its Provisions
- Statutory Framework: The 1987 Act provides a legal basis for offering free and competent legal services to eligible groups, including women, children, SC/ST, EWS categories, and others.
- Establishment of NALSA: Formed in 1995, the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) oversees legal aid programs and formulates policies for legal services.
- Nationwide Network: The Act envisions a network across India for legal aid, with State Legal Services Authorities (SLSAs) and District Legal Services Authorities (DLSAs) implementing these services at state and district levels, respectively.
Role of State and District Legal Services Authorities
- State-Level Implementation: Each SLSA, led by the Chief Justice of the respective High Court, executes NALSA’s policies and provides free legal services.
- District and Taluk Committees: DLSAs and Taluk Legal Services Committees, chaired by district and senior civil judges respectively, conduct legal awareness programs and provide various legal services.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now
Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

Zosurabalpin: Antibiotic against Drug-Resistant Bacteria

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:
Prelims level: Zosurabalpin
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- New Antibiotic Class: Researchers have identified zosurabalpin, a new class of antibiotics showing potential against the drug-resistant bacterium Acinetobacter baumannii.
- Effective against CRAB: Zosurabalpin has been found effective against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB)-induced pneumonia and sepsis in mouse models.
About Zosurabalpin
- Development Process: The antibiotic originated from a tethered macrocyclic peptide (MCP) selectively targeting A. baumannii and was optimized for efficacy and tolerability.
- Novel Mode of Action: Zosurabalpin operates through a previously unknown mechanism, inhibiting the transport of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in bacteria.
- Inhibition of LPS Transport: By blocking a protein complex essential for LPS transport to the bacterial surface, zosurabalpin disrupts the outer membrane structure of Gram-negative bacteria, leading to bacterial death.
Effectiveness and Clinical Trials
- Laboratory and Animal Studies: Zosurabalpin demonstrated effectiveness against over 100 CRAB clinical samples in the lab and significantly reduced bacterial levels in mice with CRAB-induced pneumonia and sepsis.
- Phase I Clinical Trials: The antibiotic has undergone evaluation in two phase I clinical trials, marking the initial steps towards potential human use.
Implications and Future Prospects
- Addressing Antibiotic Resistance: The discovery of zosurabalpin offers hope in the fight against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, a growing global health concern.
- Potential Clinical Application: If further trials are successful, zosurabalpin could become a vital tool in treating infections caused by drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.
- Continued Research: Ongoing and future studies will be crucial to fully understand the antibiotic’s safety, efficacy, and potential resistance mechanisms.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now
Telecom and Postal Sector – Spectrum Allocation, Call Drops, Predatory Pricing, etc

[pib] Kochi-Lakshadweep Islands Submarine Optical Fiber Connection (KLI-SOFC) Project

Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc.

Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:
Prelims level: KLI-SOFC Project
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The Prime Minister has inaugurated Kochi-Lakshadweep islands submarine optical fiber connection (KLI-SOFC) project.
About KLI-SOFC Project
- The KLI-SOFC project extends submarine cable connectivity from Kochi to eleven Lakshadweep Islands, including Kavaratti, Agatti, and Minicoy.
- The project aims to provide high-speed wireline broadband connectivity through FTTH and 5G/4G Mobile networks to the Lakshadweep Islands population.
- Funded by the Universal Services Obligation Fund (USOF), Department of Telecommunication.
- The total link distance of the project is 1,868 kms.
- Implementing agencies include BSNL as the Project Executing Agency and M/s NEC Corporation India Pvt Ltd for contract work.
Benefits of the Project
- Contributes to ‘Digital India’ and ‘National Broadband Mission’, enabling e-governance projects in Lakshadweep.
- Boosts E-Governance, Tourism, Education, Health, Commerce, and Industries, potentially improving living standards and accelerating social and economic development.
- The bandwidth created will be available to all Telecom Service Providers (TSPs) to enhance telecom services in the Lakshadweep Islands.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Tiger Conservation Efforts – Project Tiger, etc.

Tiger Sightings in Buxa National Park

Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Buxa Tiger Reserve

Mains level: Read the attached story

buxa

Introduction

Camera traps in the Buxa National Park, West Bengal captured images of a tiger, reigniting hopes among forest officials and experts.
The last sighting before December 2021 was 23 years ago, indicating the tiger’s absence from the reserve for decades.

Buxa Tiger Reserve: Geography and Ecology

	Details
Location	Alipurduar district, West Bengal, India. Near the Bhutan border.
Establishment	Created in 1983 as a tiger reserve; declared a national park in January 1992.
Area	Total area of approx. 760 sq km (core area: 390 sq km, buffer zone: 370 sq km).
Ecological Significance	Part of the Eastern Himalayan subregion, known for its unique biodiversity.
Geographical Connectivity	Shares a northern boundary with Bhutan. Connected with Bhutanese forests, Kochugaon forests, Manas Tiger Reserve, and Jaldapara National Park.

Reasons for the Tiger’s Return

Habitat Improvement: Efforts to reduce human interference, expand grasslands, and increase the prey base have created a more suitable habitat for tigers.
Conservation Measures: The introduction of chital (spotted deer) as prey and the creation of watering holes have been part of these efforts.

Conservation Initiatives and Future Plans

Tiger Augmentation Project: Launched in 2018, this project involves the state forest department, Wildlife Institute of India, and the National Tiger Conservation Authority.
Village Relocation: Plans to relocate villages from the core area aim to reduce human presence and further improve the habitat.
Expert Insights: Scientists note the importance of habitat connectivity between Bhutan and Buxa and the reduction of human disturbances as key factors in attracting tigers back to Buxa.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Labour, Jobs and Employment – Harmonization of labour laws, gender gap, unemployment, etc.

Maharashtra approves option for Old Pension Scheme

Explained Prelims Only | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Government Scheme/Policies

Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:
Prelims level: Old Pension Scheme , NPS
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Maharashtra Cabinet has approved a proposal allowing certain state government employees to opt for the old pension scheme (OPS).
- The option is extended to employees who joined the service after November 1, 2005, based on recruitment advertisements issued before that date.
Transition in Pension Schemes
- Old Pension Scheme (OPS): The OPS guaranteed a pension of half the last basic salary plus dearness allowance after a minimum of 10 years of service, without employee contributions. It also provided family pension and Death cum Retirement Gratuity (DCRG).
- New Pension Scheme (NPS): Introduced to address the growing pension bill, the NPS is a market-linked, participatory scheme requiring contributions from both employees and employers.
Background and Implementation of NPS
- OASIS Project: Initiated in 1999, it led to the recommendation of the NPS by the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government in 2003.
- Scheme Details: Employees contribute 10% of their basic salary, matched up to 14% by the employer. The funds are invested in PFRDA-regulated pension funds with market-linked returns.
- Account Management: NPS provides a Permanent Retirement Account Number (PRAN) for lifelong account management.
- State Adoption: All states except West Bengal have implemented the NPS. Some opposition-ruled states announced plans to revert to the OPS.
Rationale Behind NPS Adoption
- Pension Debt Sustainability: The OPS was a fiscal burden without accumulated funds, whereas the NPS relies on accumulated funds.
- Addressing Ageing Population: With increasing life expectancy, the OPS became unsustainable.
- Preventing Early Retirements: The NPS encourages longer service due to its long-term investment fund ideology.
- Investment and Flexibility: NPS offers flexible investment options and the freedom to switch investment options and fund managers.
Criticism of NPS
- Market Risks: The exposure of retirement funds to market uncertainties raises concerns about old age security.
- Pension Amount Concerns: There is no minimum pension guarantee, and pensions under NPS do not adjust for inflation.
- Accountability Issues: Questions remain about the security of the invested corpus and accountability in market failures.
Conclusion
- State Governments’ Challenge: Reverting to OPS requires careful consideration of financial implications on future generations.
- Review and Strengthening of NPS: Measures such as introducing inflation-indexed annuities, assuring minimum returns, and ensuring timely registration and contributions can strengthen the NPS.
- Balanced Approach: A nuanced approach is needed to balance fiscal sustainability with providing adequate social security to retirees.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now
Capital Markets: Challenges and Developments

Decoding the Adani-Hindenburg Judgment

Prelims Only SC Judgements | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Adani-Hindenburg Judgment
Introduction
- Recent Order: The Supreme Court’s recent order on the Adani-Hindenburg matter focused on the inquiries conducted by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).
- No Regulatory Failure Found: The apex court concluded that there was no regulatory failure on SEBI’s part, negating the need for a Special Investigating Team (SIT).
SEBI’s Investigations and the Supreme Court’s Stance
- Status of Investigations: Out of 24 investigations related to the Adani-Hindenburg matter, SEBI has completed 22.
- Supreme Court’s Trust in SEBI: The court accepted SEBI’s status report without delving into the details of the investigations, trusting SEBI to bring them to a logical conclusion.
Concerns and Criticisms of the Supreme Court Judgment
- Lack of Transparency: The findings of the completed SEBI investigations have not been made public, raising questions about the transparency and accountability of the process.
- ‘Chicken-and-Egg’ Inquiry: The Supreme Court did not address the “chicken-and-egg situation” where SEBI’s inability to identify the ultimate beneficial owners of certain overseas entities has stalled the investigation.
- Overlooked Statutory Violations: The judgment did not consider the alleged dilution of regulations that could facilitate the concealment of beneficial ownership, which might be violative of the SEBI Act.
Implications of the Judgment
- Continued SEBI Investigation: SEBI has been given an additional three months to conclude its inquiry into the alleged violation of minimum shareholding norms by the Adani group companies.
- Potential Subversion of Ongoing Investigations: The deficiencies in the Supreme Court judgment could potentially undermine the ongoing investigations into the Adani group.
- Hindenburg and OCCRP Reports: The judgment has seemingly dismissed the reports by Hindenburg and OCCRP as unrelated or inconclusive, despite their revelations about the Adani group’s financial dealings.
Historical Context and Ongoing Concerns
- Past Allegations: The Adani group has faced similar allegations of share price manipulation and round-tripping in the past, with SEBI itself filing a criminal complaint 15 years ago.
- Current Investigations: Despite ongoing investigations for over three years, no criminal complaint has been registered against the Adani promoters for the recent allegations.
Conclusion
- Need for Reevaluation: The deficiencies in the Supreme Court judgment warrant a reconsideration in the interest of justice and transparency.
- Public Interest and Justice: Ensuring that the findings of SEBI’s investigations are made public and acted upon is crucial for upholding regulatory integrity and public trust.
- Future of Adani Investigations: The outcome of the ongoing SEBI investigations and the handling of the Hindenburg and OCCRP reports will be pivotal in determining the course of justice in this high-profile case.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now
International Space Agencies – Missions and Discoveries

[pib] India to participate in Square Kilometer Array (SKA) Project

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:
Prelims level: Square Kilometer Array (SKA) Project
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- India will contribute Rs 1,250 crore to the multinational Square Kilometer Array (SKA) project, a significant international astronomical collaboration.
Square Kilometer Array (SKA) Project: An Overview
- Construction Phases: The SKA project is being built in two phases, with the first phase (SKA1) having commenced in December 2022.
- Project’s Headquarters: The SKA project is headquartered at the Jodrell Bank Observatory in the UK.
- Site Location: It involves constructing telescope arrays in Australia and South Africa, aiming to map galaxies and explore the universe with unprecedented detail.
- Operational Timeline: SKA1 is expected to begin operations by 2029.
Design and Features of the SKA Telescopes
- Array Composition: The SKA will consist of 197 parabolic radio antennae in South Africa and 131,072 low-frequency antennae in Australia.
- Antennae Design: The design includes parabolic dishes and dipole antennae capable of detecting faint radio signals from vast distances.
- Spatial Arrangement: The dishes and antennae will be strategically placed over large areas to calibrate the origin of observed signals effectively.
Global Collaboration in the SKA Project
- Consortium Members: The SKA Observatory (SKAO) includes 16 member countries, such as Australia, South Africa, Canada, China, India, Japan, and several European nations.
- Frequency Range: The South African array will focus on mid-frequency signals, while the Australian telescope will cover low-frequency ranges.
- Expansion Plans: Additional dishes are planned in neighbouring African countries to enhance the project’s data triangulation and resolution capabilities.
Scientific Objectives of the SKA
- Exploring the Universe: The SKA will observe and map galaxies at the edge of the observable universe, providing insights into galaxy formation and evolution.
- Studying the ‘Dark Ages’: The telescope will delve into the early universe’s ‘Dark Ages’ and investigate phenomena like dark matter and dark energy.
- Search for Extraterrestrial Life: The SKA will also contribute to the search for life beyond Earth by examining habitable zones around stars.
India’s Role
- Pathfinder Research Partner: India’s Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope, operated by the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics (NCRA) of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), is a key partner in the project.
- Consortium Involvement: The SKA India consortium comprises over 20 colleges and universities across India, contributing to various aspects of the project.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now
Mission Clean Ganga

Project ‘Devika’: North India’s First River Rejuvenation nears completion

Prelims Only | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Government Scheme/Policies

Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:
Prelims level: Project 'Devika'
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- North India’s first river rejuvenation project, ‘Devika’, is nearing completion and will soon be inaugurated by Prime Minister.
About Project ‘Devika’
- Initiation: Launched in February 2019 by the PM, the project is modelled after the ‘Namami Ganga’ initiative.
- Demand: The project, long demanded for renovation and rejuvenation, gained momentum after 2014, marking a significant development in river rejuvenation efforts in North India.
- Project Execution: The Urban Environmental Engineering Department (UEED) of J&K is responsible for the LWM project’s construction.
- Cultural Importance: The Devika River, revered as the sister of the sacred Ganges, holds great religious significance, particularly in Udhampur, Jammu & Kashmir.
Key Features
- Liquid Waste Management (LWM): A separate LWM project is being implemented to maintain the river’s sanctity, involving a network of pipes and manholes connecting households.
- Solid Waste Management (SWM): Alongside LWM, an SWM project is integral to preserving the river’s sanctity.
- Infrastructure Development: The project includes three sewage treatment plants, a 129.27 km sewerage network, the development of cremation ghats, protection fencing, landscaping, and the establishment of small hydropower and solar power plants.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now
Electoral Reforms In India

Debate on VVPAT Verification in Indian Elections

Explained Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Representation Of People’s Act

Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:
Prelims level: VVPAT
Mains level: Free and Fair Elections
Introduction
- Recent Developments: A political alliance, has requested a meeting with the Election Commission of India (ECI) to discuss and suggest changes regarding the use of Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) machines.
- Proposal: The alliance proposes that VVPAT slips be handed to voters to place in a separate ballot box, with 100% counting of these slips, to enhance trust in the electoral process.
What are VVPATs?
- Function and Purpose: VVPAT machines, attached to EVMs, print a slip showing the voter’s choice, allowing voters to verify their vote for seven seconds before the slip drops into a secured box.
- Development History: The concept emerged in 2010, leading to the creation of prototypes by Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) and Electronics Corporation of India (ECIL). After trials and feedback, the design was approved in February 2013.
- Implementation: The Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961, were amended to incorporate VVPATs. They were first used in Nagaland’s Noksen Assembly constituency in 2013 and were implemented in all polling stations by the 2019 Lok Sabha elections.
Current VVPAT Slip Counting Protocol
- EC’s Decision Process: In 2018, the ECI consulted the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) to determine a statistically robust sample size for VVPAT slip verification.
- Existing Protocol: Initially, VVPAT slips of one randomly selected polling station per Assembly constituency were counted. This was increased to five polling stations per Assembly seat after a Supreme Court judgment in 2019.
- ISI Recommendation: The ISI suggested counting VVPAT slips from 479 EVMs to ensure a high confidence level that the proportion of defective EVMs is less than 2%.
Election Commission’s Stance
- Current Verification Adequacy: The EC argues that the current practice of verifying VVPATs from five polling stations per Assembly seat exceeds the ISI’s recommendation.
- Reliability Record: The EC highlights that in past elections, no cases of vote misattribution were detected in VVPAT checks, attributing discrepancies to human errors.
- Concerns over Full Verification: The EC views 100% VVPAT verification as regressive, time-consuming, and prone to human error, akin to manual ballot voting.
Conclusion
- Debate on Electoral Integrity: The discussion around VVPAT verification reflects ongoing concerns about ensuring electoral integrity and public trust in the voting process.
- Challenges Ahead: Balancing the need for efficient electoral processes with the imperative of maintaining voter confidence remains a critical challenge for the ECI and political parties in India.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now
International Space Agencies – Missions and Discoveries

Space Missions to Watch in 2024

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:
Prelims level: Various Missions mentioned
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- 2023 Milestones: NASA’s OSIRIS-REx mission returned a sample from an asteroid, and India’s Chandrayaan-3 explored the lunar South Pole.
- 2024 Prospects: The year is set to be thrilling for space exploration, with several missions under NASA’s Artemis plan and Commercial Lunar Payload Services targeting the moon.
Key Missions to Follow in 2024

[1] Europa Clipper: Unveiling Jupiter’s Moon
- Mission Overview: NASA’s Europa Clipper aims to explore Europa, one of Jupiter’s largest moons, known for its icy surface and potential subsurface saltwater ocean.
- Scientific Goals: The mission will conduct close flybys to study Europa’s ice shell, geology, and subsurface ocean, seeking signs of habitability.
- Launch Window: Scheduled for October 10, 2024, with 21 days, aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket.
[2] Artemis II: Human Return to the Moon
- Program Background: Artemis II is part of NASA’s Artemis program, aiming to send humans back to the moon and establish a sustained presence for future Mars missions.
- Mission Details: Artemis II will carry four astronauts on a 10-day mission orbiting the Moon, building upon the uncrewed Artemis I mission.
- Launch Timeline: Planned for as early as November 2024, with potential delays to 2025.
[3] VIPER: Searching for Lunar Water
- Mission Purpose: VIPER, a golf cart-sized rover, will explore the moon’s south pole to search for water and other volatiles.
- Technical Challenges: The mission will navigate extreme lunar temperatures and shadowed regions during its 100-day mission.
- Launch Schedule: Set for November 2024, following a delay for additional lander system tests.
[4] Lunar Trailblazer and PRIME-1: Water Mapping and Drilling
- SIMPLEx Missions: As part of NASA’s low-cost planetary missions, Lunar Trailblazer will orbit the moon to map water locations, while PRIME-1 will test drilling technology.
- Launch Dependencies: Both missions are secondary payloads, with their launch timing contingent on the readiness of primary payloads.
[5] JAXA’s Martian Moon eXploration (MMX) Mission
- Mission Focus: MMX aims to study Mars’ moons, Phobos and Deimos, to determine their origin and collect a sample from Phobos.
- Scientific Objectives: The mission will spend three years conducting science operations around Mars and its moons.
- Launch Plan: Scheduled for around September 2024.
[6] ESA’s Hera Mission: Asteroid Defense Study
- Mission Context: Hera will follow up on NASA’s DART mission to the Didymos-Dimorphos asteroid system, where DART tested the kinetic impact technique for planetary defense.
- Research Goals: Hera will study the physical properties of the asteroids and assess the impact of the DART collision.
- Launch and Arrival: Set for October 2024, with arrival at the asteroid system expected in late 2026.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Type: Prelims Only

Introduction

Understanding the Supreme Court Legal Services Committee

Composition and Functioning of the SCLSC

Need for Legal Services in India

Legal Services Authorities Act and Its Provisions

Role of State and District Legal Services Authorities

Introduction

About Zosurabalpin

Effectiveness and Clinical Trials

Implications and Future Prospects

Introduction

About KLI-SOFC Project

Benefits of the Project

Introduction

Buxa Tiger Reserve: Geography and Ecology

Reasons for the Tiger’s Return

Conservation Initiatives and Future Plans

Introduction

Transition in Pension Schemes

Background and Implementation of NPS

Rationale Behind NPS Adoption

Criticism of NPS

Conclusion

Introduction

SEBI’s Investigations and the Supreme Court’s Stance

Concerns and Criticisms of the Supreme Court Judgment

Implications of the Judgment

Historical Context and Ongoing Concerns

Conclusion

Introduction

Square Kilometer Array (SKA) Project: An Overview

Design and Features of the SKA Telescopes

Global Collaboration in the SKA Project

Scientific Objectives of the SKA

India’s Role

Introduction

About Project ‘Devika’

Key Features

Introduction

What are VVPATs?

Current VVPAT Slip Counting Protocol

Election Commission’s Stance

Conclusion

Introduction

Key Missions to Follow in 2024

[1] Europa Clipper: Unveiling Jupiter’s Moon

[2] Artemis II: Human Return to the Moon

[3] VIPER: Searching for Lunar Water

[4] Lunar Trailblazer and PRIME-1: Water Mapping and Drilling

[5] JAXA’s Martian Moon eXploration (MMX) Mission

[6] ESA’s Hera Mission: Asteroid Defense Study